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8

June2011 Vol.29No.6THISISSUE

MONDa DeeLOPMeNs MaGaziNe

3

21 Lol Dvlopmntn communton

hnologyWhy we need participatory designfor technology innovation.By Samuel Suraphel

22 Doll o Lv,Doll o joBoosting the U.S. economy whilecontributing to global healthsuccesses.By Kaitlin Christenson andKimberley Lufkin

23 byond bnk: ch

n 2.0Electronic payments technology inhumanitarian assistance in Kenya.By Glenn Hughson andBreanna Ridsdel

JUNE2011M

ONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

13 h rugconvnton t 60The challenge of a humanitarianresponse.By Eric P. Schwartz

15 iq rug Nd Wokl OptonThe viability of durable solutionsmust be questioned.By Megan Prinster Sheehan

17 a Ppln o

DvtyCreatively tackling the issue ofdiversity in the international NGOcommunity.By Nina Segal and Marquis Brown

19 Who t th l?Americas face is multi-ethnic, butdevelopments is not.By Tawana Jacobs

FeAtureS

8 conft ndoln-indudintnl DplmntA global overview of trends anddevelopments in 2010.By Kate Halff

10 Flng LyA photo essay by JonathanAlpeyrie.

11 Ppng o clmtDplmntIn 2008 more people wereinternally displaced by naturaldisasters than conflict. Are weready to respond to this newtrend?By Alice Thomas

10

19

1511


4/32MONDAY DEVELOPMENTSJUNE20114

Managing Editor/Creative DiChad Brobst

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Monday Developments Magais published by:

InterAction

1400 16th Street, NW, Suite

Washington, DC 20036

Tel: 202.667.8227

[email protected]

ISSN 1043-8157

Monday Developments Magazinelished 11 times a year by Intethe largest alliance of U.S.-based tional development and humanitargovernmental organizations. Wit

than 190 members operating indeveloping country, InterAction wovercome poverty, exclusion anding by advancing social justice andignity for all.

InterAction welcomes submissinews articles, opinions and anments. Article submission does nantee inclusion in Monday DevelopWe reserve the right to reject sions for any reason. It is at the diof our editorial team as to which are published in individual issues.

All statements in articles are topinion and responsibility of the a

Articles may be reprinted with prmission and attribution. Letters editor are encouraged.

A limited number of subscriptiomade available to InterAction magencies as part of their dues. Insubscriptions cost $40 a year (afor airmail delivery outside thSamples are $5, including pAdditional discounts are availabulk orders. Please allow 4-6 wedelivery. Advertising rates are aon request.

MONDa DeeLOPMeNs MaGaz

Ref lect ionsf romthePresident

This year marks the 60th anniversaryof the Convention Relating to theStatus of Refugees and the creation of

the Office of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Over thelast six decades, UNHCR and international NGOsproviding humanitarian assistance have been instru-mental in helping 50 million people restart their livesafter war, political violence and displacement. Whilewe applaud these successes, the need for aid for the

displaced is growing.In 2009, UNHCR counted15.2 million refugees and 27.1 million internallydisplaced people (IDPs) in the world. Four-fifthsof these refugees were found in developing coun-tries, while the internally displaced were found in 22countries, mainly ones engulfed in conflict.

As these numbers suggest, the nature of displace-ment has changed over time. Where once peoplefleeing persecution and conflict almost alwayscrossed an international border and qualified forrefugee status, now most remain within their coun-try of origin, becoming IDPs. The situation in theeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo exempli-fies the complexity of responding to displacementtoday. The constantly changing frontlines make itdifficult for UNHCRto set up permanentcamps and for thedisplaced to get there.This leaves thou-sands seeking food,shelter and protec-tion primarily fromhost communities,making them vulner-able to manipulationand attack by armed

groups . In othercountries, such asthe current situation in Libya, UNHCR is unableto work in government-controlled areas, as inter-national norms obligate it to receive permissionfrom the host government to provide its services.The internally displaced therefore received littlehelp unless and until they are able to cross into aneighboring country.

Another shift is the increasing incident of refu-gees seeking asylum in urban areas. More and moreInterAction members are finding that refugees are

not content to stay in semi-permanent camps withtheir basic needs fulfilledby UNHCR and interna-tional NGOs. Instead, theyseek to move to cities wherethey have more freedom ofmovement and are betterplaced to find work, usu-ally in the informal sector.

Some even return home periodically to bring goods

and money to their families who remain behind.While not fitting the traditional approach to refugeeprotection, the flight to urban areas is arguably bet-ter for refugees in light of recent criticisms of camppopulations becoming dependent on internationalaid and reluctant to return to their previous ways oflife. The challenge is ensuring that the special needsof urban refugees are met even though they are liv-ing in a larger and more economically viable area.How do we locate refugees and organize services inan urban area? How do we ensure their needs aremet without providing them with more assistancethan the host community? How do we distinguisha refugee from an economic migrant within sucha landscape?

There are no easy answers to any of these ques-tions. Recent natural disasters in Haiti and Japanhave shown us that the international community isnot well equipped for urban emergency response.We must begin to adapt our tactics to the evolvingdefinition of a refugee in the modern era. We mustbe flexible: Refugees are not simply people whodwell in crowded camps, but often empowered indi-viduals determined to make their own way. Dealingwith the complex realities of increasing numbers ofinternally displaced people, changing frontlines andswelling urban refugee populations makes it even

more difficult to ensure that we do not ignore theneeds and sacrifices made by the host communities.As we celebrate 60 years and 50 million peopleassisted, lets reflect on how to adapt our tactics anddefinitions to the conditions of the 21st century inorder to protect 50 million more. MD

Sam WorthingtonPresidentandCEO

InterAction

Changing Our Methods

after 60 Years

in 2009, UNHcrounted 15.2mllon eugeesnd 27.1 mllonntenllydspledpeople (iDPs)

n the wold.


5/325JUNE2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

InfoBytes

House FY2012 BudgetResolution Proposes30% Cut to International

Affairs SpendingWith the fscal year (FY) 2011budget fnally assed, Congresshas begun work on the FY2012budget. Beore the FY2011 budgetwas fnalized, House Budget Com-mittee Chair Pul ryn (-WI)roosed a budget or FY2012with a nonbinding recommendationor a 30 ercent cut to the Interna-tional Aairs account.

he House voted on yans ro-osal in Aril, and assed it by avote o 135-193. See a ull analysis

chart o the budget at www.interac-tion.org/demystiying-oreign-assis-tance, on the esources age.hough several alternative budgetswere roosed with dierent levelsand mixtures o roosed cuts,none o the others assed. he

Senate will also need to drat andass a searate budget resolution.

A budget resolution only sets the

overall discretionary sending level.Discretionary sending is moneythat Congress has to arove, andis dierent rom mandatory send-ing (rograms like Social Securityand edicare), which is authorizedby law and is not subject to the con-gressional aroriations rocess.

A budget resolutions roosedlevels or the individual budget unc-tions (like International Aairs) withinthe overall budget are urely advi-sory. he Aroriations Committeechair will divide the total discretion-

ary budget between the aroria-tions subcommittees, a rocesscalled 302(b) sub-allocations.

Because the Democratic Senatewill have a ar dierent budget res-olution, there will likely have to be agreat deal o negotiation between

the two chambers beore a fnalbudget resolution is acceted onboth sides.

For a ull descrition o theederal budget rocess, see theOctober 2009 onday Devel-oments Washington datecolumn, passing the FederalBudget (available online at www.mondaydeveloments.org).

Google for Nonprotsecently, Googl has consoli-dated several o its rograms thatit has oered ree or at reducedcosts to nonrofts under one web-site: www.google.org/nonrofts.

In addition to Google arth andvarious Google alications, theGoogle Grants rogram or in-kindadvertising grants has also beenincluded in this website.

he biggest beneft o thisnew website is that there is now

just one single alication that anonroft must fll out, and whenthe aroval comes through, all o

the associated tools are availableor that nonrofts use. previously,each tool or rogram had a sea-rate alication rocess. I yourorganization already articiatesin one o these rogramssuch asthe advertising grantsand wantsto continue using only those samerograms, then you do not needto realy. I, however, you wantto add any o the others, then youcan realy just once and have theentire suite available to you.

he website also has tis and

advice or ways your nonroft canmaximize its voice and imact withthese tools. For more inormation,including a comlete list o theavailable tools and some videos ontheir use, visit the Google or Non-rofts website.

