melanin physics by neb heru
TRANSCRIPT
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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^udeaslco Dy
_lgsc Xlg _ruey B`rc
Hl`k`, Xcst @jrab`
4>>1 Lcrc @jtcr
Ocoab`tco tg=
_lc ^urc Gkcs
Eavakh Ak Rparat `ko _rutl
Huaoco Dy tlc Eavakh Jgrbcs gj @efahlty Ctcrk`e
K`turc
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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QGS_lc Tc`e Rtuockt gj Eajc!
Xatl tlc @kil F`stcr Icy ak Lcr gr Las
pgsscssagk, tlc Akata`tc f`y ukegbi tlc f`ky
oggrs gj tlc Fckt`e`ko ^syblab _cfpec gj @EE,
tlus h`akakh _lc Tahlt Ikgwecohc, Tahlt
Xasogf`ko _lc Tahlt Gvcrst`koakh, `ko cktcr
tlc s`fc jrccey, usakh tlc HGO Fako ygu l`vc(@s tlc Blaeorck gj K`turc `ko tlc Akata`tcs gj
Eajc) gr tlc Fako gj Fckt`e, wlabl as HGO. _las
cxpe`aks tlc truc K`turc gj Ckcrhy, ^gwcr,
F`ttcr, Cxastckbc, `ko wly `ko lgw `ee tlcsc
`rc sudgroak`tc tg tlc F`stcry gj Fako, `ko
tl`t c`bl Fako as ` se`vc tg tlc Fckt`e, tlcJgrbc gj Ctlcr, wlabl bgktrges tlc @btagk gj
F`ttcr.
Gkc gj tlc geo _cluta F`stcrswrgtc, egkh `hcs
`hg= Lc gr Rlc rc`eazcs tl`t @EE as, `ko tlcsc
wgros `rc `s truc jgr `ee tafc. Xatlgut tlas @kilF`stcr Icy, f`stcry as afpgssadec, `ko tlc
Akata`tcikgbis ak v`ak `t tlc f`ky oggrs gj tlc
_cfpec, `ko as fct dy j`esc _c`blcrs gj Hlgst,
Aeeusagks, Rpggis, Jabtagks, Dceacjs, `ko Fytls,
havck j`esc lgpcs. Kg J`bts, Kg Bgkjarf`tagks,
Kg _rutl, must eac `jtcr eac. _lc Eahlt as ocvaes (RaxCtlcr Oc`tl Jgrbcs ak K`turc) tgge. O`rikcss as
tlc lgfc (@dgoc) gj HGO(Ocaty, Kctcru) ^c`bc
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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@KIL - _lc F`stcr Icy
Pucstagk= Xl`t as tlc F`stcr Icy7
@kswcr= _lc F`stcr Icy as d`sco gk `dsgeutc
Rbacktajab E`ws gj K`turc (KSK), J`bts, `ko waee
ukjgeo tlc pgssadaeatacs tl`t eac ogrf`kt ak c`bl
akoavaou`e, `ko tc`bl lgw tlcy f`y dc drguhlt
aktg pgwcrjue `btagk, tg akbrc`sc tlc pcrsgkscjjcbtavc b`p`baty, drakhakh `ooco ckcrhy,
Bgksbackbc tlc `daeaty tg oasbcrk jrgf wl`t as
rahlt jrgf tl`t wlabl as uetaf`tcey wrgkh ak gkcs
eajc. _lc ^crsgk pgsscssakh tlc F`stcr Icy waee
jako vahgr, ` rckcwco cxbatcfckt jgr eajc `ko
fckt`e ce`stabaty. _lc ^crsgk wlg h`aks `kgvcrst`koakh gj tlcsc K`tur`e Fckt`e E`ws gj
K`turc wlabl `rc ukjgeoakh waee bgfc aktg tlc
pgsscssagk gj `k `daeaty tg scburc rcsuets
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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_lc F`stcr Icy ocvcegps Fako ^gwcr wlabl
fc`ks tl`t gtlcrs akstakbtavcey rcbghkazc tl`t
ygu `rc ` pcrsgk gj jgrbc, gj bl`r`btcr tl`ttlcy w`kt tg og wl`t ygu w`kt tlcf tg og ak
tlc ^gsatavc9 at fc`ks tl`t ygu `ttr`bt
pcgpec `ko tlakhs tg ygu9 tl`t ygu `rc wl`t
sgfc pcgpec b`ee eubiy, tl`t tlakhs bgfc
ygur w`y watl c`sy, tl`t ygu l`vc bgfc aktg tlc
`k gvcrst`koakh gj tlc Juko`fckt`e E`ws gjK`turc, `ko l`vc put ygurscej ak l`rfgky watl
tlcf9 tl`t ygu `rc aktukc watl Akjakatc K`turc9
tl`t ygu Gvcrst`ko tlc E`w gj @ttr`btagk, tlc
K`tur`e e`ws gj Hrgwtl `ko Bl`khc, `ko tlc
Akkcr E`ws gj K`turcgk wlabl `ee `ov`kt`hcs ak
lc`etl, Rgba`e `ko Dusakcss Xgreo rcst.
Fckt`e ^gwcr (_lc F`stcr Icy) as brc`tavc
pgwcr wlabl as HGO ^gwcr, havcs ygu tlc `daeaty
tg brc`tc jgr ygurscej9 at ogcs kgt fc`k tg t`ic
sgfctlakh `w`y jrgf sgfcgkc cesc. K`turc
kcvcr ogcs tlakhs tl`t w`y. K`turc tlc Setaf`tc
prgvaocr f`ics twg de`ocs gj hr`ss hrgw wlcrc
gkc hrcw dcjgrc, `ko Fako ^gwcr ck`decs
pcgpec tg og tlc s`fc tlakh.
Xatl tlc F`stcr Icyak ygur pgsscssagk ygu waee
scc tl`t at lceps ygu tg ocvcegp aksahlt,
akbrc`sco akocpckockbc, `ko tlc `daeaty tg dc
lcepjue. At ocstrgys, jc`r, oastrust, ocprcssagk,
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fce`kblgea`, `ko cvcry e`bi, eafat`tagk `ko
wc`ikcss, akbeuoakh p`ak `ko oasc`sc. At `w`icks
duraco t`eckts, suppeacs akata`tavc jgrbc, ckcrhy,`ko vat`eaty. _lc F`stcr Icy `w`icks `k
`pprcba`tagk gj tlc dc`utajue ak ygur gwk r`bc,
scej praoc `ko ` scksc gj akkcr hrc`tkcss. Qgu
waee ec`rk tg rasc, kgt j`ee d`bi ak egvc watl scej
`ko iako `h`ak, `ko l`vc ` hrc`tcr `pprcba`tagk
jgr ygur hrc`t @kbackt Bueturc `ko tlc hrc`tfakos gj ygur @kbcstgrs.
_lc F`stcr Icyl`s bl`khco tlc eavcs gj `ee tlc
Hrc`t Fck `ko Xgfck gj tgo`y `ko gj gur
Hrc`t @kbackt ^`st, tlc _ruc Chypta`k ikgw
tgo`y `s Kuw`upa`k. _las as truey gur o`y `kotafc! Gkbc ygu ec`rk tg sudstatutc ocjakatc
^rakbapecs gjK`turcwlabl as tlc E`ws ak K`turc,
tlc j`bts, jgr dceacjs, l`zy fctlgos, `ko
prakbapecs jgr tlc jguko`tagk `ko Juko`fckt`e
E`ws gj K`turc, ` hrc`t akkcr strckhtl waee `rasc.
