melaleuca communities of the northern territory4. · melaleuca survey of the northern territory 5...

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 25/2009D Melaleuca Survey of the Top End, Northern Territory.

DRAFT Document

Peter Brocklehurst and D. Lynch Land and Vegetation Branch, Land and Water Division Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport PO Box 496 Palmerston NT 0831

© Northern Territory of Australia, 2001

Melaleuca survey of the Northern Territory 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors acknowledge the assistance of Bart Edmeades, Paul Munns, Robyn Maurer,

Mark Rampant and John Scott with fieldwork, mapping and data editing. A sincere

thankyou to Station managers and owners for allowing us to access to their land and for

their hospitality.


SUMMARY

Summary is to be approximately one page.


CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 2

1. MELALEUCA SURVEY OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY ......................................................... 7

1.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 7

Funding ................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.2 PROJECT OUTLINE................................................................................................................................... 7

2. METHODS................................................................................................................................................. 8

2.1 DISTRIBUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE MELALEUCA FORESTS........................................................ 8

2.1.1 Mapping distribution................................................................................................................. 8

2.1.2 Classification of Mapping boundaries ...................................................................................... 9

2.1.3 Digital ARC/INFO coverage..................................................................................................... 9

2.1.4 Reliability of mapping. ............................................................................................................ 10

2.2 FIELD SURVEY ...................................................................................................................................... 10

2.2.1 Floristic Survey .......................................................................................................................... 10

2.2.2 Forestry Survey - Wood transects .............................................................................................. 11

2.3 WOD VOLUME DATA............................................................................................................................. 12

3. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................. 14

3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................ 14

3.2 COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................................................. 15

MAP UNIT 1 MELALEUCA VIRIDFLORA, M. LEUCADENDRA OPEN FOREST. ................................................. 17

MAP UNIT 2 MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI, M.VIRIDIFLORA OPEN FOREST. ........................................................ 19

MAP UNIT 3 MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI OPEN FOREST................................................................................... 22

MAP UNIT 4 MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI, M. ACACIODES OPEN FOREST.......................................................... 25

MAP UNIT 5 MELALEUCA LEUCADENDRA, M. ARGENTEA OPEN FOREST. ................................................... 27

MAP UNIT 6 MELALEUCA LEUCADENDRA, M. CAJUPUTI OPEN- FOREST. .................................................. 29

MAP UNIT 7 MELALEUCA ACACIODES, M. DEALBATA LOW OPEN FOREST. ................................................ 31

MAP UNIT 8 MELALEUCA VIRIDIFLORA, M. LEUCADENDRA FOREST. ...................................................... 33

MAP UNIT 9 MELALEUCA VIRIDIFLORA, M. STENOSTACHYA WOODLAND. ................................................... 35

MAP UNIT 10 MELALEUCA LEUCADENDRA, M.VIRIDIFLORA WOODLAND.................................................. 37

MAP UNIT 11 MELALEUCA LEUCADENDRA, M. VIRIDIFLORA OPEN-FOREST. .............................................. 40

MAP UNIT 12 MELALEUCA VIRIDIFLORA, M. CAJUPUTI LOW OPEN-WOODLAND........................................ 42

MAP UNIT 13 MELALEUCA NERVOSA, M. VIRIDIFLORA LOW WOODLAND.................................................... 45

MAP UNIT 14 MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI, M. LEUCADENDRA WOODLAND. ...................................................... 47

MAP UNIT 15 MELALEUCA CITROLENS, M. VIRIDIFLORA LOW WOODLAND. ................................................ 49

MAP UNIT 16 MELALEUCA CITROLENS, M. MINUTIFOLIA LOW WOODLAND. ............................................ 51

MAP UNIT 17 MELALEUCA STENOSTACHYA AND TERMINALIA PLATYPTERA LOW OPEN WOODLAND. ........... 54

MAP UNIT 18 MELALEUCA MINUTIFOLIA, M. SERICEA LOW OPEN-WOODLAND. ......................................... 56

MAP UNIT 19 MELALEUCA MINUTIFOLIA, M. VIRIDIFLORA LOW OPEN-WOODLAND. .................................. 58

MAP UNIT 20 MELALEUCA VIRIDIFLORA, M. ACACIOIDES LOW OPEN WOODLAND. .................................... 60

REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................. 62

APPENDIX 1 FLORISTIC SITE ATTRIBUTES ................................................................................. 63

FLORISTIC PROFORMA ................................................................................................................................ 63

LIFEFORM SUMMARY TABLES AS PER PROFORMA FIELD SHEET. ................................................................. 67

APPENDIX 3 WOODY ATTRIBUTES ................................................................................................. 70

APPENDIX 5 SPECIES LIST ................................................................................................................. 77


LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Site Mary River Flp.407 Melaleuca viridiflora, M.leucadendra forest located in a swamp

nearby floodplain. .................................................................................................................... 18

Figure 2: Site Field317. Melaleuca cajuputi open forest with mixed grassland (Oryza rufipogon) / sedgeland (Eleocharis dulcis) understorey. ............................................................................ 20

Figure 3: Outside site Field317. Definition between the Melaleuca community and adjacent communities is clear................................................................................................................ 21

Figure 4: Site Millingimbi 149. Melaleuca viridiflora, M. cajuputi open forest with Eleocharis sphaeceolata sedgeland / Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland. ........................................... 21

Figure 5: Site Cahill 295 Melaleuca cajuputi / M.viridiflora open .................................................. 21

forest with Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland / Eleocharis sundaica sedgeland understorey. ... 21

Figure 6 : Site Point Stuart 400, Melaleuca cajuputi open forest with Brachiaria mutica (para grass) grassland understorey................................................................................................. 23

Figure 7 : Site Point Stuart 345. Melaleuca cajuputi forest killed by wildfire (October 1993) one month prior to visit. .................................................................................................................. 24

Figure 8 : Site Mataranka 60 Melaleuca cajuputi forest with a variable understorey dominated by Acacia ampliceps. ................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 9 : Site Limmen Bight river 85. Melaleuca leucadendra open forest with mixed species mid and lower storey. .............................................................................................................. 28

Figure 10: Site Kapalga 315. Melaleuca leucadendra, M. cajuputi open forestwith Pseudaoraphis spinescens grassland.............................................................................................................. 30

Figure 11 : Site Legune 32 Melaleuca acaciodes low forest Xerochloa imrberbis mixed grassland understorey. ............................................................................................................................ 32

Figure 12: Site Numbulwah 210 Melaleuca acaciodes, M. dealbata open forest with Xerochloa imberbis mixed grassland located on tidal flat. ....................................................................... 32

Figure 13: Site Urarunga 74 Wallamunga lagoon. Melaleuca leucadendra forest with Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland understorey. ................................................................. 34

Figure 14: Site Phelp 221. Melaleuca stenostachya woodland with Chrysopogon fallax grassland understorey............................................................................................................. 36

Figure 15: Site Towns 79, Little Towns river. Melaleuca argenta woodland with Chrysopogon fallax mixed grassland............................................................................................................. 39

Figure 16: site Reynold’s River 356 Melaleuca leucadendra open forest with Hymenachne acutigluma, Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland. .................................................................. 41

Figure 17: site Mary River 416 Melaleuca viridiflora low open forest with Hymenachne acutigluma, Eleocharis brassii understorey. ........................................................................... 43

Figure 18: Site BlueMud 203. Melaleuca viridiflora low woodland. Ground layer dominated by Eriachne species, Schizachrium fragile and Scleria species. ................................................. 46

Figure 19: site East Alligator 311 Melaleuca leucadendra woodland with Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland.............................................................................................................. 48

Figure 20: site South Alligator 329 Melaleuca cajuputi woodland with Leersia hexandra and mixed grasses and sedges in the ground layer. ..................................................................... 48

Figure 21: site Urapunga 69 Melaleuca citrolens low woodland with Chrysopogon fallax grassland................................................................................................................................. 50

Figure 22 : site Urapunga 75 Melaleuca citrolens low woodland with Xerochloa imbersis grassland................................................................................................................................. 50

Figure 23: Coangula 121 Melaleuca citrloens low open woodland with mixed grassland understorey. ............................................................................................................................ 52

Figure 24: site Roper Valley Melaleuca stenostachya low woodland........................................... 53


Figure 25: Site Phelp217. Melaleuca stenostachya low woodland. Melaleuca occur in patches that open out to patches of open grassland dominated by Xerochloa imberbis. ........................... 55

Figure 26: Site Phelp 219. Melaleuca stenostachya woodland. Community interspersed with low trees and shrubs. .................................................................................................................... 55

Figure 27: site Newry station Melaleuca minutifolia low open woodland with Sorghum timorense grassland................................................................................................................................. 57

Figure 28: site Tomkinson River Flp.144 Melaleuca acaciodes low open woodland with Sporobolus virginicus grassland. ............................................................................................ 61

Figure 29: Tomkinson River Flp. 145 Melaleuca viridiflora low open woodland.......................... 61

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Percentage of each defect class occuring in communities with wood volume data. ........ 14

Table 2. Community structure summary. ..................................................................................... 15

Table 3. Summarised stand structure data. ................................................................................. 15

Table 4. Wood volume data.......................................................................................................... 15

Table 5. Percentage of each log class within the community and percentage of each species in each log class.......................................................................................................................... 16


1. MELALEUCA SURVEY OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

1.1 Introduction

Funding

Funding was obtained from the National Forestry Inventory (N.F.I.) to undertake a survey

of the Melaleuca forests in the Northern Territory. The N.F.I. definition of forest is 'woody

vegetation, usually with a single stem, having a mature or potentially mature stand height

exceeding five metres with existing or potential projective cover of overstorey strata about

equal to or greater than 30%'. This definition has since been extended to include woodlands

with a projective cover of 10-30%.

The Melaleuca forests in the N.T. are classed as old growth forests because of the

relatively unexploited state.

1.2 Project Outline

There were three main components to the project

1. Distribution and Classification of the Melaleuca Forests. (Stand density

classes and/or floristics).

2. Field survey. Measurement of floristic and stand correlates.

3. Analysis, map production and Report.


2. METHODS

2.1 Distribution and Classification of the Melaleuca Forests.

Objective:

2.1.1 To produce 1:250 000 topographic maps with mapped boundaries of significant

Melaleuca communities.

2.1.2 A classification of the communities for both floristics and stand characteristics.

2.1.3 Digital output (ARC/INFO) of map boundaries with related attribute files.

2.1.4 A file containing information as to reliability of the mapping to be stored on

ARC/INFO.

2.1.1 Mapping distribution

Mapping the distribution of the communities entailed a search of information already

available as well as interpretation of landsat and aerial photographs to determine mapping

boundaries in areas not adequately covered. The smallest mapping area at the 1:250 000

scale was estimated to be a square 2*2 millimetres (ie on the ground 50 * 50 metres or

0.25 hectares.

Landsat or Photo-interpretation of boundaries

Melaleuca community boundaries were interpreted predominantly from aerial

photography and information transferred directly onto 1:100 000 topographic maps.

Compilation scale was 1:100 000. Production scale of mapping is at 1:250 000. The

quality of the aerial photography varied. Black & white and colour photography was used

at various scales from 1:25 000 to 1:80 000 depending on availability. Landsat TM scenes

at 1:100 000 and 1:250 000 were used where photography was unavailable. Age of the

photography varied. Areas of forestry potential, mostly occurring in or near the major

floodplains of the N.T were interpretated from the most recent photography or imagery

available (ie Kakadu NP was interpreted from 1991 colour 1:25 000, Arnhemland 1:50

000, 1984 colour photography). However some of the inland areas were interpreted from

high level 1:80 000 b/w photography which was the only available material.

Streamline forests or narrow fringing forests (ie with very large lineal extents and

relatively small widths) were draw as single lines on the topographic maps. All areas with

large enough discrete areas were recorded as polygons. Not all communities mapped were

of forestry significance. Also, because of the narrow nature of the streamline forests

particularly towards their sources and scale of interpretative photography and mapping,

some areas of creeklines containing Melaleuca communities will not have been mapped.

(Most coastal and sub-coastal creeklines contain M.viridflora open-forest to woodland).

Conversely because of the high level of the photography in some regions areas of forest

discernable on the photographs may not prove to be pure Melaleuca forests. These forests


however are of interest as communities and floristically but are not utilisable in the

forestry sense.

Incorporation of existing information.

Existing information was used to check feasibility of; and add to linework interpreted

from, remotely sensed data. This information was also used to assist in defininig a

Melaleuca community from other forest communities such as monsoon-vine or riparian.

Topographic Maps

Major rivers and streamlines represented by lines on topgraphic maps were

transferred directly where they were interpreted to be associated with a Melelaueca

community from remotely sensed data.

Land unit and Land system reports.

A number of landunit and landsystem maps with relevant units containing

Melaleuca species are used to check interpretation to determine if the initial boundaries

are correct and to remove and/or add linework where necessary. This was especially

useful to check mapping over large areas wherethe remotlely sensed data and /or

possibility of fieldwork was limited. The main problem encountered is the inability to

determine what percentage of a LU or LS that is occupied by a particular vegetation

community and lack of detailed community descriptions.

Monsoon vine-forest

Similarly to the land unit and land system information the survey of

monsoon forests in the N.T. by J. Russell-Smith ( ), was used to assist interpretation and

check mapping.

Wetland Survey

This is a grid survey carried out in … of the vegetation across the Mary

River floodplain proper. This information was used to check mapping and assist in the

definition of the community map units.

2.1.2 Classification of Mapping boundaries

Once the mapping boundaries were decided upon they were classified into preliminary

groups based on topographic position, density, height and local experience. Also the

incorporation of existing information helped define Melaleuca community groups and to

reduce the number of field sites. This classification was re-interpreted following field-

work and final community definition. To help deliniate floristic communities from the

field data two ecological computer software packages were used, TWINSPAN (Hill 1979)

and PATN (Belbin 1987). Vegetation abundance data and other attribute data except

wood transect variables were stored in the computer database DECODA (Minchin 1986)

and used to average values for each community type.

2.1.3 Digital ARC/INFO coverage.

Once the final mapping boundaries was determined, for each 1: 250 000 topographic map

the information was transferred (manually digitised) into the ARC/INFO system. The final

information was a polygon coverage and attribute data referenced to it.


The preliminary classification was incorporated on the arcs as arc-ids. The streamline

forests (ie arcs only) were buffered to form polygons and arc-ids transferred to the

polygons. A buffer width was determined for each community type based on average

widths of the streamlines. For example minor streams (community 3,4,6,9,11) a buffer

width of 10 metres, intermediate stream and rivers (community 1,2,7,8,17) a buffer width

of 20 metres, and major rivers (community 16) a buffer width of 30 metres.

Polygons were digitised in and arc-ids transferred to the poygons. The final coverage is in

Lambert Conformal Conic projection and each polygon attributed with a community code.

2.1.4 Reliability of mapping.

For each mapped area a file containing information on the reliability and accuracy of the

mapping is provided. This includes the following information:

Map name Map sheet name

Map no Map sheet number

Accuracy The accuracy of any point on the map in metres.

Source Indicates the source mapping material (ie landsat, aerial photo etc).

Scale The scale of map compilation.

Compiler The person who compiled the map.

2.2 Field Survey

The field season began in July and extended to November 1993. Sites were located

according to the initial interpretation and distribution map and reassessed in light of

subsequent field survey. Sites were sampled from across the Top End of the Northern

Territory (N.T.); down to 18 degrees south. Site location was designed to cover the

community variation and geographic range of the perceived Melaleuca communities.