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6/32MONDAY DEVELOPMENTSJUNE20116

InfoBytes

InterAction is leased to announce

the ollowing new members:

Outh intntonlengages the ublic on issues ooverty awareness and eradi-cation, and understanding theinter-relatedness o the global

community. Its mission is to: hel

eole overcome the devastatingeects o overty and develo thecaacity to create a new utureor themselves and their com-munities; androvide resonsibleways or eole with charitablehearts to hel the oor to a bet-ter lie. All o its rograms aredesigned to build the caacity othe eole involved. Its exeri-ence has shown that the best wayto oster sustainable change is tobuild the ability o the oor to helthemselves. Outreach Interna-

tional does this through a rocesscalled particiatory Human Devel-oment. his grassroots develo-

ment aroach enables communi-ties to act on issues o sharedconcern and build accountabilityand transarency by involvingthe marginalized oor. OutreachInternational rovides training andtechnical suort to NGOs andmunicial governments. Its seniorfeld sta rovide consulting andtraining to a variety o NGOs andother organizations to hel buildmission eectiveness and imrovework outcomes in oor communi-ties.

Pn amn Hlth

nd eduton Foundton(PaHeF) works with the panAmerican Health Organization(pAHO) and other strategic art-ners in the Americas to mobilizeresources and jointly address keyhealth, education and trainingriorities. Initiatives address themost ressing health issues inLatin America and the Caribbean,articularly chronic diseases andhealthy aging, immunizations,neglected troical diseases andhealth education. Its Small Grants

InterAction Welcomes New Members

On January 24, French president Nico-las Sarkozy laid out his governmentsriorities or the 2011 G8 Summit inDeauville, France on ay 26-27. Besidesroosing discussions on the Internet,green growth and innovation, and vari-

ous eace and security concerns, president Sarkozy also rioritizedvarious develoment-related issues or the G8 Summits agenda.

At this years summit, G8 leaders will continue their long-term ocuson Arican develoment eorts, which date back to the June 2002 G8Summit when leaders adoted the Arica Action plan in resonse tothe New partnershi or Aricas Develoment (NpAD). Furthermore,the ay summit will continue examining ood security and global healthissues and monitor rogress made on G8 commitments in these areas,most rominently through the G8-created LAquila Food Security Initia-tive and the uskoka Initiative on aternal, Newborn and Child Health.

Based in art on president Sarkozys January 24 ress conerence,InterActions G8/G20 ask Force shortly thereater released its G8Summit olicy brie .S. Leadershi at the ay G8 Summit. he aerrovides background inormation and outlines recommendations in theareas o ood security, agriculture and nutrition; maternal, newborn andchild health; and accountability that it urges the Obama administrationto consider while rearing or Deauville. he brie recommends:

Food suty, agultu nd Nutton1. Fully und the LAquila $22 billion ledge.2. ebalance donor unds to imrove nutrition and reach small-scale

roducers.3. Integrate resilience to climate change and civil society artnershis

into ood security lans.

Mtnl, Nwon nd chld Hlth (MNcH)1. Imlement the NCH commitments made under the 2010 uskoka

Initiative and ensure the necessary international engagement, coor-

dination, accountability and investment to achieve illennium Devel-oment Goals 4 and 5 through active suort o the N Secretary-Generals Global Strategy on Womens and Childrens Health.

2. Coordinate donor unding to suort integration o services withinthe health sector and with other develoment sectors, and ensureequitable access to health services across the ull continuum o care.

aountlty1. Direct the G8 Accountability Working Grou (AWG) to seek out-

side inut to inorm its reorting.2. When the AWG establishes a new exert grou, make ublic

its terms o reerence and the names and afliations o all o theexerts; then udate the inormation in a timely and transarentashion.

3. equire that the AWG conduct a comrehensive evaluation o allG8 commitments, make it ublically available 30 days beore eachsummit and hold a ublic comment eriod.

4. publicly release the AWGs ucoming reort on the G8s LAquilaFood Security Initiative and health commitments, exenditures andevaluations 30 days rior to this years summit. ake a similar ub-lic release beore the relevant summit a requirement or all AWGreorts going orward and ublish the reort schedule (with rob-able toics) through 2015.

With these olicy recommendations in hand, InterActions G8/G20ask Force met with Obama administration ofcials rom the Deart-ments o State, reasury and Agriculture as well as the National Secu-rity Council and the .S. Agency or International Develoment. heseofcials are members o the .S. governments G8/G20 Interagencyask Force resonsible or determining the olicy ositions that the.S. G8/G20 Shera ichael Froman advances rior to the summits.

InterActions ost-G8 Summit analysis will aear in Julys D.

Steven ocker, Sr. Advocacy and esearch Associate, InterAction

Countdown to Deauville: Development Priorities for the G8 Summit


7/32

program suorts high-imactrojects to romote healthyaging, fght childhood obesity andcombat chronic diseases. For 22years, pAHF has worked witherck and pAHO to suort min-istries o health in six countries toreach oulations at risk o con-tracting river blindness. AnotherpAHF rograms fghts meningitisby imroving surveillance andcharacterization o meningococ-cal disease in the Latin Americanregion; and its Sae BiotechInitiative educates hysicians and

atients about the resent anduture imact o biotechnology onhuman health and its imortanceor Latin American societies.

he mission o the GlolFood bnkng Ntwok (GFN)is to alleviate hunger. It is the only

nonroft organization dedicated tocreating, sulying and strength-ening ood banks and ood banknetworks throughout the world. Itsuorts the largest nongovern-mental network devoted to fghtinghunger and is the only such rivatesector network oerating on theglobal level. GFN does this bysuorting ood banks and oodbank networks where they existand by working collaboratively tocreate them in communities wherethey are needed. GFN ursuesand maintains strong artnershis

with the grocery roducts indus-try, the NGO community, globalhilanthroic resources and oth-ers ocused on reducing hungerand imroving nutrition. It usesthese artnershis to hel deliverresources to exand the reach andimrove the eectiveness o exist-ing ood banks and ood bank net-works. In any given country, GFNseorts ocus on the articularneeds o the ood banking system

in that country. xamles includeexanding ood sourcing caacity,enhancing handling and logistics

caacity, develoing or enhanc-ing the networks relationshiwith government, and imrovingtraining and network develomentexertise.

InterAction is also leased towelcome as an Associate emberthe Glol Mt n Dvl-opmnt Pt stt o

th eth inttut t colum

Unvty,established inresonse to a core recommenda-tion o the International Commis-sion on ducation or SustainableDeveloment practice unded bythe John D. and Catherine .acArthur Foundation. he secre-tariat serves as the umbrella orga-

nization overseeing all Global as-ters in Develoment practice(Dp) rogramsand activities

worldwide. Secretariat unctionsinclude heling to manage theDp rogram, develoing anoen-source reository or theDp curriculum and other teach-ing materials, and oering onlineglobal courses on develomentractice or students worldwide.A artnershi with InterAction willhel the secretariat develo andudate the Dp curriculum withreal-lie insights rom the feld andincrease salient feld trainingoortunities or Dp students.

utually benefcial or all artners,it will enhance caacity to coordi-nate across sectors, connect withrelevant individuals and institu-tions, and integrate innovativearoaches into sustainable devel-oment education and ractice.MD

InfoBytes

7JUNE2011M

ONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

260 member organizationsworldwide know

the value of a networkthe power of knowledge

InsideNGO provides international relief and

development organizations with one stop for

keeping current on international operations issues.

For information on training, advocacy, professionaldevelopment, and membership go to:

www.InsideNGO.org

or email [email protected]

aot Mmhp n intaton

In 2009, InterAction member COs and the board o directors

endorsed a strategic exansion o InterActions current membershistructure and aroved creation o an Associate ember category.InterAction then began considering institutions that would meet theeligibility criteria and decided to frst aroach educational institu-tions with develoment or/and humanitarian rograms.

InterAction is now broadening its non-voting associate member-shi to include other institutions beyond universities. Alications arenow being acceted rom qualifed institutions such as:

hink tanks interested in oreign assistance; eligious institutions that advocate concerning our issues; Foundations active in unding our community; Social entrereneurshi investment organizations; and Community service organizations.

All Associate ember alicants must embody a hilosohy thatreects InterActions values o artnershi, humanitarianism, sus-tainable develoment, justice, diversity, ethical ractice and genderequity. Associate embers will ay dues, calculated on their totalbudgets, at a rate o 50 ercent o ull member dues, and will need tomeet the Section I Sel Certifcation plus requirements o InterActionpVO standards (non-rogram standards).

Questions regarding the alication rocess should be directed toaina Alexander in the embershi and Standards ofce at [email protected].
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


8/328 MONDAY DEVELOPMENTSJUNE2011

Thenumberofpeopledisplacedwithintheircountry

duetoconflictorviolence(IDPs)roseto27.5mil-

lionin2010,thehighestfigurereportedinadecade.

ThisinformationwasreleasedinlateMarchbythe

NorwegianRefugeeCouncilsGeneva-basedInternal

DisplacementMonitoringCentre(IDMC),which,since1998at

therequestoftheUN,monitorstrendsanddevelopmentsrelated

tointernaldisplacementworldwide.

IDMCsannualreport,theInternal Displacement: Global Over-

view of Trends and Developmentsin 2010identifiedColombia,Sudan,Iraq,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(DRC),Somalia

andPakistanasthesixcountrieswiththehighestfiguresofIDPs

attheendoftheyear.Ofthese,Colombia,SudanandSomalia

eachhadover1millionIDPsthroughoutthelastdecade.