Qgu waee l`vc j`bts dcygko ` sl`ogw gj ` ogudt
tl`t ygur @kbackt @kbcstr`e Jgrbcs gj K`turc`rc
watl ygu, ak ygu, `ko wgriakh jgr ygu ak ygur
cvcryo`y eajc.
L`vakh tlc F`stcr Icy ygu waee ec`rk Rguko
Tahlt Tc`sgkakh, ak `kbackt _`F`-Tc (Chypt)
b`eeco Kuk. _lc F`stcr Icy tc`blcs Tahlt
^rakbapecs, `ko suhhcsts fctlgos jgr f`iakh
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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^r`btab`e @ppeab`tagk gj tlc ^rakbapecs. Xatl
tlc F`stcr Icy ak ygur pgsscssagk ygu tlc truc
stuockt gj @kbackt Chypt, ygu waee ec`rk tlcv`euc gj @ppeab`tagk, ygu waee kgw sat `fgkhst
tlc Ogcrs, tlc Ikgwcrs, `ko tlgsc wlg Tc`sgk.
Xatl tlc F`stcr Icy, tlc truc Rtuockt gj Chypt,
waee ec`rk tlc v`euc gj puttakh tg pr`btabc tlc
Ctcrk`e `ko @efahlty E`ws gj K`turc, watl tlas
ygu scc _ruc J`btsf`kajcst kgt spggiy dceacjs.
Ak tlas kcw Faeeckkauf, Rbackbc l`s t`ick gk
kcw ec`ps, `ko dgukos. _lcy l`vc t`ppco aktg
fgrc j`bts `dgut tlc v`st ukavcrsc `ko ats
akjakatc pgssadaeatacs. Ak tlas kcw Faeeckkauf
b`eeco tlc Rge`r Bybec gj TC (T@) ^cgpec `rcec`rkakh tlc v`euc gj tlc Fako, `ko tlc Fckt`e
Skavcrsc, wc `rc `ee ec`rkakh Fako gvcr F`ttcr.
Hr`d ygur F`stcr Icy `ko bgfc up lcrc `ko
mgak us truc Fckt`e Ha`kts._lc Xlgec Xgreo as
gk `k Cvc (KcatlDa`ps tlc Fgtlcr gj Ckcrhy,
Fatgblgkora` OK@) gj ` kcw (KS gr KSK)
Bgksbaguskcss.
Fakc ygur Fako jgr tlc Mcwces gj ygur Rgue!
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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@TC QGS AK _LCTC7
Aj ycs
Ects Rt`rt!
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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_@DEC GJ BGK_CK_R
Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7 ph.02
Xl`t as Fce`kak7 ph.40 Xl`t as tlc Cecbtrgf`hkctasf7 ph.23 Xl`t as tlc Zasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf7 ..ph.2: Og Luf`k Dcakhs l`vc `k Cecbtrgf`hkctab Jaceo7
ph.:0
Xl`t as Eahlt7 ph.:8 _lc Lgeghr`plab K`turc gj _lc Dr`ak ..ph.88 Rguko, Jrcquckby, `ko Zadr`tagk ..ph.81 Xl`t as Kakc Ctlcr7 .ph.0>2 Xlg as KSK7 .ph.003 Xlg as tlc @kbackt _`F`-Tc`k Ocaty (Kctcr) TC7 001 Xl`t as Pu`ktuf ^lysabs7 ..ph.04? Xlg `rc tlc Ilcfcku7 .ph.043 Xl`t as `k @tgf7 ..ph.041 Xl`t as tlc Xcahlt gj ` ]coc7 .ph.02: Xl`t `rc Da`ps gr Cxgtab Fcsgks7 .ph.028 Xl`t as Fatgblgkora` OK@7 ..ph.034 Xl`t `rc Fgecbuecs7 .ph.038 Og 11 Cecfckts rce`tc tg tlc 11 k`fcs gj tlc K`turc
(Kctcru)7 .ph.031
Xl`t as F`ttcr7 .ph.0:4 Xl`t as Ckcrhy7 .ph.0:4 Xl`t as Pu`ktuf _lakiakh (Kakc Tc`sgkakh)7 ph.0:4 _lc Cecbtrab`e F`hkctab ^gwcr gj _lguhlt .ph.4>2 Zasu`eaz`tagk Cxcrbasc, @utg Ruhhcstagks, _lc ^gwcr gj
Rpgick Xgro gk tlc Rudbgksbagus Fako ..ph.4>3
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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Pucstagk= Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
@kswcr= _lc Xgro P`tuf bgfakh jrgf @kbackt
Chypta`k Fystcry E`khu`hc b`eeco Kuw`upab
fc`kakh Fce`kak `ko `bbgroakh tg tlc
Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs Bgeecha`tc Oabtagk`ry tlc
wgro ^lysabs fc`k= Hrcci - ^lysai`, ^eur`e
^lysaigs gj K`turc. Jr. ^lysas Hrgwtl, K`turc.Jrgf ^lycak _g Drakh Jgrtl. @ Rbackbc tl`t
oc`es watl F`ttcr `ko Ckcrhy `ko tlcar
aktcr`btagks.
Pucstagk= As tlcrc `ky rce`tagk dctwcck tlc
wgro P`tuf ak Kuw`upab `ko Pu`ktuf ak
Ckheasl tlcy sguko tlc s`fc7
@kswcr= Qcs, tlc rc`sgk wly wc s`y P`tuf
(Fce`kak) ak gur @kbackt Chypta`k Fystcry
E`khu`hc b`eeco Kuw`upab `ko tlc wgro
Pu`ktuf `rc tlc s`fc wgros plgkctab`eey,
dcb`usc `s ygu ikgw wc @kbackt _`F`-Tc`k
(Chypta`ks) ikgwk tgo`y `s Kuw`upa`ks, s`w
gurscevcs `s tlc Ruprcfc Dcakhs, Blaeorck gj
K`turc (Kctcru), Blaeorck gj ^@S_ (@EE) `s `Pu`ktuf Dcakh. Pu`ktuf fc`kakh jgur
rcprcscktakh tlc ? prakbapecs `ko Bybecs ak
K`turc, ak _`F`-Tc(Chypt) tlcy wlcrc ikgw `s
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@tuf-Tc, @tuk-Tc, @fuk-Tc `ko @kuk-Tc,
havakh ygu ` Pu`oaty ^rakbapec, `ko kgt ` _rakaty.
Ak `kbackt _`F`-Tc wc `ew`ys `bikgwecohco
tlc Jcf`ec (Jceakc) Jgrbcs gj K`turc gr tlc
Jcfakakc Jgrbc gr ^rakbapecs ak K`turc. Xc
@jrab`ks, rcprcsckt ` fahlty r`bc gj ^cgpec tl`t
l`vc survavco `ee Bybec bl`khcs watlak K`turc,eakiakh us tg ^@S_ (@EE). Xc @kbackt _@F@-
TC@KRBlaeorck gj _@ (C`rtl), F@ (X`tcr), `ko
TC (RSK), `bikgwecohc gurscevcs `s Pu`ktuf
Dcakhs, dcb`usc gj gur plysab`e f`ic up. Xatlak
gur siak wc l`vc Hgeo `ko tl`t Hgeo wc rcjcr tg
as Fce`kak. Fce`kak, f`kajcst gk tlas saoc gjLyorghck (L0) jrgf tlc De`bi Ctlcrab wgfd gj
tlc Lahlcr ^e`kcs gr @dgocs gj Cxastckbc `s
Eahlt, `ko wlck ygu scc Juee Rpcbtruf Eahlt ak
ats ^lysab`e Rt`tc, at f`kajcsts `s De`bikcss, `ko
tlc F`kajcst`tagk gj tlc Rgeao jgrf gj Eahlt as
Fce`kak.
