meiosis chapter 10. chromosomes genes are located on chromosomes inside the cell nucleus when...
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Meiosis
Chapter 10
Chromosomes
Genes are located on chromosomes inside the cell nucleus
When offspring are formed, 1 set of chromosomes from each parent is passed on
Chromosome Number
Homologous: chromosomes that are passed on from parents 1 from mom/1 from dad
Diploid: cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes 2 complete sets of genes # chromosomes in diploid cells written
as “2N” (Human 2N = 46)
Haploid: cell that contains only 1 set of chromosomes (gamete) Written as “N” (Human N=23) Gametes: reproductive cells (sperm &
eggs) When gametes are formed, contain
only 1 set of genes
Meiosis
Def: The process by which the # chromosomes in a cell is cut in half, and homologous chromosomes are separated
2 Stages: Meiosis I Meiosis IICreates 4 haploid cells (gametes), all
genetically different
Meiosis I
Interphase I: chromosomes replicate , making 2 new chromatids (copies) connected by a centromere
Occurs in 4 steps: 1) Prophase I: Each chromosome
pairs with homologous chromosome & forms a tetrad
Meiosis I
Sometimes when tetrads form, crossing-over can occur
Crossing Over: when homologous chromosomes exchange portions of themselves
Results in new combinations of genes
Meiosis I
2) Metaphase I: Spindle fibers attach and chromosomes line up
3) Anaphase I: fibers pull homologous chromosomes apart
4) Telophase I: cytokinesis occurs; results in 2 new diploid (2N) “daughter” cells
Meiosis II
Chromosomes DO NOT DUPLICATE again (no Interphase)
Occurs in 4 steps: 1) Prophase II: From Meiosis I,
have 2 diploid (2N) daughter cells 2) Metaphase II: Chromosomes
line up in center of cell (just like Metaphase I)
3) Anaphase II: fibers pull chromatids apart
4) Telophase II: cytokinesis occurs; results in 4 haploid (N) daughter cells
Gamete Formation
Male Animals: 4 haploid gametes all become sperm
Female Animals: 4 haploid gametes become 1 egg and 3 polar bodies (not used)
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis → 2 genetically identical diploid (2N) cells Used for cell growth and replacement
Meiosis → 4 genetically different haploid (N) cells Used for reproduction & formation on
gametes
Linkage and Gene Maps
Thomas Morgan (1910): discovered many traits inherited together i.e.: fruit fly’s red eyes and mini wings Genes can be placed in “linkage
groups” “Linkage Group” = chromosome
Mendel just happened to study genes on different chromosomes
T. Morgan: genes on same chromosome should be inherited together Chromosomes = group of linked genes
Chromosomes assort independently; not individual genes
However, crossing-over may “unlink” some genes Farther apart = more likely to separate
This action creates new combinations of alleles → more genetic diversity
Gene Mapping
Rate which genes become separated and recombine is measured
Describes the relative location of each known gene on a chromosome
Created by “mapping” genes relative locations