Where possible access was by vehicle although in some instances this was not possible, such

as remote areas in Arnhem land, which were accessed by helicopter. Final map checking

over the main Melaleuca areas was carried out using fixed wing small aircraft flying at

500 feet.

The field survey has two main components; the floristic component and the forestry

component. The reasons for this are

1. The need to define all melaleuca communities for distribution

and ecological information and to help classify them for the

forestry component.

2. Only a few of the Melaleuca communities will have any forestry

potential.

The floristic sites and wood (forestry) transects were assessed at the same time and in the

same place. The information collected complies with the NFI requirements. There are three

main core data requirements, site specific attributes, vegetation attributes and wood attribute

data. Site specific attributes were collected as part of the floristic survey.

2.2.1 Floristic Survey


Objectives: To adequately assess the resource for floristic and structural characteristics and

determine discrete communities.

To adequately assess the the geographic range and types of the Melaleuca

forests.

To assess the present status, threats and conservation of the Melaleuca forests.

(condition & dynamics).

Site specific attributes

The floristic sites were assessed in a 20 metre by 20metre quadrat. Each site has a discrete

number and reference by Australian Map Grid (AMG) co-ordinates. Other attributes

included locational and environmental information such as; landform element and pattern

slope, aspect, geology, percentage rock outcrop, nearest water, soil texture type and

microrelief. All attributes and their difintions are listed in Appendix 1.

Vegetation attributes

These were collected at each site and on completion of the survey used in the classification

of map units. The map units were related to the digital coverage via the map unit number.

The vegetation attributes included the following information; growth form, height and cover

of each strata, evidence of disturbance and a list of species and their abundance (basal area/

percentage foliage cover). Where possible full floristic lists were compiled. However

towards the end of the field survey, near the end of the dry season, some species, mostly

annuals were not able to identified.

Other attributes included stems per hectare, basal area, crown type and cover, gross stocking

rate and age type. All attributes and their difintions are listed in Appendix 2.

2.2.2 Forestry Survey - Wood transects

Objectives: To estimate possible gross bole volume of Melaleuca forests by community

type.

To determine merchantable volumes for Melaleuca forests with utilisable

potential.

Wood volume and stand attribute information was collected from transects adjacent to the

floristic sites when appropriate. Not all forest types were regarded as of forestry potential.

Minimum sitesize was generally 0.2 hectares. Two transects 100 metres long by 10 metres

wide or one transect 200 metres long by 10 metres wide was assessed. The variables

recorded for each tree measured along the transect included species name, tree height,

diameter breast height over bark above ground level (DBHOB), merchantability, length

and defects. This data was used to calculate tree volumes and is used to get some estimate

of total stand volumes as a biomass/productivity measure. All attributes and their

defintions are listed in Appendix 3.


2.3 Analysis, Map production and Report. Wood volume data

Volumes were determined using a volume equation as described below (Archer 1977).

Areas initially discernable and able to be mapped from the aerial photography were used

for volume calculations. (ie many of the streamline communities were too narrow to be of

forestry potential). The main polygon cover contains a polygon attribute called “utilvol”

which if ‘Yes’ means that the polygon was used to determine areas on which total volumes

were determined. Of the buffered linework only community 16 (major rivers-bank forest

and springs) were used in volume calculations. To determine merchantable volume, log

measurements for trees with dbhob of 30 centimetres or greater were determined using the

following criteria.

Sawlogs Minimum small (top) end diameter=20cm

Minimum log length= 2.4 metres

Minimum big (DBH) end diameter = 30cm

Pole logs Minimum small end diameter= 10cm DBHOB

Minimum length = 3 metres


Small pole logs Minimum diameters between 5-10 cm dbhob.

Small pole volumes were determined for trees with a dbhob less than 30 centimetres.

Gross bole volumes were also determined to get an estimate of stand volumes.

Volume equation

The equation and constants were taken from Archers Thesis 'Tree Volume Models for

Tropical Broadleaved Forests,1977' (Archer 1977). These volume models were

determined using the field inventory and log assessment information collected during the

forest inventories undertaken between 1960 and 1974 in Top End open-forests. There were

three sets of constants determined for Melaleuca sps., pertaining to different regions of the

Territory. The constants for Murgenella were used due to the proximity of the region to

the larger Melaleuca forest stands (ie coastal and sub-coastal regions). Most data was

collected for M. leucadendra, M. viridiflora, M. cajuputi and M. argentea which are the

main species of forestry significance.

The volume equation is of the form:

V = b0 + b1Db2

Hb3

where V = Volume in cubic metres

D = Diameter under bark **

b0 = -0.00366

b1 = 0.000084725

b2 = 2.0364

b3 = 0.61603


** In the thesis it is not explained whether the diameter category is dbhob or dub. To be

cautious we have used 'D' as diameter under bark which may result in an approximate

15% under estimate of volume. ( Average bark thickness of M.leuca, M. caju and M.viri

for dbhob >30 cm is 3.2 cm. If this is applied to the mean diameter of 41.5 and mean log

length of 9 metres the under estimate of log volume is in the order off 15%).

** Bark thickness varied considerable for trees of the same species and diameters.


3. RESULTS

3.1 General Description

The final classification resulted in 20 communities ranging from forests to open

woodlands. The major forest communities are located around the coastal regions such as

those located on the floodplain proper (mapunit 1,2,3,6,11,14) and riparian springs and

swamps (5, 8, 10). The average crown type was between 50 and 70% and the mean top

heights lie between 14.5 and 21 metres. These communities may be inundated for periods

of several months with floodmarks on tree trunks recorded as reaching almost 2 metres.

Woodland and open-woodland communities (map unit 4, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20)

occur on drainage flats, mostly away from the coast. These communiities generally have

little (barely up to 0.5 metres) or no floodmark recorded. The crown type is generally

between 40 and 55% and the mean top heights mostly lie between 7 and 14.5 metres.

These communities are inundated for shorter periods of time than the coastal floodplain

areas. Community 7, also a low open forest, is located in the coastal regions but associated

with saline drainage flats.

From the 412 sites surveyed , 317 plant genera and 640 plant species were identified, of

which 13 were Melaleuca species. There were eleven exotic species recorded; most being

naturalised such as Passiflora foetida. Since the time of the survey there have been name

changes for some species especially within the Eucalypts. The synonyms have been noted

in the species list in Appendix 4. Five species now occur in the series Confertiflorae under

the genus Corymbia. Three of these species now replace what was Eucalyptus

confertiflora. Where confident the species’ names are changed in this report to C.

disjuncta and C. pauciseta otherwise species remain as C. confertiflora.

The original raw data files have not been upgraded

Community 1, M.leucadendra forest on floodplain fringe and community 5,

M.leucadendra forest on riparian fringeshad the highest merchantable wood volumes of

nearly 300 cubic meters pe hectare. All other communites with wood volume data had

only a merchantable volume of around 50 cubic meters per hectare or less. Most of the

wood volume comprised of pulp logs and in some instances the unmerchantable volume

was higher, such as in communities 8, 11 and 12 it was greater than 50%. The percentage

of wood volume that rated as either pole or saw log was never more than 10% in any

community. Of those defects that caused the wood to be unmerchantable the most

common were twisted / spiral grain (class 6), bowed or bent (class 7), or multistemmed

(class 8) and occasionally termite infestation (class 3) (Table 1).

Table 1 Percentage of each defect class occuring in communities with wood volume data.

Community Defects (% of community) 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 11 13

1 8.2 1.6 19.5 2.0 20.9 20.5 15.3 0.9 7.8 3.3

2 5.0 1.8 14.9 2.7 25.2 15.3 23.9 0.9 9.9 0.5

3 4.3 1.6 21.4 0.4 16.3 24.5 21.0 1.2 6.6 2.7

5 14.8 2.0 10.8 4.8 28.3 23.1 6.5 1.5 2.8 5.5

6 4.2 1.8 8.4 0.6 28.1 29.9 17.4 4.2 5.4


8 1.8 0.9 22.9 1.8 12.8 21.1 24.8 0.9 11.0 1.8

10 16.0 16.0 24.0 12.0 32.0

11 7.0 0.9 5.3 2.6 12.3 38.6 25.4 6.1 1.8

12 10.0 10.0 30.0 20.0 30.0

13 100.0

14 6.1 10.6 19.7 4.5 21.2 30.3 6.1 1.5

3.2 Community Descriptions

Community descriptions include structural data that is summarised using the format of

Table 2. Species recorded at the sites are listed in order of decreasing mean frequency of

occurrence (percentage figure). The minor species of those communuties with extremely

long lists are omitted. The stand basal area (SBA) is listed for the dominant trees species

in each community. Fourteen of the 20 communities have stand structure and wood

volume data (map units 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14). All the wood volume data

relates to trees with a diameter breast height over bark (DBHOB) greater than 30

centimetres. Stand structure is listed in a format such as Table 3 and wood volume is

summarised as in Table 4. The percentage of each species in each log class and

percentage of each logclass that makes of the wood volume in each community is listed as

in Table 5.

Table 2. Community structure summary. MEAN STRUCTURAL FORMATION

Strata Dominant Median % cover Median PFC % Median

Life form Average % cover Average PFC % canopy

Height (m)

Upper Tree

Mid Small

Tree

Lower Forbs

Table 3. Summarised stand structure data.

Average Range

Top height (m) SBA (m

2 ha

-1)

Stock (stems ha-1)

Trees > 10cm DBH

Table 4. Wood volume data.

sum

Saw log

Pole log

Wood volume (m

3 ha

-1)

Pulp log

Av/ Merchantable vol /Ha Cubic metres per Ha.

Statistics relates to trees of DBHOB >= 30CM.


Table 5. Percentage of each log class within the community and percentage of each

species in each log class. % of trees in each log class within this community

Log class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Map unit 1 Species % in each log class across all communities

Melaleuca

Saw

log

Pole

log

Saw

+

pole

Pulp

log

Saw

+

pulp

Pole

+

pulp

Un

merc

h

Nil/

lost

Statistics relates to trees of DBHOB >= 30CM.

The NVIS classification criteria was used.


Map Unit 1 Melaleuca viridflora, M. leucadendra open forest. No. of sites surveyed: 62

M. viridiflora (58%), M. leucadendra (44%) and M. cajuputi (34%) are co-dominant

species, with occasional M. dealbata (15%) and Pandanus spiralis (19%). The mid-layer

is absent or sparse comprising of Acacia auriculiformis (16%), Barringtonia acutangula

(21%), and regenerating upper stratum species. The lower-layer is an open cover of the

low grass Pseudoraphis spinescens (37%), and a mix of herbs, sedges, vines such as

Gymnanthera oblonga (24%), Passiflora foetida (21%) and ferns. Mimosa pigra has been

recorded to occur in this community.

Other species in order of decreasing % frequency:

(total of 214 species recorded, only the most frequent species listed )

Upper stratum: 12% Livistona benthamii, Lophostemon lactifluus, <10% Nauclea

orientalis, Melaleuca acaciodes, M.nervosa, Corymbia bella, Syzygium armstrongii.

Mid stratum: Melaleuca leucadendra, Pandanus sprialis, Acacia auriculiformis, 11%

Phyllanthus reticulatus, <10% Melastoma polyanthum, Acacia torulosa, Breynia cernua,

Cathormium unbellatum, Dillenia alata.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: Melaleuca cajupti.

Graminoids: 11% Paspalum scrobiculatum, <10% Eriachne triseta, Hymenachne

acutigluma, Oryza rufipogon, Vetivera pauciflora, Panicum mindanaense.

Ferns: <10% Blechnum indicum Lygodium microphyllum.

Forbs:13% Glinus oppositifolius 11% Aniseia martinicensis, Basilicum polystachyon

<10% Euphorbia vachellii, Germainia grandiflora, Heliotropium inidicum, Hygrophila

angustifolia, Hyptis suaveolens, Ipomea species, Ludwigia hyssopifolia, Urena lobata.

Sedges: 11% Cyperus polystachyos, Fimbristylis species, <10% Fimbristylis pauciflora,

Cyperus conicus.

Dominant tree species SBA - m2

/ha

Melaleuca viridflora 4.9

Melaleuca leucadendra 4.7

Melaleuca cajuputi 4.5

Melaleuca dealbata 1.8

MEAN STRUCTURAL FORMATION Strata Dominant Median % cover Median PFC % Median

Life form Average % cover Average PFC % Canopy

Height (m)

Upper tree 60 (15 - 90) 38 (8 - 64) 16 (5 – 27)

61 37

Mid small 8 (1 - 40) - 3 (1 - 15)

tree 8 if present If present

Lower forbs 40 (2 - 95) - 0.3 (0.1 - 1.4)

40


Distribution and habitat:

Mapped Area: 767 km2

This community is found predominantly fringing floodplains or drainage depressions and

swamps. It occurs on landform patterns of very low relief (mean elevation 13 (2-90)m )

including plains or rises in coastal to subcoastal areas. The soils are mostly alluvial with

either sandy/sandy loam texture or light clay/clay loam texture.

Average Range

Top height (m) 19.65 7-32

SBA (m2 ha-1) 17.1 1.5 – 52

Stock (stems ha-1) 574 59 – 1470

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 26

Pole log 24

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 230

Av/Merchantable vol /Ha 280

% of trees in each log class within this community Log class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Map unit 1 0.6 1.9 0.1 49 3.9 5.5 38.5 0.4

Species % in each log class across all communities M. cajuputi 4 30 33 39 26

M. dealbata 67 100 83

M. leucadendra 44 50 11 41 27 33 38

M. viridiflora 10 39 33 25 31

Figure 1: Site Mary River Flp.407 Melaleuca viridiflora, M.leucadendra forest located in a swamp

nearby floodplain.

Evidence of feral pigs is common in these areas.


Map Unit 2 Melaleuca cajuputi, M.viridiflora open forest. No. of sites surveyed: 27

This community is dominated by M. cajuputi (70%) with M. viridiflora (44%) codominate

in some instances.. M.leucadendra (26%) also occurs. The mid-layer is sparse. Lower-

layer is a sedglenad/grassland dominated by Eleocharis dulcis (33%), and grasses

including Pseudoraphis spinescens (26%).



Upper stratum: 3.7% Lophostemon lactifluus, 3.7% Acacia auriculiformis, Corymbia

bella, Syzygium armstrongii.

Mid- stratum: 11% Acacia auriculiformis, 7.4% Pandanus spiralis, Barringtonia

acutangula, 3.7% Cathormiom umbellatum.

Lower stratum

Graminoides: 15% Vetiveria species, 11% Leersia hexandra, Oryza rufipogon, Eragrostis

species <10% Hymenachne acutigluma, Panicum mindanense,.

Forbs: 18% Passiflora foetida, Hygrophila angustifolia, 11% Ipomea aquatica <10%

Germainia truncatiglumis.

Sedges15: % Eleoacharis dulcis.

Dominant tree species mean SBA - m2

/ha


Melaleuca viridiflora 5.1


MEAN STRUCTURAL FORMATION

Strata Dominant Median % cover Median PFC % Median Life form Average % cover Average PFC canopy Height (m) Upper Tree 55 (30 – 95) 35 (18 - 61) 14 (6 - 22) 59 37 Mid Small 5 (2 – 15) - 4 (1.5 - 12) Tree 4 where present where present Lower Forbs 50 (1 – 98) - 0.5 (0.1 - 1.2) 49

Distribution and habitat notes:

Mapped area: 904 km2

This community occurs on coastal / subcoastal plains with low elevation (2-15m).

Primarily found in drainage depressions and swamps associated with floodplains. The

soils are alluvial and range in texture from sands, loams to heavier clay soils.


