medicinal oi for jep-revised

7/30/2019 Medicinal Oi for JEP-Revised

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Herbal Medicinal Oils in Traditional Persian Medicine

Azadeh Hamedi1, Mohammad M. Zarshenas2, 3*, Maryam Sohrabpour2, Arman Zargaran4

1- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical

Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

2- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

3- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

4- Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical


*

Author for correspondence:

Mohammad M. Zarshenas

Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical


Po Box: 71345-1583

Fax: +987112424126

E-mail: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Contribution of ethnopharmacological knowledge in Iran has a backbone of more than 3000

years of Persian medical experiences. Accordingly, considering traditional medical

knowledge, based on historical manuscripts and evidences can help to find Iranian

ethnopharmacological roots based on traditional concepts, more classified.

Aim of the study

One of the most famous herbal dosage forms aiming to achieve therapeutic purposes is in

the form of herbal oils. Therefore current study has been carried out to bring together

common oils, preparation methods and related therapeutic approaches mentioned during

ancient and medieval Persia as well as related current pharmacological findings.

Materials and Methods

Information on ofoils, preparation methods and related clinical administration was obtained

from documents of ancient Persia and selected manuscripts of Persian medicine during 10 th

to 18th century AD. Moreover, current investigations on these plants, regarding to their

mentioned usage has been carried out by search on Pubmed, Scopus and Google scholar data

bases.

Results

Using medicinal oils had a root dated back to ancient era in Iran. Furthermore, in medieval

period, fifty one different simple medicinal plant oils of 31 families along with specific

preparation method were found and identified from Persian pharmaceutical manuscripts.

Flower, fruits and leaves were the most applied parts for preparation. In oil-bearing plant

part, direct compression or distillation was applied; while others were subjected to vehicles


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like sesame, olive or almond oils in order to prepare the related oil. Herbal oils were used

via topical, oral, and even nasal routes as ways of clinical approaches. Meanwhile, most

herbal oils were used for gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous system ailments.

According to current investigations, most related proven effects of cited medicinal plants

were anti inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Conclusions

As herbal oils are still applicable in traditional medicinal plants markets, preparation of

medicinal oil and those applications can be considered as a simple formulation having

desirable clinical approaches. Beside historical clarification, present study can provide a data

list on clinical approaches of herbal oils and thus might lead to perform further clinical

trials.

Key words: Ancient Persia, Medieval Persia, Medicinal oil, Herbal oil


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Introduction

Since antiquity, one of the most ancient dosage forms of natural medicines was herbal

formulation (Kasthuri, et al., 2010). Since the dawn of civilization As long as the civilization

began, medical treatment employs induces the use of herbal, animal and mineral

medicaments (Rezaeizadeh, et al, 2009), while the fundamental elements for remedies in

traditional medical systems were medicinal herbs (Gurav, et al., 2011). These medicines

have been applied either individually or in combination with other natural medicaments to

prepare a practical form for treatment (Wadud, et al., 2007). Many traditional systems of

medicine have presented herbs and those combinations in ancient formulations such as pills,

powders, decocted, etc (Kiyohara, et al., 2004). Remained m Medical and pharmaceutical

manuscripts authored by medieval Persian practitioners, which are not only an accumulation

of all the existing information of other traditional medical systems, but also a great

collection of their own ingenious studies (Khaleghi Ghadiri and Gorji, 2004), provided a

vast field mentioning medicinal herbs formulations. In fact, pioneers of medieval

practitioners namely Rhazes (865925 AD) and Avicenna (9801037 AD) created Persian

golden epochs of medical sciences throughout the history. This golden age was from 8th to

17th centuries (West, 2008; Zargaran, et al., 2012a). Most of current ethnopharmacological

knowledge in Iran was derived from historical manuscripts. A remained group of traditional

practitioners who worked with medicinal plants and traditional concepts are Attars in Iran.

Mostly it is a familiar job and the traditional knowledge was transferred cross generations to

reach to current era (Yesilada, 2005; Naghibi, et al., 2005). In this regard, considering

traditional knowledge of medicine, based on historical manuscripts and evidences can help

to find Iranian ethno pharmacological roots based on traditional concepts, more classified.

Manuscripts of medicine and pharmacy in Persia encompass various pharmaceutical dosage

forms from medieval Persian medicine. One of the most famous forms of application,


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aiming to achieve therapeutic purposes via topical or systemic route of administration is the

series of medicinal oils, derived and prepared from plenty of herbal medicines (Avicenna,

1988; Heravi, 1765). Formulation and preparation of herbal oils were described under a

subject namely Adhaan or Dohn. The subject can be found in a series of Persian

traditional pharmaceutical manuscripts, Qarabadin. Qarabadin (pharmacopeia) books

were defined as medical formularies texts on drug compounding, recipes and indications

(Levey, 1966).

