mechanical and thermal properties of untreated bagasse ... · cashew nut shell liquid (cnsl) is a...

ADVANCES in NATURAL and APPLIED SCIENCES

ISSN: 1995-0772 Published BYAENSI Publication EISSN: 1998-1090 http://www.aensiweb.com/ANAS

2017 June 11(8): pages 73-81 Open Access Journal

ToCite ThisArticle: A. Balaji, B. Karthikeyan, J. Swaminathan, C. Sundar Raj., Mechanical and thermal properties of Untreated bagasse fiber reinforced cardanol Eco-friendly biocomposites. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences. 11(8); Pages: 73-81

Mechanical and thermal properties of Untreated bagasse fiber reinforced cardanol Eco-friendly biocomposites

1A. Balaji, 2B. Karthikeyan, 3J. Swaminathan, 4C. Sundar Raj

1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, A.V.C. College of Engineering, Mayiladuthurai, TamilNadu, India - 609 305. 2Associate professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India - 608 002. 3Associate professor Department of Chemistry, A.V.C. College of Engineering, Mayiladuthurai, TamilNadu, India - 609 305. 4Professor & Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, A.V.C. College of Engineering, Mayiladuthurai, TamilNadu, India - 609 305. Received 28 February 2017; Accepted 22 May 2017; Available online 6 June 2017

Address For Correspondence: A.Balaji, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, A.V.C. College of Engineering, Mayiladuthurai, TamilNadu, India 609 305. E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2017 by authors and American-Eurasian Network for ScientificInformation (AENSI Publication). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ABSTRACT A growing worldwide trend for utmost use of natural property through novel processes and products has enhanced studies and examination of renewable eco-friendly materials. In this work, the sugarcane bagasse fiber was used as a source of grasses fibers filler to fabricate a new type of successful biodegradable composite, based on the cardanol, a component of the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), as a fully biodegradable thermosetting polymer matrix. For the bio-composite preparation, several blends were prepared with varying ratios of filler and matrix. The composites were prepared in fiber average length of 10 mm and different contents of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 (Wt%), mechanical and thermal studies were characterized. The effects of fiber loading on the thermal properties of ecological bio polymer composites were evaluated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used for morphological studies. The chemical configuration of the new biocomposites was also analyzed by means of the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy technique. TG results showed that among biocomposites, the one reinforced by sponge gourd fibers had the highest thermal stability, in addition to the greatest performance in the tensile testing. The bio based thermosetting plastic and biocomposites showed an excellent potential to a number of applications, such as manufacturing of articles for furniture and automotive industries. SEM images showed that the mercerization process induced a roughness onto the fiber surface, good incorporation, dispersion, and adhesion to polymer matrix.

KEYWORDS: Bio-composites, Bagasse fiber, Cardanol resin, Thermal strength, Mechanical Strength

INTRODUCTION

Polymeric composites may be understood as the blend of two or more materials, for example, reinforcement

elements or filler occupied by a polymeric matrix [1]. The introduction of synthetic fibers and/or natural fibers

(Chemical treated or unteated) into a polymer is known to cause substantial changes in the resulting composites

[2], which may result, in a different way from the original materials, in renewable, environmentally friendly,

production of natural fibers - annual renewability and lower energy inputs in production per unit, commonly

known processing methods, excellent specific strength and high modulus, reduced density of products, lower

cost, corrosion resistance,high creep resistance, high toughness, biodegradable and some biocomposites can

have much higher wear resistance than metals [3]. However, the main drawback of natural fibers is their

74 A. Balaji et al., 2017/Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences. 11(8) June 2017, Pages: 73-81

hydrophilic nature that lowers the compatibility with hydrophobic polymeric matrices during composite

fabrication [4].

Numerous natural fibers have been used in automobiles, trucks, and railway cars [5]. Natural fibers for

example jute, sisal, bagasse, pineapple, abaca and coir [6-7] have been studied as reinforcement and filler in

composites. Amongst those, bagasse is as the remains from the extraction of juice from the sugarcane and has

been used as a combustible material for energy supply in sugarcane factories, as a pulp raw material in paper

industries and as a reinforcing material for fiber board [8]. However, few studies on the biodegradable

composites reinforced with bagasse fiber have been reported.

Growing concerns about the environment and sustainability are fueling in increasing global investigate

effort devoted to understand and by means of renewable resources. The aim is to decrease the dependence on

fossil fuels, which are rapidly being exhausted and to develop novel technologies and aggressive industrial

commodities. Vegetable oils are abundant and low-cost renewable resources which stand for a major potential

another source of chemicals appropriate for developing environmentally protected and user friendly products.