Stand structure

Canopy height varies from 6 to 22 metre with emergents to 30 metre.

Average Range

Top height (m) 17.93 10-30

SBA (m2 ha-1) 16.44 3.5 – 36

Stock (stems ha-1) 642 149 – 2000

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 3.3

Pole log 2.8

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 43.6

Av/ Merchantable vol /Ha 49.6


Map unit 2 1.4 3.6 49.1 0.5 0.5 39.6 5.4

Species % in each log class across all communities M. cajuputi 14 14 8

M. leucadendra 2 1


Figure 2: Site Field317. Melaleuca cajuputi open forest with mixed grassland (Oryza rufipogon) /

sedgeland (Eleocharis dulcis) understorey.

Cover may vary across the community between 20 to 70%.


Figure 3: Outside site Field317. Definition between the Melaleuca community and adjacent communities is clear.

Figure 4: Site Millingimbi 149. Melaleuca viridiflora, M. cajuputi open forest with Eleocharis sphaeceolata sedgeland / Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland.

Figure 5: Site Cahill 295 Melaleuca cajuputi / M.viridiflora open forest with Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland / Eleocharis sundaica sedgeland understorey.


Map Unit 3 Melaleuca cajuputi open forest. No. of sites surveyed: 24

The upper layer is dominated by Melaleuca cajuputi (92%) with the occasional presence

of Barringtonia acutangula (25%). The midlayer is mostly a sparse cover of low trees and

shrubs. Hymenachne acutigluma (21%), Pseudoraphis spinescens (33%) and Eleocharis

dulcis (21%) dominate the open grassland/sedgeland understorey. Passiflora foetida is

often present. Mimosa pigra has been recorded in this unit.



Upper stratum: 16% Melaleuca viridiflora, <10% Nauclea orientalis, Acacia

auriculiformis, Melaleuca lecucadendra.

Mid stratum: 8% Mimosa pigra, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Alphintonia excelsa.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: Cathormium umbellatum, Pandanus aquaticus, Phyllanthus reticulatus.

Graminoids: 24% Oryza rufipogon <10% Brachiaria mutica..

Forbs: 16% Persicaria attenuata, Heliotropium indicum, 12% Glinus oppositifolius,

Cardiospermum halicacabum, Persicaria barbata. <10% Pistia stratiodes, Ipomea

aquatica, Eclipta prostrata..


/ha

Melaleuca cajuputi 14

Barringtonia acutangula 0.17



MEAN STRUCTURAL FORMATION Strata Dominant Median %cover Median PFC Median

Life form Average % cover Average PFC canopy

Height (m)

Upper Tree 58 (20 - 80) 37 (14 – 56) 14 (7 - 21)

57 35

Mid small 4 (1 - 60) - 4 (1 - 7)

tree 6.5 where present where present

Lower Hummock grass 50 (1 – 95) - 0.4 (0.1 - 1.5)

50 where present where present



This community occurs mostly on coastal floodplains (elevation range 1-10m). It also

occurs on subcoastal plains in drainage depressions or swamps. The alluvial soils are

generally light clay loam or sandy soils.


Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies between 7-21m

Average Range

Top height (m) 16.63 17-24

SBA (m2 ha-1) 17.97 3-41

Stock (stems ha-1) 776 160 - 2780

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 2.3

Pole log 4.5

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 33.9



Map unit 3 1.2 2.7 37.7 1.2 3.5 49.4 4.3

Species % in each log class across all communities M. cajuputi 50 33 31 17 27 41

M. viridiflora 1 33 4

Figure 6 : Site Point Stuart 400, Melaleuca cajuputi open forest with Brachiaria mutica (para

grass) grassland understorey.

Pig rooting through community.


Figure 7 : Site Point Stuart 345. Melaleuca cajuputi forest killed by wildfire (October 1993) one

month prior to visit.


Map Unit 4 Melaleuca cajuputi, M. acaciodes open forest. No. of sites surveyed: 2

The upper layer is dominated by Melaleuca cajuputi (50%) and M.acaciodes (50%), in

association with Timonius timon. Acacia ampliceps (100%) forms an open shrubland mid-

stratum. The understorey is a sparse cover of mixed low forbs, grasses and sedges.



Upper stratum: 50% Livistonia rigida.

Mid stratum: 50% Breynia cernua.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: M.cajuputi, Timonius timon, Acacia ampliceps.Ficus scobina.

Graminoids: 50% Brachyachne convergens, Dactyloctenium radulans, Ectrosia.leporina.

Forbs: 100% Flagellaria indica, Gymnanthera oblonga. 50% Ampelocissus acetosa,

Cynanchum carnosum, parsonia velutina.

Sedges: 50% Fimbristylis littoralis.


/ha



Melaleuca acaciodes 6.75

Timonius timon 3

MEAN STRUCTURAL FORMATION Strata Dominant Median % cover Median PFC Median

Life form Average % cover Average PFC Canopy

Height (m)

Upper tree 60 (60 - 60) 34.5 (33 - 36) 15 (10 - 19)

60 34.5

Mid shrubs 22.5 (10 – 35) - 4 (4 - 4)

22.5

Lower forbs 3.5 (2 - 5) - 0.15 (0.1 – 0.2)

3.5


Mapped Area: 65 km2

This community occurs on inland plains in drainage depressions with sandy loam soils.

Woody data.

Average Range

Top height (m) 16 10 - 22

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 22.25 17.5 - 27

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 900 850 - 950


Figure 8 : Site Mataranka 60 Melaleuca cajuputi forest with a variable understorey dominated by

Acacia ampliceps.


Map Unit 5 Melaleuca leucadendra, M. argentea open forest. No. of sites surveyed: 74

The upper layer is dominated by Melaleuca leucadendra and with M. argentea

codominant in some instances. Species occurring in the sparse mid layer include

Barringtonia acutangula (45%) and Pandanus species (~70%). The ground layer is an

open cover of low forbs and grasses including Flagellaria indica (40%), Gymnanthera

oblonga (30%), Passiflora foetida (25%) and Pseudoraphis spinescens (20%).



Upper stratum: 20% Melalueca leucadendra, <15% M.cajuputi, Casurina cunninghamii,

Timonius timon,Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia auriculiformis, Nauclea orientalis,

Lophostemon grandiflorus, <10% Terminalia platyphylla, Lophostemon arnhemicus,

Corymbia bella, Corymbia polycarpa, Smilax australis, Ficus coronulata.

Mid stratum: 40% Pandanus spiralis, 30% P. aquaticus, 14% Acacia holosericea,

Phyllanthsu reticulatus, <10% Astromyrtus symphocarpa, Melastoma affine, Canthium

schultzii, Acacia leptoclada. Many of the mid and upper stratum species occur across the

stratum.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: many of the above species as regeneration.

Graminoids: 19% Vetiveria pauciflora, 14% Cynodon dactylon,11% Eragrostis tenella,

<10% Heteropogon contortus, Ectrosia leporina, Eragrostis cummingii.

Forbs: 16% Nelsonia campetris, <10% Fuirena ciliaris, Heliotropium ovalifolium,

Basilicum polystachyon, Philydrum lanuginosum.

Sedges: 13% Fimbristylis pauciflora <10% Cyperus haspan.


/ha


Melaleuca argentea 2.42




(%cc) Height (m)

Upper tree 50 (5 - 85) 30 (3 - 56) 16 (9 - 26)

Mid trees/shrubs 13 (1 - 90) - 4.5 (1.2 - 18)

where present where present

Lower forbs 35 (2 - 90) - 0.5 (0.1 – 2.0)




This riparian community occurs along the major rivers in the Top End of the N.T. It is

found on the river levees, in stream channels and near springs and freshwater swamps.

The soils are mostly sandy and some grade into loam and light clay soils.

Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies between 9 and 26m.

Average Range

Top height (m) 20.1 11 - 30

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 14.04 2 - 42

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 490.2 75 – 1225

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 71.4

Pole log 34.74

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 187.1



Map unit 5 1 3.8 2.5 46.4 13.5 11 20.6 1.25

Species % in each log class across all communities M. argentea 100 100 100 100

M. cajuputi 17 19 100 6 25 18 8

M. leucadendra 22 39 89 30 65 47 13


Figure 9 : Site Limmen Bight river 85. Melaleuca leucadendra open forest with mixed species

mid and lower storey.

Scattered Melaleuca argentea along the river banks.


Map Unit 6 Melaleuca leucadendra, M. cajuputi open- forest. No. of sites surveyed: 7

The upper layer is codominated by Melaleuca leucadendra (71%) and M. cajuputi, (86%).

The middle stratum is sparse, although when present includes species such as Barringtonia

acutangula (43%). The ground layer is a low grassland dominated by Pseudoraphis

spinescens (43%).


(total of 36 species recorded, only the most frequent species listed)

Upper stratum: 57% Melaleuca viridiflora.

Mid stratum: Melaleuca species, 14% Cathormium umbellatum, Nauclea orientalis,

Lophostemon lactifluus.

Lower stratum

Graminoids: 29% Oryza rufipogon, Panicum paludosa, 14% Urochloa mosambicensis,

Paspalum scrobiculatum.

Forbs: 29% Anisomeles martinicesis, Glinus oppositus, 14% Sesbania cannabina,

Basilicum polystachyon, Polymeria ambigua.

Sedges: 29% Scleria poaeformis, Eleocharis dulcis,


/ha




Strata Dominant Median %cover Median PFC Median

Life form Average % Cover Average PFC canopy

Height (m)

Upper tree 60 (25 - 85) 36 (8 - 64) 17 (15 - 21)

56 37

Mid small 5 (2 - 8) - 3.5 (1.5 - 8)

tree 4.5 where present Where present

Lower forbs 75 (25 - 95) - 0.3 (0.1 - 1.0)

68



This community occurs in drainage depressions and swamps on coastal floodplains and

sub-coastal plains. The soils are alluvial with a texture range between sandy to loam with

little clay content.


Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from 15 to 21 metres.

Average Range

Top height (m) 21 15 – 26

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 17.43 9 – 31

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 509.6 235 - 930

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 4.7

Pole log 4.4

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 45.2



Map unit 6 1.8 1.2 48.5 1.8 4.7 40.8 1.2

Species % in each log class across all communities M. cajuputi 33 10 11 17 3 8

M. leucadendra 11 12 1 10 18

M. viridiflora 1

Figure 10: Site Kapalga 315. Melaleuca leucadendra, M. cajuputi open forestwith Pseudaoraphis

spinescens grassland.

Pig rooting evident through site.


Map Unit 7 Melaleuca acaciodes, M. dealbata low open forest. No. of sites surveyed: 7

Melaleuca acaciodes (86%), which is associated with saline habitats, dominates the upper

layer with occasionally M.dealbata (43%). The midlayer is often absent but is comprised

of sparse low trees when present. The open ground layer is dominated by species

associated with tidal flats such as Xerochloa imbesis (57%) and Haloscaria species (29%)

as well as a mixture of other grasses and forbs.



Upper stratum: 14% Melaleuca nervosa, M.viridiflora.

Mid stratum: 29% Thespesia populneoides, 14% Atalaya hemiglauca.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: Cathormium species.

Graminoids: 14% Digitaria species, Chloris species, Vetiveria pauciflora, Panicum

mindanense, Yakirra australis.

Forbs: 29% Achyranthes aspera, 14% Lepidosperma elatius, Sida species,

Sedges: 14% Eleocharis species.


/ha

Melaleuca acaciodes 5.9


Melaleuca nervosa 1.14




Height (m)

Upper tree 60 (10 - 80) 38 (7 - 48) 6 (2 – 8.5)

52 32

Mid shrub 9 (3 - 15) - 1.4 (1 – 1.8)

3 where present where present

Lower forbs 20 (5 - 60) - 0.2 (0.1 – 0.8)

28


Mapped Area: 7 km2

This community occurs on coastal plains on saline flat fringes with sandy or light clay

soils.


Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from 2 – 8.5.

Average Range

Top height (m) 8 3 - 12

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 11 1.25 – 26

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 417.9 75 - 925

Figure 11 : Site Legune 32 Melaleuca acaciodes low forest Xerochloa imrberbis mixed grassland

understorey.

Patchy open areas through community.

Figure 12: Site Numbulwah 210 Melaleuca acaciodes, M. dealbata open forest with Xerochloa

imberbis mixed grassland located on tidal flat.


Map Unit 8 Melaleuca viridiflora, M. leucadendra forest. No. of sites surveyed: 19

The upper layer is dominated by tall Melaleuca viridiflora (68%) and is sometimes

codominate with M. leucadendra (37%). When the midstrata is present there is a sparse

cover of either Melaleuca species or Acacia auriculiformis (21%). The lower stratum

grassland is dominated with Pseudoraphis spinescens (74%) and on some sites the sedge

Eleocharis dulcis (11%).



Upper stratum: 10% Melaleuca dealbata, Corymbia polycarpa, Astromyrtus symphocarpa,

5% Melaleuca nervosa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis.

Mid stratum: 10% Acacia holosericea, 5% Cupanopsis anacardioides, Astonia

actinophylla, Barringtonia acutangula, Excocaria parviflora.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: Melaleuca and Acacia species as listed above.

Graminoids: 10% Panicum trichoides, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Vetiveria pauciflora.

Forbs: 10% Leptochloa neesii, Xyris complanata.

Sedges: 21% Fimbristylis species.


/ha

Melaleuca viridiflora 10

Melaleuca leucadendra 5

Melaleuca dealbata 1

Corymbia polycarpa 0.2


MEAN STRUCTURAL FORMATION Strata Dominant Median %cover Median PFC Median


(%cc) Height (m)

Upper Tree 50 (30 - 80) 27 (12 - 49) 13 (7 - 16)

50 29

Mid Small 6.5 (1 - 10) - 2 (1.5 - 5)

Tree 3 where present where present

Lower Forbs 55 (8 - 85) - 0.3 (0.1 - 1.5)

48



This community fringes drainage depressions (billabongs) and swamps on plains and

occasionally rises. The alluvial soils range in texture from sandy through to clay.


Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from 2 – 8.5m

Average Range


SBA (m2

ha-1

) 11.3 1.25 - 26

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 423 69 – 1000

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 0.39

Pole log 0.8

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 16.5



Map unit 8 0.92 38.5 0.92 0.92 58.7

Species % in each log class across all communities M. leucadendra 1 6


Figure 13: Site Urapunga 74 Wallamunga lagoon. Melaleuca leucadendra forest with

Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland understorey.


Map Unit 9 Melaleuca viridiflora, M. stenostachya woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 2

The woodland is dominated by Melaleuca viridiflora with M. stenostachya occurring as a

subdominate. The midlayer is open cover of low trees and the ground stratum is a mid

high tussock grassland.



Upper stratum: 50% Petalostigma pubescens.

Mid stratum: 50% Pandanus spiralis, Hakea arborescens, Grevillea striata.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: Melaleuca stenostachya, Carissa lanceolata, Dodonea physocarpa.

Graminoids: 50% Chrysopogon fallax, Arundinella nepalensis, Eragrostis species,

Ectrosia leporina, Imperata cylinderica.

Forbs: 50% Rhynchosia species.

Sedges: 50% Fimbristylis species.


/ha


Melaleuca stenostachya 1.1



Height (m)

Upper tree 28 (25 – 30) 15.5 (15 - 16) 11 (7 - 15)

27.5 15.5

Mid shrub 8.5 (5 – 12) - 3 (2 - 4)

8.5

Lower forbs 42.5 (35 – 50) - 0.55 (0.3 – 0.8)

42.5



This community occurs on sandy drainage flats in coastal regions.