Africawastheonlycontinentwithadecreaseinitsnumber

ofIDPs,confirmingthecontinuationofthesustaineddownward

trendsince2004.Nevertheless,itremainsthecontinentwiththe

highestnumberofIDPs40percentoftheglobaltotal.IDPs

inSudan,DRCandSomaliarepresent70percentofallIDPsin

Africa,whileIDPsinSudanaloneaccountforover40percent

ofthecontinentstotal.

Asignificant,positivedevelopmentinAfricaistheadoptionoftheKampalaConvention,thefirstregionalinstrumentintheworld

toimposelegalobligationsonstatesinrelationtotheprotection

andassistanceofIDPs.TheConventionwillcomeintoforce

onceithasbeenratifiedby15AfricanUnionmemberstates.

IntheMiddleEast,thenumberofIDPshasmorethantripled

overthelast10years,asaresultbothoftheescalationofconflict

inIraqandYemenandofprotractedsituationsofdisplacement

inSyria,LebanonandtheoccupiedPalestinianTerritories.

InAsia,thetotalnumberofIDPshasincreasedby70percent

ByKate Halff,HeadoftheInternalDisplacement

MonitoringCenter,NorwegianRefugeeCouncil

A global overview of trends anddevelopments in 2010.

conft ndoln-indud

intnlDplmnt

(1) Roma IDPs in a Belgrade informal settlement, Serbia; (2) Internadisplaced family in Faryab Province, Afghanistan. (3) People forced

Colombias conict or violence by armed groups have often gather

cities. In the city of Tumaco on the south-east coast, they have buil

on stilts to remain clear of the tide. (4) IDPs on the outskirts of Yei to

Sudan. They have no other source of water than the nearest river, wit is unsafe to drink. These IDPs arrived in Yei from the north of Sou

Sudan, but because they were illegally occupying abandoned plots

had to move again.

1

2

3

4

iDP


9/329JUNE2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

MexicoAbout 120,000

SerbiaAbout

225,000

Croatia2,300

Bosnia and Herzegovina113,400

FYR Macedonia650

Cyprus

Up to 208,000

IsraelUndetermined

Occupied Palestinian TerritoryAt least 160,000

Senegal10,00040,000

Chad171,000

LiberiaUndetermined

Cte dIvoireUndetermined

NigeriaUndetermined

NigerUndetermined

TogoUndetermined

DRCAbout

1,700,000

AngolaUndetermined

Zimbabwe570,0001,000,000

BurundiUp to 100,000

RwandaUndetermined

UgandaAt least 166,000

KenyaAbout 250,000

Turkey954,0001,201,000

GeorgiaUp to

258,000

ArmeniaAt least 8,000

AzerbaijanUp to

593,000

UzbekistanAbout 3,400

TurkUnde

AfghAt leas

KyrgAbou

Pak

At least

NeAbout

BanglUndete

GuatemalaUndetermined

Colombia3,600,0005,200,000

PeruAbout 150,000

CAR192,000

EritreaAbout 10,000

Ethiopia

About300,000

LebanonAt least 76,000

SomaliaAbout 1,500,000

IndAt least

LaUndete

Iraq2,800,000

SyriaAt least433,000

YemenAbout 250,000

Sri LankaAt least327,000

MyanAt least 4

IndonesiaAbout 200,000 Timor-Leste

Undetermined

The PhilippiAt least 15,0

Russian Federation6,50078,000

Republic ofthe Congo

Up to 7,800

AlgeriaUndetermined

Sudan4,500,0005,200,000

Kosovo18,300

since2005,duemainlytoanincreaseininternaldisplacement

inPakistanandAfghanistan.Itislikelythoughthatthetotal

figuresremainmuchhigherthanthe4.6milliontotalreported

intheGlobal Overview,asthemoreaccesstoinformationin

countriessuchasIndiaorMyanmarthehighertheIDPestimates.

Increasingly,IDMChasbeenreportingdisplacementasa

resultofarmedviolence,suchasinMexicowhereviolenceis

relatedtodrugcartelandgangviolence.Attheendof2010,

IDMCreportedahigherfigureofnewdisplacedinMexicothan

inAfghanistan.Violencerelatedtolandgrabbingsuchasin

ColombiaorSouthSudanorduetoresourceextractionsuch

asineasternDRCisalsocausingdisplacement.

TheGlobal Overviewshowsthatmostconflictsthatcausednewdisplacementduring2010wereongoing,internalconflicts

betweengovernmentsandarmedoppositiongroups,asinPaki-

stan,DRC,DarfurinSudanandSomalia.Theonlynewconflict

thatresultedindisplacementin2010wasinKyrgyzstan.

Inalloftheabovecountries,highfiguresfornewdisplacement

werereportedalongsidehighfiguresforreturn,highlightingthe

fluidityandcomplexityofthesituations.

Thisincreaseinglobalfigureshasresultednotonlyfromnew

displacementbutalsothedifficultythatIDPshaveinachieving

durablesolutions.ItisestimatedthatoverhalfoftheworldsIDPs

arecaughtinsituationsofprotracteddisplacement,wherebythey

arediscriminatedagainstasaresultoftheirdisplacementand

theirprogresstowardsdurablesolutionsisstalled.In2010,there

wereover40countriesintheworldwithasignificantnumber

ofIDPslivinginsituationsofprotracteddisplacement,someof

themforclosetotwodecades.

SincetheGlobal Overviewwaswritten,massivedisplacement

hastakenplaceinLibyaandCtedIvoire,whereover1million

peoplewereforcedtofleetheirhomes.Manyofthemarestill

notabletoaccesshumanitarianassistancebecauseofinsecurity

insomeareasofthecountry.

IDPsremainagroupatriskwithspecificprotectionandassis-tanceneeds.The2010Global Overviewhighlightsanumberof

protectionconcernsthatdemonstratethatIDPsremainatriskof

physicalinsecurityanddiscriminationevenattheirplaceofrefuge

andsometimes,suchasinDRC,afterhavingreturnedhome.

AsignificantnumberofIDPsliveinurbanareasinpracticallyall

thecountriesmonitoredbyIDMC.Initialfindingsfromcasestudies

indicatethatIDPsaremorelikelytobeurbanizedthantherestof

thepopulation.Thisrealitymeansthathumanitarianorganizations

Internally displaced people worldwideDecember 2010

continuedonpage29

mapcourtesyNRC



Liba

TensofthousandsofmigrantworkershavecrossedintoTunisiaduetoLibyasrecentinternal

conict.Mosthavefoundtheirwayintocampsonly10milesfromtheborder.Migrantworkers

fromSudan,BurkinaFaso,IvoryCoast,Somalia,Bangladesh,Niger,andNigeriahavelost

everythingandareattemptingtoreturnhome.Itisestimatedthatabout1,000refugeescross

intoTunisiaeachday.PhotosbyJonathan Alpeyrie.

Clockwise from top: A refugees makeshift tent; Migrantworkers from Sudan; A female refugee is served food by

a Tunisian NGO; A Tunisian soldier makes sure refugees

behave while waiting in line for food.

Flng

Ly


11/3211JUNE2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

cLiMae DisPLaceMeN

AN DISCUSSION ABOUT REFU

gees and displacement must nowalso acknowledge this truth: Climate

displacement is happening today and willincrease in the future as the full effects of cli-mate change unfold. Each day, more and morepeople are being forced from their homes byweather-related disasters and changing cli-mactic conditions.

Take, for example, the current situation fac-ing Colombia. Four months after PresidentSantos declared a state of emergency due tomassive flooding, a serious humanitarian cri-sis still exists in many parts of the country. Irecently visited dozens of communities therethat are still without water and sanitation, aswell as numerous areas where people are liv-ing in sub-human conditions in makeshiftshelters. The situation is particularly alarmingin Atlntico, where the breach of the DiqueCanal has left large areas still underwater.

But getting the public and policymakersto see the Colombia floods and other recentdisasters not only as a portent of things to comebut also as an indication that climate change isalready occurring is likely to prove challenging.This is due in part to the inability of scientiststo prove that any one storm, drought or flood

was caused by global warming as opposed toa variety of other factors that affect weather.As early as 19 90, the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change concluded that oneof the most significant impacts of climatechange will be on human mobility. And themost immediate way in which climate changeaffects displacement is through an increase inthe frequency and severity of extreme weatherevents, such as storms, floods and droughts.In addition, more gradual changes broughton by global warming will lead to deserti-

fication, water scarcity, declining fisheries

and decreased agricultural output causingpeople to migrate in order to support naturalresource-dependent livelihoods.

