measurement research methods university of massachusetts at boston ©2011 william holmes 1
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MEASUREMENT
Research Methods
University of Massachusetts at Boston
©2011 William Holmes 1
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WHAT IS MEASUREMENT?
• Connecting variables with empirical data
• Assessment of presence of characteristic (classification)
• Assessment of how much of a characteristic is present (amount)
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BASIS OF MEASUREMENT
• Definition of variables
• Clarity of definitions
• Examples of variables
• Procedures for classification or assessing amount of a characteristic
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WAYS OF DEFINING VARIABLES
• Written definitions (Nominal)
• Examples (Epistemic)
• Theoretical (Nomothetic)
• Procedural (Operational)
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HOW TO CLARIFY DEFINITIONS
• Focus your definition.
• Have it refer to only one thing.
• Identify what it is not.
• Give examples
• Provide some framework for variable
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PROCEDURES FOR MEASUREMENT
• Decide whether you want to measure the presence of something, different types of something, or amounts of something
• Decide on the Level of Measurement
• Be sure categories are exhaustive, exclusive, and unidimensional
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MEASURE PRESENCE WHEN
• The variable only refers to presence or absence of a single characteristic, or
• The variable refers to a dichotomy of characteristics, or
• The variable provides categories
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MEASURE TYPES WHEN
• The variable refers to a classification, or
• The variable refers to a discrete list, or
• The variable refers to categories of something, or
• The variable is a typology8
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MEASURE AMOUNT WHEN
• The variable counts something, or
• The variable refers to a length of time, or
• The variable refers to the amount of something, or
• The variable refers to the degree of something
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LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• Nominal/Categorical—presence of characteristics
• Ordinal—ranks of characteristics
• Interval—equal distance between ranks
• Ratio—equal distance and meaningful zero point
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ASSESING RELIABILITY
• Test-Retest Procedure
• Split Halves Procedure
• Inter-Item Correlation Procedure
• Inter-Rater Procedure
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ASSESSING VALIDITY
• Face Validity Method
• Construct Method
• Criterion Method
• Predictive Method
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RECOGNIZING GOOD MEASURES: 1
• Categories are exclusive, don’t overlap
• Categories are exhaustive, cover all possibilities
• Categories are unidimensional, refer to only one thing
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RECOGNIZING GOOD MEASURES: 2
• Categories are clear, easy to understand
• Evidence of reliability is offered
• Evidence of validity is offered
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