Average Range


SBA (m2

ha-1

) 11.3 1.25 - 26

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 137.5 25 – 250


Figure 14: Site Phelp 221. Melaleuca stenostachya woodland with Chrysopogon fallax

grassland understorey.


Map Unit 10 Melaleuca leucadendra, M.viridiflora woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 64

The woodland is dominated by M. leucadendra and M.viridiflora (38%). The upper

stratum also includes a variety of other tree species such as Eucalyptus camaldulensis

(38%), Barringtonia acutangula (30%), Lophostemon grandiflorus (22%) Melaleuca

argentea (20%) and Pandanus spriralis (20%). The mid stratum when present is

comprised of a number of low trees and shrubs such as Acacia holosericea (20%). The

ground layer is dominated by Pseudoraphis spinescens (27%) and a number of forbs

including Nelsonia campestris (22%), Passiflora foetida (19%), Gymnanthera oblonga

(17%) and the tussock grass, Heteropogon contortus (17%).



Upper stratum: 18% Melaleuca cajuputi, M argentea, Terminalia platyphylla, Pandanus

aquaticus, 16% Excocaria parviflora, 14% Corymbia bella, 12% Melaleuca dealbata,

11% Ficus coronulata, Corymbia polycarpa, Grevillea pteridifolia, <10% Casuarina

cunninghamii, Astromyrtus symphocarpa, Acacia auriculiformis, Cathormium

umbelllatum, Melaleuca acaciodes, Lophostemon lactifluus, Livistona rigida, Nauclea

orientalis.

Mid stratum: <10% Timonius timon, Acacia ampliceps, Flueggia virosa, Atalaya

hemiglauca, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Acacia hemignosta, Antidesma ghesaembilla, Acacia

leptoclada.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: <10% Grewia retusifolia, many of the above listed species regenerating.

Graminoids: 16% Ectrosia leporina, 14% Pandanus mindanense, 11% Eragrostis

cumingii, E.tenellula, Vetiveria elongata, <10% Cynodon dactylon, Eriachne triseta,

Eulalia aurea, Ophiurus exaltatus, Chrysopogon fallax, Mnesithea rottboellioides,

Vetiveria pauciflora.

Forbs: <10% Flageraria indica, Euphorbia hirtus, Fuirena cilliaris, Heliotropium

ovalifolium.

Sedges: 11% Fimbristylis species, Cyperus haspan, C. javanicus.

Vines: <10% Cassytha filliformis.


/ha




Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0.4



Casuarina cunninghamii 0.34


MEAN STRUCTURAL FORMATION Strata Dominant Median Median Median

Life form cover PFC canopy

(%cc) height

(m)

Upper Tree 36 (5 - 90) 19.5 (2 - 63) 12 (5 - 25)

Mid Small 10 (1 - 40) - 4 (1 - 12)

Tree Where present where present

Lower Forbs 37.5 (2 - 95) - 0.45 (0.1 – 2.0)


Mapped Area: 1,321 km2

This community occurs along river and creek levees and in streambeds across the Top End

of the Northern Territory. The associated alluvial soils are mostly sandy.

Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from 5 to 25m.

Average Range

Top height (m) 15.86 7 – 32

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 8.3 2.5 – 24

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 336.35 75 – 1200

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 0

Pole log 1.36

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 8.26



Map unit 10 8 56 16 20

Species % in each log class across all communities M. cajuputi 10 2 6

M. leucadendra 3

M. viridiflora 3 2


Figure 15: Site Towns 79, Little Towns river. Melaleuca argenta woodland with Chrysopogon

fallax mixed grassland.


Map Unit 11 Melaleuca leucadendra, M. viridiflora open-forest. No. of sites surveyed: 5

The tall open forest is dominated by Melaleuca leucadendra (100%) and occasionally M.

viridiflora (40%) also occurs. There is no midlayer and the lower stratum grassland is

dominated by Hymenachne acutigluma (60%) and Pseudoraphis spinescens (60%).



Lower stratum

Shrubs: 20% Barringtonia acutangula, Pandanus aquaticus.

Graminoids: 40% Oryza rufipogon,

Ferns: 20% Stenochlaena palustris, Blechnum indicum.

Forbs: 40% Ludwigia adscendens, Aniseia martinicensis, Persicaria attenuata, Tridax

procumbens, 20% Salvinia molesta, Azolla species, Sesbania cannabina, Ipomea

aquatica, Coldenia procumbens.

Sedges: 40% Cyperus digitatus, C. platystylis 20% Eleocharis species, Scleria polycarpa,


/ha





(%cc) height

(m)

Upper tree 50 (25 - 80) 35.5 (16 - 56) 16 (5 - 27)

Mid absent absent - absent

Lower forbs 66 (15 - 95) - 0.2 (0.1 – 0.5)


Mapped Area: 36 km2

This community occurs on fllodplains and alluvial plains associated with drainage

depressions on loamy soils.

Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from

Average Range

Top height (m) 17.5 4 – 25

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 12.33 8 – 17

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 239 130 - 345


Wood volume Sum

Saw log 3.92

Pole log 3.07

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 36.5



Map unit 11 1.8 1.8 36.8 3.5 3.5 51.8 0.88

Species % in each log class across all communities M. cajuputi 1

M. leucadendra 22 11 9 4 6 21

M. viridiflora 2 3

Figure 16: site Reynold’s River 356 Melaleuca leucadendra open forest with Hymenachne

acutigluma, Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland.


Map Unit 12 Melaleuca viridiflora, M. cajuputi low open-woodland No. of sites surveyed: 14

The upper layer is generally dominated by Melaleuca viridiflora (64%) with M. cajuputi

(43%) dominant in some areas. The midlayer is often absent but occasionally may contain

shrubs. The ground layer has an open cover of grasses and sedges including Eriachne

obtusa, (29%) Hymenachne acutigluma (14%) and Eleocharis brassii (14%).



Upper stratum: 21% Pandanus spiralis, Grevillea pteridifolia, 14% Melaleuca dealbata,

Corymbia bella, <10% Lophostemon lactifluus, Melaleuca sericea, Barringtonia

acutangula.

Mid stratum: Melaleuca viridiflora, Pandanus spiralis, 14% Verticordia cunninghamii,

Acacia difficilis, <10% Acacia latescens, Grevillea refracta, Antidesma ghesaembilla,

Calotropis procera, dolichandrone filiformis, Syzygium angophoroides.

Lower stratum

Shrubs – regeneration of above species.

Graminoids: 21% Schizachrium fragile, 14% Aristida inaequiglumis, Chrysopogon fallax,

Eriachne armittii, Triodia bitextura, Sorghum species, Themeda triandra.

Forbs: 29% Borreria species, 21% Rhynchosia species 14% Buchnera species, Cyanotis

axillaris, Eriocaulon species, Gomphrena flaccida, Ludwigia perensis, Waltheria indica.

Sedges: 14% Fimbristylis densa.


/ha



Corymbia bella 0.29


Lophostemon lactifluus 0.14

Melaleuca sericea 0.14


Life form Cover PFC canopy

(%cc) height

(m)

Upper tree 33 (12 – 65) 16 (6 - 35) 7 (5 - 16)

Mid small 10 (2 – 40) - 1.5 (1 - 4)

tree where present where present

Lower forbs 60 (12 – 90) - 0.45 (0.1 - 1.0)




This community occurs on plains and rises associated with drainage depressions and

swales.

Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from 5 – 16m.

Average Range

Top height (m) 12.5 8 – 18

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 6.45 2 – 13

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 229.2 50 – 480

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 0

Pole log 0.43

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 1.36



Map unit 12 20 20 60

Species % in each log class across all communities M. cajuputi 1 6

M. viridiflora 2

Figure 17: site Mary River 416 Melaleuca viridiflora low open forest with Hymenachne

acutigluma, Eleocharis brassii understorey.


Map Unit 13 Melaleuca nervosa, M. viridiflora low woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 61

Melaleuca nervosa (44%), M.dealbata (33%) and M. viridiflora (51%) may dominate or

codominate the overstorey. The midlayer when present is an open cover of young

Melaleuca species and a mixture of shrubs. Dominant species in the ground layer varies

between low grasses such as Pseudoraphis spinescens (20%), Triodia bitextura and

Vetiveria pauciflora (10%) or sedge species.



Upper stratum: 34% Asteromyrtus symphomyrtus, 23% Grevillea pteridifolia, 11% Hakea

arborescens, <10% Melaleuca cajuputi, Excocaria parviflora, Pandanus spiralis,

Lophostemon lactifluus, Corymbia polycarpa, Petalostigma pubescens, Melaleuca

acaciodes.

Mid stratum: 15% Verticordia cunninghamii <10% Terminalia canescens, Banksia

dentata, Dolichandrone heterophylla, Calytrix estipulata, Acacia difficilis, A. hemignosta,

Bossiaea bossiaeoides, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Excocarpus latifolius, Antidesma

ghesmaephila.

Lower stratum

Graminoids: 13% Schizachrium fragile 11% Eragrostis cumingii, Eriachne obtusa,

E.triseta <10% Aristida species, Panicum minandensem, Schizachrium species, Eragrostis

pubescens, Eriachne burkittii.

Forbs: 13% Rhynchosia species 11% Xyris complanata, <10% Borreria species,

Hygrophila angustifolia, Buchnera species, Gomphrena canescens, Hyptis sauveolens.

Sedges: 11% Leptocarpus spathaceus, <10% Cyperus species, Fimbristylis species.

Vines: 21% Cassytha filiformis

Dominant tree species SBA - m

2 /ha





Asteromyrtus symphyocarpus 0.54

MEAN STRUCTURAL FORMATION Strata Dominant Median % Cover Median PFC Median


height

(m)

Upper tree 35 (5 – 70) 40 (2 - 42) 7 (4 - 18)

34 16.5

Mid trees/shrubs 10 (3 – 40) - 1.5 (1.2 - 8)


6

Lower forbs 40 (2 – 98) - 0.3 (0.1 - 1.3)

43




This community occurs on drainage flats and depressions associated with plains and rises.

The soils are either alluvial or colluvial, mostly with a sandy texture, but may also include

loams and light clay soils.

Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from 4 - 18 m.

Average Range

Top height (m) 10.38 4 – 22

SBA (m2 ha-1) 7.39 0.2 – 30

Stock (stems ha-1) >30cm 330.5 41 – 2025

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 0

Pole log 0

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 0.21



Map unit 13 100 Species % in each log class across all communities

M. dealbata 17

Figure 18: Site BlueMud 203. Melaleuca viridiflora low woodland. Ground layer dominated by

Eriachne species, Schizachrium fragile and Scleria species.


Map Unit 14 Melaleuca cajuputi, M. leucadendra woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 10

The upper stratum is dominated by Melaleuca cajuputi (60%) with M. leucadendra (30%)

sometimes dominant. The mid stratum is mostly absent. The ground layer has a sparse

cover of species such as Pseudoraphis spinescens (60%) and Hymenachne acutigluma

(50%). Mimosa pigra has been recorded in this community.


(total of species recorded, only the most frequent species listed)

Upper stratum: 30% Melaleuca viridiflora 10% Nauclea orientalis, Barringtonia

acutangula.

Mid stratum:10% Mimosa pigra.

Lower stratum

Shrubs- Mimosa pigra.

Graminoids: 30% Oryza rufipogon, 20% Leersia hexandra.

Forbs: 40% Ludwigia acutigluma, 30% Heliotropium indicum, 20% Coldenia

procumbens, Persicaria attenuata, 10% Ipomea aquatica, Ludwigia perensis, Eclipta

prostrata.

Sedges: 40% Cyperus platystylis, 30% Eleocharis dulcis 10% Eleocharis brassii, Cyperus

digitatus.

Vines: 10% Passiflora foetida.


/ha






(%cc) Height (m)

Upper tree 28 (8 - 40) 15 (4 - 30) 12 (7 - 16)


Lower forbs 60 (30 - 98) - 0.35 (0.3 – 0.8)



This community occurs on floodplains and drainage depressions associated with sub-

coastal plains. The associated alluvial soils have a clay texture.

Wood data

Dominant Canopy height varies from 2 – 8.5.


Average Range


SBA (m2

ha-1

) 11.3 1.25 – 26

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 220.2 47 – 550

Wood volume Sum

Saw log 0.43

Pole log 0.14

(m3 ha-1)

Pulp log 12.3



Map unit 14 47 1.5 1.5 47 3

Species % in each log class across all communities M. cajuputi 6 8

M. leucadendra 3 1 1 3 100

M. viridiflora 1

Figure 19: site East

Alligator 311 Melaleuca leucadendra woodland with Pseudoraphis spinescens grassland.

Figure 20: site

South Alligator 329 Melaleuca cajuputi woodland with Leersia hexandra and mixed grasses and sedges in the ground layer.


Map Unit 15 Melaleuca citrolens, M. viridiflora low woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 6

The upper layer is generally dominated by Melaleuca citrolens (83%), although

occasionally M. viridiflora (50%) may dominate. The mid layer when present is comprised

of the sparse presence of shrubs such as Carissa lanceolata (50%) and Dodonea

physocarpa (50%). The ground layer is mostly dominated by Chrysopogon fallax (50%) or

other species such as Pseudoraphis spinescens (17%).



Upper stratum: 33% Eucalyptus pruinosa, 17% Atalya hemignosta, Dolichandrone

heterophylla, Eucalyptus tectifica, Terminalia canescens.

Mid stratum: 33% Maytenus cunninghamii, 17% Calytris exstipulata, Acacia hemsleyi,

Acacia holosericea, Capparis lasiandra, Dichrostachys spicata, Hakea arborescens,

Petalostigma pubescens, Wrightia saligna.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: Melaleuca species, Terminalia canescens, 17% Acacia nuperima, Grewia

retusifolia.

Graminoids: 50% Rhynchosia species, Eulalia aurea, 17% Eriachne ciliata, Xerochloa

imberbis, Sehima nervosa, Sporobolus australis, Aristida species, Eragrostis tenelulla,

Setaria species.

Forbs: 17% Polycarpaea breviflora, Centipida minima, Ectrosia leporina .

Sedges: 33% Bulbostylis barabata.17 % Cyperus carinatus.

Vines: 17% Cassytha filiformis.


/ha


Melaleuca citrolens 2.29

Eucalyptus pruinosa 0.17



(%cc) height

(m)

Upper Tree 23 (12 - 35) 12 (4 - 16) 6 (4.5 - 7)

Mid Small 10 (8 - 15) - 2 (1 - 2)

Tree where present where present

Lower Forbs 52.5 (25 - 75) - 0.35 (0.2 - 1.5)




This community is found mostly in the Gulf region. It occurs inland on drainage

depressions and swales associated with plains and rises. The soils are either alluvial or

colluvial mostly with a clay-loam texture.

Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from 4.5 – 7m.

Average Range

Top height (m) 7.5 6 – 9

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 4.21 3.25 – 6

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 79.2 25 - 150

Figure 21: site Urapunga 69 Melaleuca citrolens low woodland with Chrysopogon fallax

grassland.

Figure 22 : site Urapunga 75 Melaleuca citrolens low woodland with Xerochloa imbersis

grassland.


Map Unit 16 Melaleuca citrolens, M. minutifolia low woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 5

Melaleuca citrolens (60%) dominates the upper layer with M. minutifolia (20%) co

dominant or dominant in some instances. Eucalyptus pruinosa (60%) is also found

dispersed through the upper layer may occasionally be subdominant. The midlayer when

present is an open shrubland dominated by Carissa lanceolata (80%). The grassland

understorey is dominated by Eulalia aurea (80%), Chrysopogon fallax (40%) and

Eriachne obtusa (60%).



