college of public and community service university of massachusetts at boston ©2009 william holmes...
TRANSCRIPT
College of Public and Community Service
University of Massachusetts at Boston
©2009 William Holmes
THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
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TYPES OF THEORIES
Psychological TheoriesSocial Cultural
TheoriesBehavioral TheoriesBiological TheoriesMulti-Level Theories
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PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
Freudian/PsychoanalyticErikson/Crisis
DevelopmentalPiaget Cognitive
Development
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FREUDIAN THEORY
Structures of id, ego, superegoStruggle between id, ego, superegoFive stages—Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency,
Genital
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ERIKSON CRISES DEVELOPMENT
Crises Resolution and DevelopmentEpigenetic PrincipleEight Stages
1. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust2. Autonomy versus shame/dependence3. Initiative vs. self-guilt4. Industry vs. inferiority5. Identity vs. confusion/identity crisis6. Intimacy vs. isolation7. Generativity vs. stagnation8. Integrity vs. despair
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PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Cognitive Functional Invariants—adaptation and organization
Adaptation involves accommodation and assimilation
Organization involves complex usageFour stages
1. Sensorimotor—infantile physicality2. Preoperational—initial symbols and language3. Concrete operational—reasoning about physical
objects4. Formal operational—abstract thinking
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SOCIAL CULTURAL THEORIES
Vygotsky social cognitive theory
Durkheim functional theoryKohlberg Moral
DevelopmentSymbolic Interaction
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VYGOTSKY CULTURAL THEORY
Elementary/biological processesPsychological/sociocultural processUses interaction, speech, and
internalizationProblem solving uses speech and
interaction
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DURKHEIM FUNCTIONAL THEORY
Growth of complexityGrowth of specializationDifferentiation of social status and
rolesShift from informal to formal
relations
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SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
Socially constructed stagesLabeling of stagesUse of “looking-glass self”Subject to trends, fads, and
fashions
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BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
Skinner Operant Conditioning—reinforcers: rewards and punishments
Bandura Social Learning—modeling, observation, and imitation
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