medical management of androgenetic alopecia of androgenetic alopecia ... scalp flaps •advancement...
TRANSCRIPT
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Management of
Androgenetic Alopecia
Garrett Hauptman, MD
Faculty Advisor: David Teller, MD
The University of Texas Medical Branch
Department of Otolaryngology
Grand Rounds Presentation
December 7, 2005
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Overview
• Embryology and Anatomy of Hair
• Androgenetic Alopecia
• Hair Growth Cycle
• Pathophysiology of Hair Loss
• Patient Evaluation
• Medical Treatment
• Surgical Treatment – Historical
– Follicular Unit Transplantation
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Embryology and Anatomy
of Hair
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Embryology of Hair Follicle
• Begin development between 9 and 12
weeks gestational age
• Hair production typically seen
between 16 and 20 weeks gestational
age
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Embryology of Hair Follicle
• Derived from ectoderm and mesoderm
– Ectoderm
• Hair matrix cells
• Melanocytes
– Mesoderm
• Erector pili
• Dermal papilla
• Follicular sheath
• Blood vessels
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Anatomy of Hair Shaft
• Surrounded by an
outer and inner
sheath
• Shaft composed of
3 layers
– Cuticle: outer layer
– Cortex: middle
layer
– Medulla: inner layer
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Follicular Unit
• Terminal hairs: 1-4
• Vellus hairs: 1-2
• Sebaceous glands: 9
• Erector pili muscle: 9
• Perifollicular vascular
plexus
• Neural net
• Connective tissue
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SCALP Layers
• Skin
• Connective tissue
(subcutaneous tissue)
• Aponeurotica (galea
aponeurotica)
• Loose connective
tissue
• Pericranium
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Blood Supply and
Innervation
• Frontal
– Supratrochlear
– Supraorbital
• Temporal
– Superficial temporal
– Zygomaticotemporal
• Parietal
– Retroauricular
– Auriculotemporal, Great auricular, Lesser occipital
• Occipital
– Occipital
– Greater occipital
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Alopecia
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Alopecia
• Definition:
– Origin: Gr. Alepekia = a disease in
which the hair falls out
– Loss of hair, wool, or feathers
– Absence of hair from skin areas where it
is normally present
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Types of Alopecia
• Alopecia adnata
• Alopecia areata
• Alopecia cicatrisata
• Alopecia conginitalis
• Alopecia disseminata
• Alopecia leprotica
• Alopecia marginalis
• Alopecia medicamentosa
• Alopecia mucinosa
• Alopecia pityrodes
• Alopecia presinilis
• Alopecia senilis
• Alopecia symptomatica
• Alopecia syphilitica
• Alopecia totalis
• Alopecia toxica
• Alopecia triangularis
• Alopecia triangularis congenitalis
• Alopecia universalis
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Androgenetic Alopecia
• Definition
– Hereditary thinning of the hair induced
by androgens in genetically susceptible
men and women
• Also known as
– Male-pattern hair loss or common
baldness in men
– Female-pattern hair loss in women
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Androgenetic Alopecia
• Thinning of hair usually begins
between 12 and 40 years old in males
and females
• Approximately half the population
expresses this trait to some degree
before age 50
• Inheritance is polygenic
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Hair Growth Cycle
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Hair Growth Cycle
• Stages
– Anagen = growth
– Catagen = involution
– Telogen = rest
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Hair Growth Cycle
• Normal scalp activity – Anagen = 90-95%
– Catagen = <1%
– Telogen = 5-10%
• At the end of telogen, hair is released and the next cycle is initiated
• Up to 100 hairs in telogen are shed each day and about the same number of follicles enter anagen
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Hair Growth Cycle
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Pathophysiology of Hair
Loss
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Pathophysiology of Hair
Loss
• Dihydrotestosterone
– Formed by peripheral conversion of testosterone by 5-alpha reductase
– Binds to androgen receptor on susceptible hair follicles
• Hormone-receptor complex activates genes responsible for gradual transformation of large terminal follicles to miniaturized follicles
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Pathophysiology of Hair
Loss: Miniaturization
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Pathophysiology of Hair
Loss: Miniaturization
• Progressive diminution of hair shaft
diameter and length in response to
systemic androgens