Upper stratum; 40% Melaleuca viridiflora, 20% Melaleuca stenostachya, Eucalyptus

microtheca, Terminalia platyphylla, Eucalyptus leucophloia, Excocaria parviflora,

Macropteranthes kekwickii, Acacia cowleana.

Mid stratum: Melaleuca citrolens 40% Atalaya hemiglauca, 20% Dodonea physocarpa,

Lysiphyllum cunninghamii, Dolichandrone heterophylla, Grevillea striata, Terminalia

volucris.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: Melaleuca citrolens

Graminoids: 40% Eragrostis tenellula, Sporobolus australis, Themeda triandra, 20%

Triodia microstachya, Digitaria ammophila, Eriachne armittii, Elytrophorus spicatus,

Aristida species, Triodia bitexteura, Pseudoraphis spinescens, Sorghum species.

Forbs: 20% Rotala diandra, Hydrolea zeylanica.

Sedges: 40% Bulbostylis barbata, Fimbristylis species.

Dominant tree species SBA - m

2 /ha

Melaleuca citrolens 1.1

Melaleuca minutifolia 1

Eucalyptus pruinosa 0.6


Melaleuca viridifolia 0.05

Terminalia platyphylla 0.15



(%cc) height

(m)

Upper tree 30 (8 - 55) 10 (4 - 33) 6 (5 - 9)

Mid shrub 12.5 (5 - 25) - 1 (1 - 3)


Lower forbs 35 (15 - 55) - 0.4 (0.2 – 0.8)




This community is found on plains associated with drainage flats and floodouts with

colluvial soils. It occurs inland across the TopEnd, predominantly in the Gulf region.

Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from 5 – 9.

Average Range

Top height (m) 8.6 8 – 11

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 3.67 1.25 – 5.1

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 175 50 - 400

Figure 23: Coanjula 121 Melaleuca citrloens low open woodland with mixed grassland

understorey.


Figure 24: site Roper Valley Melaleuca stenostachya low woodland.


Map Unit 17 Melaleuca stenostachya and Terminalia platyptera low open woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 2

The upper layer is generally dominated by Melaleuca stenostachya (100%). The mid layer

is occasionally present as a mixture of low trees and shrubs. Low grasses such as

Xerochloa imberbis (50%) and Triodia bitextura (50%) dominate the ground layer.


(total of species recorded, only the most frequent species listed)

Upper stratum: 50% Petalostigma pubescens, Eucalyptus latifolia.

Mid stratum: 50% Petalostigma pubescens, Hakea species, Cathormium umbellatum,

Terminalia grandifolia, Santalum lanceolata.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: 50% Calytrix exstipulata, Maytenus cunninghamii, Terminalia canescens.

Graminoids: 50% Brachiaria pubigera, Chrysopogon fallax, Sorghum species, Panicum

mindinanense, Schizachrium fragile.

Forbs: 50% Evolvulus alsinoides.

Sedges: 50% Bulbostylis barbata, Rhynchosia species.


/ha




Height (m)

Upper Tree 45 (35 – 65) 7 (5 - 16)

50 26.5

Mid Shrub 10 (0 – 10) - 1.5 (1 - 4)

5 where present

Lower grass 26 (20 – 33) - 0.45 (0.1 - 1.0)

26.5


Mapped Area: ……km2

This community occurs on plains in relic drainage lines on light clay soils. Both sites in

this small community are located near the Phelp river flood plains.

Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from

Average Range

Top height (m) 8 6 – 10 SBA (m

2 ha

-1) 4.63 3.75 – 5.5

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 150 100 – 200



Map unit 17

Species % in each log class across all communities M. dealbata 17 100 17

Figure 25: Site Phelp217. Melaleuca stenostachya low woodland. Melaleuca occur in patches that

open out to patches of open grassland dominated by Xerochloa imberbis.

Figure 26: Site Phelp 219. Melaleuca stenostachya woodland. Community interspersed with low

trees and shrubs.

Ground layer dominated with Triodia bitextura open grassland.


Map Unit 18 Melaleuca minutifolia, M. sericea low open-woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 11

The upper layer is generally dominated by Melaleuca minutifolia (73%) with Melaleuca

sericea (46%) occurring as dominant in some areas. Melaleuca viridiflora (55%) and

Terminalia platyphylla (46%) are also commonly found in the upper layer. When present

the mid layer forms a sparse shrub layer of mixed species. The ground layer is generally a

grassland including species such as Eriachne obtusa (64%) and Chrysopogon fallax

(46%).



Upper stratum: 27% Eucalyptus pruinosa, 18% Termianlia canescens, Corymbia

polycarpa, Petalostigma pubvescens, Terminalia volucris, <10% Melaleuca argentea,

Eucalyptus bigalerita, Adansonia gregorii, Eucalyptus brevifolia, E. microtheca, E.

tectifica.

Mid stratum: 36% Ehretia saligna, 28% Dolichandrone filiformis, 18% Calytrix

exsipulata, <10% Grevillea wickhamii, Acacia lysiphloia, A. stipuligera, Acacia

aulacocarpa, A. holosericea, A. laccata, Cathormiom umbellatum, Cochlospermum

fraserii.

Lower stratum

Shrubs; Melaleuca species, Terminalia canescens, Calytrix exstipulata, Acacia species.

Graminoids: 36% Eriachne ciliata, 36% Sorghum species 27% Triodia bitextura,

Themeda triandra, 18% Aristida hyrometrica, Eulalia aurea, Sehima nervosa, Sporobolus

australis.

Forbs: 55% Rhynchosia species, 27% Borreria species, Buchnera linearis, 18% Ptilotus

shwartzii, Streptoglossa odora <10% Bothrochloa bladhii.

Sedges: 36% Bulbostylis barbata, 27% Fimbristylis pterygosperma, <10% Fimbristylis

complanata.


/ha

Melaleuca sericea 0.89

Melaleuca minutifolia 0.75


Terminalia platyphylla 0.18




(%cc) height

(m)

Upper tree 20 (5 - 40) 10 (1 - 16) 5 (3.5 – 6.5)

Mid small 3 (1 - 23) - 1.4 (1.2 - 3)

tree where present where present


Lower forbs 60 (35 - 90) - 0.4 (0.2 - 1.0)



This community is found inland, typically in the Victoria River region. It occurs on plains

or rises associated with either lower hillslopes or drainage flats. The soils are mostly

colluvial with a variable loamy texture.

Stand structure

Dominant Canopy height varies from 3.5 – 6.5m.

Average Range


SBA (m2

ha-1

) 2.75 0.75 – 5.75

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 100 25 - 225

Figure 27: site Newry station Melaleuca minutifolia low open woodland with Sorghum timorense

grassland.


Map Unit 19 Melaleuca minutifolia, M. viridiflora low open-woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 3

Melaleuca minutifolia dominates the low open-woodland with M. viridiflora occurring as

a sub-dominant. The mid-layer is absent. Tussock grasses dominate the grassland ground

layer. The most commonly occuring grasses include Aristida latifolia (67%), A.

hygrometrica (67%), Eriachne obtusa (67%), Chrysopogon fallax (67%) and Themeda

triandra (67%).



Upper stratum: 33% Corymbia grandifolia, Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Corymbia

dichromophloia, Eucalyptus pruinosa.

Lower stratum: Shrubs – 67% Carissa lanceolata, Grewia retusifolia 33% Acacia

difficilis, Terminalia canescens.

Graminoids: 33% Eulalia aurea, Iseilema vaginalis, Schizachrium fragile, Dichanthium

sericeum.

Forbs: 33% Borreria species, Buchnera species, Ptilotus fusiformis.

Sedges: 33% Scleria brownii.

Vines: 33% Ampelocissus frutescens.


/ha

Melaleuca minutifolia 1.17


Corymbia grandiflolia 0.17



(%cc) height

(m)

Upper tree 9 (9 - 22) 6 (2 - 8) 5 (5 - 9)


Lower forbs 65 (60 - 90) - 0.35 (0.2 – 0.5)



This community occurs on inland drainage depressions associated with alluvial plains.

Stand structure


Average Range

Top height (m) 9.33 7 – 11

SBA (m2

ha-1

) 2.17 1.75 – 2.75


Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 116.7 75 - 200


Map Unit 20 Melaleuca viridiflora, M. acacioides low open woodland. No. of sites surveyed: 3

Melaleuca viridiflora (67%) and M. acacioides (33%) dominate the open woodland. The

midlayer is generally absent or oassionally a few shrubs are present. The ground layer is

an open cover of low tussock grasses and a mix of forbs and sedges.



Upper stratum: 33% Acacia leptocarpa.

Mid stratum: 67% Grevillea pteridifolia, 33% Acacia plectocarpa.

Lower stratum

Shrubs: 33% Asteromyrtus symphyomytus, Pandanus spiralis.

Graminoids: 33% Sporobolus virginicus, Ectrosia leporina, Eriachne obtusa,

Elytrophorus spicatus, Alloteropsis semialata.

Forbs: 33% Leptocarpus spathaceus, Oldenlandia galiodes, Polycarpaea brevifolia.


/ha


Melaleuca acacioides 2



(%cc) height

(m)

Upper tree 12 (8 - 25) 7 (3 - 13) 16 (5 - 27)


Lower forbs 20 (15 - 40) - 0.2 (0.2 – 0.2)


Mapped Area: 78 km2

This community occurs on sandy drainage flats of sub-coastal plains. May occur on the

periphery of saltflats.

Stand structure


Average Range


SBA (m2

ha-1

) 4 1.75 – 6

Stock (stems ha-1)

>30cm 50 242 - 400


Figure 28: site Tomkinson River Flp.144 Melaleuca acaciodes low open woodland with

Sporobolus virginicus grassland.

Figure 29: Tomkinson River Flp. 145 Melaleuca viridiflora low open woodland.


REFERENCES

Archer,G.R. 1977. Tree Volume Models for Tropical broad-leaved forests: with particular

reference to the forests of the Northern Territory. M.Sc Thesis. Australian National

University, Canberra.

Belbin,L. 1987. PATN. Pattern Ananlysis Package Reference Manual. Vols. 1 & 2.

CSIRO, Canberra

Hill,M.O. 1979. Program For Arranging Multivariate Data in an ordered Two-way Table

by Classification of the Individuals and Attributes. Cornell Univ., Ithaca N.Y.

McDonald,R.C.,Isbell,R.F.,Speight,J.G.,Walker,J.,Hopkins,M.S. 1990. Australian Soil

and Land Survey:Field Handbook. 2nd Edition. Inkata Press.

Minchin,P.R. 1986. How to use ECOPAK:An Ecological Data Base System. Tech memo.

86/6.Water and Land Resources,CSIRO, Canberra.

National Land and Water Resources Audit, (2000). Australian Vegetation Attributes:

National Vegetation Information. System Version 5.0. Audit Canberra.

Russell-Smith J. (1991). Classification, species richness, and environmental relations of

monsoon rain forest in northern Australia. Journal Of Vegetation Science 2:259-278.

Specht,R,L. [ed.](in prep) Structural Formation in Major Plant Communities in a

Australia-An Objective Assesment. Aust.J.Bot.Supp.Ser.

Walker J. & Hopkins M.J. 1990. Vegetation. In R.C. McDonald, R.F. Isbell,

J.G.Speight, J. Walker, & N. J. Hopkins (eds) Australian Soil and Land Survey Field

Handbook. Walker,J.,Hopkins,M.S. 1990. Australian Soil and Land Survey:Field

Handbook. 2nd Edition, Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Wilson, BA, Brocklehurst, PS and Whitehead, PJ. (1990). Classification, Distribution and

Environmental Relationships of Coastal Floodplain Vegetation, Northern Territory,

Australia. Technical memorandum 91/2. Land Conservation Unit, Conservation

Commission of the Northern Territory, PO Box 496 Palmerston NT 0813. 114pp.


APPENDIX 1 FLORISTIC SITE ATTRIBUTES

The following site specific variables were recorded Floristic Proforma

Site specific attributes.

Record attributes

Custodian Conservation Commision of the Northern Territory (CCNT)

now Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment

(DIPE).

Site number Discrete site number and cover-id number.

Woody_record Wood transect completed at the site.

Date Date when sampled (day,month,year).

Sample_size In hectares. Should always be 20*20 metres for vegetation sites.

Sample_shape Square.

Project NT-Melaleuca

Location attributes

State N.T.

Map_sheet The 1:250 000 topographic map sheet on which the plot is located.

Geocode Plot location in decimal degrees. Converted from the AMG co-

ordinates (Grid Zone, Easting, Northing) from GPS.

Elevation Determine from topographic map. Measured in metres.

Abiotic attributes

Element Landform element.( triplet code as per McDonald et al 1990)

Pattern Landform pattern.(triplet code as per McDonald et al 1990)

Aspect Direction slope is facing.(8 cardinal points)

1. North

2. North East

3. East

4. South East

5. South

6. South West

7. West

8. North West

Slope Degrees slope. Will generally be small.

Drainage Drainage of water. 1. Very well drained

2. Well drained

3. Undecided

4. Impeded

5. Waterlogged

6. Water

Surface feature & substrate

Parent_material Level of confidence N-Not parent material

D-Dubious

P-Probable

A-Certain


Type 1. Alluvium

2. Laterite

3. Sandstone

4. Ironstone

5. Other

Geology Coding as per legend 1:25000 geological map sheet.

Water-present Present Y=Yes N=No

Water cover %cover of plot by water

Water Depth Depth of water in metres and centimetres

Type 1. Swamp

2. Spring

3. Permanent creek

4. Ephemeral creek

5. Drainage line

6. Permanent pool

7. Ephemeral pool

8. Tidal

Floodmark Present Y=Yes N=No floodmark on trees

Floodmark-gr Height from Ground to floodmark

Floodmark-wt Height from water surface to floodmark

Nearest Free water If water not actually at site

Type As above

Distance of nearest water body

0. At site

1. < 100 metres

2. 100-500 metres

3. 500m-1km

4. >1km

Water_cond of nearest water body

1. Fresh,fast flowing

2. Fresh and moving

3. Fresh and still

4. Stagnant

5. Brackish

6. Salty

Water-period Water periodicity of nearest water body.

1. Permanent

2. Intermittent

Water-bed General composition of water body bed of nearest water body

1. Sand

2. Mud

3. Algae

4. Grass

5. Sedge

6. Rock

7. Gravel

8. Aquatic vegetation

Run-off Run-off category

1. No run-off

2. Very slow

3. Slow

4. Moderately rapid


5. Rapid

6. Very rapid

Surface_text Soil surface texture based on field texture grade as described in

McDonald et al (1990).

1. Sands

2. Sandy loams

3. Loams

4. Clay loams

5. Light clays

6. Medium,heavy clays

Organic Organic layer if present Y=Yes N=No

1. Root mat

2. Peat

3. Other

% cover of site.

Depth of organic layer(in centimetres).

Micro-relief Micro-relief refers to relief up to a few metres about the plane of the

land surface, as per McDonald et al (1990).

0. None

1. Gilgai

2. Hummocky

3. Biotic

4. Other

Comment

Rock_outcrop %cover of plot

Coarse_frag % cover of coarse fragments.

Type Dominant type of coarse fragments

0. Not present

1. Fine gravelly

2. Medium gravelly

3. Coarse gravelly

4. Cobbly

5. Stony

6. Bouldery

7. Large boulders

Bare-ground %area of bare ground in plot.

Wood-shelter

Litter layer Y=yes, N= no

Litter-depth Depth of Litter(average depth cm)

Litter cover percentage cover of litter across the site.

Stumps Number of stumps in the plot converted to Number/hectare. Coded

into classes.