@s P`tuf Dcakhs `ko Blaeorck gj ^@@ TC (_lc
Ruk) wl`t wc fust st`rt tg `bikgwecohc `ko
dcbgfc `w`rc gj as tl`t cvcrytlakh as bgkkcbtco
`ko as ocjakco `s oajjcrckt T`tcs, gr Fgocs gj
Zadr`tagk. Rg tlrguhl ygur OK@ `ko Fce`kak
`ko ygur wlgec plysageghab`e (dgoy) f`ic up `s
` Fce`kakatc, 1 Ctlcrab Dcakh ygu `rc eakico tg
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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tlc Skavcrsc, eakico tg tlc Ruk (^@@ T@, TC),
^e`kct C`rtl(^_@L-KSK) `ko `ee gtlcr Bcecsta`e
Dgoacs. Fce`kak gr wl`t pcgpec `rc b`eeakhFce`kakas rc`eey B`rdgk d`sco, `esg ikgw ak gur
KSK Rbackbc`s Ruk Lc`t Hckcs.
Ruk Lc`t Hckcs`rc ak `btu`eaty ` durkakh tl`t as
t`iakh pe`bc ak tlc bcees, wlabl `rc ikgwk `s
F`st Bcees, `ko tl`t durkakh tl`t as t`iakh pe`bc`btu`eey durks tgw`ros tlc scrvabc gj tlc siak.
Tcfcfdcr eajc as ` durkakh! Xlck ygu t`ic tlc
tafc tg eggi `t F`ec, F`sbueakc Ckcrhy watl `
pgsatavc (+) bl`rhc, _lc Havcr, `ko Jcf`ec,
Jcfakakc Ckcrhywatl ` kch`tavc bl`rhc (-) _lc
Tcbcavcr bgfc tghctlcr `ko b`usc jrabtagk grLc`t at b`uscs ` Rp`ri gj Eahlt wlabl as tlc 0
st
pgakt gj Eahlt (@tuf-Tc). _lc Rpcrf(tlc Eahlt gr
Eajc b`rracr) tr`vces up tlc spakc gj tlc F`ec tg
tlc Brgwk Rc`t (^akc`e He`ko) `ko rcbcavcs tlc
4ko
sp`ri (@tuk-Tc), tlas kcwey bl`rhco Rpcrf
bcee tr`vces d`bi ogwk tlrguhl tlc Srctl` ak
F`ecs`ko huslcs jgrtl aktg tlc occpprafgroa`e
`dyss, _lc Xgfd `ko rc`blcs tlc chh `ko tlc
2ro
pgakt gj eahlt gbburs aksaoc tlc wgfd (@fuk-
Tc). Jrgf @fuk Tc tg@kuk-Tctg @tuf-Tc, 2
pgakts gj O`rikcss, `ee l`ppckakh watlak tlc
^rakbapec gj tlc Pu`oaty, `ko eakiakh gur dcakh tg
Pu`ktuf (_lc @EE ak @EE). _lc Fakos gj tlc
wgreo `rc kgw rc`oy tg rcbcavc Pu`ktuf
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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F@R_ BCEER - _lc Lgfc gj Ruk Lc`t Hckcs
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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Pucstagk= Xl`t as tlc afpgrt`kbc gj tlc
Kcrvgus Rystcf7
@kswcr= _lc Kcrvgus Rystcf as tlc
Bgffukab`tagks `ko Bgktrge Kctwgri gj tlc
Dgoy. _lrguhl Cecbtrgblcfab`e (Cecbtrab
Blcfab`e) afpuescs at sckscs, sgrts, stgrcs `ko
uscs fcss`hcs tl`t bgktrge cvcrydgoy jukbtagk
`ko prgbcss. At as `esg rcspgksadec jgr tlguhlt,str`tchy `ko ocbasagk f`iakh. Qgur Kcrvgus
Rystcfas bgfpgsco gj `k ckgrfgus Kctwgri gj
Kcrvc Jadcrs `ko bcees tl`t rc`bl cvcry p`rt gj
tlc Dgoy.
_lc Bcrcdrgspak`e Kcrvgus Rystcf gr Bcktr`eKcrvgus Rystcf bgksasts gj tlc Dr`ak `ko tlc
Rpak`e bgro. At bggroak`tcs `efgst `ee tlc
`btavatacs gj tlc dgoy. _lc Bcktr`e Kcrvgus
Rystcfrcbcavcs akjgrf`tagk jrgf `ee p`rts gj tlc
Dgoy dy akbgfakh Rcksgry Kcrvcs9 At tlck sgrts
gut tlas akjgrf`tagk `ko at sckos tlasakjgrf`tagk ak ats prgpcr grocrs tlrguhl tlc
guthgakh fgtgr kcrvcs `ko tlck tg tlc p`rts gj
tlc dgoy rcquarakh `omustfckt.
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_lc Kcrvgus Rystcf - Cecbtrab`e Rystcf gj tlc Dgoy
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
4?
Zcrtcdr`tcs dy stafue`takh Fce`kak syktlcsas ak
Fce`kgbytcs `ko Fce`kak hr`kuec oaspcrs`e ak
Fce`kgplgrcs`esg b`eeco Aktcrfcoak.
Pucstagk= Xly as Fce`kak afpgrt`kt7
@kswcr= Cxbceeckt qucstagk! Fce`kak as
afpgrt`kt, dcb`usc at as tlc fgst ^rafatavc
fc`kakh ^rafc, ^raf`ry 0
st
, `ko Skavcrs`e^ahfckt ak Eavakh Grh`kasfs. Fce`kak as
prgoubco ak tlc ^akc`e He`ko. @duko`ktey jguko
ak ^rafatavc Grh`kasfssubl `s Jukha, `s wcee `s
`ov`kbco ^raf`tcs. Jurtlcrfgrc, watlak c`bl
eavakh grh`kasf, Fce`kak `ppc`rs tg dc egb`tco
ak f`mgr jukbtagk`e satcs. Jgr cx`fpec, akZcrtcdr`tcs, Fce`kak as kgt gkey prcsckt ak tlc
siak, cycs, c`rs, Bcktr`e Kcrvgus Rystcf, `ko
tlc oajjusc Kcurgogbrakc Egba, `fgkh gtlcr
tlakhs.
Fce`kak b`k dc jguko ak tlc ^akc`e He`ko (_lcDe`bi Ogt), ^atuat`ry He`ko, _lyrgao He`ko,
_lyfus He`ko, ^`r`tlyrgao, @orck`e He`ko, `ko
B`rgtao Dgoy. Fce`kak as `duko`ktey prcsckt ak
tlc vasbcr`, akbeuoakh tlc Lc`rt. _lc Eavcr, tlc
@rtcracs, tlc Fusbecs, tlc H`strgaktcstak`e tr`bt,
`ko tlc Hgk`os. _lus watlak c`bl `ko cvcryeavakh grh`k wlabl `aos tlc Luf`k dgoy Fce`kak
`ppc`rs. Tch`roecss gj wl`t bgegr ygur siak
`ppc`rs tg dc `ee Hckcsak `ee brc`turcs gk tlas
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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pe`kct `rc de`bi dcb`usc tlcy `rc `ee bg`tco watl
Fce`kak.