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Patient Evaluation
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Patient Evaluation
• Androgenetic alopecia diagnosis
– Characteristic pattern of hair loss
– Miniaturization in thinning areas
– Family history is supportive but not
necessary
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Patient Evaluation
• Evaluate for miniaturization using a
densitometer to observe small area
of clipped scalp
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Patient Evaluation
• Normal scalp
– Thick terminal hair
– Fine vellus hair
• Miniaturization – Thick terminal hair
– Fine vellus hair
– Intermediate diameter
hair
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Patient Evaluation
• Regions of the scalp
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Patient Evaluation
• Norwood Classification
– Most widely used classification of male-
pattern hair loss
– 2 types
• Common type
• Type A variant
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Patient Evaluation
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Patient Evaluation
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Patient Evaluation
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Patient Evaluation
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Patient Evaluation
• Studies reveal negative psychosocial impact with hair loss
– Body image dissatisfaction
– Negative stereotype: • Older
• Weaker
• Less attractive
• Counsel patients on expectations with treatment
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Medical Treatment
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Medical Treatment
• Goals – Increase coverage of the scalp
– Retard further hair thinning
• Drugs – Minoxidil: unknown mechanism for hair growth
stimulation
– Finasteride: competitive inhibitor of type 2 5-alpha reductase
– Dutasteride: competitive inhibitor of type 1 and 2 5-alpha reductase
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Medical Treatment
• Effect of Minoxidil applied topically
at 2% and 5% concentrations BID
(NEJM 1999- VH Price)
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Medical Treatment
• Effect of Finasteride given at 1mg PO
QD (NEJM 1999- VH Price)
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Medical Treatment
• Effect of Dutasteride given at 0.5mg
PO QD in 1 patient (J Drugs Derm
2005- M Olszewska et al)
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Surgical Techniques
• Goal
– Achieve the greatest hair density while
retaining complete undetectability and natural
appearance
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Surgical Techniques
• Scalp Reduction
• Scalp Flaps
• Hair Transplantation
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Scalp Reduction
• Originally described in 1978 by Unger and Unger
• Excise non-hair-bearing scalp in excision pattern suitable for patient – Saggital midline ellipse
– “Y” pattern
– Lateral patterns (“S”, “J”, and “C”)
– “U” pattern
– Miscellaneous patterns (“T”, “I”, transverse ellipse, crescent ellipse)
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Scalp Reduction
• Bald scalp excised to pericranium,
but not through pericranium
• Wide undermining with primary
closure
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Scalp Reduction
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Scalp Reduction
• Complications
– Excessive scalp excision • Tension on wound closure
– Possible tissue necrosis
– Scar widening
– “Stretch-Back” • Tendency of bald scalp to expand after each
reduction – Between 10-50% of total reduction
– Majority occurs within 2 months of surgery
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Scalp Reduction
• Techniques Opposing “Stretch-Back”
– Scalp Extenders
• Silastic with hooks attached to deep galeal surface
with hooks parallel to incision
– Anchoring Galeal Flaps
• Rectangular galea strips on one side of incision
sutured to undersurface of opposing flap
– Nordstrom Suture
• Elastic silicone polymer suture attached to galea
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Scalp Flaps
• Advancement or rotation of hair-bearing scalp
• Provides immediate coverage of alopecic areas
• Types – Lateral Scalp Flap
– Temporoparietooccipital Flap (Juri Flap or Fleming-Mayer Flap)
– Preauricular Flap
– Free Scalp Flaps
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Scalp Flaps
• Complications
– Elevation of hairline associated with
donor region
– Possibility of flap necrosis and donor
area necrosis
– Unnatural appearance of hair growth
direction
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Tissue Expanders
• Increases surface area of hair-
bearing scalp
• Placed between galea and
pericranium
• Used in conjunction with Scalp
Reduction and Scalp Flaps