0. Absent

1. 1-10

2. 11-50

3. 50-100

4. >100

Logs Number of logs on the ground in the site.

Term/Ha Number of termite mounds per hectare.


Vegetation Attributes

Species abundance attributes

Upper stratum : species name - basal count

- % cover

Mid statum : species name - % cover.

Lower stratum : species name - % cover.

Lifeform Code Trees >8 metres 1

Trees 2-8 metres 2

Trees <2metres 3

Mallee 4

Palms 5

Shrubs >2 metres 6

Shrubs <2 metres 7

Chenopod shrubs 8

Cycads 9

Tussock grasses 10

Hummock grasses 11

Sedges 12

Forbs 13

Ferns 14

Vines 15

Life form Dominant stratum life form (as per list above).

Dom-height Height of dominant stratum (metres)

Dom-cover Crown cover percentage of dominant stratum

Crown type Crown density as per Walker & Hopkins (1990).

PFC Percentage foliage cover = Dom-cover * Crown type

Dom-sps Four letter code for dominant genus and species. In some instances

there maybe two or more species codes, therefore need to check

listing.

Class Structural formation classes for a site which is a summary of the

above mentioned Vegetation attributes. (see Walker & Hopkins

1990) Lifeform / Cover class / Height.

Life-form T = Tree S = Shrub etc

Cover class Crown cover(%) Code Closed or dense >70 D

Mid-dense 30-70 M

Sparse 10-30 S

Very sparse <10 V

Height class Code 20.01-35 9

12.01-20 8

6.01-12 7

3.01-6 6

1.01-3 5

Stratum-num Number of strata. Should not be greater than 3.


Strata-mid-ht Upper height in metres of middle stratum.

Strata-mid-cv %canopy cover of middle stratum

Strata-mid-lf Dominant lifeform of middle stratum

Strata-mid-struc Dominant structure of middle stratum as per class above.

Strata-mid-sp Dominant species in the middle layer. Four letter code for Genus

and Species.

Strata-low-ht Upper height in metres of ground stratum.

Strata-low-cv %canopy cover of ground stratum

Strata-low-lf Dominant lifeform of ground stratum

Strata-low-struc Dominant structure of ground stratum as per Class.

Strata-low-sp Dominant species in the ground layer. Four letter code for Genus

and Species.

Lifeform Summary Tables as per proforma field sheet.

Stratum Dom.

Lifeform

%

cover

Av

Height

Upper

Mid

Lower

Lifeform % cover AV height (m)

Trees >8m

Trees 2 – 8m

Tree regen (<2m)

Mallee

Palms

Shrubs >2m

Shrubs <2m

Chenopod shrubs

Cycads

Tussock grass

Hummock grass

Sedge

Forbs

Ferns

Vines

Map-unit/Veg community number: The number relating to the digital map coverage to

which the site records belong.

Stand

Top-height Mean total height in metres of the three tallest trees in each plot or

recorded in the basal sweep. ( **Trees measured to total heights

rather than canopy height).

SBA Stand basal area (sq.metres/ha) measured in the field with a basal

wedge not from measured diameters. This generally gives an under-

estimate in stands with trees greater than 40-50cm dbhob. SBA is

Table refers to above stratum variables

that summarise the dominant lifeforms

in each stratum.


generally used to give the dominant species in flora community

assessment.

(Total basal area-live = is the total basal area per hectare of live trees greater than 2cm dboh

per hectare. This total is based on the sum of basal areas per hectare by diameter class.

Each diameter class (2>5cm to 25<30cm, >30cm). Basal area is determined from the

number of trees per hectare.)

Stock Tree stems per hectare (trees defined as >10cm dbh). Determine

from wood transects or stand table.

Temporal Disturbance Attributes

Logging Y = yes, N = no

Logging-int Time of logging event.

0=unknown

1=within 1 year

2=2-5 years

3=>5years

Fire present / absent

Fire-intensity Fire damage.

0=not evident

1=minor impact,fire scars on some trees

2=minor impact,fire scars on most trees

3=some trees killed

4=most trees killed

Fire-frequency 0=no fire.

1=evidence of fire in last dry season.

2=fire greater than 1 year.

Disturbance Y = yes, N = no.

Disturb-type Type of disturbance (may be more than one disturbance at a site.)

0=no disturbance

1=Wildfire

2=logging

3=Grazing

4=Cyclone/wind-storm

5=Prescribed fire

6=Timber stand improvement

7=Insect damage

8=Dieback

9=Mining

10=Feral animals

11=Exotic weeds

4=Salinity

Biotic disturbance. Biological agents causing disturbance.

1=Animal (pig,bovine)

2=Man

3=Bird

4=Termite

5=Ant

6=Vegetation

7=Other


Disturbance freq Frequency of disturbance

1=little evidence of disturbance over the past 30 years.

2=Single major disturbance in period 10-30 years.

3=A few disturbances, all > 10 years ago.

4=Single recent disturbance 1-10 years.

5=Frequent recent disturbance,1-10 years.

6=Current disturbance

Mimosa Presence of mimosa Y=Yes N=No

Mimosa-juv. %cover seedlings

Mimosa-mat %cover mature

Stand-table All trees in floristic plot to be included in height and diameter

classess. 10cm diameter classes, 5 metre height classes. Those

floristic sites where no woody transect was done due to lack of

forestry potential a stand-table was completed to determine

volumes.

Height class m

0-5 5-10 10-15 …etc. 25-30 30-35 TOTAL

0<10

10<20

20<30

…etc

…

90<100

100<110

<110

Dia

met

er

cm

TOTAL


APPENDIX 3 WOODY ATTRIBUTES

The following attributes collected along the wood transect were stored in the final data

table after collection in the field.

Florasite-No Vegetation site site number as per field sheets.

Woodsite-No Transect number (quadrat number)

Floristic Site If done adjacent to a floristic site. Y=Yes N=No

Location Map 1:100 000 topographic map on which the site occurs.

Easting Site location:easting coordinate from GPS.

Northing Site location:northing coordinate from GPS

GZ Grid zone

Site Size In hectares.

Regeneration Table of frequencies by height classes of seedlings and

regeneration. Counts made 1 metre either side of the centreline

of the transect. Site size 0.04 hectare. Regeneration was

classed as all melaleuca saplings with a dbhob of 2cm or

less.

Melaleuca Survey of the Northern Territory. 71

Small Trees Trees with a diameter 2-29.99cm DBHOB arranged in 5 cm diameter

classes (2<5cm, 5<10cm etc.) and measured for heights. Dead trees within

these diameter classes were also measured. Trees other than Melaleucas

were not measured. Possible small pole lengths (not bole heights) were

determined as trees were measured.

Wood volumes All trees with a dbhob of 30 cm or greater were measured for wood volumes. An average bole volume

was determined for trees less than 30cm dbhob. The final wood transect data was averaged per hectare

per map unit category.

Species Melaleuca species

For each species the following was recorded:

DBHOB Diameter breast height over bark measured at 1.3 metres above ground

level.

Bark Thickness Average thickness from four measurements around the trunk.

Total Bole Ht Height in metres to tip of bole (first major crown break). These heights

were used to determine gross bole volume irrespective of log class.

Merchantable height Merchantable height of the tree in metres. These heights used to determine

merchantable heights within each log class. In the case of pulp logs the

merchantable height in most instances was equivalent to bole height.

Stump height Stump height in metres.

Sawlog length Length of sawlog in metres.

Pulplog length Length of pulplog in metres.

Pole length Length of pole log.

(See below for criteria for log measurements.)

Logclass Classification of the tree. Trees were classified in the field into utilisation

classes. These classes were then used to determine the volumes.

1=sawlog only

2=pole log only

3=sawlog and pole log

4=pulp log

5=sawlog and pulp log

6=pole and pulp log

7=unmerchantable

8=missing/lost

Criteria:Log measurement (For trees with DBHOB > 30cm)

Trees were assessed in the field using the following criteria.

Sawlog Minimum small (top) end diameter=20cm

Minimum log length= 2.4 metres


Pole log Minimum small end diameter= 10cm DBHOB

Minimum length = 3 metres



Small pole log Minimum diameters between 5-10 cm dbhob.

Defect Defect categories. These were appraised visually in the field with defect

codes the same as those used for a major inventory of the NT forests

undertaken by the Forestry section of the NT from 1960-1974. The visual

assessment of these former surveys was tested and evaluated from log

measurement data taken from felled trees. In some instances a particular

tree may have had more than one defect. However the major defect

affecting its utilisation was the one recorded.

.

The following categories were used.

1=nil defect

2=Blown top

3=Ant infected

4=Fire damaged

5=Buffalo/cattle damage (ie exposed roots, bark removal

etc)

6=Twisted (spiral grain)