Medicinal oils are ignored and not much investigated in contemporary medicine. However

application of herbal oils as fixed or volatile,as well as herbal extracts for medical purposes

dates back to long time ago(how long ago, give a time reference)and may have originated

from ancient medical cultures namely Chinese, Indian and Egyptians (Shikov, et al., 2009).

Herbal oil can easily be prepared and lead us to a new and practical opportunity to take the

advantages for the therapeutic interventions. Therefore, current this study has been carried

out to bring together common medicinal oils from traditional manuscripts of Persian

medicine and also to derive the preparation methods considered for the dosage form along

with reported therapeutic approaches.

Method of the survey

The employed research method of this manuscript is primarily based on the investigation of

the remaining manuscripts of Persian medicine during 10 th to 18th century AD, involving the

medical and pharmaceutical text books of this era. In this survey, selected manuscripts are

Canon of Medicine (Ibn sina, 1025), book of Qarabadin-e-azam (Azamkhan, 1853),

Qarabadin-e-ghaderi (Arzani, 1714), Qarabadin-e-kabir (Aghili, 1772), Qarabadin-e-

salehi (Heravi, 1765) and Tohfat ol Moemenin (Tonekaboni, 2007). It should be noted that


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these texts are defined as main references for PhD traditional pharmacy program in Iran

(Program Book of Ph. D Degree in Traditional Persian Pharmacy, 2007).

In these references, sections giving information about the medicinal oils, preparation and

their administration were studied and the related data were collected, categorized and

analyzed. A short study on some examples of using medicinal oils from ancient Persia was

also done.

The scientific names of the main components of medicinal oils were then authenticated by

use of botanical textbooks such as "Dictionary of Medicinal Plants", "Popular Medicinal

Plants of Iran", "Pharmacographia Indica" and "Indian Medicinal Plants" (Soltani, 2004;

Amin, 2005; Dymook, et al., 1893; Khare, 2007). Also an additive research on current

pharmacological effects of the mentioned medicinal herbs was carried out by search on

Pubmed, Scopus and Google scholar data bases in order to find the relation between

traditional knowledge and current findings. (not quite sure what you mean, are you

researching the additives to these herb/oils etc, or is this extra research in this area?)

Results

Some examples of using medicinal oils from Ancient Persia

Medical and pharmaceutical uses of oils in Persia dates back to the ancient times. The

Ancient Persia, as the history of Persia from the beginning up to 637AD (Wiesehfer,

2006) (entrance of Islam to Iran), encompasses three large dynasties, Achaemenid (550-330

BC), Parthian (247 BC-224 AD) and Sassanid (224-637AD). The recorded evidences from

these empires are much more than the others (Zargaran, et al., 2012b). There is scant

information about the medical and pharmaceutical evidences of these epochs. Of most


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important documents, Bondahesh, a Sassanid Pahlavi manuscript, divided all plants to 11 th

groups, where the oily herbs are of those, and denoted that each plant with oily seed is called

oily plant (Dadegi, 2006). Examples of those herbs which are mentioned in the Bondahesh

are Olive oil, (Olea europea L.), Castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) and Hemp (Cannabis

sativa L.) (Dadegi, 2006; Biruni, 2004).

Remains of the tools for oil extraction from oily seed, dating back to the Sassanid period,

was found in Bishapur (Fig. 1), an ancient city located in the Fars province of Iran. Design

on stone showing Stone carvings show a man with an oil jar in one hand and a towel in the

other hand (Fig. 2) exists in Persepolis (Achaemenid capital, 500 BC). The figure may

represent that oils were used widely in cosmetics the common use of oils in cosmetics,

especially as demulcent agents after bath in ancient Persia (Mohagheghzadeh, et al., 2011).

Animal oils were also used as the base for topical preparations. In the formulation of hand

and face cream, related to 330 BC, saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and labdanum oil (Cistus

ladaniferL.) where devised made to be to be applied (Gershevich, 2006).

Extraction of oil soluble ingredients of medicinal plants in common oils was also reported

from the ancient documents. Lily oil was an oily topical analgesic medicine derived by the

above method (Adhami, 2007).

Medicinal oil, Preparation and Formulations from Medieval Persia

Persian medieval scholars believed that the use ofthe medicinal oil dosage form is attributed

to Pythagoras and Socrates and then transferred later to other scholars and physicians

(Tonekaboni, 2007). In Persian medicine, practitioners used the term dohn or the plural


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term adhaan in the description of medicinal oils and also meticulously explained the

remarks details of preparation methods and application aspects of the formula.