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Tissue Expanders
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Patient Preparation
• Anesthesia
• Graft Harvesting
• Graft Dissection
• Recipient Sites
• Post-op Care
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Technique pioneered by Dr. Bobby
Limmer
• Graft Dissection Technique
– Separate follicular units from surrounding
tissue
• Want small grafts with minimal epithelium to allow
for
– Smallest recipient site necessary
– Limits skin trauma and preserves blood supply
– Avoid disrupting unit structures
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Follicular graft units have between 1 and 4
hair follicles
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Patient preparation
– Upright position
– Trim donor area to 1-2mm with electric
clippers
• From occipital protuberance medially to
over ears laterally
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Oral sedation may be used
• Local anesthesia
– Mixture of 60% lidocaine 0.5% and 40%
bupivacaine 0.025% with 1:200,000 epinephrine
and sodium bicarbonate 8.4%, 1:20
• Lidocaine for quick onset
• Bupivacaine for increased duration
• Epinephrine for hemostasis and increased duration
• Sodium bicarbonate to decrease stinging
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Donor area anesthesia
– Inject into deep subcutaneous fat layer
– Extend injection 1cm inferiorly and
several cm lateral of graft margins
• Recipient area anesthesia
– Inject into superficial dermis and
subcutaneous space
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• After initial injections, tumescent
anesthesia administered to midfat
– Lidocaine 0.17% and epinephrine 1:600,000
– Purpose
• Increases follicular distance from nerves and blood
vessels
• Increases ridgidity of donor area
• Decreases bleeding
• More uniform anesthesia
• Reduce total amount of anesthesia required
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Graft harvesting
– Follicular Unit Extraction • Involves individual unit harvesting by
making using a punch – Good for minimal hair loss
– Does not leave linear scar if people wear hair short
– Only 2-3 people can work at once
– Donor Strip Harvest • Currently used method
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Donor Strip Harvest
– 1cm wide graft is harvested from
posterior middle scalp at the external
occipital protuberance- “the permanent
zone”
• Want to be above muscular insertion
• Do not want to harvest from a potential area
of future hair loss
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Donor Strip Harvest – Best performed with Rassman handle
loaded with two 10 blades set 1.2cm apart • Handle holds blades angled at 30 degrees to
minimize follicular transection
– May be performed freehand with 10 blade • Pro: allows blade angle to be adjusted
• Con: difficult to keep width uniform
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Donor strip elevated in subcutaneous
plane
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Strip ends are tapered to 1.5 strip width for closure purposes
• Preferred closure method with 5-0 absorbable suture
– Running skin stitch • 1.5mm from wound edge
• Advance approximately 5mm
– Minimizes entrapment and destruction of follicles
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Staples also can be used for closure
– Pro:
• No tissue reactivity
– Cons:
• Difficult wound apposition
• Uncomfortable for patient
• May result in stretched scar
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• One square cm of donor tissue yields
approximately 100 follicular units
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Graft Dissection
– Stereomicroscope
– Divide donor strip into thin sections-
“slivering”
• Avoid follicle transection
• Avoid dividing follicular units
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Slivers are then dissected into individual
follicular units
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Follicular units are sorted based on hair
number into petri dishes of Ringer’s
lactate or saline on ice
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Recipient Sites
– Do not use instrument that will remove
tissue
– Keep recipient sites small, but large
enough so that grafts do not need to be
forced in place
– Visible scars are not produced by
needles 18 gauge or less
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Recipient Sites
– Instrument size guide equivalents
• 20 gauge = 1-hair unit
• 19 gauge = 2-hair and thin 3-hair units
• 18 gauge = 3-hair and 4-hair units
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Recipient Sites
– Techniques
• Stick and Plant
– Grafts are placed immediately after creation of
recipient site
• “Premaking” recipient sites
– All recipient sites created prior to grafting