7=Bowed or bent

8=Multi-stemmed

9=Dying

10=Recently dead

11=Long dead

12=Salt intrusion

13=Missing


APPENDIX 4 SITES BY COMMUNITY LIST

COMMUNITY FLORASITE_NO SITE_LABEL

0 217 PHELP217

0 219 PHELP219

1 33 LEGU33

1 34 LEGU34

1 37 VRD37

1 141 TOMK141

1 154 BLYTH154

1 167 GOVE167

1 168 GOVE168

1 169 GOVE169

1 179 KOOL179

1 187 GOVE187

1 188 GOVE188

1 189 GOVE189

1 190 ARNH190

1 192 CALED192

1 236 EALLI231

1 238 OENPE238

1 243 CBURG243

1 244 CBURG244

1 247 CBURG247

1 248 CBURG248

1 249 CBURG249

1 250 CBURG250

1 251 CBURG251

1 253 MURGA253

1 254 MURGA254

1 256 MURGA256

1 257 MURGA257

1 258 MURGE258

1 262 MURGE262

1 267 CROKE266

1 269 MURGE269

1 273 MURGA273

1 278 EALLI278

1 280 CAHIL280

1 283 EALLI283

1 292 CAHIL292

1 299 KAPAL299

1 300 KAPAL300

1 301 CAHIL301

1 302 CAHIL302

1 304 CAHIL304

1 316 KAPAL316

1 330 KAPAL330

1 339 PTSTU339

1 344 PTSTU344

1 346

1 354 BYNOE354

1 355 BYNOE355

1 357 ANSON357

1 358 ANSON358

1 359 ANSON359

1 361 ANSON361

1 369 MOYLE369

1 383 ANSON383

1 384 ANSON384

1 385 ANSON385

1 402 PTSRU402

1 405 PTSTU405

1 407 PTSTU407

1 408 PTSTU408

1 410 PTSTU410

1 413 MARY413

1 418 NOONA418

1 419 NOONA419

2 139 TOMK139

2 140 TOMK140

2 149 MILLI149

2 150 TOMK150

2 151 BLYT151

2 182 KOOL182

2 183 KOOL183

2 191 ARNH191

2 200 BLMUD200

2 201 BLMUD201

2 260 MURGE260

2 261 MURGE256

2 276 EALLI276

2 279 EALLI279

2 282 CAHIL282

2 285 CAHIL285

2 295 CAHIL295

2 296 KAPAL296

2 310 KAPAL310

2 312 KAPAL312

2 317 FIELD317

2 318 FIELD318

2 319 FIELD319

2 337 KOOLP337

2 353 FOGBA353

2 406 PTSTU406

2 409 PTSTU409

3 176 KOOL176

3 180 KOOL180

3 181 KOOL181

3 313 KAPAL313

3 323 KAPAL323

3 324 KAPAL324

3 338 PTSTU338

3 341 PTSTU341

3 345 PTSTU345


3 360 ANSON360

3 363 REYNO363

3 377 DALY377

3 378 DALY378

3 379 DALY379

3 380 DALY380

3 386 ANSON386

3 387 ANSON387

3 388 ANSON388

3 389 ANSON389

3 391 ANSON391

3 392 ANSON392

3 395 ANSON395

3 398 PTSTU398

3 400 MARY400

3 401 PTSTU401

4 60 MATAR60

4 61 MATAR61

5 2 BOWMAN02

5 18 BULL18

5 19 BAIN19

5 23 AUVE23

5 24 PINK24

5 27 LEGU27

5 35 VRD35

5 42 WA42

5 43 NEGI43

5 46 WAVE46

5 47 VRD47

5 54 ELSEY54

5 57 GORRIE57

5 58 GORRIE58

5 66 KATH66

5 67 FERG67

5 70 URAPU70

5 85 TOWNS85

5 86 NATHAN86

5 90 BAUH90

5 91 BAUHDOW

5 92 BAUHIN92

5 94 BAUHIN94

5 104 WEARY104

5 106 ROBIN106

5 109 PUNGA109

5 113 WOLLO113

5 128 OENP128

5 131 GOMAD131

5 132 GOMAD132

5 135 GOMAD135

5 137 TOMK137

5 142 TOMK142

5 143 TOMK143

5 146 TOMK146

5 147 MILLI147

5 148 MILLI148

5 158 BLYTH158

5 159 ANNI159

5 160 MIRRI160

5 161 MIRRI161

5 162 MIRRI162

5 163 MITCH163

5 170 GOVE170

5 171 DURAB171

5 173 KOOL173

5 184 KOOL184

5 185 BLANE185

5 186 BLANE186

5 194 KOOL194

5 198 BLMUD198

5 202 BLMUD202

5 218 PHELP218

5 220 PHELP220

5 223 URAPU223

5 224 PHELP224

5 229 MROAK229

5 235 EALLI235

5 240 OENPE240

5 246 CBURG246

5 252 CBURG252

5 284 CAHIL284

5 286 CAHIL286

5 287 CAHIL287

5 308 KAPAL308

5 336 KAPAL336

5 342 MARY342

5 362 REYNO362

5 366 PEPPI356

5 371 MOYLE371

5 382 DALY382

5 393 ANSON393

5 403 PTSTU403

5 417 MARY417

6 315 KAPAL315

6 350 FOGBA350

6 352 FOGBA352

6 364 REYNO364

6 370 BARTL370

6 394 ANSON394

6 404 FIELD404

7 31 LEGU31

7 32 LEG32

7 38 VRD38

7 98 BINGBO98

7 177 KOOL177

7 178 KOOL178

7 210 ROSE210

8 72 URAPU72

8 74 URAPU74


8 83 TOWNS83

8 134 GOMAD134

8 193 DURAB193

8 208 ROSE208

8 270 MURGE270

8 277 EALLI277

8 290 CAHIL290

8 297 KAPAL297

8 309 KAPAL309

8 314 KAPAL314

8 321 FIELD321

8 322 FIELD322

8 331 KAPAL331

8 332 KAPAL332

8 333 KAPAL333

8 343 MARY343

8 415 MARY415

9 138 TOMK138

9 221 PHELP221

10 1 MANB01

10 4 WILL04

10 8 GREG08

10 9 IKY09

10 11 IKY11

10 13 IKY13

10 16 IKY16

10 17 STOK17

10 26 NEW26

10 36 VRD36

10 41 LEGU41

10 44 NEGI44

10 48 WAVE48

10 56 MATAR56

10 62 MATAR62

10 63 MATAR63

10 64 LITROPER

10 65 MARANB65

10 73 URAPU73

10 79 TOWNS79

10 84 TOWNS84

10 89 BATTEN89

10 93 BAUHIN93

10 95 BATTEN95

10 96 BINGBO96

10 102 WEARY102

10 107 PUNGA107

10 108 PUNGA108

10 110 WOLLO110

10 111 WOLLO111

10 114 WOLLO114

10 115 CALV115

10 118 NICH118

10 122 MALA122

10 124 OTDOW124

10 126 OENP126

10 127 OENP127

10 129 OENP129

10 153 BLYTH153

10 164 MITCH164

10 166 DURAB166

10 172 DURAB172

10 195 BLMUD195

10 196 BLMUD196

10 197 BLMUD197

10 212 ROSE212

10 213 ROSE213

10 216 PHELP216

10 222 URAPU222

10 225 CHAPM225

10 227 CHAPM227

10 237 OENP237

10 241 WELLI241

10 264 MURGE264

10 266 CROAK266

10 268 CROKE268

10 306 CAHI306A

10 307 KAPA307

10 328 KAPAL328

10 334 KAPAL334

10 374 MOYLE374

10 376 DALY376

10 396 REYNO396

10 411 MARY411

11 293 CAHIL293

11 303 CAHIL303

11 305 CAHIL305

11 356 REYNO356

11 399 PTSTU399

11 412 MARY412

12 15 IKY15

12 22 PINK22

12 28 LEGU28

12 29 LEGU29

12 30 LEGU30

12 40 LEGU40

12 55 ELSEY55

12 88 MANTU88

12 152 BLYTH152

12 239 OENPE239

12 245 CBURG245

12 294 CAHIL294

12 306 CAHI306B

12 416 MARY416

13 49 DALY49

13 50 DALY50

13 59 GORRIE59

13 77 ROPER77

13 78 TOWNS78


13 80 TOWNS80

13 81 TOWNS81

13 82 TOWNS82

13 97 BINGB97

13 99 BINGBO99

13 100 BORRO100

13 101 BORRO101

13 103 WEARY103

13 105 WEARY105

13 112 WOLLO112

13 116 NICH116

13 117 COANJ117

13 120 COANJ120

13 123 OTDOW123

13 130 GOMAD130

13 133 GOMAD133

13 155 BLYTH155

13 156 BLYTH157

13 157 EMUSPR

13 165 MITCH165

13 174 KOOL174

13 175 KOOL175

13 199 BLMUD199

13 203 BLMUD203

13 204 BLMUD204

13 205 BLMUD205

13 206 BLMUD206

13 207 ROSE207

13 209 ROSE209

13 211 ROSE211

13 214 PHELP214

13 215 PHELP215

13 226 CHAPM226

13 242 MURGE242

13 259 MURGE259

13 265 MURGE265

13 271 MURGE271

13 272 WELL272

13 281 EALLI281

13 288 CAHIL288

13 289 CAHIL289

13 291 CAHIL291

13 320 FIELD320

13 326 KAPAL326

13 327 KAPAL327

13 335 KAPAL335

13 340 PTSTU340

13 365 GREEN365

13 367 MOYLE367

13 368 MOYLE368

13 372 MOYLE372

13 373 MOYLE373

13 375 MOYLE375

13 381 DALY381

13 397 REYNO397

13 414 MARY414

14 255 MURGA255

14 275 EALLI275

14 298 KAPAL298

14 311 KAPAL311

14 325 KAPAL325

14 329 KAPAL329

14 348 PTSTU348

14 349 PTSTU349

14 351 FOGBA351

14 390 ANSON390

15 68 URAP68

15 69 URAPU69

15 71 STVIDG

15 75 URAPU75

15 76 ROPER76

15 87 NATHAN87

16 51 WESTCK51

16 119 COANJ119

16 121 COANJ121

16 125 OCTO125

16 228 CHAPM228

18 3 WILL03

18 10 IKY10

18 12 IKY12

18 14 IKY14

18 20 AUVE20

18 21 AUVE21

18 25 PINK25

18 39 VRD39

18 45 WAVEHI45

18 52 ELSEY52

18 53 ELSEY53

19 5 DELA05

19 6 DELA06

19 7 DELA07

20 136 TOMK136

20 144 TOMK144

20 145 TOMK145


APPENDIX 5 SPECIES LIST

Species list Synonym

Exotic species (may be naturalised ) ***

Abrus precatorius L.

Abutilon leucopetalum (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth.

Abutilon sp. nil

Acacia ampliceps Maslin

Acacia aulacocarpa Cunn. ex Benth.

Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. ex Benth.

Acacia cowleana Tate

Acacia difficilis Maiden

Acacia dimidiata Benth.

Acacia dunnii (Maiden) Turrill

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.

Acacia galioides Benth.

Acacia hammondii Maiden

Acacia hemignosta F. Muell.

Acacia hemsleyi Maiden

Acacia holosericea Cunn. ex G. Don

Acacia laccata Pedley

Acacia latescens Benth.

Acacia latifolia Benth.

Acacia leptocarpa Cunn. ex Benth.

Acacia lysiphloia F. Muell.

Acacia mimula Pedley

Acacia nuperrima E.G. Baker

Acacia plectocarpa Cunn. ex Benth.

Acacia simsii Cunn. ex Benth.

Acacia sp. nil

Acacia stipuligera

Acacia torulosa Benth. ex F. Muell.

Acacia umbellata Cunn. ex Benth.

Achyranthes aspera L.

Acrostichum speciosum Willd.

Adansonia gregorii F. Muell.

Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze

Aerva javanica (Burman f.) A.L. Juss. ex Schultes

Alloteropsis semialata (R. Br.) A. Hitchc.

Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Benth.

Alstonia actinophylla (Cunn.) Schumann

Alternanthera denticulata R. Br.

Alternanthera nana R. Br.

Alternanthera nodiflora R. Br.

Alternanthera sp.

Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC.

Alyxia spicata R. Br.

Ammannia multiflora Roxb.

Ampelocissus acetosa (F. Muell.) Planchon

Ampelocissus frutescens Jackes

Andropogon gayanus Kunth

Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy

Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertner

Aristida holathera Domin

Aristida hygrometrica R. Br.

Aristida inaequiglumis Domin

Aristida jerichoensis (Domin) Henrard


Aristida latifolia Domin

Aristida macroclada Henrard

Aristida sp. nil

Arundinella nepalensis Trin.

Aster sp. nil

Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa (F. Muell.) Craven

Atalaya hemiglauca (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth.

Atalaya variifolia (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth.

Avicennia marina (Forsskal) Vierh.

Azolla pinnata R. Br.

Azolla sp. nil

Bacopa floribunda (R. Br.) Wettst.

Bambusa arnhemica F. Muell.

Banksia dentata L. f.

Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertner

Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench

Bauhinia cunninghamii Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (Benth.) De Wit

Baumea rubiginosa (Sprengel) Boeckeler

Bergia pedicellaris (F. Muell.) Benth.

Bidens bipinnata L.

Blechnum indicum Burman f.

Blechnum orientale L.

Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC.

Blumea diffusa R. Br. ex Benth.

Blumea integrifolia DC.

Blumea saxatilis Zoll. Moritzi

Blumea tenella DC.

Bonamia media (R. Br.) Hallier f.

Borreria exserta (Benth.) Schumann

Borreria sp. nil

Bossiaea bossiaeoides (Cunn. ex Benth.) Court

Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake

Bothriochloa ewartiana (Domin) C. Hubb.

Brachyachne convergens (F. Muell.) Stapf

Brachychiton diversifolius R. Br.

Brachychiton multicaulis Guymer

Brachychiton paradoxus Schott

Breynia cernua (Poiret) Muell. Arg.

Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume

Buchanania obovata Engl.

Buchnera linearis R. Br.

Buchnera ramosissima R. Br.

Buchnera sp. nil

Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke

Cajanus cinereus (F. Muell.) F. Muell.

Calandrinia sp. nil

Callitris intratropica R. Baker H.G. Smith

Calophyllum inophyllum L.

Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.

Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. ex Aiton f.

Calytrix brownii (Schauer) Craven

Calytrix exstipulata DC.

Canarium australianum F. Muell.

Canscora diffusa (Vahl) Roemer Schultes

Canthium lucidum Hook. Arn.

Canthium schultzii (O. Schwarz) Chippendale

Capparis lasiantha R. Br. ex DC.

Capparis umbonata Lindley

Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merrill

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.


Carissa lanceolata R. Br.

Carpentaria acuminata (H.H. Wendl. Drude) Becc.

Cartonema parviflorum Hassk.

Cartonema sp. nil

Cartonema spicatum R. Br.

Cartonema tenue Careul

Cassytha filiformis L.

Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.

Cathormion sp. nil

Cathormion umbellatum (Vahl) Kosterm.

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin

Cenchrus ciliaris L.

Cenchrus echinatus L.

Cenchrus sp. nil

Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritschen

Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun Asch.

Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.

Cheilanthes sp. nil

Chionachne cyathopoda (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth.

Chloris inflata Link

Chloris sp. nil

Choriceras tricorne (Benth.) Airy Shaw

Chrysopogon fallax S.T. Blake

Chrysopogon latifolius S.T. Blake

Chrysopogon setifolius Stapf.

Chrysopogon sp. nil

Cissus reniformis Domin

Cleome viscosa L.

Clitoria ternatea L.

Cochlospermum fraseri Planchon

Coldenia procumbens L.

Commelina ensifolia R. Br.

Commelina lanceolata R. Br.

Commelina sp. nil

Corchorus capsularis L.

Corchorus sidoides F. Muell.

Cordyline cannifolia R. Br.

Corymbia bella K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson Corymbia bella

Corymbia confertiflora (F. Muell) K.D. Hill& L.A.S. Johnson. Eucalyptus confertiflora

Corymbia dichromophloia (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill& L.A.S. Johnson. Eucalyptus dichromophloia

Corymbia disjuncta K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. Eucalyptus confertiflora

Corymbia ferruginea (Schauer) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. Eucalyptus ferruginea

Corymbia foelscheana (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. Eucalyptus foelscheana

Corymbia grandifolia (R. Br. ex Benth.) Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. Corymbia grandifolia

Corymbia latifolia (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. Eucalyptus latifolia

Corymbia pauciseta K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson Eucalyptus confertiflora

Corymbia polycarpa (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson. Eucalyptus polycarpa

Corymbia terminalis (F. Muell.) K.D.Hill& L.A.S. Johnson. Eucalyptus terminalis

Crinum sp.

Crosslandia setifolia W. Fitzg.

Crotalaria brevis Domin

Crotalaria crispata (F. Muell.) Benth.

Crotalaria medicaginea Lam.

Crotalaria montana Roth

Croton habrophyllus Airy Shaw

Cupaniopsis anacardioides (A. Rich.) Radlk.

Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D. Don

Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) Ching

Cynanchum carnosum (R. Br.) Schltr.

Cynanchum sp. nil


Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Cynodon sp. nil

Cyperus aquatilis R. Br.

Cyperus carinatus R. Br.

Cyperus conicus (R. Br.) Boeckeler.

Cyperus decompositus (R. Br.) F. Muell.

Cyperus digitatus Roxb.

Cyperus haspan L.

Cyperus holoschoenus R. Br.

Cyperus iria L.

Cyperus javanicus Houtt.

Cyperus platystylis R. Br.

Cyperus polystachyos Rottb.

Cyperus sp. nil

Cyperus vaginatus R. Br.

Dactyloctenium radulans (R. Br.) Beauv.

Datura inoxia Miller ***

Decaisnina brittenii (Blakely) Barlow

Decaisnina signata (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Tieghem

Dendrobium affine Steudel

Dendrobium canaliculatum R. Br.

Dendrobium sp. nil

Denhamia obscura (A. Rich.) Meissner ex Walp.

Dentella repens Forster

Desmodium biarticulatum (L.) F. Muell.

Desmodium sp. nil

Desmodium trichostachyum Benth.

Dianella longifolia R. Br.

Dianella odorata Blume

Dianella sp. nil

Dichanthium fecundum S.T. Blake

Dichanthium sericeum (R. Br.) A. Camus

Dichanthium sp. nil

Dichrostachys spicata (F. Muell.) Domin

Dicliptera armata F. Muell.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burman f.) L. Underw.

Digitaria ammophila Hughes

Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roemer Schultes

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler

Digitaria sps

Dillenia alata (R. Br. ex DC.) Martelli

Dimeria ornithopoda Trin.

Diospyros calycantha O. Schwarz

Diospyros compacta (R. Br.) Kostermans

Diospyros humilis (R. Br.) F. Muell.

Distichostemon hispidulus (Endl.) Baillon

Dodonaea lanceolata F. Muell.

Dodonaea physocarpa F. Muell.

Dodonaea platyptera F. Muell.

Dolichandrone filiformis (Fenzl) F. Muell.

Dolichandrone heterophylla (R. Br.) F. Muell.

Drosera indica L.

Drosera lanata Kondo

Drosera petiolaris R. Br. ex DC.

Drosera sp. nil

Dysophylla stellata (Lour.) Benth.

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Ecliptera platyglossa

Ectrosia agrostoides Benth.


Ectrosia leporina R. Br.

Ectrosia schultzii Benth.

Ectrosia sp. nil

Ehretia saligna R. Br.

Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) C. Presl

Eleocharis brassii S.T. Blake

Eleocharis dulcis (Burman f.) Henschel

Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roemer Schultes

Eleocharis sp. nil

Eleocharis sphacelata R. Br.

Eleocharis sundaica Kern

Elytrophorus spicatus (Willd.) A. Camus

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.

Enneapogon polyphyllus (Domin) N. Burb.

Enneapogon purpurascens (R. Br.) Beauv.

Enneapogon sp. nil

Epaltes australis Less.

Eragrostis confertiflora J. Black

Eragrostis cumingii Steudel

Eragrostis ecarinata

Eragrostis pubescens (R. Br.) Steudel

Eragrostis schultzii Benth.

Eragrostis sp. nil

Eragrostis spartinoides Steudel

Eragrostis speciosa (Roemer Schultes) Steudel

Eragrostis tenax Jedwabr.

Eriachne aristidea F. Muell.

Eriachne armittii F. Muell. ex Benth.

Eriachne avenacea R. Br.

Eriachne burkittii Jansen

Eriachne ciliata R. Br.

Eriachne festucacea F. Muell.

Eriachne filiformis Hartley

Eriachne glauca R. Br.

Eriachne melicacea F. Muell.

Eriachne mucronata R. Br.

Eriachne obtusa R. Br.

Eriachne sp. nil

Eriachne squarrosa R. Br.

Eriachne triseta Nees

Eriocaulon cinereum

Eriocaulon heterogynum F. Muell.

Eriocaulon sp. nil

Eriocaulon spectabile F. Muell.

Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) Baillon

Eucalyptus alba Reinw. ex Blume

Eucalyptus apodophylla Blakely Jacobs

Eucalyptus bigalerita F. Muell.

Eucalyptus brevifolia F. Muell.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.

Eucalyptus leucophloia Brooker

Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell.

Eucalyptus phoenicea F. Muell.

Eucalyptus porrecta S.T. Blake

Eucalyptus pruinosa Schauer

Eucalyptus sp. nil

Eucalyptus tectifica F. Muell.

Eulalia aurea (Bory) Kunth

Euphorbia coghlanii Bailey

Euphorbia hirta L.


Euphorbia tannensis Sprengel

Euphorbia vachellii Hook. Arn.

Evolvulus alsinoides L.

Evolvulus nummularis (L.) L.

Evolvulus sp. nil

Excoecaria agallocha L.

Excoecaria parvifolia Muell. Arg.

Exocarpos latifolius R. Br.

Fagraea racemosa Jack ex. Wall.

Ficus adenosperma Miq.

Ficus coronulata Miq.

Ficus opposita Miq.

Ficus racemosa L.

Ficus scobina Benth.

Ficus sp. nil

Ficus virens Aiton

Fimbristylis acicularis R. Br.

Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl

Fimbristylis clavata S.T. Blake

Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link

Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br.

Fimbristylis dealbata

Fimbristylis densa S.T. Blake

Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl

Fimbristylis dolera S.T. Blake

Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich.

