medieval europe world history learning targets to describe the characteristics of the medieval...
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LEARNING TARGETS To describe the characteristics of the
MEDIEVAL PERIOD in world history
To explain the RISE of the CHURCH as a dominant institution during the medieval times
Definitions: Medieval Times
The period between the Fall of Rome in 476 AD and the age of exploration in the 15th Century
Also known as the Middle Ages & Dark Ages Comes from Latin word medius (middle) and aevum (age or period)
UPDATING OUR TIMELINEW
este
rn C
viliz
atio
n: R
ome
and
Gre
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Ancient Period
Dark Ages
Fall of Rome
Age of Exploration
Middle Ages
AD476 AD 15th Century
Characteristics:
A period of DISORDER and CHAOS
A period of BARBARIC INVASIONS burning and plundering towns and cities
Who were these barbaric groups? Germanic/Teutonic Tribes (ancestors of the Germans,
Dutch, Swedes, Norwegians, French, English, etc.)
1. Goths (Visigoths/Ostrogoths) 2. Vandals, Burgundians, Lombards 3. Franks 4. Angles and Saxons 5. Vikings 6. Magyars 7. Huns
Why were they called Barbaric?
Most of these tribes were rough and ignorant - uncivilized as compared to the citizens of the Roman empire
Laws were based on superstitious and tribal customs
They were fierce and warlike; still worship gods such us Odin (chief Scandinavian god) and Thor (god of Thunder)
Most couldn’t read and write
continuation of characteristics… Agricultural activities practically ceased
Roads and bridges were ruined
Travel became very difficult with robbers infesting the highways
Trade and commerce were seriously affected by the chaotic conditions
Schools and libraries and temples were destroyed.
There was cultural stagnation and social upheaval everywhere
The series of Germanic invasions led to the weakening and decline of the Roman Empire
The people of Europe needed an institution which will serve as a means of SOCIAL CONTROL and PROTECTION
Thus the Rise of the Church! Emperor Constantine made Christianity the
official religion of the empire
The Roman empire’s seat of government was then transferred to Constantinople (present day Turkey) named as THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE headed by Emperor Constantine
The Western Roman Empire collapses.
The rest of the Roman Empire carries on. Eventually, we will call it the Byzantine Empire (but they always called themselves Romans).
Brief overview Christianity was introduced throughout the
empire by the disciples of Christ specifically St. Peter (the chief Apostle of Christ), even before the fall of Rome.
The spread of the belief became widespread because the Roman gods could no longer provide security, hope and comfort during the dark ages
THE RISE OF THE CHURCH
(The Roman Catholic Church)
Why did it become the dominant institution during the medieval period?
Dominance of the Church: 4 factors It taught that salvation depended on its
sacraments
It had the only strong authority in the empire
It controlled education
It controlled land ownership
Medieval people, jaded in the chaos and disorder of their societies found little joy in their physical world – and so they became spiritual.
The bishops and priests provided moral guidance and practical leadership in the population
The church fed the poor and took care of the sick, the widows and the orphans
The people looked up to the church for order, authority and help – only the church could provide at that time
The Organization of the Church POPE - office of the Papacy
CARDINALS
ARCHBISHOP
BISHOP
PARISH PRIEST
Popes were more powerfulthan Kings
The church was very Hierarchical
The church as an organization like that of an empire – own system of laws, courts
and taxes - it collects 10% of all farm produce
Its clergy is exempt from paying taxes to the kings and emperors
It gives direction on how men should behave
The ultimate power of the church was to EXCOMMUNICATE – to cut a man off from God and condemn his soul to eternal torment
(recall the movie, Season of the Witch)
What were the scenes depicting the authority of the Church?
The medieval churches acquired much land in Europe – most of these have been donated by rich landowners.
Many gave land to the church in hopes of increasing their chances of being spiritually saved.
THE MONASTERY A self-supporting organization in support of
the church’s missionary activities.
Served as school, hospital and place of worship- run by monks
Center of scholarship – most of the educated men at that time were the church men
MONASTICISM: the way of life of the monks and nuns: seclusion from the worldly life
famous: St. Benedict and the Benedictine order
We owe our knowledge of the past to the monks because they developed a system of writing manuscripts and documented the medieval way of life
Learning Targets To discuss the feudal set up during the
medieval times
To describe the manorial lifestyle
To explain knighthood and chivalry
Definitions: FEUDALISM
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service through a system of land ownership
A land-based economy – the political, economic and social security of the people is based on land
Life in Medieval Europe
“Fiefs and
peasants”:
What arefiefs
“Fiefs and
peasants”:
What arefiefs
?