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Stick and Plant Technique
– Pros
• Needle can be used to facilitate graft placement
• Sites do not go unfilled
• Avoids placing 2 grafts in one site
– Cons
• Increased risk of dislodging (“popping”) adjacent
graft when creating site
• Must focus on design elements (angling and
distribution) while performing technical aspect
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• “Premaking” Recipient Sites
– Pros
• Physician concentrates on design without distraction
of graft handling or risk of popping
• Allows time for coagulation improving visibility and
placement
– Cons
• Must estimate graft number
• Unfilled recipient sites
• 2 grafts in one site (“piggybacking”)
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Hair direction
– Grafts placed at original growing angle,
not direction of hair grooming
– Hair anterior to vertex transition point
should point forward
– Angle becomes more acute as it
reaches the anterior hairline
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Recipient Site Density
– Average non-balding scalp has 100 follicular units per square cm
– 50% of hair may be lost before noticeable thinning • Wasteful for more than 50% to be replaced
– Up to 25 follicular units per square cm into frontal area of balding scalp is recommended
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Recipient Site Distribution
– Creating greatest density in front part of
scalp produces best cosmetic result
(“Forward Weighting”)
• Recipient sites placed closer together
• Larger follicular units placed (3-4 hairs)
– Recipient site density should be
gradually tapered toward the crown
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• “Forward Weighting”
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Operative time typically 3 to 6 hours
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Postoperative Care
– Wash scalp with sterile water
• Avoid using peroxide
– Apply antibiotic ointment and pressure
headband dressing to donor site
– Cover transplanted area with surgeon’s
cap
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Postoperative Care
– Patient to have hair washed on post-op day 1 to remove crusts • Some surgeon’s have patient return to clinic
for this, some permit patient to wash hair
– Return to clinic in 1 week
– No strenuous activity for one week
– Pain medication
– Photoprotection for 3 months
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• Problems and Complications – Poor patient selection
• Operating on young patients is difficult
– Hairline creation looks unnatural long term
– Do not know donor site stability
– Poor aesthetic judgment • Grafts in wrong direction
• Crown transplant in young patient who is just starting to lose hair
– Improper graft handling
– Wide donor scars
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Follicular Unit
Transplantation
• More than one procedure is often
necessary
• Wait at least 6 to 8 months between
procedures
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Conclusions
• Evaluate and counsel patient
• Consider medical management
• Follicular Unit Transplantation is
surgical technique of choice today
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Baldness Portrays Being
Older and Wiser
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Bald Can Be Funny
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Bald is Beautiful
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Or Is It?
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Bibliography
• Portions of this paper and presentation were taken directly form the May 29, 2002 Grand Rounds presentation by Elizabeth Rosen and Karen Calhoun entitled Management of Alopecia.
• Bernstein, RM, et al. Follicular Unit Transplantation: 2005. Dermatology Clinics 2005 , 23; 393-414.
• Harris, JA. Follicular Unit Transplantation: Dissecting and Planting Techniques. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America 2004, 12; 225-232.
• Epstein, JS. Follicular-Unit Hair Grafting. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 2003, 5; 439-444.
• Price, VH. Treatment of Hair Loss. New England Journal of Medicine, September 23, 1999; 341 (13); 964-973.
• Olszewska, M, et al. Effective Treatment of Female Androgenic Alopecia with Dutasteride. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2005, 4;637.
• Nordstrom, RE. Scalp, Hair, Baldness, and Surgery. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1985, 2 (3); 173-177.
• Barrera, A. Hair Transplantation, The Art of Micrografting and Minigrafting. Quality Medical Publishing, Inc, St.Louis; 2002.
• Abell, E. Embryology and Anatomy of the Hair Follicle. In, Disorders of Hair Growth, Diagnosis and Treatment, E.A.Olsen, ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York; 1994.