Fimbristylis macrantha Boeckeler

Fimbristylis microcarya F. Muell.

Fimbristylis nuda Boeckeler.

Fimbristylis nutans (Retz.) Vahl

Fimbristylis oxystachya F. Muell.

Fimbristylis pauciflora R. Br.

Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retz.) R. Br.

Fimbristylis pterygosperma R. Br.

Fimbristylis recta Bailey

Fimbristylis sieberana Kunth

Fimbristylis simplex S.T. Blake

Fimbristylis simulans Latz

Fimbristylis sp. nil

Fimbristylis squarrulosa F. Muell.

Fimbristylis tetragona R. Br.

Fimbristylis trigastrocarya F. Muell.

Fimbristylis velata R. Br.

Flacourtia territorialis Airy Shaw

Flagellaria indica L.

Flemingia lineata (L.) Roxb. ex Aiton f.

Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt

Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb.

Fuirena umbellata Rottb.

Galactia tenuiflora (Willd.) Wight Arn.

Gardenia megasperma F. Muell.

Germainia grandiflora (S.T. Blake) Chaianan

Germainia truncatiglumis (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Chaianan

Glinus lotoides L.

Glinus oppositifolius (L.) C. DC.

Glochidion disparipes Airy Shaw

Glochidion perakense Hook. f.

Glochidion xerocarpum (O. Schwarz) Airy Shaw

Glycine tomentella Hayata

Gmelina schlechteri H.J. Lam


Gomphrena canescens R. Br.

Gomphrena flaccida R. Br.

Gonocarpus chinensis (Lour.) Orchard

Goodenia bicolor

Goodenia lamprosperma F. Muell.

Goodenia purpurea (F. Muell.) Carolin

Goodenia sp.

Gossypium sp. nil

Grevillea pteridifolia Knight

Grevillea pungens R. Br.

Grevillea refracta R. Br.

Grevillea striata R. Br.

Grevillea wickhamii Meissner

Grewia breviflora Benth.

Grewia retusifolia Kurz

Grewia sp. nil

Gronophyllum ramsayi (Becc.) H. Moore

Gymnanthera oblonga (Burm. f.) P. Green

Haemodorum coccineum R. Br.

Haemodorum ensifolium F. Muell.

Hakea arborescens R. Br.

Hakea sp. nil

Halosarcia sp. nil

Hanguana malayana (Jack) Merrill

Hedyotis sp.

Helicia australasica F. Muell.

Helicteres dentata F. Muell. ex Benth.

Heliotropium indicum L.

Heliotropium ovalifolium Forsskal

Heliotropium sp. nil

Heliotropium tenuifolium R. Br.

Heterachne abortiva (R. Br.) Druce

Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer Schultes

Heteropogon triticeus (R. Br.) Stapf

Hibbertia dealbata(R. Br. ex DC.) Benth.

Hibbertia sp. nil

Hibiscus leptocladus Benth.

Hibiscus meraukensis Hochr.

Hibiscus panduriformis Burman f.

Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

Homalanthus novo-guineensis (Warb.) Laterb. & Schumann

Horsfieldia australiana S.T. Blake

Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell.

Hydriastele wendlandiana H.H. Wendl. Drude

Hydrocotyle grammatocarpa F. Muell.

Hydrolea zeylanica Vahl

Hygrochloa aquatica Lazarides

Hygrophila angustifolia R. Br.

Hymenachne acutigluma (Steudel) Gilliland

Hypericum gramineum Forster f.

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. ***

Ilex arnhemensis (F. Muell.) Loes.

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.

Indigofera colutea (Burman f.) Merrill

Indigofera linifolia (L. f.) Retz.

Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal

Ipomoea coptica (L.) Roth ex Roemer Schultes

Ipomoea sp. nil

Ipomoea velutina R. Br.

Isachne confusa Ohwi


Ischaemum australe R. Br.

Ischaemum sp. nil

Iseilema sp. nil

Iseilema vaginiflorum Domin

Ixora klanderana F. Muell.

Jacksonia dilatata Benth.

Jacksonia odontoclada F. Muell. ex Benth.

Jacksonia sp. nil

Jacksonia thesioides (Cunn.) Benth.

Jasmine molle R. Br.

Jasminum didymum Forster f.

Jatropha gossypifolia L.

Leea indica (Burman. f.) Merrill

Leea rubra Blume ex Sprengel

Leersia hexandra Sw.

Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin

Leptocarpus elatior R. Br.

Leptocarpus schultzii Benth.

Leptocarpus sp. nil

Leptocarpus spathaceus R. Br.

Leptochloa neesii (Thwaites) Benth.

Leptospermum parviflora

Limnophila brownii Wannan

Limnophila chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill

Limnophila fragrans (Forster f.) Seemann

Limnophila sp. nil

Lindernia aplectra W.R. Barker

Lindernia scapigera R. Br.

Lindsaea ensifolia Sw.

Lindsaea sp. nil

Lindsaea walkerae Hook.

Livistona benthamii Bailey

Livistona humilis R. Br.

Livistona rigida Becc.

Lobelia dioica R. Br.

Lobelia quadrangularis R. Br.

Lophopetalum arnhemicum Byrnes

Lophostemon grandiflorus (Benth.) Peter Wilson Waterhouse

Lophostemon lactifluus (F. Muell.) Peter Wilson Waterhouse

Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara

Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell

Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven

Ludwigia perennis L.

Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roemer

Luffa graveolens Roxb.

Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pichi_Serm.

Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br.

Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg.

Macropteranthes kekwickii F. Muell.

Malachra fasciata Jacq. ***

Mallotus nesophilus Muell. Arg.

Malvastrum americanum (L.) Torrey

Marsdenia viridiflora R. Br.

Marsilea exarata A. Braun

Marsilea hirsuta R. Br.

Marsilea mutica Mett.

Marsilea sp. nil

Maytenus cunninghamii (Hook.) Loes.

Melaleuca acacioides F. Muell.

Melaleuca argentea W. Fitzg.


Melaleuca bracteata F. Muell.

Melaleuca cajuputi Powell

Melaleuca citrolens Barlow

Melaleuca dealbata S.T. Blake

Melaleuca lasiandra F. Muell.

Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.

Melaleuca minutifolia F. Muell.

Melaleuca nervosa (Lindley) Cheel

Melaleuca sericea Byrnes

Melaleuca sp. nil

Melaleuca stenostachya S.T. Blake

Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertner

Melastoma polyanthum

Melhania oblongifolia F. Muell.

Melhania sp. nil

Melicope elleryana (F. Muell.) T. Hartley

Melochia pyramidata L.

Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f.

Merremia gemella (Burman f.) Hallier f.

Merremia hederacea (Burman f.) Hallier f.

Merremia sp. nil

Mimosa pigra L. ***

Mitrasacme aggregata

Mitrasacme connata R. Br.

Mitrasacme elata R. Br.

Mitrasacme laevis Benth.

Mitrasacme nudicaulis Reinw. ex Blume

Mitrasacme sp. nil

Mnesithea formosa (R. Br.) Koning Sosef

Mnesithea rottboellioides (R. Br.) Koning Sosef

Mnesithea sp. nil

Mollugo molluginis (F. Muell.) Druce

Mollugo sp. nil

Morinda citrifolia L.

Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.

Murdannia graminea (R. Br.) A. Brueckner

Murdannia sp. nil

Nauclea orientalis (L.) L.

Nelsonia campestris R. Br.

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

Neptunia dimorphantha Domin

Nymphaea violacea Lehm.

Nymphoides aurantiaca (Dalz.) Kuntze

Nymphoides quadriloba Aston

Oldenlandia galioides (F. Muell.) F. Muell.

Omegandra kanisii

Operculina sp. nil

Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) Kuntze

Ophiuros sp. nil

Oryza australiensis Domin

Oryza rufipogon Griffith

Oryza sp. nil

Owenia vernicosa F. Muell.

Pandanus aquaticus F. Muell.

Pandanus spiralis R. Br.

Panicum decompositum R. Br.

Panicum effusum R. Br.

Panicum luzonense Presl

Panicum mindanaense Merrill

Panicum paludosum Roxb.


Panicum seminudum Domin

Panicum simile Domin

Panicum sp. nil

Panicum trachyrhachis Benth.

Panicum trichoides Sw.

Paraneurachne muelleri (Hack.) S.T. Blake

Parkinsonia aculeata L.

Parsonsia velutina R. Br.

Parvetta sp.

Paspalidium distans (Trin.) Hughes

Paspalum scrobiculatum L. ***

Paspalum sps. nil

Passiflora foetida L. ***

Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.

Perotis rara R. Br.

Persicaria attenuata (R. Br.) Sojak

Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara

Persicaria sp.

Persicaria strigosa (R. Br.) Gross

Petalostigma banksii Britten S. Moore

Petalostigma pubescens Domin

Petalostigma quadriloculare F. Muell.

Petalostigma sp. nil

Petalostigma suborbicular

Pheidochloa gracilis S.T. Blake

Philydrum lanuginosum Banks Sol. ex Gaertner

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steudel

Phyla nodiflora (L.) E. Greene

Phyllanthus grandisepalus

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.

Phyllanthus minutiflorus F. Muell. ex Muell. Arg.

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poiret

Phyllanthus sp. nil

Phyllanthus urinaria L.

Physalis minima L.

Pistia stratiotes L.

Planchonia careya (F. Muell.) Kunth

Pleurocarpaea fasciculata Dunlop

Plumbago zeylanica L.

Pogonolobus reticulatus F. Muell.

Polycarpaea breviflora F. Muell.

Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam.

Polycarpaea sp. nil

Polycarpaea violacea (Mart.) Benth.

Polymeria ambigua R. Br.

Polymeria longifolia Lindley

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre

Portulaca sp. nil

Pouteria sericea (Aiton) Baehni

Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm.

Pseuderanthemum variabile (R. Br.) Radlk.

Pseudopogonatherum contortum (Brongn.) A. Camus

Pseudoraphis minuta

Pseudoraphis spinescens (R. Br.) Vickery

Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai

Ptilotus distans (R. Br.) Poiret

Ptilotus fusiformis (R. Br.) Poiret

Ptilotus schwartzii F. Muell. ex Tate

Ptilotus sp. nil

Rapanea pedicellaris


Rhus taitensis Guill.

Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC.

Rhynchospora pterochaeta F. Muell.

Rhynchospora sp. nil

Rotala diandra (F. Muell.) Koehne

Sacciolepis myosuroides

Salvinia molesta D. Mitch. ***

Santalum lanceolatum R. Br.

Schizachyrium fragile (R. Br.) A. Camus

Schizachyrium sp. nil

Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrader) Palla

Schoenus calostachyus (R. Br.) Poiret

Schoenus falcatus R. Br.

Schoenus sparteus R. Br.

Scleria brownii Kunth.

Scleria ciliaris Nees

Scleria lingulata C.B. Clarke

Scleria novae-hollandiae Boeckeler

Scleria poaeformis Retz.

Scleria polycarpa Boeckeler

Scleria psilorrhiza C.B. Clarke

Scleria rugosa R. Br.

Scleria sp. nil

Sehima nervosum (Rottler.) Stapf

Sehima sp. nil

Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Poiret

Sesbania formosa (F. Muell.) N. Burb.

Sesbania sp. nil

Setaria apiculata (Scribner Merrill) Schumann

Setaria sp. nil

Sida acuta Burman f. ***

Sida cordifolia L. ***

Sida sp.

Smilax australis R. Br.

Solanum echinatum R. Br.

Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd

Sorghum (annual)

Sorghum (Perennial)

Sorghum intrans F. Muell. ex Benth.

Sorghum sp. nil

Sorghum timorense (Kunth) Buse in de Vriese

Sphaeranthus indicus L.

Sporobolus australasicus Domin

Sporobolus pulchellus R. Br.

Sporobolus sp. nil

Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth

Stackhousia intermedia Bailey

Staurogyne leptocaulis Bremek.

Stemodia viscosa Roxb.

Stenochlaena palustris (Burman f.) Beddome

Stenochlaena sp. nil

Streptoglossa odora (F. Muell.) Dunlop

Strychnos lucida R. Br.

Stylidium floodii F. Muell.

Stylidium multiscapum O. Schwarz

Stylidium schizanthum F. Muell.

Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub.

Syzygium angophoroides (F. Muell.) B. Hyland


Syzygium armstrongii (Benth.) B. Hyland

Syzygium eucalyptoides (F. Muell.) B. Hyland

Syzygium forte (F. Muell.) B. Hyland

Syzygium sp.

Syzygium suborbiculare (Benth.) Hartley Perry

Tarenna sp.

Tephrosia juncacea

Terminalia bursarina F. Muell.

Terminalia canescens (DC.) Radlk.

Terminalia carpentariae C. White

Terminalia erythrocarpa F. Muell.

Terminalia grandiflora Benth.

Terminalia microcarpa Decne.

Terminalia platyphylla F. Muell.

Terminalia platyptera F. Muell.

Terminalia pterocarya F. Muell.

Terminalia sp. nil

Terminalia volucris R. Br. ex Benth.

Thaumastochloa major S.T. Blake

Thaumastochloa pubescens (Benth.) C. Hubb.

Thecanthes punicea R. Br. (Wikstrom)

Thecanthes sanguinea (F. Muell.) Rye

Themeda sp. nil

Themeda triandra Forsskal

Thespesia populneoides (Roxb.) Kostel.

Thespesia thespesioides (R. Br. ex Benth.) Fryxell

Thysanotus chinensis Benth.

Timonius timon (Sprengel) Merrill

Tinospora smilacina Benth.

Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) Hara

Trianthema portulacastrum L.

Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burman f.) R. Br.

Tricostularia undulata (Thwaites) Kern

Tridax procumbens L.

Triodia bitextura Lazarides Plectrachne pungens (R. Br.) C. Hubb.

Triodia microstachya R. Br.

Triodia procera R. Br.

Triodia sp. nil

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.

Tylophora flexuosa R. Br.

Uraria lagopodoides (L.) Desv. ex DC.

Urena australiensis

Urena lobata L.

Urochloa pubigera (Roemer & Schultes) R. Webster Brachiaria pubigera (Roemer Schultes) S.T. Blake

Urochloa sp. n il Brachiaria sp. nil

Urochloa praetervisa Brachiaria windersii C. Hubb.

Urochloa mosambicensis (Hackel) Dandy ***

Urochloa mutica (Forsskal)T.Q.Nguyen. ** Brachiaria mutica (Forsskal) Stapf

Utricularia odorata Pellegrin

Utricularia sp. nil

Vallisneria sp. nil

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.

Verticordia cunninghamii Schauer

Vetiveria elongata (R. Br.) Stapf ex C. Hubb.

Vetiveria pauciflora S.T. Blake

Vetiveria sp. nil

Vigna lanceolata Benth.

Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Vigna sp. nil

Vitex glabrata R. Br.


Wahlenbergia sp.

Waltheria indica L.

Whiteochloa capillipes (Benth.) Lazarides

Wrightia saligna (R. Br.) F. Muell. ex Benth.

Xanthium occidentale

Xanthium strumarium L.

Xanthostemon eucalyptoides F. Muell.

Xanthostemon paradoxus F. Muell.

Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin Staples

Xerochloa imberbis R. Br.

Xerochloa laniflora Benth.

Xerochloa sp. nil

Xyris complanata R. Br.

Xyris indica L.

Xyris pauciflora Willd.

Xyris perennis

Xyris sp. nil

Yakirra australiensis (Domin) Lazarides R. Webster

melaleuca communities of the northern territory4. · melaleuca survey of the northern territory 5...

Documents