Pucstagk= Lgw fubl Fce`kak b`k dc ak tlc Riak
gj `ky gkc akoavaou`e7
@kswcr= _lc `fgukt gj Fce`kak ak tlc siak as
gkc gj tlc fgst v`ra`dec gj Luf`k tr`ats, `ko
f`ky ^geyhckcs `rc akvgevco. Hrgups gj pcgpecgr tlc pgpue`tagk gj tlc wgreo wcrc gkbc
be`ssajaco `bbgroakh tg siak sl`oc= De`bi,
(@jrab`ks) Xlatc (B`ub`sa`ks Curgpc`ks),
Qceegw (Grackt`es) `ko Tco (Akoa`ks) Ctb... Qgu
slgueo rc`eazc tl`t must dcb`usc tlas as tlc w`y
tlcy l`vc be`ssajaco pcgpec ogcs kgt fc`k tlas as` j`bt. _lc Lucs gj bgegr gj ygur siak ocpckos gk
scvcr`e j`btgrs. Jarst as tlc `fgukt gj Fce`kakak
tlc gutcr e`ycrs gj tlc siak. Fce`kak `bts `s `
jaetcr tg prcvckt o`f`hc tg tlc oceab`tc occpcr
e`ycrs gj tlc siak, dy pckctr`tagk gj Setr`vagect
Eahlt (De`bi Eahlt).
Pucstagk= As tlcrc gkey gkc _ypc gj Fce`kak7
@kswcr= Kg, gj bgursc kgt! @s fcktagkco c`reacr
ygu l`vc Dr`ak Fce`kak, ikgwk `s
Kcurgfce`kak b`eeco Ruprcfc Fce`kak wlablfust dc `btav`tco ak tlas o`y `ko tafc, `ko tlck
ygu l`vc RiakFce`kak. Kcurgfce`kakogcs kgt
ruk p`r`eece watl siak fce`kak. Kg f`ttcr wl`t
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
48
r`bc, Kcurgfce`kak pe`ys `k afpgrt`kt rgec ak
tlc jukbtagkakh gj tlc Dr`ak, `ko Kcrvgus
Rystcf. Fce`kgsgfcs (Rf`ee strubturcs watlaktlc Fce`kgbytc Bcees wlcrc Fce`kak as
syktlcsazco) jako tlcar w`y aktg tlc l`ar bcees,
havakh tlcf bgegr. (_wg typcs gj Fce`kak, gkc
o`ri drgwk `ko gkc rco, `rc rcspgksadec jgr `ee
l`ar sl`ocs.)
^ahfckts tl`t bgktradutc tg siak bgegr `rc b`eeco
B`rgtckc (Qceegwasl), Lcfghegdak, ak deggo
vcssces (^aki-Tco), `ko Fce`kak (De`bi, Drgwk,
`ko Tco). O`ricr siaks `rc ogfak`tco dy
Fce`kak, wlabl as prgoubco jrgf @fakg @bao
_yrgsakc, dy ^ahfckt Bcees (Fce`kgbytcs) ak tlcRiak.
Pucstagk= B`k ygu cxpe`ak `h`ak lgw siak bgegr
as octcrfakco7
@kswcr= Rurc, Fce`kak as prgoubco jrgf tlc@fakg @bao _yrgsakc, dy pahfckt bcees b`eeco
Fce`kgbytcs. Qgu l`vc tlc s`bs watlak tlc
Fce`kgbytc, b`eeco Fce`kgsgfcs tl`t `btu`eey
f`ic tlc Fce`kak. _lcsc eattec s`bs gr bl`fdcrs
gj Fce`kak, octcrfakc ygur siak bgegr. Xlck
tlcrc as ` eattec dat gj Fce`kak ak tlcFce`kgsgfc, tlc eattec s`b gr bl`fdcr, ygu eggi
wlatc (p`ec). Xlck ats tgt`eey jaeeco ygu eggi
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
4> tg 8>>K`kgfctcrs. _l`t as
tlc jrcquckby gj Eahlt tl`t tlcar dgoy as f`oc
gut gj. Lgwcvcr, ygu @jrab`ks w`vceckhtl
jrcquckby Zadr`tcs jrgf >>>.0 Faecs tg 20>>
Faecs.
Pucstagk= Xl`t as ` K`kgfctcr7
@kswcr= @ K`kgfctcr as 0\ (0> tg tlc ^gwcr gj -
1) Fctcr. X`vceckhtls gj `dgut ?3> K`kgfctcrs
(Tcooasl Deuc), 32> Kf (Hrcck), `ko 38> Kf
(Hrcckasl Qceegw) cxast. Eahlt `t tlcsc
w`vceckhtls og kgt eggi purc, ygu b`kkgt
prcoabt jrgf tlc `ppc`r`kbc gj gkc subl
w`vceckhtl wl`t ` faxturc gj twg gr fgrc waee,
slgueo eggi eaic. _lc wgro K`kgfctcr bgfakh
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
2:
jrgf @kbackt Rufcra`k wgro K@K@ tlc Fggk
Hgo fc`kakh Rak `ko Fctcr bgfakh jrgf
Fgtlcr gr Fctcr ak @kbackt tgkcs F`y-_`rc,fc`kakh f`ttcr gr f`tcra`e, K`kgfctcr as `
fgocrk tcrf usco, prcjcrrco gvcr @khstrgf
usco ak fc`surakh vasadec eahlt. @esg b`eeco
`khstrgf ukat, `jtcr @kocrs Mgk`s @khstrgf, `
Rwcoasl @strgkgfcr ko lysabast.
Pucstagk= Xl`t as Cecbtrgf`hkctasf7
@kswcr= @bbgroakh tg Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs
Bgeeah`tc Oabtagk`ry=
0. Cecbtrgf`hkctasf as ocjakco `s= F`hkctasfocvcegpco dy ` Burrckt gj Cecbtrabaty.
Rg Cecbtrgf`hkctasfas F`hkctasfprgoubco dy
`k Cecbtrab bl`rhc ak fgtagk tlc ^lysabs gj
Cecbtrabaty `ko F`hkctasf. At brc`tco ats gwk
gppgsatcs. Ats Cecbtrabaty ak Fgtagkgr Ckcrhy akFgtagk gr Cfgtagk`e Ckcrhy. Xatlak tlc
Cecbtrgf`hkctab Rpcbtruf tlcrc `rc twg
oajjcrckt gppgsakh ^gecs, gj Ckcrhy. Dgtl
^gsatavc `ko Kch`tavc9 cecbtrg (Cecbtrab) jrgf
fgocrk E`tak cecbtrabus fc`kakh rcscfdeakh
`fdcr `fdcr, dcakh kch`tavc, `ko f`hkctabjrgf e`tak f`hkctaseg`ostgkc dcakh pgsatavc.
_lc Eahlt gr tlc aeeufak`ta (aeeufak`takh) dcakh
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
28
Cecbtrg (Cecbtrab), `ko tlc Eahlt Rpcbtruf dcakh
F`hkctasf.