As well as it attracted the attention for providing source materials for a multitude of plastic products some

outstanding properties such as better mechanical and thermal stability.

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is a versatile by-product of the cashew industry. CNSL has numerous

applications in polymer based industries such as friction linings, paints and varnishes, laminating resins, rubber

compounding resins, cashew cements, polyurethane based polymers, surfactants, epoxy resins, foundry

chemicals and intermediates for chemical industry. It offers much scope and varied opportunities for the

development of other biopolymer composites [9 -10]. And also it has been found to possess excellent flame

retardants behaviour; however the inherent toxicity of brominated compounds limits the use of these materials in

flame retardants applications [11].

The aim of this work is (1) to prepare bagasse fiber (Cut 10 mm length); (2) to make bio-composite

materials from thermosetting cardanol–formaldehyde resin with bagasse fibers as reinforcement in different

weight percentages; (3) to examine the mechanical and thermal properties of the bio-composite materials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1.1. Materials:

CNSL were obtained from Ganesh Chemicals (Pondicherry, India) Formaldehyde, epoxy, HY 951, and

Sodium hydroxide was purchased from Indian scientific solution (Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu India). The

sugarcane bagasse collected from roadside sugarcane juice shop at Chidambaram, (Cuddalore District, Tamil

Nadu, India).

1.2. Methods:

Sugarcane baggase was dried in the sunlight for 16 hours to remove moisture content from it. After that the

sugarcane baggase was placed in the hot air oven at 90 to 1000 C for 24 hours to remove the moisture content

completely. Then, the fibers were cut into 10 mm length transversally. The single fiber cross-sectional

geometry, in common, may not be circular. But, it is normally assumed to be circular in cross-section [12].

Figure 1 shows the photograph of the prepared bagasse fibers.

2. Composites preparation:

The prepared 10 mm length bagasse fibers were mixed with the prepared Cardanol in our earlier work,

epoxy resin and hardener matrix in a ratio of 3: 8: 1. The mixture was shifted to a mould in dimension of 300 ×

300 × 3 mm and was fabricated. The material was next taken into the compression moulding machine. By

compression moulding process, under temperature of 110°C and pressure of 100 kgf, the laminate was formed.

The laminates were left to cure at 60 to 70°C temperature for 24 hours in hot air oven. The different weight

composition fibers, viz., 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Wt% were presented in Table 1. and Figure 2 shows the photograph

of the developed composites.


Fig. 1: Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber

Fig. 2: Photograph of the developed composites

Table 1: Compositions of investigated systems

R1 Cardanol + Epoxy + 0 Wt% Bagasse fiber

R2 Cardanol + Epoxy + 5 Wt% Bagasse fiber for 10 mm length




2.1. Measurements:

The tensile strength measurement experiments were performed on Unitek - 94100 testing machine at a load

range 0 to 100 kN and cross head speed of 5 to 250 mm/min. For tensile tests, the composite samples were cut

into dumb-bell shape with cross sectional dimension of 150 X 15 X 3.0 mm in accordance with ASTM D638.

The tests were carried out five times to report the average value.

Hardness values of the bio composites was determined by Rockwell hardness machine RAB 250 SCNO :

SN 7078 using a 1.56 mm steel ball indenter, minor load of 10 kgf, and major load of 100 kgf.

A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) JEOL JSM 6610 LV was used to scan the surface morphology of

the tensile fracture surface samples. The samples were washed, cleaned thoroughly, air-dried and were coated

with gold to provide enhanced conductivity and observed SEM at 15 kV.

Thermogravimetry (TGA) techniques were used to analyze the thermal stability of fibers and composites.

All the measurements were performed using a TA Instruments NETZSCH STA 449F3 thermo gravimetric

analyzer. Samples weighing between 10 and 20 mg were placed in a platinum pan and tests were carried out in a

programmed temperature range of 30/20.0(K/min)/600.

The FT-IR spectra analysis was carried out by Bruker IFS 66 infra-red spectrophotometer, using KBr pellet,

in the infrared spectra. All the samples were recorded in the region 4000 – 400 cm-1. The spectral measurements

were carried out at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Density:

Density is one of the most essential mechanical properties of the element board material. The density of

untreated 10 mm length bagasse fiber reinforced composite for various Wt % of fiber. The fundamental method

of determining the density of composite samples by determining the weight and volume of the sample was used

[13].

Formula used for Density = weight/volume (1)


A sample is weighed in the digital weighing balance machine and evaluates the weight of the sample. The

density of the sample was calculated from the equation below. From Figure 3, it was found that the composite

density increased from 0.8735 g/cm3 to 1.17641 g/cm3 with increasing of Wt % bagasse fibers.