According to the Internal DisplacementMonitoring Centre, in 2 008 (the year forwhich the most recent data is available) morethan 36 million people were displaced withintheir own countries as a result of sudden-onset natural disasters, which over the pastseveral decades have increased in force andfrequency. Many more were likely uprooted byslow-onset events like droughts. Compare thisto the 25 million internally displaced by con-flict and human rights abuses. But the currentinternational legal framework does not affordprotection to people who are forced to cross

international borders due to environmentalor climate change factors, often erroneouslyreferred to as climate change refugees or

environmental refugees.And herein lies the problem with those

descriptors. From a refugee rights perspec-tive, the term climate change refugee ismeaningless. The 1951 Convention Relatingto the Status of Refugees defines a refugee assomeone who is outside the country of his orher nationality owing to well-founded fearof being persecuted for reasons of race, reli-gion, nationality, membership of a particularsocial group or political opinion. Since then,fleeing persecution has become an acceptedrationale for claiming international protec-tion. However, the status of people fleeing

from sudden-onset natural disasters or ofthose who may migrate as a result of slower-onset events like drought or desertification isfar less clear. Thus, under international law,there is no coherent or consistent approachto the protection needs of people displacedby climate change-related events.

This gap in the current global protectionregime will have to be addressed if climatechange has anywhere near the profound impactcurrently projected. Whether on an interna-tional or regional basis, frameworks or legalinstruments must be put in place recognizingthat millions of people may need temporaryprotection as the result of climate change.

One of the goals of Refugees Internationals

In 2008 more people were internally displaced bynatural disasters than conflict. Are we ready torespond to this new trend?

ByAlice Thomas,ProgramManager,BaconCenterforClimate

Displacement,RefugeesInternational

Ppng o

clmt Dplmnt



cLiMae DisPLaceMeN

climate displacement program is to identifythe ways in which climate-induced displace-ment differs from displacement that results

from conflict, and therefore requires a dif-ferent response. Last years devastating floodsin Pakistan provide a case in point. Unlikeconflict, natural disasters like the flooding inPakistan often strike with little or no advancewarning. Thus, there is limited opportunityto scale up or mobilize resources to respond.

In addition, in the case of sudden-onsetdisasters like floods or storms, the displace-ment occurs over a very short period of timeand often on a very large scale. In Pakistan, thefloods forced millions from their homes. etmost people were displaced for only a shortperiod of time. Unlike conflict situations,

affected populations were not constrainedfrom returning by ongoing warfare or violence.

Unfortunately in Pakistan, the humanitar-ian community was not prepared for the quickrate of return. People returned to areas wherehomes and belongings had been ruined orswept away. The floods had also wiped out basicinfrastructure such as roads, water, electricity,

Children in front of their ooded home inColombia bathe in stagnant ood waters.

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13/3213JUNE2011

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reFUGee resPONse

HIS EAR MARKS THE 60TH ANNIversary of the C onvention Relating tothe Status of Refugees and it is a goodtime to reflect on progress and prospects forinternational humanitarian protection andassistance. Through the Convention and its1967 Protocol, countries around the worldhave held themselves to high standards for

safeguarding the well-being and rights ofthose who seek asylum on their shores. Athome, the 1980 Refugee Act guides our ownefforts to vindicate the most noble values inrefugee protection. In the decades since theadoption of the Refugee Convention, govern-ments, international organizations and NGOshave developed an array of legal instrumentsand best practices to create a stronger webof protection for those displaced by conflict,from the Guiding Principles on Internal Dis-placement to the Sphere Project Humanitarian

Charter and Minimum Standards in Humani-tarian Response.

Inevitably, the challenges ahead seem moreformidable than the progress achieved overthe past 60 years. Around the world, there arestill more than 15 million refugees who havebeen uprooted from their homes and forcedto live in difficult and often unacceptable con-

ditions. There are more than 30 protractedrefugee situations throughout the world, themajority of them in African and Asian coun-tries that are struggling to meet the needs oftheir own citizens. At the same time, some27 million people around the world remaindisplaced within their own countries due toconflict and persecution.

So at this key moment, it is fitting that weask ourselves: How are we doing? Abroad andat home, are we doing everything possibleto defend and to promote the human rights,

The challenge of a humanitarian response.ByEric P. Schwartz,AssistantSecretaryofStateforPopulation,Refugees,

andMigration,U.S.DepartmentofState

sanitation and the like. And the humanitariancommunity was not there to help them.

U.S. policymakers must confront the fact

that the current budget for humanitarianefforts in disaster response is and will continueto be insufficient as natural disasters increasein frequency. If the United States wants to con-tinue to lead the world in humanitarian assis-tance, increased flexible funding for the StateDepartments Bureau of Population, Refugeesand Migration (PRM) and USAIDs Office ofForeign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) will becritical to ensure a quicker and more effectiveresponse to more frequent disasters.

The White House Council on Environ-mental Qualitys Interagency Climate ChangeAdaptation Task Force has called for an inte-

grated and long-term approach to climatechange that leverages the full technical capac-ities of the federal government to lead onadaptation internationally. Today, it is unclearto what extent the issue of climate change hasbeen m ainstreamed into USAIDs disasterrisk reduction (DRR), response, recovery orlonger-term development efforts in climate-vulnerable countries. For example, U.S. bilat-eral assistance to climate vulnerable countriesmust view development through a climatechange lens. Likewise, relief and early recoveryprograms implemented by OFDA must linkup with climate change adaptation programsrecognizing that climate change cuts across allsectors of relief and development assistance.

Moving forward, the United States mustrecognize the importance of a greater invest-ment in DRR and building preparedness inhigh-risk countries. Recent experience inColombia, Pakistan and other disasters hasshown that DRR investments must be focusedat the local level, as it is often local govern-ments and communities that not only havethe requisite knowledge of risks and circum-stances in order to plan for disasters but alsoare the first to respond when disaster strikes.

Congress should also appropriate new andadditional funds to help the worlds poorestcountries adapt to climate change. Rampingup the amount of money we spend to buildthe resilience of vulnerable populations sothey are better able to cope with both naturalhazards and more gradual environmentalchanges will address and reinforce broaderanti-poverty and security goals, and result insubstantial savings over the long termbothfinancial and in terms of limiting loss ofhuman life. MD

h rugconvnton t 60

UNHCR supports the reintegration of refugees

from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

as they rebuild their lives after years of conict

and displacement.



reFUGee resPONse

the well-being and the empowerment of theworlds most vulnerable uprooted people?That is the critical question that should inform

our work, because these goalsdefendingrights, and promoting well-being and empow-ermentare the essence of protection.

On this important anniversary, let me sug-gest several critical challenges in respondingto the needs of refugees and others displacedby conflict that merit our focus and sustainedattention in the months and years ahead.

First, it is essential that humanitariansembrace broad and more integrated perspec-tives on protection, both conceptually andoperationally. Whether or not protection hasever been the exclusive domain of the spe-cially mandated agencies such as UNHCR,

protection is now a collective responsibilitythat involves vigilance and action by the fullrange of UN agencies, nongovernmental orga-nizations, international organizations, donorgovernments and hosting governments. Whilefirst asylum and nonrefoulement must remainat the heart of international refugee protectionefforts, we must all rise to other protectionchallenges as well, such as combating gender-based violence and sexual exploitation andabuse, promoting freedom of m ovement,security and rights related to personal status,and many others. Humanitarians must also beresponsible advocates and must weave a pro-tective approach more deeply into the designof programs relating to food, shelter, health,sanitation, among otherswhat some call themainstreaming of protection. The challengeis to develop and further refine best practicesthat seek to empower local communities insuch efforts.

Humanitarians know best that conflict-induced displacement crises do not havehumanitarian solutions. From Congo to CtedIvoire to Kyrgystan, good governance, politi-cal reconciliation and the peaceful settlementof disputes are the critical enablers for secu-

rity and well-being. Without compromisingthe impartiality of humanitarian response,humanitariansespecially those of us in gov-ernmentmust press to ensure a sustainedfocus on these objectives.

Second, humanitarians in government,spurred on by the scrutiny from NGOs andothers in civil society, must more effectivelystrive to practice at home what we preachabroad. This includes our policies on tempo-rary protection, treatment of asylum-seekersand durable solutions for individuals inter-

dicted at sea. The U.S. Refugee AdmissionsProgram resettled more than 73,000 personslast year and we have taken serious and sub-

stantial measures to increase the support thatresettled refugees receive in the first monthsafter they arrive. et there is so much more weshould do to improve the initial experience ofthose coming to our shores for the first time,as well as the longer-term experience new-comers face, beyond their first 30 to 90 daysin our country. For instance, I remain deeplyconcerned by the absence of intensive, longer-term case management for those seeking tonavigate the myriad challenges of integrationin the first year or two of residence.

Third, humanitarians in government andcivil society must translate our growing

appreciation of the imperative to address the

needs of underserved populations into actualprograms and practices. At the State Depart-ments Bureau of Population, Refugees, and

Migration (PRM) in particular, this will meanadditional advocacy, programs and resourcesto combat the phenomenon of statelessness; toaddress the requirements of non-camp, urban-based refugees and conflict-affected popula-tions; and to develop durable solutions forprotracted refugee situations from Afghans inPakistan and Bhutanese in Nepal to Burmesein Thailand and Somalis in Kenya.

