mechanism of action of hormones (babajimi joseph b.i. et al)modified
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MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES
ANDASSAY OF HORMONES.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES
Hormones are classified in several ways, one of
which is according to their mechanism of
action. The basis of this classification is
dependent on their solubility either in lipid or
water. They are classified as follows:
I. Lipophilic (lipid-soluble)
II. Hydrophilic (water-soluble) 2
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Lipophilic hormones get transported to their target
cell by associating with carrier proteins in the
plasma since they cannot dissolve in plasma. This
process circumvents the process of solubility while
it also prolong the half-life of the hormones. Their
lipophilic nature makes it easy for them to diffuse
across the plasma membrane of the target cell to
bind with their specific receptors in the cytoplasm
or nucleus.
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Lipophilic hormones, which include steroid
hormones, iodothyronines, retinoids and
calcitriols are relatively small molecules (300-
800 Da). With the exception of the
iodothyronines, they are not stored by hormone-
forming cells, but are released immediately after
being synthesized. Via intracellular receptors,
they mainly act on transcription. They diffuse
across the cell membrane and bind with their
receptor in the cytoplasm (steroids) or in the
nucleus (thyroid hormones).
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Hydrophilic hormones get transported to
their target site freely in the plasma since
they are soluble in it. On getting to the target
cell, they are unable to pass through the
plasma membrane because of their
hydrophilic nature which contrasts with the
hydrophobic nature of the membrane interior.
As a result of this, there is need for a second
messenger that will relate the message
carried by the hormone to the cell.
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The second messenger system is of three types:
Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger
system
Phospholipid second messenger system
Calcium-calmodulin second messenger
system.
All these systems are utilized by hydrophilic
hormones. It should be noted that a specific
hormone can utilize more than just one of
these systems in its action.
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GROUP I GROUP II
TYPESSteroids,
iodothyronines, calcitriol, retinoids
Polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins,
catecholamines
Solubility Lipophilic HydrophilicTransport proteins Yes No
Plasma half-life Long (hours to days) Short (minutes)
Receptor Intracellular Plasma membrane
MediatorReceptor-hormone complex
cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, metabolites of complex
phosphoinositols,kinase cascades
General features of hormone classes.
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ASSAY OF HORMONES
Most hormones are present in the blood in extremely
minute quantities; some concentrations are as low as
one billionth of a milligram (1 picogram) per milliliter.
Therefore, it was very difficult to measure these
concentrations by the usual chemical means. An
extremely sensitive method, however, was developed
about 40 years ago that revolutionized the measurement
of hormones, their precursors, and their metabolic end
products. This method is called radioimmunoassay.
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The method of performing radioimmunoassay is as
follows:
First, an antibody that is highly specific for the
hormone to be measured is produced.
Second, a small quantity of this antibody is mixed with
a quantity fluid from the animal containing the
hormone to be measured and mixed simultaneously
with an appropriate amount of purified standard
hormone that has been tagged with a radioactive
isotope.
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Note: There must be too little antibody to bind
completely both the radioactively tagged hormone and
the hormone in the fluid to be assayed. Therefore the
natural hormone in the assay fluid and the radioactive
standard hormone compete for the binding sites of the
antibody. In the process of competing, the quantity of
each of the two hormones, the natural and the
radioactive, that binds is proportional to its
concentration in the assay fluid.
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Third, after binding has reached equilibrium, the
antibody-hormone complex is separated from the
remainder of the solution, and the quantity of
radioactive hormone bound in this complex is
measured by radioactive counting techniques. If a
large amount of radioactive hormone has bound with
the antibody, it is clear that there was only a small
amount of natural hormone to compete with the
radioactive hormone and therefore the concentration
of the natural hormone in the assayed fluid was small.
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Conversely, if only a small amount of radioactive
hormone has bound, it is clear that there was a large
amount of natural hormone to compete for the binding
sites.
Another method for measuring the concentration of
hormones in the body is through the Enzyme-Linked
Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). This method can be
used to measure almost any protein including
hormones. This test combines the specificity of
antibodies with the sensitivity of simple enzyme
assays. The figure below shows the basic elements of
this method.
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AB1 & AB2 are antibodies that recognize the hormone (H) at different binding sites, and AB3 is an antibody that recognizes AB2.
E is an enzyme linked to AB3 that catalyzes the formation of a coloured product (P) from a substrate (S). The amount of the product is measured using optical methods and is proportional to the amount of hormone in the well if there are excess antibodies in the well.
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This method is often performed using a plastic plate with
96 small wells.
Each well is coated with an antibody AB1 that is
specific for the hormone being assayed.
Fluid containing the hormone is added to each of the
wells followed by a second antibody AB2 that is also
specific for the hormone but bind to a different site of
the hormone molecule.
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A third antibody is added that recognizes AB2 and is
coupled to an enzyme that converts a suitable
substrate to a product that can be easily detected by
colorimetric or fluorescent optical methods.
In contrast to competitive radioimmunoassay methods,
ELISA methods use excess antibodies so that all hormone
molecules are captured in antibody-hormone complexes.
Therefore the amount of hormone present in the sample
is proportional to the amount of product formed.
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The ELISA method has become widely used in
clinical laboratories because:
1. It does not employ radioactive isotopes
2. Much of the assay can be automated using 96-
well plates
3. It has proved to be a cost-effective and accurate
method for assessing hormone levels.
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