0 5 10 15 20

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

Den

sity

( g

/cm

3 )

Wt % of Bagasse Fiber

10 mm Length bagasse Fiber

Fig. 3: Variation of density with Wt % bagasse fiber

3.2 Hardness:

The results of hardness values are shown in Figure 4, it was observed that with increase in Wt% bagasse

fiber in the Cardanol-Epoxy resin matrix, the hardness values of the composites increases. E.g. hardness values

of 26 HRB and 43 HRB (see Figure. 4). The increments were credited to an increase in the percentage of the

hard and brittle bagasse fiber as exposed by the composition of the bagasse fiber [14]. Also the differences in

coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the bagasse fiber and polymer matrix resulted in elastic and

plastic incompatibility between the matrix and the bagasse fiber [15]. In comparison with the unreinforced

Cardanol-epoxy matrix, a substantial improvement in hardness values was obtained in the reinforced Cardanol-

epoxy matrix.

0 5 10 15 20

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

Hard

nes

s (

HR

B )

Wt % of Bagasse Fiber

10 mm Length bagasse Fiber

Fig. 4: Variation of Hardness with Wt % bagasse fiber

3.3 Tensile strength:

Figure 5 shows the photograph of the tensile specimen of before and after fracture. Figure 6 shows the end

product of fiber content on the tensile strength and modulus of untreated bagasse fiber composites. In keeping

with the general rule of mixtures, the tensile strength of composites increased from 18.6 to 24.4 MPa with

increase in the fiber content (Wt%) from 0 to 15%. However, the tensile strength decreased to 23.4 MPa even

though increase in the fiber content to 20 Wt%. The highest value was observed at 15 Wt%. The tensile modulus


of composites increased from 1.15 to 2.34 Gpa with increase in the fiber content (Wt%) from 0 to 20%.

Investigational data shows a poor interaction between fibers and matrix during the mixture process. Composites

were obtained with uniform distribution, but with agglomerations in some points caused by incompetent fibers

distribution inside matrix. This agglomeration of reinforcement was responsible by decrease of the tensile

strength compared to the high density resin [16].

Fig. 5: Photograph of the tensile specimen of before and after fracture

0 5 10 15 20

18

20

22

24

Tensile Stress for 10 mm Length Fiber

Tensile Modulus for 10 mm Length Fiber

Wt % Bagasse Fiber

Ten

sile

Str

ength

(M

pa)

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

Ten

sile Mod

ulu

s (Gp

a)

Fig. 6: Variation of Tensile strength and Modulus with Wt % bagasse fiber

3.4 Morphology of the blends:

Figure 7 represent the tensile fractured region, where it was confirmed fibers distribution in the matrix,

fibers fractured in the matrix and pull out fibers, characterizing mechanism of brittle fracture. It was also

observed that energy dissipation during the frictional process mechanics. Figure 7 (a) showing confirmation of

no voids and absence of fibers. The SEM image of tensile fractured surface of the virgin Cardanol and epoxy

was relatively soft and flat, though it had some matrix deformation and ridges as seen from Figure 7(b), which

represent its large brittle nature with some inadequate ductility [17].

Fiber pull out was the deciding factor and the failure mechanism may be due to the cracks being easily

propagated through void regions of 5 Wt% fiber content composites in Figure 7(b). The morphology of 10 Wt %

fiber content composites established in Figure 7(c) shows individual separation and dispersion of the bagasse

fibers within the Cardanol epoxy matrix which might have happened during the compression moulding process.

The SEM image of 15 Wt % fiber content composites exhibited in Figure 7(d) showing evidence for the matrix

deformation, fiber fracture instead of fiber drawn out [18] indicating minimum porous nature, no fiber

aggregation and fiber was evenly distributed within the Cardanol epoxy matrix imparting improved interfacial

adhesion between them. It also reveals to the enhancement in tensile properties of the 15 Wt % fiber content

composites. Figure 7(e) 20 Wt% show traces of matrix still adhering into and around the fiber. The fiber failure


mode even shows the cellulose microfibrils still surrounded by the matrix and also considerable amount of

fibers tearing was also noticed [19].

Fig. 7: SEM fractograph of tensile specimen of (a) 0 Wt % fiber content, (b) 5 Wt % fiber content, (c) 10 Wt %

fiber content, (d) 15 Wt % fiber content and (e) 20 Wt % fiber content.

