measuring well-being in later life
TRANSCRIPT
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Measuring Subjective Well-Being in Later Life
Bram Vanhoutte, James Nazroo & Tarani Chandola University of Manchester
Frailty, Resilience and Inequality in Later Life
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Why measure well-being?
• Both transnational organisations and national governments want to broaden measures of progress
• Well-being in several research traditions • Quality of life (Nussbaum & Sen 1993) • Preference Satisfaction (Dolan & Peasgood 2008) • Positive psychology (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi 2000)
• In the context of later life:
• The third age (Laslett 1989)
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What is well-being?
• Subjective well-being is
– mental health more than physical health?
– subjective judgement more than objective conditions?
– a social construct rather than universal truth?
• In everyday life: “How are you?”
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Epicurus/Aristippus Aristotle
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Hedonic well-being
• Philosophical roots in Aristippus of Cyrene, Epicurus, Bentham, Mill
– Maximalisation of pleasure, minimalisation of suffering
• Affective and cognitive aspect (Diener 1984)
– Both + and – affect, based on moods and emotions
– Individual assessment of quality of life, based on internal criteria (Life satisfaction)
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Hedonic
Well-being
Positive
Affect
Affective Cognitive
+ -
Negative
Affect
CES-D GHQ
PANAS
SWLS
Domain
specific Holistic
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Eudaimonic well-being
• Different operationalisations, with similar subdimensions: – Psychological Well-being (Ryff & Singer, 1998) – Self-determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) – In later life: CASP (Hyde, Wiggins, Higgs & Blane, 2003)
• Philosophical roots in Aristotle: • Well-being is about developing one-self and realising one’s potential (Maslow 1968; Erikson 1959)
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Eudaimonic Well-being
PWB (Ryff ) SDT (Ryan & Deci) CASP 19 (Wiggins et al.)
Autonomy Autonomy Autonomy
Personal Growth Competence Self-realisation
Self-acceptance
Life Purpose
Environmental mastery Control
Positive Relatedness Relatedness
Pleasure
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CASP (Hyde et al., 2003) Control
My age prevents me from doing the
things I would like to.
I feel that what happens to me is out of
control.
I feel free to plan things for the future.
I feel left out of things.
Autonomy
I can do the things that I want to do.
Family responsibilities prevent me
from doing what I want to do.
I feel that I can please myself what I
can do.
My health stops me from doing the
things I want to do.
Shortage of money stops me from
doing the things I want to do.
Pleasure
I look forward to each day.
I feel that my life has meaning.
I enjoy the things that I do.
I enjoy being in the company of others.
On balance, I look back on my life with a
sense of happiness.
Self-realization
I feel full of energy these days.
I choose to do things that I have never
done before.
I feel satisfied with the way my life has
turned out.
I feel that life is full of opportunities.
I feel that the future looks good for me.
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Research Questions
• Dimensionality of eudaimonic wellbeing
– What is the best conceptual form of CASP?
• Can CASP, as measure of eudaimonic well-being, be meaningfully compared across European countries?
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Reminder: Parameters in CFA
ITEM
LATENT
CONCEPT
FACTOR
LOADING
ERROR
ERROR CORRELATION
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Methods
• Confirmatory Factor Analysis
– Dimensionality of CASP
• Identify best model with available items (using cut-off points for indices of fit of Bentler & Hu, 1999)
• Using WLSMV in Mplus (items = categorical)
– Measurement equivalence CASP (Baumgartner & Steenkamp, 1998; Vandenberg & Lance, 2000)
• Constrain parameters of best model step by step across countries
• First ML (items =continuous); then reproduction with WLSMV (items=categorical) (Davidov, 2008)
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Q1. Best model CASP? (in ELSA wave 1)
• Problems :
– 3 different versions of CASP:
• Original 19 items (HRS/ELSA)
• Reduced 12 item form (Hyde et al. 2003)
• 12 items in SHARE
– Not accounting for negative wording can inflate number of dimensions
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CASP 19 (Hyde et al., 2003) Control
My age prevents me from doing the
things I would like to.
I feel that what happens to me is out of
control.
I feel free to plan things for the future.
I feel left out of things.
Autonomy
I can do the things that I want to do.
Family responsibilities prevent me
from doing what I want to do.