Generally, medicinal oil was a pharmaceutical dosage form divided to two main groups. In

the first group the oil was directly extracted from the herb (via direct compression of the

oil-bearing plant components or distillation of aromatic plants parts); and in the second one

grouppossibly obtained indirectly by frequent extraction of aplants crude parts to prepare

vegetable oils (Mikaili, et al., 2012). In this the lattergroup, soft and fragrant aerial parts

such as flowers, leaves, or fleshy fruit were soaked in an oily vehicle (including, but not

limited to, almond, sesame and olive oils using traditional methods of preparation) under

then exposed to the sun exposure or external an heat source for several days (Avicenna,

1025; Heravi, 1765). The process was then repeated by replacing the spent parts with fresh

ones until the base had taken on the color and smell of consumed herbal parts (Maceration in

heated oil) (Heravi, 1765). The method is somewhat similar to what is called enfleurage

today (Eltz, et al., 2007). However in the enfleurage process, animal fat is applied. The

above process was often spoken as the method of Greek practitioners (Heravi, 1765). Today,

the method is introduced as an oil infusion which is the result of steeping plant parts having

desired chemical compounds or flavors in an oily solvent.

On the other hand, rigid botanical parts such as roots and barks were decocted in water

(aqueous extraction). In this type of oil preparation, the resulting extract was then boiled in

an oily vehicle until the water disappeared and the oil remained (Boiling and evaporating

method) (Tonekaboni, 2007). Persian practitioners applied special methods for plants

spectacular products such as gums. Of those, the procedure for gummy derivatives such as

Frankincense is also considerable. In that method, the gum was thoroughly dispensed in oil,

in a glass container. Then the container wasbeing hung suspended in the boiling water until

the gum was fully dissolved in the oil (Boiling water bath) (Heravi, 1765). The oil of


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aromatic gum resins like such as myrrh was said to be extracted via distillation method

(Aghili, 1772).

According to the above mentioned, around one hundred different medicinal oils prepared by

the applied method of preparation and clinical administrations were derived from considered

pharmaceutical manuscripts of Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM). Among those, common

formulations of popular medicinal plants in the form of simple oil or oil form prepared by

use of one certain herb are listed in Table 1 (Avicenna, 1024; Aghili 1772; Arzani, 1861;

Heravi, 1765; Tonekaboni, 2007). Also, specific part (do you mean specifically), the

method of preparation and traditional literatures which the formulation was mentioned in,

was added to the table.

On the other hand, clinical uses of herbal oils and diseases which were remarked said to be

curesd by are listed in table 2. Furthermore, research regarding to current medical

knowledge and related to traditional application of oils and their active components is cited

in Table 2.

Beside simple oils, compound medicinal oils of herbal medicaments have also been noted in

Persian pharmaceutical manuscripts. The aims of this devising (what does this mean??) can

be within reduction of unwanted effect or potency, reinforcement of the efficacy, blocking

out the unsavory taste, achieving the multiple therapeutic purposes or even modification of

some undesirable effects related to the main ingredients, using accompanying medicinal

herbs (Aghili, 1772).

Discussion and Conclusion


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Medicinal oils (Adhaan) are of traditional dosage forms leaning on the experiences of

medical practitioners for thousand years of antiquity. Herbal oils were prepared for various

ailments in medieval epochs. Nowadays, many of these formulations are used as

ethnomedical preparations by traditional practitioners in Iran (Mikaili, et al. 2012). In theAt

first glance it seems that herbal medicinal oils are limited to essential oiland fixed oil, types

, and are directly separated from the oil bearing parts of the plant. Definitely hHerbal oils are

not limited to these two groups. The enfleurage method or oil infusion which is now still

applicable can be introduced as a traditional preparation method for herbal oils. Actually In

fact, oil infusion is can be a simple means of extracting oil soluble ingredients from plant

parts.

Out of 31 families, the most common medicinal plants used to prepare oils were belongedto

Apiaceae (6 cases) and Asteraceae (5 cases) (Fig. 3). Also, the most parts used used parts of

a plant to derive the oil were leafves, fruits and flowers (Fig. 4). Among two main groups of

preparation methods, medicinal oils directly extracted from the herbs and indirectly by

frequent extraction of plants crude parts in an oily vehicle, "distillation" for the first group

and "maceration in heated oil" as well as "boiling and evaporating" for the second ones were

most common methods (Fig. 5).