Thermal analysis:

4.1Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA):

The thermal degradation and stability were determined by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). TG curves

of bagasse fiber reinforced cardanol epoxy resin biocomposites with different fiber contents are presented in

Figure 8. Cardanol epoxy resin showed a one-step decomposition process, while composites clearly showed a

two-step process. The initial weight loss (4.5%) between 31 and 160°C corresponds to the vaporization of water

(OH) from the fibers. The thermal degradation of bagasse fiber was due to the decomposition of lignin, cellulose

and hemicelluloses to give off volatiles [20 - 21]. Above this temperature, thermal stability is gradually

decreasing and decomposition of fibers occurs. The TG curve of Cardanol epoxy resin starts to decompose at

about 480 °C. The mass loss of Cardanol epoxy resin in a one-step degradation procedure starts at about 480 °C


and beyond this stage increasing the temperature upto 700°C, this progression occurs quickly. Finally, the

residue amount of Cardanol epoxy resin was 13.4% because of its further breakdown into gaseous products at

high temperature. In TG curve, it clearly shows that the thermal stability of biocomposites declined as the

bagasse fiber content increased. The thermal degradation of the composites with various fiber contents (5-20%)

takes place in a two-step degradation process. Besides, mainly due to the decomposition of bagasse fiber, this

biocomposites exhibited initial mass loss (4.4%) from approximately room temperature to 154°C may be due to

the devolatilization of moisture of bagasse fibers incorporated into the Cardanol epoxy resin composite. Then

the second stage of thermal degradation step, which mainly related to Cardanol epoxy resin degradation,

overlapped with cellulose and lignin content in bagasse fiber is observed. Among, the various fiber content

composite with Cardanol epoxy resin, the 15 Wt % of bagasse fiber is the best composite. Because, the residue

value (17%) is higher than that of 0 Wt % of bagasse fiber and also, this two-step degradation process

demonstrates that the thermal degradation temperature of the Cardanol epoxy resin is higher than of the bagasse

fiber.

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Wei

gh

t (%

)

Temperature (°C)

0 Wt % fiber

5 Wt % fiber

10 Wt % fiber

15 Wt % fiber

20 Wt % fiber

Fig. 8: Thermogravimetric curves of composites of different composition

4.2 FT-IR spectroscopy:

The FT-IR spectra for the laminates of Cardanol, epoxy and bagasse fiber in different percentage

composition, viz., 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (Table 1) were taken and the comparison was shown in Figure

9. The FT-IR spectra of all the above mentioned percentages were well correlated with each other. The FT-IR

spectra of all the laminates was analysed thoroughly.

The most sensitive O-H group vibration shows the shifts in the spectra of the hydrogen-bonded species.

Usually, hydrogen bond free O-H stretching frequency will be observed around 3700 cm-1 [22]. In our study, a

broad spectrum at 3300 cm-1 shows the shift of O-H stretching vibration, which clearly indicates the presence of

inter-molecular hydrogen bonding [23 -24]. This inter-molecular hydrogen bonding between the cardanol resin

and the cellulose present in the bagasse fiber shows the strengthenss of the laminates.

The presence of CH2 stretching in the cardanol resin was indicated by a strong peak around 2900 cm-1. The

medium band around 1700 cm-1 shows the presence of C=O stretching vibration [24], which highlight the

existence of acidic functional group of the cellulose present in the bagasse fiber. A strong band and a medium

band observed around 1500 and 1450 cm-1 respectively indicates the C-C stretching vibration in both bagasse

and cardanol resin. The presence of C-O stretching vibration in fiber and resin was pointed out by a medium

band observed around 1250 cm-1. The two weak bands appear near 1100 and 1000 cm-1 specifies the C-H

outplane bending vibration. Another medium peak at 800 cm-1 shows the existence of C-C-C in-plane bending

of aromatic ring present in the cardanol resin.


4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Tra

nsm

itta

nce

%

Wavenu mber /(cm-1)

0 Wt % fiber

5 Wt % fiber

10 Wt % fiber

15 Wt % fiber

20 Wt % fiber

Fig. 9: FT-IR spectra of composites of different composition

Conclusions:

The successful use of cardanol for the development of a thermosetting matrix reinforced by bagasse fibers

was investigated. 15 Wt % presented the greatest performance in Tensile testing and good incorporation,

dispersion, and addehesion with Cardanol epoxy matrix, observed by SEM. Hardness is uniformly increased

with increase in Wt% of bagasse fiber reinforcement. And also TG results showed that among biocomposites,

that one reinforced by bagasse fibers 15 Wt% had the highest thermal stability. The FT-IR analysis of the

laminates shows the existence of inter molecular hydrogen bonding of the cellulose in baggase fiber and

cardanol resin which indicates the strength of the laminates irrespective of the composition.

This paper provided useful information and introduced the biocomposites prepared from a combination

between a cardanol-based resin and bagasse fibers by a low-cost processing and characterization of a thermoset

plastic and which showed a good potential to several applications, from manufacturing of articles to furniture

and automotive industries.

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