mchm/pph in the elk and kanawha rivers after the january ... · 15/01/2016  · rivers after the...

26
MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned Jennifer Weidhaas, Karen Buzby Aubrey Harris, Paul Ziemkiewicz, Kung Wang and Lance Lin West Virginia University April 1, 2015

Upload: others

Post on 25-May-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: 

Lessons Learned

Jennifer Weidhaas, Karen Buzby Aubrey Harris, Paul Ziemkiewicz, Kung Wang

and Lance Lin

West Virginia UniversityApril 1, 2015

Page 2: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Spill TimelineJan 8‐9 spill of 10,000 gal to Elk RiverJan 9WVDEP informed WVAmW, “do not use order” issuedJan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safeJan 13 ban lifted for 25,000 customersJan 15 CDC recommends pregnant women not drink the waterJan 17 Freedom Industries files for bankruptcyJan 18 ban lifted for remaining usersJan 21 WVDEP informed of PPH release

Feb 11 6 ppb MCHM in schools

Jan 11 prepared proposalJan 13 called NSF

Jan 15 conducted round 1 sampling (CEE Department $10,000)

Jan 22 conducted round 2 samplingJan 30 conducted round 3 samplingLaboratory studies

http://www.dhsem.wv.gov/Pages/WV‐American‐Water‐Emergency.aspx

Page 3: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Freedom Industries

WV American WaterTreatment Plant

~1.6 miles

Page 4: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Mixture constituentsCrude MCHM (88.5% of tank contents), PPH Stripped (7.3% of tank contents)

Assuming 10,000 gallons spilled

Eastman Chemical and DOW MSDS’s, 2014

Normalized gallons spilled into Elk River

After 10 minutes

4‐(methoxymethyl)cyclohexanemethanol

1151 gal

methyl 4‐methylcyclohexanecarboxylate

443 gal

Di‐PPh, 435 gal

PPH, 154 gal

water

MCHM6947 gal

Page 5: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

What was in the tanks?• Crude MCHM (89% of tank contents)

– 4‐methylcyclohexanemethanol (68 to 89 % of crude)SG = 0.9074log Kow = 2.35 (cis isomer, Dietrich et al, 2015)log Kow = 2.46 (tran isomer, Dietrich et al, 2015)Water solubility = 2,250 mg/L at 23 C (Dietrich et al., 2015)

= 1,585 mg/L at 23 C (He et al., 2015)Odor threshold concentration = 0.06 ppb‐v, tran‐isomer 

= 120 ppb‐v, cis‐isomer (Gallagher et al., 2014)

Henry’s constant = ~6.4 * 10‐6 atmm3/mol (EPA Suite v4.11)

– 4‐(methoxymethyl)cyclohexanemethanol (4 to 22 % of crude)Unknown properties

Eastman Chemical and DOW MSDS’s, 2014

Page 6: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

What was in the tanks?• PPH stripped? PPH Basic? (7% of tank)

– Dipropylene glycol phenyl ether (<= 85% of PPH Basic)Henry’s constant = 4.7* 10‐10 atm m3/mol

– Propylene glycol phenyl ether (<= 20 % of PPH Basic)log Kow = 1.52 (calc); water solubility = 1.1 g/L Henry’s constant = 4.4* 10‐7 atm m3/mol

Page 7: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

NMR analysis of MCHMKung Wang, Chemistry

100

49.68

TCI America Analytical Standard1H‐NMR spectrum (600 MHz)

Eastman Chemical crude‐MCHM1H‐NMR spectrum (600 MHz)

100

54.26

Page 8: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

WVAmW: Influent and Effluent

Date

1/9/14 1/13/14 1/17/14 1/21/14 1/25/14 1/29/14

MC

HM

, mg

L-1

0

1

2

3

Raw waterFinished waterspillban lifted downtown

1/9/14 1/13/141/17/141/21/141/25/141/29/14

MC

HM

, mg

L-1

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

MDL

Jan 15 AM Jan 16 PMJan 14 AMJan 13 AM Jan 18 PMJan 14 PM Jan 17

Do not use order (Red) over time

Page 9: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

1. Open all hot water taps and run for 15 minutes

2. Open all cold water taps (inside) and run for 5 minutes, flush all toilets (once)

3. Flush all remain faucets and appliances

Estimate of odor threshold = 0.06 ppb‐v

CDC “safe” limit in water = 1000 ppb

Page 10: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Downtown Charleston

House B

House C

House A

Elk River

Ohio River

Kanawha River

Page 11: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Residential sampling resultspr

e-flu

shpo

st-fl

ush

1 w

eek

2 w

eek

MC

HM

, mg

L-1

0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.45

pre-

flush

post

-flus

h1

wee

k2

wee

k

pre-

flush

post

-flus

h1

wee

k2

wee

k

pre-

flush

post

-flus

h1

wee

k2

wee

k

pre-

flush

post

-flus

h1

wee

k2

wee

k

pre-

flush

post

-flus

h1

wee

k2

wee

k

House A House B House CCold

WaterHot

WaterCold

WaterHot

WaterCold

WaterHot

Water

MDL

Water distribution system

Page 12: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Chemical Attenuation and Barriersin Current Water Supply Infrastructure

• Mixing and dilution in the river

• Other mass transfer processes resulting in losses of the chemicals from the river water‐ sorption, volatilization, degradation, hydrolysis, etc.