Fourth, we must transform our effortsat home and within the international com-munityto promote policy and operational

coherence in international humanitar-ian response. At home, the challenge is tostrengthen the civilian capabilities and com-

parative advantages of the Department of Stateand USAID, while promoting greater integra-tion of effort. As reflected in the Quadren-nial Diplomacy and Development Review, thecreation of a new State-USAID HumanitarianIssues Working Group and regular interagencydialogue, we are making progress. Internation-ally, the challenge is analogous: to strengthenthe capabilities of the specialized agencies likeUNHCR and the International Organizationfor Migration, while at the same time enhanc-ing the coordinating capacity of the Office forthe Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

Finally, we must continually seek to

strengthen the reservoir of support for inter-national humanitarian assistance by forcefullymaking the case that these efforts significantlystrengthen our national interests.

To be sure, we are in difficult econom iccircumstances at present. But our spendingon civilian overseas assistance each year isextraordinarily modest (less than 1 percentof our federal budget) and yet reaps enor-mous benefits in terms of U.S. leadership andenhanced security around the world. Mostimportantly, it reflects our appreciation thatprotection of the most vulnerable is critical toour foreign policy: due to the moral impera-tive and the simple goal of saving lives; due toour governments interest in sustaining U.S.leadership and building sustainable partner-ships that enable us to drive the developmentof international humanitarian principles, pro-grams and policies like no other governmentin the world; and due to the importance ofpromoting reconciliation, security and well-being in circumstances where despair andmisery not only threaten stability, but alsocritical security interests of the United States.

Fortunately, for the rest of this fiscal year, theU.S. Congress has reaffirmed our governments

commitment to international humanitarianism.Although relief and recovery needs of thosewho suffer from crises around the world stilloutstrip available resources, recently enactedfederal funding legislation for 2011 sustainsmuch of the U.S. commitment in support ofthese vulnerable populations. et the debate isfar from over and we must continue to makethe case for the importance of humanitarianassistance. In doing so, we serve our values andour interests, and offer the prospect of a brighterfuture for millions around the world. MD

Humntns knowbest tht onft-ndueddsplement ses donot hve humntnsolutons.


15/3215JUNE2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

irai reFUGees

W HILE THE U.S. PREPARES FORthe withdrawal of its troops fromIraq by December 31, 2011, theObama administration, the government ofIraq and humanitarian actors must createand commit to a plan for the 1.7 million Iraqirefugees in the Middle East region. To betterunderstand both the nuances and commonfeatures of the plight of Iraqi refugees, repre-sentatives of Catholic Relief Services recently

traveled to Egypt, Jordan and Syria where theyconducted a series of personal interviews andfocus group discussions with Iraqi refugees.These refugees are increasingly desperate for aviable solution to their common predicament:afraid of returning to an insecure Iraq, await-ing the slim possibility of resettlement by theUnited Nations High Commission for Refu-gees (UNCHR) and depleting their savings asthey cannot integrate locally through work.

Before the U.S. military intervention in Iraqand the refugee population created by itfades

from public consciousness, viable alternativesto the standard trinity of durable solutionsfor refugeesthat is, voluntary repatriation,local integration and resettlementmust bediscussed and implemented by all key actors.

rptton: nonttNonrefoulement is a key principle of the

1951 Convention Relating to the Status ofRefugees, which prohibits signatory coun-

tries from forcibly expelling refugees to a placethey feel threatened or may suffer persecu-tion. Thus, return of refugees their homeland(repatriation) should be voluntary.

Despite their patriotism, the vast majorityof Iraqi refugees do not plan to return becausethey fear violence and view services as inade-quate. I loved my country, Iraq, dearly. There,I had everything but we had no choice but toleave. They assaulted my teenage son in thehead with the butt of a rifle and threatenedto kill us all, shares Khawla Elias.

Following the U.S. invasion in 2003, thou-sands of families fled threats, violence andtorture in Iraq. Wealthier Iraqis escaped byplane to Egypt, Lebanon or Gulf states, but themajority fled to Syria, which, together withJordan, now hosts the largest number of Iraqirefugees. Huge numbers of Iraqi adults andchildren were traumatized and endure residualstress as refugees; psychosocial programs reportimmense demand for services and activities

Families often lost all of their money inorder to pay ransom to rescue their childrenkidnapped by sectarian militias. The storyof Ali* exemplifies how many Iraqi refugeefamilies ended up penniless in neighboringcountries: (They) kidnapped my 12-yearold girl. I sold my car, my house, everythingI owned to get her back safely. We hired a carand drove across the border seeking safety.For nearly five years, he has resided in Syria ina poorly-ventilated room with his four daugh-

ters and critically-injured wife.Iraqi refugees cite lack of personal securityas the primary reason they will not return toIraq voluntarily. While the exodus from Iraqincluded members of all religious and eth-nic groups, minorities vehemently resist theidea of voluntary repatriation due to targetedattacks, for instance, on inter-sect marriedcouples and Christians.

In addition to fear for personal safety,Iraqi refugees also criticize their homelandsunstable government and lack of basic infra-

The viability of durable solutionsmust be questioned.

iq rugNd Wokl Opton

ByMegan Prinster Sheehan,AsiaandMiddleEastRegionalRepresentative,CatholicReliefServices

Iraqi refugees Rania, 19 (left) and her friend

describe their lack of hope for their futures giventhe poverty and little access to tertiary education.



irai reFUGees

structure and services, citing it as further justification to not return.Furthermore, UNHCR analyses indicate that medical conditions rep-resent the largest specific need among Iraqi refugees; access to medical

services in host countries often becomes a reason to stay.An Iraqi refugee in Egypt emphasized, Why would I consider

going back to a place where there is so little electricity, little water, nodoctors? Is that what you call a country?

Longng o lvlhood, ut no hn o lol ntgtonIn order to avoid creating a migration incentive (i.e., a pull factor),

host country governments have laws prohibiting refugees from work-ing. Consequences of noncitizens caught working in a host countryinclude detention, abuse, or exploitation. For Iraqis and other refugees,integrating into the communities of host countries (local integration)through work is impossible, especially as governments struggle toresolve unemployment of its own citizens.

In Syria, UNHCR refugee registration entitles beneficiaries to

monthly food rations and a cash supplement for rent payment. ThisUNHCR assistance is a last resort for the many well-educated, formerlymiddle-class Iraqi refugees; registering officially as a refugee is a blowto their pride. Although fewer Iraqis are new arrivals, the number ofrefugee registrations activated has increased steadily since January2011, pointing to the regional trend of increased desperation amongfamilies who have depleted their savings in host countries.

It is terrible to be labeled a refugee. In Iraq, through my work

especially, I was somebody. Now, with nothing to do, I feel that I amnothing but merely a desperate housewife, describes Khawla Elias,former Secretary General of Caritas Iraq.

Very few Iraqi refugee men can provide for their families. Women orchildren fortunate enough to find domestic work remain vulnerable tolosing their work if the local economy fluctuates. As women and childrenbecome breadwinners, traditional family structures invert and causestresses such as abuse, risk of suicide, prostitution and child trafficking.

Another obstacle to integration into host communities is the unwill-ingness of many Iraqis to enroll their children in the public schoolsystems. Most Iraqis have extremely high standards for educationand prefer to enroll their children in private schools. The choice toenroll children in private schools strains the Iraqi families financially.

Those who cannot afford private education often suffer depression. Forinstance, Mohammed*, in tears, confides that sometimes I am miser-able because I cannot do the single most important thing every fatherdesires for his childrento send them to a good school. I cannot even

afford to buy my children a chocolate bar. What kind of father am I?

Dmnhng polt o ttlmntWhen they register with UNHCR, all refugees receive a booklet

informing them of the extremely low likelihood of resettlement ina third country. Registration does not guarantee resettlement. Noteveryone is eligible. Nevertheless, Iraqi refugees often tie all theirhopes to resettlement, especially in the U.S.

European countries have accepted hundreds of thousands of Iraqirefugees for resettlement, but many have reached their limit. Althoughthe U.S. is still accepting Iraqi refugees, its resettlement process islengthy and cumbersome. Many Iraqi refugees awaiting resettlementexpect their life in American to be like what they see on television.

Wht to do?Iraqi refugees will not return to their homeland due to fear of insecurity.

As guests in Arab host countries, they can neither work nor integratelocally. Subsequent depletion of their savings not only demoralizes them,but also makes them vulnerable to exploitation. At current rates of resettle-ment, it would take many decades for all Iraqi refugees to be resettledthrough the UNHCR process, and some may never qualify for resettlement.