I feel that I can please myself what I
can do.
My health stops me from doing the
things I want to do.
Shortage of money stops me from
doing the things I want to do.
Pleasure
I look forward to each day.
I feel that my life has meaning.
I enjoy the things that I do.
I enjoy being in the company of others.
On balance, I look back on my life with a
sense of happiness.
Self-realization
I feel full of energy these days.
I choose to do things that I have never
done before.
I feel satisfied with the way my life has
turned out.
I feel that life is full of opportunities.
I feel that the future looks good for me.
2
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CASP12 SHARE (Hyde et al., 2003) Control
My age prevents me from doing the
things I would like to.
I feel that what happens to me is out of
control.
I feel free to plan things for the future.
I feel left out of things.
Autonomy
I can do the things that I want to do.
Family responsibilities prevent me
from doing what I want to do.
I feel that I can please myself what I
can do.
My health stops me from doing the
things I want to do.
Shortage of money stops me from
doing the things I want to do.
Pleasure
I look forward to each day.
I feel that my life has meaning.
I enjoy the things that I do.
I enjoy being in the company of others.
On balance, I look back on my life with a
sense of happiness.
Self-realization
I feel full of energy these days.
I choose to do things that I have never
done before.
I feel satisfied with the way my life has
turned out.
I feel that life is full of opportunities.
I feel that the future looks good for me.
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Possible specifications
• Keeping all the items in, a number of possible specifications of the scale can be tested
– Number of dimensions
– Taking into account negative wording of an item by allowing error correlations/method factor
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1 Dimension
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1 Dimension with error corr
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1 Dimension with method factor
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2 Dimensions
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3 Dimensions
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Results original CASP
• Including correction for negative wording always results in better model
• Two dimensional scale in Share version, 3 dimensional for original 19 items and revised 12 item form
• But:
– Still some weak items present (loading<.4)
– Theoretically contaminated scale? (Age, Money, Family not subjective)
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Best possible CASP scale Control
My age prevents me from doing the
things I would like to.
I feel that what happens to me is out of
control.
I feel free to plan things for the future.
I feel left out of things.
Autonomy
I can do the things that I want to do.
Family responsibilities prevent me
from doing what I want to do.
I feel that I can please myself what I
can do.
My health stops me from doing the
things I want to do.
Shortage of money stops me from
doing the things I want to do.
Pleasure
I look forward to each day.
I feel that my life has meaning.
I enjoy the things that I do.
I enjoy being in the company of others.
On balance, I look back on my life with a
sense of happiness.
Self-realization
I feel full of energy these days.
I choose to do things that I have never
done before.
I feel satisfied with the way my life has
turned out.
I feel that life is full of opportunities.
I feel that the future looks good for me.
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Results CASP Dimensionality
• Similar:
– Negative wording always important to take into account
– 3 dimensions in full scale (15 items) and reduced scale (10 items)
– 2 dimensions in Share version (9 items)
• But model fit is a lot better, important for equivalence
– (RMSEA <.08 for all)
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Levels of measurement equivalence
• Configural:
– Same items load on same factors
• Metric:
– Factor Loadings Equal Across Countries
– > Concept Meaning Similar
• Scalar:
– Item Intercepts / Thesholds equal Across Countries
– > Allows comparison of score on latent concept
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Measurement invariance ? (in Share wave 2)
• Separate countries : Ok
• Configural model : Ok
• Metric model: decent fit, but we want a good fit
– Free loading item “I look forward to each day” in Italy (and Belgium in WLSMV)
• Partial Scalar model :
– Free 33 of 126 intercepts
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Interpretation partial scalar equivalence
• Items that had to be freed most often point to cultural differences in answering in North and South of Europe
• North: Feel less left out, do more what they want
• South: Feel more left out, do less what they want
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Conclusions
• Subjective well-being can be measured accurately using CASP
– Best model is seeing it as
• Self-actualisation (Eudaimonic)
• Control & Autonomy (Eudaimonic)
• Pleasure (Hedonic)
• CASP is partially scalar invariant across Europe, so latent means can be compared
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Subjective well-being across Europe (using CASP, Share wave 2)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
AU GE SW NL ES IT FR DK GR CH BE CZ PL EI
eudaimonic
hedonic