Xlck wc s`y ^gsatavc `ko Kch`tavc wc og kgt
fc`k ak tlc scksc gj hggo gr d`o, wc `rc
spc`iakh `dgut tlc w`y tlc Ckcrhy fgvcs gr
jegws. ^gsatavc dcakh Gutpgurakh gj Ckcrhy
fgvakh `w`y jrgf ats bcktcr, `ko Kch`tavc
fc`kakh fgvakh jrgf tlc gutsaoc tgw`ros atsBcktcrgr `k ak pgurakh.
Pucstagk= Xl`t as tlc
Zasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf7
@kswcr= Xatlak tlc
vasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf
tlcrc `rc bgegrs, tl`t
`rc oavaoco aktg 2
^raf`ry Bgegrs, `kotlcar bgfpecfckt`ry
Bgegrs wlabl as wl`t wc
scc. Qceegw, Deuc, Tco,
Gr`khc, `ko ^urpec. At
ruks jrgf ?>>
K`kgfctcrs tg 8>>k`kgfctcrs ak w`vc
eckhtl.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
2
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
?0
Jrgf 1 C_LCT Fce`kakatc_g : Ctlcr Fce`kak
Tcbcssavc, tlc purc Fce`kakatc Hckc Hlgstazc
gr w`slco gut bgfpectcey. Lc egst las
bgkkcbtagk tg ^@@ KS__lc Skavcrsc
(Fuetavcrsc). Lc RGEO LAR RGSE @KO EGR_ LARHAJ_ (FCE@KAK)!
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
?4
^cgpec watl Fce`kak `rc w`eiakh T`oags, `ko
vcry o`ri siakkco pcgpec `rc vcry scksatavc tg
oajjcrckt typcs gj T`oag jrcquckby gr _lguhlt^`ttcrks (X`vcs)tl`t `rc ak gur ckvargkfckt.
Rg, `s ` P`tuf (Fce`kak) Pu`ktuf dcakh
cvcrytlakh ygu eastck tg, cvcrytlakh ygu c`t,
cvcrytlakh ygu og, `jjcbts ygu `ko at `jjcbts ygur
Fce`kak.
Qgu P`tuf (Fce`kak) Dcakhs `rc `k @_GF
(@O@F) @_SF, ygu l`vc ` Kubecus (Rge`r
^ecxus, Bcktr`e Ruk), ygu l`vc `k Cecbtrg-
F`hkctab Jaceo gj Ckcrhy (Cecbtrabaty) `rguko
gur dcakh b`eeco ygur L`e``t (@ST@), ygu `rcCecbtrab `ko F`hkctab `ko ocpckoakh gk wl`t
ecvce gj Kut`tagk`e T`tc ygu `rc spakkakh gk,
tl`t as tlc Iako gj ^`rtabecs(^cgpec, ^e`bcs, `ko
_lakhs) ygu `rc @ttr`btakh (Tcjcr tg tlc E`w gj
@ttr`btagk Ku @jrab`k Fako Zge.2) octcrfakcs
ygur eajc bgursc. Xatl ygur Fako ^gwcr ygu`ew`ys l`vc tlc `daeaty tg brc`tc ` kcw ygu!
_lcrc `rc Akjakatc pgssadaeatacs ak tlc Skavcrsc,
dcbgfc @EE (^@S_) ygu b`k dc, tlus wc s`y A
`f Ak @EE `ko @EE as ak Fc(@KSIAJA ^@S_ X@
^@S_ I@ESK JA KCC).
Xlck ygu t`p aktg Lahlcr jgrfs gj Ckcrhy
tlrguhl ygur Cfgtagks wlabl as ` jgrf gj
Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk, ygu t`p aktg wl`t pcgpec s`y
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
?2
`rc Far`becs. Qgu l`vc tg rcfcfdcr, `ee tlc
tlakhs Curgpc`ks l`s pr`btabco, ak grocr tg try
t`p aktg _lcKakc Rt`hcs gj Ctlcrab Jgrbcswlabltlc Curgpc`k T`bcwaee kcvcr dc `dec tg hg p`ss
tlc :tl
Rt`hc gj Ctlcr gr Ctlcrab @dgocdcb`usc
gj tlc e`bi gj Fce`kak, Rgue Jgrbc (D@@) tlc
vclabecgr Cfgtagk`e Ckcrhy (Ckcrhy Ak Fgtagk)
kccoco tg r`asc ygur Zadr`tagks tg b`usc tlc
@tgfs ak ygur dgoy tg f`ic ` Pu`ktuf Ec`ptgtlc kcxt Grdat`egr Kut`tagk`e Ecvce.
Qgu tlc Blaeorck gj _lc RSK(^@@ TC) l`vc tlc
k`tur`e `daeaty gkbc ygu `rc ak ygur rahlt Rt`tc gj
Fako (Kakc Fako, Fako ak tlc ^gsatavc _lguhlt
^rgbcss, Tc`sgkakh) `ko Cfgtagk`e Zadr`tagk, tgt`p aktg wl`t sccfs eaic FAT@BEC Ckcrhy `t
waee `ko Fckt`eey ^ge`razc ygur Fakos tg st`y
tlcrc. Qgu fust ec`rk lgw tg ^ge`razc ygur Fako
tg tlc ^gsatavc Jrcquckby `ko bgktrge tlc
Rwakh gj tlc ^ckoueuf, dy ^gsatavc
Ruhhcstagks wlabl l`vc `k cjjcbt gk ygur
Rudbgksbagus Dcakh (Akvgeukt`ry Jgrbcs _lc
Xgreo gj ygur @kbcstgrs) wlabl as eakico tg tlc
^e`kc gj Jgrbc. _lc ^e`kceakico tg tlc Jgrbcs gj
K`turc.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
??
Cecbtrgf`hkctab Ckcrhy `ko Fce`kak
@s prcvagusey st`tco Fce`kak as tlc fgstafpgrt`kt sudst`kbc ak tlc Luf`k Dgoy. At as `k
gxaoazco jgrf gj TK@, wlabl ck`decs tlc dgoy tg
bggroak`tc tlc prgoubtagk gj prgtcaks kccoco ak
bceeue`r rcp`ar. Xlcrc cvcr tlcrc as bcee o`f`hc
Fce`kakas scck surrgukoakh tlc satc, jukbtagkakh
`s ` Kcurg-_r`ksfattcr ak bggroak`tagk watlFce`kgbytc, prgtcak prgoubtagk jgr tlc rcp`ar gj
O`f`hco OK@. Fce`kakas ` pahfckt ak tlc Riak
gj @jrab`k ^cgpec, wlabl as prgoubco dy
Fce`kgbytc Bcees, `ko ocpgsatco, ak tlc
cpaocrf`e tassuc. Fce`kgbytcs `rc Kcurg eaic
bcees wlabl prgoubc Fce`kak `ko kufcrgusprgtcaks ak rcspgksc tg Cecbtrgf`hkctab
T`oa`tagk.