The U.S. and the government of Iraq have a special responsibilityto ensure that Iraqis impacted by the war are protected and provideda durable solution for their futures. Both must galvanize efforts toincrease security within Iraq and to welcome and support returnees.Excellent first steps include the government of Iraqs recently estab-lished Commission for Protection and Refugees and UNHCRs Return,

Integration and Community Centers.The U.S. must reduce the wait time for the security approval requiredfor refugees allowed to resettle in the U.S. and it must also increase thenumbers of refugees it receives annually to at least 25,000.

Despite slim prospects for third country resettlement, humanitarianorganizations can support Iraqi refugees pursuits to educate themselvesand their families. Families who await repatriation would be wise totake advantage of education opportunities (e.g., English as a SecondLanguage, computer skills and high school diploma equivalents pro-grams) to increase their likelihood of successful integration in a thirdcountry, locally or back in Iraq. MD

*Names have been changed.

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17/3217JUNE2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

Diersi

NTIL TRUST IS ESTABLISHED ANDa good reputation is earned, as one ofthe few women of color engaging inadvocacy on humanitarian and developmentpolicy, sometimes ones contributions maybe overlooked or underestimated. This can

erode your professional confidence or mistak-enly result in you writing the entire industryoff all together. Ror y Anderson, Directorof External Relations at ChildFund Interna-tional candidly shared this observation, asan African-American working in the field ofdevelopment. For other minority professionalsin the NGO community, similar sentimentsand much more have been voiced in Aspen,Colorado, each September when a new classfrom the International Career AdvancementProgram comes together to share stories, get

advice from senior mentors and create a globalnetwork of support.

It is no secret that the NGO communityhas been grappling with the issue of recruit-ing more diverse staffs for years. But the issuehas come to the forefront of human resources

discussions only in the last few, with severalNGOs recruiting diversity officers and com-ing under criticism from boards and fundersabout not having staff that represent theU.S. population or the communities served.Progress is being made but much more can bedone. And the diversity conversation is shift-ing from just recruitment to focus on retentionand leadership development as well.

Two programs making positive strides inboth recruitment and attention deserve acloser look: the International Career Advance-

ment Program (ICAP) and the Global AccessPipeline (GAP).

ICAP (http://www.icapaspen.org), foundedand directed by Tom Rowe at the Univer-sity of Denver, has been working in this areafor 15 years. Its mission is to bring greaterstaffing diversity to senior management andpolicymaking positions in internationalpublic service, both in the government andin international NGOs. ICAP assists highlypromising, mid-career professionals fromunderrepresented groups in advancing tomore senior positions. ICAP helped meunderstand that building relationships at alllevels is the best skill you can bring to yourwork in international development, accord-ing to Latanya Mapp Frett, Vice President,International Planned Parenthood Federationof America.

ICAP mid-career participants are recruitedannually through a competitive applicationprocess. Each September, a new cohort of 25

participants meets at the Aspen Institute inAspen, Colorado, for an intensive week ofleadership and career development programs.The groups become quite close and serve asa professional and personal support networkonce individuals leave Aspen. ICAP reallyhelped my growth. It is a great network and itis helpful to work further towards more diver-sity in the development community. I also verymuch appreciate the passion within ICAP-ers! said Michelle Carter, country directorfor Burundi at CARE International. Similarly,

Creatively tackling the issue of diversity inthe international NGO community.

a Ppln o

ByNina Segal,CareerCounselor,ICAP,andMarquis Brown,Co-Chair,GAP

Dvty
http://www.icapaspen.org/http://www.icapaspen.org/



Diersi

Ms. Anderson noted: I initially applied toICAP seeking to tap into a prestigious networkthat would help me climb the career ladder;

and through a vibrant community of supportwhich both mentors and pushes me, I havemade lifelong friends who have helped meto expand and diversify both my professionaland personal dreams, and encourage me to dothe same for others.

ICAP has also sp earheaded an initiativewith other individuals and organizationsto launch the Global Access Pipeline. GAP(http://gap.icapaspen.org) is a consortiumof organizations that work to increase thediversity and quality of U.S. leadership in theinternational arena across the government,nonprofit and private sectors. More spe-

cifically, GAP links internationally oriented,pre-collegiate programs that target diversegroups with similarly focused college andgraduate-level programs. GAP then links thesesegments with internationally focused, mid-career leadership programs like ICAP andwith diversity recruitment efforts at promi-nent organizations such as InterAction, the

Aspen Institute, the Council on Foreign Rela-tions and many others. Despite GAP beingin the early stages of development, the grouphas been collaborating for the past two yearsto develop a more comprehensive approachto increase diversity in international affairs

in the United States. For example, as part ofthis effort, employers can now access a large,diverse audience to inform them of opportuni-ties for fellowships, study abroad, internships,entry-level employment and even middle- andsenior-level positions.

This unique consortium represents a col-laborative, comprehensive approach to creat-

ing a pipeline of opportunity for organizationsthat believe leadership and diversity in inter-national affairs, in the broadest sense, is an

important thing. Moreover, it reflects the real-ity that in order to realize these goals, indi-viduals and organizations working togetherin a concerted effort will yield better resultsoverall. As Kristen Hayden, Executive Direc-tor of OneWorld Now!, reports, The youthat OneWorld Now! have already benefitedgreatly from the GAP collaborative Ourstudents have gone on to become fellows withone college-based initiative, we have collab-orative study abroad trips with two others,and some are now pursuing careers in theforeign service. All of these opportunities andexposure would not have happened without

GAP. GAP provides an intrinsic, powerfulnetwork of opportunities for all of our con-stituentsand were already feeling the posi-tive impact of the pipeline! MD

Questions and comments can be sent to theauthors [email protected]@nc4ge.orgrespectively.

CtCt u w t lr hw w gt t rght!

Kjaer & Kjaer(u liaison fce), 1601 o Ken ee, ie 100, inon, Viinia 22209.

te: (703) 778 9400 / Fax: (703) 778 9405 / [email protected] / .kjaer.com

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19/3219JUNE2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

HIS EARS NAST BATTLE TO PROTECT U.S. FOREIGNaffairs spending has revealed once again that there is a dearthof diversity within the top ranks of the U.S. international NGOcommunity because the only faces seen consistently during the fighthave been white and mainly male. This is despite the fact that U.S.minorities from all walks of lifesome with extraordinary back-groundshave become increasingly interested in development andrelief work in recent years. The lack of diversity at the top of U.S.-basedNGOs has led most in this group to donate to organizations wherepeople of color are in decision-making positions, because they viewthem as being more committed to the well-being of the populationsbeing served, or to start their own organizations such as the BlackGlobal Development Corps.

Newt Gingrich, a prospective 2012 U.S. presidential candidate andformer Speaker of the House of Representatives in Congress, recentlystated in an article about diversity in the Republican party, Inclusionis when youre in the room when the decision is made. Outreach iswhen a group of people make a decision and call you. After manyyears of discussing diversity and offering various initiatives to improveit, some groups have learned that inclusion is the key to adding somecolor to the face of development.

Nw Wold bnk nttvThe World Bank recently launched a new initiative to help increase

the recruitment and retention of U.S. minorities in international devel-opment work. The initiative includes an internal action plan that will

be implemented by the Banks human resources and managementstaff, and a partnership action plan to be implemented by a specialU.S. Minorities Task Force comprised of representatives from WorldBank partner organizations. Expected to begin this year, it will likelyinclude shared internships, educational and mentoring programs,consolidated vacancy postings and ways to increase the number ofU.S. minorities working at mid- and senior-levels in developmentorganizations.

The launch events keynote speaker, Ted Childs, a former chiefdiversity officer for IBM, said it all when he stated, Global diversityand inclusion objectives should include attracting and retaining thebest talent, creating space in the workplace for that talent to perform

at its best, and working to eliminate barriers and disadvantages therebyincreasing diversity within the talent pool.

Undtndng nd movng Many minorities working in development in the U.S. believe that

people of color are often excluded from employment opportunitiesbecause the sector is very insular. Only 19 percent of the people whovolunteer for Peace Corps are minorities. ou are indirectly excludingmany people of color from hiring pools from the start, remarked Crys-tal Lander, senior policy officer at Management Sciences for Health.

Others interviewed for this story said the community remains over-whelmingly white because people tend to hire those who look andsound like themselves. But according to some, this could be changed

with a little extra effort. If an organization is looking proactively torecruit and sustain a diverse workforce that will enrich their knowledgeof communities overseas, they should be prepared to act as a sponsoror petition a worker. This sounds terrifying, difficult and expensive,but in reality it does not need to be if both sides agree to work togetherand share the load, commented Luisa Crdoba, resource developmentcoordinator at InterAction.

Some believe the lack of diversity stateside is also related to econom-ics. Most internships in the community are unpaid; and regardless ofa potential minority hires economic status, many are persuaded tolook elsewhere for a career. Stated Steven Rocker, senior research andadvocacy associate at InterAction, Growing up in my hometown, if

Americas face is multi-ethnic, butdevelopments is not.