Feudal pyramid
Class lines between the upper and lower levels were clear and sharp
33
THE FEUDAL PYRAMID OF POWER
LESSER NOBLES(KNIGHTS)
LABOR PROTECTION
POWERFULNOBLES
KING
SERFS AND FREEMEN
LAND ANDPROTECTION
LANDLOYALTY ANDSERVICE
LOYALTY ANDMILITARY SERVICE
Definitions: The manorial system MANOR: The territorial unit in a feudal
society
System of landlord-tenant relationship
Medieval life was centered on a manor
Obligations of the tenants to the lords: Gives the large proportion of his harvest to
his lord Labors 3x a week in the fields Required to build bridges and repair roads for
the lord Gives farm products to the lord: cheese, pork,
eggs and wood
III. Life in Medieval Europe
West
ern
C
ivili
zati
on
Begin
s
What does
fallow
mean
What does
fallow
mean?
The Manor: a self-sufficient economic unitIMAGINE FARMVILLE
III. Life in Medieval Europe
West
ern
C
ivili
zati
on
Begin
s Pieter Brueghel.The Wheat HarvestNew York, Metropolitan Museum
THE CASTLE For fortification and protection purposes
Usually overlooks the owner’s farmlands and the villages where the serfs live
Usually where the lords and nobles live
The interior of the castle had heavy walls and small windows, making them cold, damp and dark.
It is equipped with water and emergency food supplies to sustain the lord and his family, the villagers and the knights and soldiers through sieges that often lasted for weeks.
III. Life in Medieval Europe
West
ern
C
ivili
zati
on
Begin
sTowns need an economic basis.What is the basis
for this town?
Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle
Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle
Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle
Definitions: Knighthood Knighthood was grounded in the feudal ideal
of loyalty. A famous medieval profession
Composed of high born fighting men or soldiers during the middle ages
Usually the sons of the nobility and the landlords
The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
At age 7, he learns horsemanship, care of arms and armor and trains to be courteous and humble
At age 14, he learns how to fight on horseback, Serves his knight for some years, accompanyingHim in battle
At age 20, reaches the final phase of his training,He has to be knighted, takes a bath of purificationAnd is dressed in a special attire, prays in the chapel,Kneels before his lord who hits him with a sword on hisshoulder
A knight in shining armor! Typical attire of a knight
St. Ignatius was once an
aspiring knight before
he was hit by a canon ball
and founded the Jesuits
A helmet of the type worn by knights during the crusades. One can see the holes cut in the front. This made it easier for the knight to breathe.
These are two examples of medieval shields made of either wood or metal. Normally these would have the knight's emblem or family seal on them.
Definitions: Chivalry Chivalry was a system of ideals and social
codes governing the behaviors of knights and gentlewomen.
The Code of Chivalry dictated that a Knight should be brave and fearless in battle but would also exhibit cultured Knightly qualities showing themselves to be devout, loyal, courteous and generous.
IN CONCLUSIONThe feudal society was constructed for one reason: security – economic and social
The nobles wanted the security of maintaining control over their far-reaching kingdoms, so they were forced to delegate power to local control.
The peasants wanted security from marauders and barbarians from neighboring lands. They also wanted security from invading armies.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
DOMINANCE OF THE CHURCH
THE DARK AGES
AFTER THE FALL OF ROME
FEUDALISM MANORIALISMKNIGHTHOOD
I. CRUSADES SERIES OF HOLY WARS BY WESTERN
EUROPEAN CHRISTIANS TO RECAPTURE THE HOLY LAND FROM THE MUSLIMS (aka Saracens, Turks).
FIRST UNDERTAKEN IN 1096 AND ENDED IN THE LATE 13TH CENTURY
What was the cause of the Crusades? The City of Jerusalem
held a Holy significance to the Christian and Muslim religion.
Bethlehem, Calvary Hill, etc.
In 1065 Jerusalem was taken by the Turks and 3000 Christians were massacred starting a chain of events which contributed to the cause of the crusades.
Supported by Pope Clairmont, Pope Urban and Pope Innocent
How many crusades were there? A total of 9 including
the Children’s crusade
For a period of 200 years, Europe and Asia were engaged in almost constant warfare
What were the effects of the crusades? Increased the wealth and power of the Catholic
church
Cultural exchange among the Europeans and the Asians. Asia was introduced to Europe
Feudalism weakened
Trade and commerce was strengthened
The crusaders enjoyed the advantages which come from travel in strange lands and among unfamiliar peoples. They went out from their castles or villages to see great cities, marble palaces, superb dresses, and elegant manners; they returned with finer tastes, broader ideas, and wider sympathies.
TAKE NOTE: The East at the time of the
Middle Ages surpassed the West in civilization.