These medicinal oils were used via topical, oral, and even nasal routes as way of clinical

approachedeliverys. Administration of oils through these routes seems to be purposely and

targeted for absorption into the body. Oils for gastrointestinal, respiratory, as well as urinary

and reproductive interventions have being used orally, while nasal route was considered for

those affecting on central nerves system. On the other hand, topical forms with the most

application were generally subjected for nervousneuropathic, musculoskeletal and

integumentary approaches.


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The most mentioned usage for medicinal oils in traditional Persian medicine was for

gastrointestinal (GI) system (Fig. 6). Some of traditional applications reported in Persian

literatures may have corresponding to the current investigations. Apparently, analgesic and

anti inflammatory effects were the most related pharmacological effect regarding in relation

to the modern medicine (table 2). In this regard, mentioned oils and their usages in

traditional Persian medicine can be good candidates for further investigations to find new

herbal drugs.

It should be noted that the only directlyrelated pharmacological effect that can be matched

to reported properties, is the application of essential oil. Hence application of cloveoil and

damask rose oil as an analgesic agent (Daniel et al., 2009; Hajhashemi et al., 2010),

cinnamon oil with carminative and antimicrobial properties (Bouhdid et al., 2010; Harries et

al., 1977) as well as the sedative effect of bitter orange (Carvalho-Freitas and Costa, 2002)

can be a proof for traditional reported effects.

On the other hand, clinical reports for traditional medicinal oils which were obtained via

direct compression have similarities to those of modern medicine. In this regard, the anti-

inflammatory and neuroprotective effect of terebinth oil (Giner-Larza, et al., 2002; Orhan et

al., 2012), antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective properties of black cumin oil (Kanter et al.,

2006) as well as xanthine oxidase inhibitory of almond oil polyphenols (Chen and

Blumberg, 2008) can be considerable evidences for traditional applications. Overall, for

these types of herbal oil the medieval dosage form is the same as herbs metabolites.

Oils made via infusion of desirable parts of the herb in an oil base (maceration in heated oil)

were also popular for Persian practitioners. Apparently in this method, ingredients which

may have affinity to the oil phase would be extracted into the oil. In this procedure, oil can

act as a nonpolar solvent. This kind of oil is now considered in aromatherapy as it contains


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concentrated herb essence (Johns, 2010). Medieval practitioners used this method for soft

parts of medicinal plants. Sixteen cited oils in this study found to be prepared via this

method. We did not find any clinical work on these types of oils, but on applied herbs

relevant to the traditional reports. The procedure of oil infusion or macerated oil dosage

form can be considered as a newly rediscovered field particularly for aromatherapy.

As it mentioned in prior section, a group of traditional oils were also made up of boiling and

evaporating method (Tonekaboni, 2007). It is an old and also invasive method for preparing

such a dosage form. In this method, chemical constituents in the aqueous phase would be

trapped in the oil phase after evaporation of aqueous phase. But obviously large parts of heat

sensitive components extracted in aqueous phase may be decomposedbreakdown by

overheating.

As this method is not well accepted in current medicine, we found no credible evidence

indicating the use of these types of dosage form in contemporary science. But for most

constitutive herbs, relative effects were found according to current pharmacology.

Regarding to Table 2, herbs of this oily dosage form possess pharmacological effects similar

to the medieval reports. It should be remarked that current works were mostly done on

ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts. In this type the herbal hydrophilic ingredients

were initially extracted in water before boiling along with the oily fraction. Comparing to

the respective scientific data on ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of related plants

(Table 2), it may come to mind that the medieval method can be considerable (do you mean

viable methods?).

For some cited oils with the preparation method of oil infusion (Maceration in heated oil),

we derived clinical works which were done on aqueous extracted fractions. Aqueous

fractions certainly have no similar constitutes comparing to those which would extracted in


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oil infusion process. In contrast, organic extractions with nonpolar solvents may extract

similar components. But regardless of the type of extraction, we preferred to gather those

pharmacological effects related to the herbs of this category too.

Despite of some advantages such as ease of administration or rapid absorption by

massaging, herbal oils may be less applicable as a pharmaceutical dosage form in todays

medicine. This fact may be due to the complications in industrial preparation and

standardization of such a natural formulation. Furthermore development of new topical

dosage forms such as semisolid formulations perhaps, is another reason for abandoning the

oils.

Although tracks of this form are observed in todays herbal therapy, much information on

various medicinal herbs in oil formulas are still remained unstudied from traditional systems

of medicine. A number of herbal oils directing certain clinical approaches can be found by

searching through medical and pharmaceutical manuscripts of traditional systems. The oil

form of natural medicaments can be considered as a simple dosage form having desirable

clinical application. Beside historical clarification, presentthis study can provide a list of

data on clinical remedies based on centuries of experience and thus might lead to perform

further clinical trials.


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