• Sinclair, R. Male Pattern Androgenetic Alopecia. British Medical Journal. 1998, 317; 865-869.
• Ramos-e-Silva, M. Male Pattern Hair Loss: Prevention Rather Than Regrowth. International Journal of Dermatology. Oct 2000, 39 (10); 728-731.
• Nordstrom, RE. The Initial Interview. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1985, 2 (3); 179-187.
• Devine, JW, Howard, PS. Classification of Donor Hair in Male Pattern Baldness and Operations for Each Type. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1985, 2 (3); 189-191.
• Price, VH. Drug Therapy: Treatment of Hair Loss. The New England Journal of Medicine. Sept 23 1999, 341 (13); 964-973.
• Unger, MG. Scalp Reductions. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1985, 2 (3); 253-258.
• Raposio, E, Nordstrom, RE. Tension and Flap Advancement in the Human Scalp. Annals of Plastic Surgery. July 1997, 39 (1); 20-23.
• Raposio, E, PierLuigi, S, Nordstrom, RE. Effects of Galeotomies on Scalp Flaps. Annals of Plastic Surgery. July 1998, 41 (1); 17-21.
• Norwood, OT, Shiell, RC, Morrison, ID. Complications and Problems of Scalp Reductions. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1985, 2 (3); 259-267.
• Frechet, P. Scalp Extension. Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology. 1993, 19; 616-622.
• Raposio, E, et al. Anchoring Galeal Flaps for Scalp Reduction Procedures. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Dec 1998, 102 (7); 2454-2458.
• Nordstrom, RE, Greco, M, Raposio, E. The “Nordstrom Suture” to Enhance Scalp Reductions. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Feb 2001, 107 (2); 577-582.
• Argenta, LC, Marks, MW, Anderson, RA. Treatment of Male Pattern Baldness by Tissue Expanders. In, Male Aesthetic Surgery, 2nd Ed, EH Courtiss, ed. Mosby, St.Louis; 1991.
• Juri, J, Juri, C. The Juri Flap. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1985, 2 (3); 269-282.
• Unger, WP. Construction of the Hairline in Punch Transplanting. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1985, 2 (3); 221-230.
• Vallis, CP. Treatment of Male Pattern Baldness by Punches, Strips, and Flaps. In, Male Aesthetic Surgery, 2nd Ed, EH Courtiss, ed. Mosby, St.Louis; 1991.
• Vallis, CP. The Strip Graft. Facial Plastic Surgery. 1985, 2 (3); 245-252.
• Epstein, JS. Revision Surgical Hair Restoration: Repair of Undesirable Results. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. July 1999, 104 (1); 222-232.
• Vogel, JE. Correction of the Cornrow Hair Transplant and Other Common Problems in Surgical Hair Restoration. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Apr 2000, 105 (4); 1528-1536.
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Quiz
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Question 1
• Hair development begins at what
gestational age?
– A. 1 - 4 weeks
– B. 5 – 8 weeks
– C. 9 – 12 weeks
– D. 13 – 16 weeks
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Question 2
• List the components of a follicular
unit
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Question 3
• Which drugs are approved by the
FDA to treat hair loss
– A. dutasteride
– B. minoxidil
– C. viagra
– D. finasteride
– E. colace
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Question 4
• What is the name of one of the main
classification schemes for male
pattern alopecia?
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Question 5
• True or false: Micrografts are 1 – 2
hairs and minigrafts are 3 – 4 hairs.
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Question 6
• True or false: Follicular unit
transplantation must be done under
general anesthesia.
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Question 7
• How many follicular units are
expected from 1 square cm of donor
tissue?
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Question 8
• True or false: Grafts can be placed
immediately after making the
recipient site (“stick and plant”).
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Question 9
• True or false: Follicular units should
be placed in the direction that hair
grooming will take place.
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Question 10
• True or false:
Only one procedure is necessary
with follicular unit transplantation.