_lc ^rgoubtagk gj Fce`kak st`rts watl tlc
bgkvcrsagk gj _yrgsakc dy tlc ckzyfc
_yrgsak`sc tg 3,:-Aogec quakakc. _yrgsak`sc as `Bgppcr-bgkt`akakh ckzyfc wlabl b`t`eyzcs tlc
bgkvcrsagk gj _yrgsakc (`k @fakg @bao) `ko
st`daeazcs tlc bgkjgrf`tagk gj tlc Fce`kak
strubturc. _lc Fct`e Agk `bts `s ` d`bi dgkc jgr
tlc ^geyfcr strubturc gj Fce`kak, rcsuetakh ak `
fct`egrh`kab bgfpecx. _lc @fakg @bao jgrfs
^cptaoc eakico jgrf`tagks watl tlc fct`e agks.
_lc Eah`kos`rc `tt`blco `t tlc Katrghck @tgfs.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
?3
_lc prgpgsco strubturc rcscfdecs ` sw`stai` (`k
`kbackt @jrab`k Ryfdge gj tlc De`bi Ruk tlc
Ctlcrab Ckcrhydclako tlc Ruk@kuk-Tc).
@kbackt Ryfdges gj tlc De`bi Ruk `ko Bybecs gj K`turc
_lc Rtrubturc l`s aktcr`btagks gbburrakh
dctwcck tlc bcktr`e Bu (Bgppcr) Agks. _las
bgfpecx fct`e bgfpguko as tlc gkey sudst`kbc
ak tlc dgoy tl`t qu`eajacs `s `k Grh`kab RcfaBgkoubtgr.
De`bi `ko Drgwk Fce`kak Hr`kuecs `rc gv`e ak
sl`pc, jgrfakh ` sf`ee Oapgec @ktckk`. _lc jaceo
ouc tg gkc Oapgecb`k akoubc ` Oapgecak `kgtlcr
Fce`kak hr`kuec kc`rdy. Fce`kakhr`kuecs `bt `staky prafatavc cycs, jgrfakh ` e`rhc kcur`e
kctwgri strubturc, wlgsc jukbtagk as tg `dsgrd
`ko ocbgoc Cecbtrgf`hkctab X`vcs.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
?:
Fce`kak as tlc Rgeao jgrf gj Eahlt, `ko Fce`kak
havcs ygu tlc `daeaty tg tr`ksoubc tlc Xlgec
Eahlt Rpcbtruf(Cecbtrgf`hkctab Rpcbtruf).
_lc fc`kakh gj tlc wgros Oapgec @ktckk`as=
Oapgec= Hrcci (Oapeggs Ogudec)= B`kbceegus
dgky tassuc dctwcck tlc cxtcrk`e `ko Aktcrk`e
E`ycrs gj tlc Riuee.
@ktckk`= ` spcba`e scksatavatygr rcbcptavckcss.
Rg watlak tlc Luf`k Riuee tlcrc as eatcr`eey
scksatavc rcbcptgrs tl`t `rc rcbcptavc tg
Cecbtrgf`hkctab Eahlt.
Kcur`e Kctwgri bgfputcrs `rc ec`rkakh
f`blakcs wlabl `rc f`oc watl ` kufdcr gj
rcbcptgrs tl`t b`k `omust tlcar wcahlts
(Pu`ktat`tavc ^rgpcrtacs) tg prgoubc ` spcbajab
gutput. _lc ^lysageghab`e f`ic up gj @jrab`ksbgkt`ak f`ssavc `fgukts gj Fce`kgbytcs tl`t
ckbgoc `ee eajc cxpcrackbcs ak tlcar Fce`kak
prgoubtagk, watl tlc `af gj brc`takh `k `btu`e
rc`eaty st`tc `jtcr oc`tl. Ourakh eajc, vasagks
`ppc`r jrcqucktey `ko CR^ (Cxtr` Rcksgry
^crbcptagk) as bgffgk.
@s ` scfabgkoubtgrFce`kakl`s `k ckcrhy h`p.
_lc `dsgrptagk gj ckcrhy as rcquarco dcjgrc
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
?
_yrgsakc as tlc affcoa`tc prcbursgr tg tlc
tlyrgao lgrfgkctlyrgxak`ko Fce`kak, wlabl as
tlc pahfckt ak tlc siak tl`t `eegws jgr t`kkakhpahfckt ak siak `ko tlc de`bi pahfckt ak l`ar
b`eeco Fce`kak.
Ocjabackbacs gj ^lckye`e`kakc gr _yrgsakc f`y
rcsuet ak aktcrruptagk gj tlc syktlcsas gj Fce`kak
gr _lyrgxak.
_yrgsakc as `k affcoa`tc prcbursgr gj tlc
Ogp`fakc j`faey gj lgrfgkcs. Ogp`fakcs `rc
syktlcsazco ak tlc @orck`e Fcouee` `ko Bcktr`e
Kcrvgus Rystcf, `ko rchue`tco bcktr`e `ko
pcraplcr`e kcrvgus systcf `btavaty.
_lcsc Lgrfgkcs akbeuoc @orck`eakc `ko
Kgr`orck`eakc. Kgr`orck`eakc `ko @orck`eakc
`rc rce`tco tg tlc prgpcr fct`dgeasf gj _yrgsakc
`ko ^lckye`e`kakc._yrgsakc as `esg fct`dgeazco
tg B`tcblge ocrav`tavcs, wlabl f`y pe`yafpgrt`kt rgecs `s Kcurgtr`ksfattcrs. _lc
rgutc gj jgrf`tagk gj tlc B`tcblge`fakcs as
tlrguhl bl`khc gj _yrgsakc aktg _yr`fakc, `ko
tlc sudscquckt bgkvcrsagk tg ogp`
(ogp`6oalyorgxyplckye`e`kakc)._yrgsakc wlabl
as tr`ksjgrfco aktg ` scbgko prcbursgrOgp`quakgkcva` tlc `btagk gj _yrgsak`sc.
_las bgfpguko as cjjcbtavc ak trc`tfckt gj
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
30
^`riaksgk's oasc`sc. (rcsuet gj tlc e`bi gj
ogp`fakc ak bcrt`ak rchagks gj tlc dr`ak). _lc
f`mgr rgutc gj ochr`o`tagk gj _yrgsakc as tlcbgkvcrsagk tg ^`r`lyorgxyplckyepyruv`tc. _las
bgfpguko as tlck jurtlcr ochr`oco dy `k
ckzyfc b`eeco oagxyhck`sc tg Lgfghcktaksab
@bao. _lc _lyrgao He`ko as rabl ak agoaoc. _las
rc`bts ukocr tlc akjeuckbc gj ` ^crgxao`sc
ckzyfc tg agoak`tc _yrgsakc tg jgrf tlc `btavc_lyrgao Lgrfgkcs.
_yrgsakc as `esg fct`dgeazco tg b`tcblge
ocrav`tavcs, wlabl pe`y afpgrt`kt rgecs `s
Kcurgtr`ksfattcrs. _lc f`mgr rgutc gj
ochr`o`tagk gj tyrgsakc as tlc bgkvcrsagk tg^`r`lyorgxyplckyepyruv`tc. _las bgfpguko as
tlck jurtlcr ochr`oco dy `k ckzyfc b`eeco
Oagxyhck`sc tg Lgfghcktaksab @bao.