• Water treatment plantVulnerability?

• Alternative water sources

Page 13: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Toxics.usgs.gov

Fate of organic contaminants in rivers

?

?

???

?

Page 14: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

3‐D MCHM Fate and Transfer Modeling

Page 15: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Elk River DimensionsAverage width: 68 mAverage depth: 3.5 mMean velocity: 550 m/hr

This information was collected with 5 cross sections from USGS survey of the reach, and then interpolated with HEC‐RAS to create 74 cross sections, each about 35 m apart.

Page 16: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Spill Characteristics

• MCHM was spilled for approximately 20 hours at a rate of (8 gpm); mass loading of 1,485 kg/hr. 

• It travelled 2,600 m (1.61 miles) before being intercepted by the American Water System, a water intake for Charleston, WV

Page 17: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

• Mixing characteristics: Within about 500 m the chemical becomes mixed across the lateral width and vertical depth.

• The implication is that even though the chemical is a lower‐density, non‐aqueous phase chemical, the surface water is not the only area impacted.

Areal view of spill dispersion at 10 hours

3‐D view of spill dispersion at 10 hours

Page 18: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance from

 intake (m

)

Hours since spill began

Plume front (0.1 ppm) distance from intake

surface plume

distance from intake z=0.5

distance from intake z=1

distance from intake z=2

Page 19: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

WA American Water treatment plant unit processes

Page 20: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Unit Processes & Lab Studies1. River sediment sorption/desorption2. Permanganate oxidation3. Coagulation/flocculation with Alum

4.    GAC adsorption5. HOCl‐, OCl‐ disinfection6. Testing household filters

13

45

2

Page 21: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Permanganate oxidation

www.gunnook.com

http://www.myfoxtwincities.com

Experimental protocol‐Vary MCHM + PPH from 10 to 30 ppm‐De‐ionized water‐Room temperature ‐1 to 10 minute reaction‐0, 5, 10, 50 and 100 ppm KMnO4

Conclusion: Permanganate oxidation would not have degraded the MCHM to any great extent in the treatment plant

Page 22: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Granular Activated Carbon Sorption?

13.21312.812.612.412.21211.811.611.411.21110.810.610.410.2109.89.69.49.298.88.68.4

36,000

34,000

32,000

30,000

28,000

26,000

24,000

22,000

20,000

18,000

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0 RT [min]

GAC t0 and t244.DATAGAC t03.DATA

µV

Sand filters with GAC commonly used to polish drinking water before distribution

trans‐MCHM

cis‐MCHM

Red line = 45 ppm MCHM & 5 ppm PPH at 0 hourBlack line = 45 ppm MCHM & 5 ppm PPH at 24 hour

Limited removal of MCHM & PPH by GAC!

Retention time

GC‐FID sig

nal inten

sity, uV

PPH compounds

Page 23: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Biodegradation of MCHM

• Water flushed to wastewater treatment plant– Was the MCHM removed before it went back to the river?

• Was MCHM degraded in the Elk and Kanawha River?

Treated wastewater

?? ??

Page 24: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Biodegradation study

Media & Activated  Sludge River water &  sediments Controls (no biological activity)

Experimental protocol‐50, 10 and 1 ppm MCHM + PPH ‐Mon River water‐25‐27 degrees Celsius‐12 days of degradation‐GC‐FID analysis

Conclusions: 1) Anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation likely occurs2) MCHM would have degraded biologically in Kanawha and Ohio

Page 25: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Related Work by Others• WV WRI – MCHM fate in coal beneficiation

• Virginia Tech—Chemical properties and fate parameters 

• University of Southern Alabama—sorption to water pipe materials and desorption

• Ohio State University—social  & behavioral responses for improving science communication

• USGS‐NWQL—river sampling

• USGS‐Shepherdstown—toxicity testing

• WVU‐Biology—toxicity testing

Page 26: MCHM/PPH in the Elk and Kanawha Rivers after the January ... · 15/01/2016  · Rivers after the January 2014 Spill: Lessons Learned ... Jan 10 CDC says 1 ppm safe Jan 13 ban lifted

Acknowledgements

• Bill Cooper, NSF Program Officer– CBET‐1422803

• WVU CEE Department

• WV Water Research Institute