ByTawana Jacobs,AssociateDirectorofPublic

Relations,InterAction

19

Who tth l?

Diersi



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you were black and gifted academically, your family and communityexpected (or pressured) you to pursue the more traditional and presti-gious professions of law, medicine or finance. People in my hometown

just were not aware that one can make a profession out of inter-national development. Others, including Nasserie Carew, a formersenior-level NGO professional, believe, Many [just] dont think anNGO career is lucrative. As difficult as it is for U.S. minorities to begina career in development, it has proven to be even more arduous formany to advance their careers in the field.

inluon ng out hngOnce my parents got over the shock of me not following in my

fathers footsteps to a lucrative career in corporate America, they beganto appreciate my commitment to public service and support my careeras an NGO communicator. When I began focusing on developmentissues in the late 1990s, I knew of only about 10 people of color work-ing at U.S. NGOsand only two of them were in leadership positions.

Unfortunately, the number of minorities in NGO leadership positionshasnt grown very much in nearly 15 years.

The slowness of the U.S. NGO community to become more diverseat the top has led many minorities at NGOs to move to other sectorsin order to work on development issues or to leave the field altogether.Othersincluding yours trulyhave developed a thick skin and forgeahead in our careers, determined to succeed despite being faced withdouble-standards and inconsistencies along the way. According to an

NGO colleague, I have found that many times my credentials werequestioned by colleagues in development. I was asked what backgroundand education did I have to get into the policy arena? This experience

seems to be shared by others. A former NGO coworker who left hercareer in development went so far as to say, If you or I were whiteand working at an NGO with our credentials, wed be two or threesteps further along in our careers. Only minorities from developingcountries will be accepted in this sector until there is more diversityat the senior management level.

Her observation isnt a new one. During a period in which I recon-sidered my own career path, I conducted an experiment to determineif my communications advice to senior management was flawed orif there was a problem with mea U.S. minoritybeing the advisor.After talking directly with management about how to respond to acommunications issue and being second-guessed, I gave the advice tomy supervisorsomeone with a direct connection to the developingworldwho carried the idea forward and received immediate approval.

The plan succeeded. When my boss told senior management about myinvolvement, there was an awkward acknowledgment and the subjectwas quickly changed.

However, as Crdoba interjected, Organizations like ours are notmonolithic and different areas within the same organization could havedifferent approaches to managing diversity and minority inclusion.She added, When top management is sincerely committed to it, there

Member of CPAmerica and Horwath International - a worldwide network of independent CPA firms dedicated to the integrity of the profession.

Wherever Your Mission Takes You - We Will Be There...

Phone: (301) 951-9090 Website: www.grfcpa.com

International Audit, Evaluation and

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continuedonpage28


21/3221JUNE2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

PariciPaOr DesiGN

D EVELOPMENT PROJECTS AREincreasingly using information andcommunication technology (ICT).However, while doing so, they still often missout on opportunities to use ICT to tap intothe full spectrum of stakeholder input thatcan impact outcomes in areas such as healthor education.

When designing new projects, NGOs alreadytend to engage and incorporate the feedback ofa wide array of stakeholders to better under-

stand the people they are trying to assist andthe challenge the program is meant to address.This then helps NGOs better identify resourcesneeded to make the program a success.

In developing ICT-related programs, abroad stakeholder group can be engagedthrough social media, crowd-sourcing andthe open-source software movement. Themassive popularity of tools like Facebook,ouTube and Twitter, which create platformsfor communication and idea sharing, reflectthe trend towards collaborative and interactive

ways of creating new content. Open-sourcesoftware such as Linux and Drupal are builton open communities of developers and end-

users working together by freely exchangingsource material and documentation.Another practice used in both the online

and offline worlds is participatory design.Wikipediaanother interactive and collab-orative tooldefines this as [A]n approachto design that attempts to actively involve allstakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, cus-tomers, citizens, end users) in the design pro-cess to help ensure that the product designedmeets their needs and is usable.

NGOs working closely with local civil society

and public sector institutions have used the par-ticipatory design process to increase buy-in andlong-term sustainability of offline developmentprojects. For online and broader ICT programs,this has traditionally not been the case.

There are a number of case studies of ICTprojects that failed because of unsustainableeconomic models, local capacity issues orcultural barriers to adoption. One result ofsuch projects are the mountains of computersgathering dust in the corners of offices andlabs throughout the developing world. These

failures reflect the lack of contextualizationand the nonparticipatory manner in whichthe initiatives were designed. These projectsalso run counter to current thinking aroundnon-ICT program design.

Groups such as FAILFaire (http://failfaire.org/about/) bring ICT4D (ICT for develop-ment) practitioners together to share just suchexperiences. Michael Trucano, Senior ICTand education specialist at the World Bank,detailed in his blog post Worst practice inICT use in education at least 10 commonpractices that have led to unsuccessful ICT4E(ICT for education) projects in developingcountries. Among his top 10 bad practicesare: [d]ump hardware in schools, hope formagic to happen and [d]esign for OECDlearning environments, implement elsewhere.

Facilitating user input from the earlieststages of a project optimizes the likelihoodof successful projects (and avoids worst prac-tices) by ensuring user needs inform both theICT component and the system into which itis incorporated. It allows the project to incor-porate into the technology the nuances of thelocal setting, usage patterns and capabilities ofthe final beneficiaries (or at least local support

organizations).The development sector, with its close con-nection to its beneficiary communities, isuniquely suited to facilitate this technologycreation, transfer or adaptation process, work-ing with civil society to use participatorydesign principles to help innovative ICT ideastake shape and grow into sustainable, effectiveinitiatives. MD

For information on IYFs ICT initiatives pleasevisitwww.iyfnet.org.

Why we need participatory design fortechnology innovation.

BySamuel Suraphel,ProgramManager,InternationalYouthFoundation

Students in a classroom during a learner-centered session that incorporates the use of

locally-developed or adapted educational video

content.

Lol Dvlopmnt ncommuntonhnology

among [the] top 10 bdptes e: [d]umphdwe n shools, hopeo mg to hppen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usabilityhttp://www.iyfnet.org/http://www.iyfnet.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design



I

N THE SOUTH AFRICAN PROVINCE OFKwaZulu Natal, the HIV/AIDS epidemic isso widespread that more than four out of 10

women of childbearing age are infected. But aUSAID-supported study conducted by the Cen-tre for the AIDS Programme of Research in SouthAfrica (CAPRISA) on a microbicide gel designedto protect against HIV infection has shown that theconcept can work, injecting a spark of real hopethat innovation can save countless womens lives.

This is just one of dozens of examples little-known to Americans about how the work of U.S.scientists in laboratories and in clinical trials arecontributing to astonishing successes around theworld.

These global health research and development(R&D) projects, like many federally funded pro-

grams, are in danger of being cut in the upcomingbudget and deficit-reduction debates in Congress.In the recent budget cuts for the fiscal year 2011budget, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) lostmore than $200 million in funding. et an investmentin global health R&D may be among the best returnsof any line item in the budget.

Congress is rightly looking at everydollar in the budget. Is it spent well?Does it create jobs and stimulate oureconomy? Is there value associatedwith the American tax dollar?

Supporters of global health R&Dwelcome these questions and closerscrutiny of funding for these projects.

Global health research has led to theeradication of smallpox and the devel-opment and delivery of more than 172million bed nets treated with insecti-cide to prevent malaria. In the U.S.alone, polio vaccination over the past50 years has resulted in a net savingsof $180 billion, funds that would haveotherwise been spent to treat those suf-fering from polio. In addition, for everydollar spent on the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, more than $21 is saved

in direct medical costs. Tools like vac-cines help limit health care costs bykeeping children healthy and out of hospitals.

Global health innovation is also a smart investment for the U.S.economy, where it drives job creation, spurs business activity andbenefits academic institutions. Biomedical research in the U.S., includ-ing for global health, is a $100 billion enterprise. And in state afterstate, the evidence is growing that public research funding boosts theeconomy and spurs private investment. For example:

In Washington state, global health projects generate $4.1 billion inbusiness activity annually and have created or supported more than43,000 jobs.

In North Carolina, global health has had aneconomic impact of roughly $2 billion, support-ing over 7,000 jobs and $508 million in salaries

and wages in 2007 alone. That same year, NorthCarolinas academic global health community alsogenerated nearly $51 million in business activity.

In California, the global health sector supports350,000 high-quality jobs and $19.7 billion inwages and salaries, generating, for example, anestimated $50 billion of business activity in 2007.

And New Jerseys R&D sector is the third-largest health-related R&D employer in the U.S.,with health R&D supporting more than 211,000jobs, many of which are in global health.