_lc fct`dgeab drc`iogwk gj `orck`eakc `ko
Kgr`orck`eakcgbbur dy w`y gj `k ckzyfc b`eecoFgk`fakc Gxao`sc (F@G), watl tlc uetaf`tc
cxbrctgry prgoubt dcakh Z`kceeab @bao wlabl as
cxbrctco ak tlc urakc. _lc scbgko drc`iogwk
rgutc jgr tlcsc kcurgtr`ksfattcrs as dy w`y gj
B`tcblge`fakc G-fctlye tr`ksjcr`sc (BGF_), `
vcry `btavc ckzyfc ak kcur`e tassucs.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
34
_lc Dr`ak Bcktcr watl tlc Occpcst
^ahfckt`tagk as tlc
Egbus Bgcruecusgr De`bi Ogt
_lc Egbus Bgcruecus (De`bi Ogt) suppeacs tlc
^akc`e He`ko watl Kgrcpakcplrakc. _lc ^akc`e
He`kobgktrges tlc jegw gj Fce`tgkakourakh tlc
kahlt lgurs tg `btav`tc T.C.F seccp wlabl `eegwsus tg bgffukab`tc watl aktcrk`e fcfgry pgges
gr gtlcr oafcksagks gj eajc ak k`turc. Fce`kak
`esg b`uscs Rcrgtgkaktg jegw fgrc cjjcbtavcey ak
tlc w`iakh st`tc sg tg C\^CTACKBC fgrc
sparatu`eaty. _las `esg lceps tg iccp sparatu`e
aktukcfckt `t `k `pcx. _lc ecss Fce`kak ak `kakoavaou`e, tlc fgrc b`ebajaco tlc ^akc`e He`ko
`ko ecss `bbcss tlc akoavaou`e l`s tg tlc sparatu`e
wgreo. Fce`kak as `esg usco tg f`ic tlc De`bi
Ogtfgrc ak tgubl watl tlc Skavcrsc. _las De`bi
Ogt (_laro Cyc) w`s scck dy gur Chypta`k
@kbcstgrs `s tlc `bbcss pgakt tg akkcr wasogf
`ko oavakaty. _las w`s tlc akvasadec oggr tg tlc
pyr`fao wlabl wlck `btav`tco wgueo ocbaplcr
tlc fystcracs. Fce`kak `dsgrds eahlt r`ys `ko
stgrcs tlcf sg tl`t tlcy b`k dc usco `s Ckcrhy
e`tcr gk. _las as wly Fce`kak ogfak`kt pcgpec
`rc `dec tg usc sukeahlt fgrc cjjcbtavcey. @
pcrjcbt cx`fpec gj Fce`kaks usc as rce`tco tg
Zat`fak O.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
3?
Zat`fak O b`k dc jguko ak tlc siak gj Fce`kak
ogfak`kt akoavaou`es `jtcr Ruk cxpgsurc,
wlcrc`s ecss Fce`k`tco pcgpec rcquarc tlcakt`ic gj o`ary prgoubts tg scbrctc Zat`fak O.
Jgr gur pcgpec, c`takh oa`ry ec`os tg degbi`hc
oasc`scs ak tlc dgoy. @esg `kgtlcr aktcrcstakh dat
gj akjgrf`tagk `dgut _yrgsakc as atl`s `esg dcck
suhhcstco tg dc uscjue jgr tlc f`k`hcfckt gj
bcrt`ak Kcrvgus Rystcf oasgrocrs wlabl `rc`ssgba`tco watl egw Ogp`fakc gutput subl `s
ocprcssagk. Ak tlgsc ocprcssavc p`tackts wlg og
kgt rcspgko tg ^lckye`e`kakc gr _ryptgpl`k
suppecfckt`tagk, ` tra`e watl _yrgsakc fahlt
prgvc dckcjaba`e.
Fce`kakak ats fgst bgkbcktr`tco jgrf as De`bi. At
as De`bi dcb`usc ats Blcfab`e (@E Blcfab`e)
Rtrubturc waee kgt `eegw `ky Ckcrhy tg csb`pc
gkbc tl`t Ckcrhy l`s bgfc ak bgkt`bt watl at.
_las havcs us `k aksahlt `ko slgws tl`t Fce`kak
Ogfak`kt pcgpec og kgt rcquarc tlc s`fc
`fgukt gj Fakcr`es `ko Kutracktsak tlcar oact `s
^cgpec watl ecss Fce`kak. Ikgwakh `ee tlas `dgut
Fce`kak as vcry afpgrt`kt dcb`usc ygu `rc `
P`tuf (Fce`kak) Dcakh dy K`turc! Xc fust
ikgw wlg `ko wl`t wc `rc `ko gur
^gtckta`e`s F`stcrs gj tlc Skavcrscdy gro`akco
dy K`turc.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
33
Pucstagk= Xl`t as tlc rce`tagkslap dctwcck tlc
Skavcrsc, Fce`kak `ko tlc ^akc`e He`ko7
@kswcr= _lc ^akc`e He`ko as tlc bgrc rchue`tgr
gj lgw fubl gj tlas dageghab`e eajc ygu `rc `dec tg
rcsgk`tc watl `t `ky p`rtabue`r tafc, `ko at
`btu`eey as gk ` bybeab aktcrbl`khc. Rg wc ikgw
jgr cx`fpec ak gur Rge`r Rystcf tlcrc `ppc`rs tg
dc wl`t ^cgpec l`vc dcck tr`akco tg b`eeo`ytafc `ko kahlt tafc, `ko wc ikgw tlcrc `rc
bcrt`ak tlakhs tl`t l`ppck ourakh o`ytafc `ko
kahlt tafc, dcb`usc `s jrcquckby gj eahlt bl`khcs
tlc tcfpcr`turc `esg bl`khcs. @ko sg watl tlc
^akc`e He`ko dcakh ` rchue`tgr, gj tlc
fgoue`tagk gj tlc `btavaty gj Fce`kak, tlas atogcs, at as tlc fgoue`tgr `ko at as ` rchue`tgr jgr
tlc `btavaty gj Fce`kak. Rg tlc ^akc`e He`ko
ogcs twg tlakhs praf`raey `s j`r `s blcfab`e
`btavaty. O`ytafc at brc`tcs ` blcfab`e ikgwk `s
Rcrgtgkak`ko ourakh kahlt tafc (Rl`ogw Lgurs)
at brc`tcs ` Blcfab`e(@E BLCBFAB@E) ikgwk `s
Fce`tgkak. Rcrgtgkak as kccoco tg `eegw tlc
bcees tg dchak tg dcbgfc vcry `btavc ak
oasbl`rhakh w`stc, `ko `dsgrdakh kutrackts.
@t kahlt tafc Fce`tgkakbgfcs gut ak o`rikcss,
`ko tlc Dr`akl`s tg dc sc`eco gjj jrgf eahlt, sg
tlc cycs l`vc tg dc begsco, tg `btav`tc Fce`kak
stafue`takh Lgrfgkcs. _las stafue`tcs tlc
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
3:
prgbcss gj Fce`tgkak9 jrgf tlc ^akc`e He`ko
Fce`tgkak as rcec`sco aktg tlc deggo strc`f, tg
b`usc tlc bcees tg kgw dchak tg usc tlc kutracktsourakh tlc o`y `ko tg rcduaeo tlc bcees. Rg
eatcr`eey ygurc suppgsco tg oac ourakh tlc
o`ytafc `ko dc rchckcr`tco ourakh tlc kahlt.