The elegance of the Orient, with its silks, tapestries, precious stones, perfumes, spices, pearls, and ivory, was so enchanting that an enthusiastic crusader called it "the vestibule of Paradise."
http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/the-crusades.htm
Issues: Christians, not just Muslims were also
terrorists. Agree? History has it.
Can the US-led war on terror a modern-day crusade? Or
Islamic terrorist attacks be likened to the medieval crusade?
II. BUBONIC PLAGUE 1347 A.D (Lasted 3-4 years) Started in China spread to European Countries such
as England and Italy through trade routes. 25 million killed – Roughly 1/3 of Europe's
Population. Caused by unsanitary increase in population (Rats,
Mice, Fleas etc.) Very fast spreading, cruel and inhumane terms of
treatment (not much they could do but ostracize the person ex. Italy, Poveglia).
The term Bubonic Plague is derived from Greek word “Bubo”: “swollen gland” a sign and side effect of the sickness.
Used in Biological Warfare: 1940 Japan
Caused by Yesirnia pestis
Yersinia pestis: Gram- Negative rod-shaped bacterium
Facultative anaerobic – (Grow best
when oxygen is present but
can grow without. )
Family: Enterobacteriaceae- other members include: pathogens, such as
Salmonella and Escherichia coli
Three main forms: bubonic plagues
pneumonic, andsepticemic,
Discovered in 1894 by Alexandre Yersin epidemic in Hong Kong.
1. ARCHITECTURE
The BASILICACHURCH
The Roman basilica is the Greek temple turned inside out. –Arnold Toynbee
Medieval architecture
1. The basilica church
The Roman basilica was a
political, legal,
and cultural center.
. . . basilica ceilings are wooden
Medieval architecture
2. Romanesque Church
Romanesque ceilings are stone
The Romanes
que church
added a heavy, stone
ceiling. Walls must now be very heavy.
Medieval architecture
2. Romanesque
Pisa Cathedral
The bell tower is a separate structure in Italian churches.
The bell tower is a separate structure in Italian churches.
Medieval architecture
2. Romanesque
Pisa Cathedral from the air
It leans because
the foundation is uneven.
It leans because
the foundation is uneven.
. . . so is the
baptistry!
. . . so is the
baptistry!
Medieval architecture
3. The Gothic revolution
old way: new idea:
Ribbed vaults transfer the weight of the roof from the walls to piers. The stone walls can be replaced with glass.
The Romanesque problem:
not enough light. new “Gothic”
idea: ribbed vaults allow larger windows.
VI. Medieval architecture
3. The Gothic revolution
et there be light!
St. Denis choir, whose rebuilding by Abbot Suger started
the Gothic Revolution
L
3. The Gothic revolution
Rose windows on the side entrances and front entrance
were common in Gothic churches
An easy way to recognize a Gothic Church: look for pointed arches. For reasons not discussed here, all gothic arches are pointed.
Inhabitants of medieval Europe built hundreds
of churches
Style identifier:What style is that medieval church? Flat ceiling:
Round arches, stone barrel vaulted ceiling:
Pointed arches, bigger windows, flying buttresses:
3. The Gothic revolution
Flat ceiling:
Round arches, stone barrel vaulted ceiling:
Pointed arches, bigger windows,flying buttresses:
Style identifierWhat style is that medieval
church ??
?
?
Basilica
Romanesque
Gothic
MOLDBOARD PLOW
The moldboard plow turning the soil
upwards and to the right.
Invention of the Middle Ages
Eyeglasses Invented in Pisa 13th century By 15th century Italy making thousands spectacles Eyeglasses encouraged invention of fine
instruments Gauges Micrometers Fine wheel cutters Precision tools
Mechanical Clock Undermined Church authority
equal hours for day and night a new concept
Resisted by the church for a century
Every town wanted one Public clocks installed in towers
Conquerors seized as spoils of war
Allowed individual autonomy Work now measured by time
increased productivity
Bern, Switzerland
Gunpowder Europeans improved
gunpowder to siege castles
Europeans focused on range and weight of projectiles: siege warfare
With improved metal casting, made world’s best cannon
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
DOMINANCE OF THE CHURCH
THE DARK AGES
AFTER THE FALL OF ROME
FEUDALISM MANORIALISMKNIGHTHOOD
BUBONIC PLAGUECRUSADES
3. Why was it called the DARK AGES?Enumerate the characteristics:
PERIOD OF CHAOS, DISORDER and BARBARIC INVASION
WHY DID THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH BECOME A DOMINANT INSTITUTION?
it provided stability, peace and order, and salvation of theweary, troubled souls in a society of constant threat, turmoiland stagnation