Still, so much more is needed. We need newvaccines, tests, drugs and other health tools toprevent, diagnose and treat disease and address

existing and emerging health threats. And sinceinfectious diseases respect no borders, thisresearch on global diseases also helps protect

Americans at home.Given the unquestionable benefits of global

health innovation, it is no surprise that the Ameri-can people strongly support U.S. investments in new

global health tools. According to aNovember 2008 R esearch!Americapoll, 77 percent of Americans believethat they will be better off if the U.S.government invests in global healthresearch.

In future years, the benefits are onlyexpected to grow. For instance, thereare several promising technology candi-dates in the R&D pipeline. The worldsmost clinically advanced malaria vac-cine candidate recently entered the finalstages of research and early indicationssuggest that it will significantly reduceepisodes of malaria in children. But thisand other tools may never be availableif the support needed to continue R&Dis not protected and sustained.

Americans are inventors. They areinnovators. They embrace challenges.

Fighting disease around the world isamong the greatest, most noble chal-lenges of our time. Investments in global health research also makeeconomic sense. It is the combination of motivationsthe humanitar-ian and the economicthat make global health innovation a budgetitem that Congress needs to protect, just as the U.S.-supported research-ers in South Africa are trying now to protect women from HIV. MD

For more information about these issues and GHTC (a group of almost40 nonprofits raising awareness of the urgent need for health tools thatsave lives in the developing world), please visit the GHTC website atwww.ghtcoalition.orgor [email protected].

ecHNOLOGs iMPac

Boosting the U.S. economywhile contributing to global

health successes.

Doll o Lv,

Dollo jo

ByKaitlin Christenson,CoalitionDirector,

andKimberley Lufkin,SeniorCommunications

Associate,GlobalHealthTechnologiesCoalition
http://www.ghtcoalition.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ghtcoalition.org/


23/3223JUNE2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

MObiLe ecHNOLOG

I

N A REMOTE VILLAGE IN THARAKAin Kenyas Eastern Province, an elderlywoman fishes into her purse. Retrieving a

small plastic package, she carefully unwrapsher valued possessions: a faded photograph,her electoral card and a brand new bank card,complete with her name and photograph.

For the past few years, severe drought hascaused subsistence crops to fail and elevatedfood prices in this arid region. Mbaka Kathigais one of about 250 people in her village who

have been receiving food assistance to be ableto survive these difficult periods. This year,however, Mbaka will receive a monthly cash

transfer instead, roughly the equivalent of U.S.$20. Nearby, the local market displays all thegoods she needs, for sale by traders who willalso benefit from the money she has received.

ch tn nd pymnt thnologySince Amartya Sen developed his Entitle-

ment theory in the early 1980s, aid agencies

have been aware that shortages of basic goods,especially food, are not always caused by a

failure in supply. Sometimes, as in Mbakasvillage, food is available but the most vulner-able cannot afford it.

Beginning in the 2004 response to the Asiantsunami, a growing number of aid agencieshave been using cash transfers as a tool todeliver humanitarian assistance. In areas wherelocal markets can supply needed commodi-

Electronic payments technology in humanitarianassistance in Kenya.

ByGlenn Hughson,KenyaFocalPoint,andBreanna Ridsdel,

CommunicationsandAdvocacyOfcer,theCashLearningPartnership

byond bnk:

ch n 2.0

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response workers

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Lead the responseColumbia Universitys Program on Forced Migration and Health


24/32


25/3225JUNE2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

bt Pt

Have you gathered lessons learned

from your work in the eld that

could benet others? Send your

summary of less than 1,000 words to

[email protected] and share

your expertise with the entire NGO

community.

APARNAPAULLIVESIN

WestBengal,India.Everyday

sheseesthechallengesthat

poorhealthposestowomen

inhervillagestrivingtokeep

theirsmallincome-generating

businessesgoing.Commonill-

nessesfrequentlyrobthemof

valuableworktime,whilemore

seriousillnessescanwipeoutalltheirhard-earnedgainsand

plungethemdeeperintopov-

erty.Aparnaaspiredtodosome-

thingtohelp,sosheseizedthe

opportunitywhenBandhan,her

microfinanceinstitution(MFI),

chosehertoserveasacommu-

nityhealthvolunteerorSwastha

Sohayika(SS).

Sheisoneofnearly500

Swastha Sohayikaswhoarea

vitalpartofBandhanshealth

program.EachSSvisits200

250householdseverymonth

toreinforcehealtheducation

messagesfrommonthlyhealth

educationforumsabouttop-

icsincludingplanningaheadto

faceillness,prenatalcareand

safebirth,appropriatefeedingof

infantsandyoungchildren,and

preventionandmanagementof

commonillnesses.Duringhome

visits,theSSencouragewomen

andtheirfamiliestovisitlocal

providersforprenatalandother

preventiveservices,andmake

referralswhencommonillnesses

becomemoreserious.Theyalso

carrysimple,importantmedi-

cinesandhealthproductssuch

asoralrehydrationsalts,oral

contraceptives,hand-washing

soapanddewormingmedica-tion.Theseproductscomple-

mentthehealtheducation

messagesandaresoldtolocal

communitymembersattheir

homes.Salesprovideasmall,

supplementalincomefortheSS.

Bandhanisanexampleof

howMFIsaroundtheworldare

breakingnewgroundbyprovid-

inglife-savinghealthinforma-

tion,servicesandproductsto

improvehealthcareaccessfor

millionsofMFIclients.Italso

makesbusinesssense.MFIstaff

andclientsfrequentlyciteillness-

relatedcostsasreasonsfordif-

ficultieswithloanrepaymentand

savings.AlthoughmostMFIsdo

nothaveextensivehealthcare

experience,theyareuniquely

positionedtoplayanimportant

roleinreachingtheverypoor

witharangeofsimplebuthighly

effectivehealthinterventions.

The Microfinance andHealth Protection (MAHP)initiative

Tounderstandthepotential

forMFIstoplayagreaterrole

inclienthealth,Freedomfrom

Hunger,withthesupportofthe

Bill&MelindaGatesFoundation,

workedwithfiveMFIsinAfrica,

AsiaandLatinAmericatoadd

healthprotectionoptionstoMFI

financialofferings.Inaddition

toBandhan,theMFIpartners

includedCARD(CenterforAgri-

cultureandRuralDevelopment)

inthePhilippines,CRECER

(CrditoconEducacinRural)in

Bolivia,PADME(ProjetdAppui

auDeveloppementdesMicro-

Entreprises)inBnin,andRCPB

(RseaudesCaissesPopulaires

duBurkina)inBurkinaFaso.

TheMFIhealthprotection

packagesreflectedthemost

importantrequirementsand

demandsofclientsbasedon

in-depthmarketresearch(see

chart).Productstestedincluded

healtheducation,healthsavings,

healthloans,healthinsurance,

linkageswithlocalprivateand

publichealthcareproviders,and

saleofhealthproducts.Asof

December2010,theseproducts

andserviceswerereachingmore

MFI client health need and potential MFI responses.

comnng Hlthnd MonnAdding health services tomicroinance institutions.

ByMarcia Metcalfe,Director,MicronanceandHealthProtection,FreedomfromHunger

MFi st nd lents

equently te llness-

elted osts sesons o dultes

wth lon epymentnd svngs.



BestPract ices

than5millionMFIclientsand

familymembersinfivecountries,

andotherMFIsarereplicat-

ingthesehealthprogramsinIndia,SoutheastAsiaandLatin

America.

Evaluationoftheimpactof

theprogramonclientsdetected

significantimprovementsin

knowledge,behaviorchange

andclientandstaffsatisfaction:

InBolivia,24percentof

CRECERclientsinterviewed

saidthattheyhadnever

seenadoctorbeforepartici-

patingintheprogram.

InIndia,thelife-savinguse

oforalrehydrationsolu-tiontotreatchildrenwith

diarrheaaleadingcause

ofdeathinlocalchildren

increasedfrom60percent

to88percentinBandhans

programarea.

InBurkinaFaso,theper-

centageofRCPBclients

seekingpreventivehealth

careincreasedfrom9per-

centto24percentinthe

MAHParea.

InBnin,familiesinPADMEs

Credit with Educationpro-

gramareawere23percentmorelikelytoownananti-

malarialbednet.

InthePhilippines,100per-

centofCARDclientsinter-

viewedwouldrecommend

thehealthmicro-insurance

producttoothersand88

percentsaidithadalready

helpedthemsignificantly.

Animportantaspectofthis

workwastodetermineifit

waspossibletodesignand

offerhealth-relatedproductsandservicesthatcouldhave

positivesocialimpactforclients

whilealsobeingpractical,cost-

effectiveandevenprofitable

forMFIs.Cost-benefitstudies

examinedthecostsofproviding

thehealthpackagesandfound

that,onaverage,theannual

marginalcostacrosstheMFIs

was29centsperclientfamily

peryear.Moreover,providing

healthproductscangiveMFIsa

competitivemarketadvantage

tohelpattractnewclientsand

strengthenloyalty.

MFIs as a global platformfor health service delivery

MFIsreachmorethan190

millionho

md june 2011 small

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