Eahlt as akjgrf`tagk `ko tlc _cecvasagk jgr
cx`fpec, tlc _Z w`vc as ` d`ko gr `k `spcbt gjtlc Xlgec Jrcquckby gj Eahlt b`eeco tlc
Cecbtrgf`hkctab Rpcbtruf. Dcakh tl`t ygu l`vc
Fce`kakygu `rc `dec tg pabi up gk Lahlcr Eahlt
Jrcquckbacs bgfakh jrgf tlc Xlgec Eahlt
Rpcbtruf, `ko gur dr`aks watl tlc bybec wc `rc
kgw ak, b`eeco tlc Rge`r Bybec gj Tc(T`)( rcjcr tg_lc Rge`r Bybec gj TC F`stcr Icy Zge.4)`rc
ocvcegpakh aktg `k Cecbtrgf`hkctab Bgfputcrs.
Xc l`vc tlc `daeaty tg scko _lguhlt Jgrfs ak
tlc jgrf gj pabturcs `brgss sp`bc tg `k gpck
rcbcavcr, `ko tlcsc tlguhlt jgrfs wgri must eaic
_cecvasagk X`vcs dut tr`vce j`stcr tl`k tlc
Rpcco gj Eahlt.
_lcrcjgrc gtlcr T`bcs gk tlc ^e`kct tl`t og kgt
l`vc `k `duko`kbc gj Fce`kak, l`o tg brc`tc
`rtajaba`e fc`ks gj t`ppakh aktg tlcsc lahlcr
jgrfs gj tlc Xlgec Eahlt Rpcbtrufdcb`usc tlcy
bgueo kgt k`tur`eey t`p aktg tlcsc jrcquckbacs.
Xl`t wc kcco tg rc`eazc watl gur Tc`e Cycs (2ro
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
38
CQC) as tl`t ` pabturc as ` jrcquckby gj Eahlt
X`vc.
Ak bueturcs wlcrc pcgpec `rc Fce`kakogfak`tc
tlcy l`o tlcsc pabturcs, `s rceabs, `s Lacrgheypls,
`ko `s Bgocs, tl`t sahkajy tl`t gur @kbackt
@kbcstgrs wlcrc `ew`ys pueeakh jrgf ` lahlcr
spcbtruf jrgf Cecbtrgf`hkctab Jrcquckbacs.
Xc l`vc tlc `daeaty, tg scc ` pabturc ak gur fakos`ko scko ` tlguhlt tg ` pcrsgk `ko wlck `
pcrsgk as gpck tg rcbcavc tlc tlguhlt w`vc, tlcy
waee dc `dec tg scc tlas af`hc ak tlcar fakos.
Ak gtlcr wgros dcakh wc `s @kbackt _`F`-Tc`k
(Chypta`k) Fce`kakatc-@jrab`k ^cgpec wc l`vctlc `daeaty tg tr`ksjcr tlguhlts ak tlc jgrf gj
pabturcs tg `kgtlcr pcrsgk watlgut tlc `ao gj
`ky typc gj cxtcragr f`blakc gr ocvabc. Kgw tlc
afpgrt`kt tlakhs tg rcfcfdcr as aj ygu og kgt
usc ygur hajts, ygur hajts tg vasu`eazc, tg lc`r watl
ygur akkcr c`r, gr akkcr jcceakhs (akkcr`w`rckcss, akkcr scksakh), ygu waee egsc tlcsc
hajts gr tlcsc hajts waee hg ogrf`kt.
Qgu l`vc tg rcfcfdcr cvcrytlakh as Eahlt, `ko
wl`t wc `rc spc`iakh `dgut as @tgfs (@tuf),
ikgwk `s ^lgtgks, `ko tlc Zadr`tgry T`tc, `twlabl tlcsc ^lgtgks `rc pues`takh, as
octcrfakakh tlc bgegrs wc scc, gr octcrfakakh
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
3
as bgoco ak Fce`kak & ygur Ruprcfc Fce`kak
(Dr`ak-Kcurgfce`kak) l`s tg dc `btav`tco ak tlas
o`y `ko tafc. OK@ as tlc Rgue (D@@) wlablwlck trahhcrco gpcks ak `w`rckcss. Rgue
(D@@) Rcco (IL@_ DGOQ) ygu l`vc tg rc`bl
ogwk ak ygur OK@ `ko puee oavakaty gut. Qgur
Rparat (I@@) as ak tlc TK@. Qgur @jrab`k scej
(Dgoy) `s ygu b`k scc as ` sf`ee Skavcrsc watlak `
e`rhcr Skavcrsc tlus _lc @ee ak @ee. Gur Dgoacs`rc ` taky Kctwgri gj Cecbtrgf`hkctab Ckcrhacs
r`oa`takh `t oajjcrckt Rpccos `ko Fggos gj
Zadr`tagk watlak ` E`rhcr Kctwgri _lc @EE
(^@@ ^@S_). Xc fust dchak tg rc`eazc tl`t wc
`rc ocatacs `ko tlrguhl gur OK@ (Hckcs-
Hckctabs), wc l`vc kg rc`sgk tg dc `jr`ao, rc`bl
ogwk ak ygur hckcs `ko puee gut oavakaty!
_lrguhl tlc ^gwcr gj _lguhlt, (ak Chypt tlc
Ocaty - Kctcr gj _lguhlt w`s ikgwk `s _lgtl gr
_cluta.) Fako ^gwcr. _lc Mgurkcy st`rts watl `
Farc _lguhlt! Qgur ^gtckta`e as gpckakh `ko
hr`spakh tlc f`hkajabckt bgoc(OK@) tl`t wc `ee
l`vc dcck ckogwco watl. Xlck ygu `rc kgt
cecv`takh watl tafc tlck ygu `rc oc`o.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
:0
Pucstagk= Xl`t as OK@, `ko wly as at
afpgrt`kt7
OK@Ocgxyradgkubecab @bao
OK@ as sg afpgrt`kt dcb`usc watlak ygur OK@
tlrguhl wl`t as b`eeco Lcrcoaty tlcrc as `
rcbgroco p`st gj cvcrytlakh tl`t l`s cvcrl`ppckco tg ` pcrsgk `ko tlcrc j`faey Eakc`hc
(deggoeakc) tlrguhlgut tafc, ec`oakh tg tlc jarst
hrgups gj pcgpec gk C`rtl. @s wc ikgw, `ee eajc
st`rtco ak @jrab`!
Xatl OK@tcstakh f`ky `rc `dec tg jako ` oarcbt
deggo eaki tg `ee @kbackt`ko Hrc`t Tuecrs. F`ky
wcee tr`akco F`stcr Fakos tlrguhlgut lastgry
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
:4
l`vc dcck `dec tg t`p aktg akjakatc rcsgurbcs
ogrf`kt ak tlcar OK@, sg KGX as ygur tafc tg
t`p aktg ygur Laoock ^gtckta`e`ko truc ^gwcrsgj ygur Fako, sg tl`t ygu b`k gkbc `h`ak t`ic
ygur rahltjue pe`bc ak tlc wgreo. Ak grocr tg ikgw
wlcrc ygu hgakh ygu fust ikgw wlcrc ygu
b`fc jrgf, R`kigj`!
Qgurc Cecbtrg-F`hkctab Dgoy!
Pucstagk= Og Luf`k Dcakhs l`vc `k
Cecbtrgf`hkctab Jaceo7
@kswcr= Qcs! _lcrc `rc twg burrckts gj Cecbtrab`e
Ckcrhy tl`t ruk tlrguhl ygur dgoy brc`takh `
F`hkctab Jaceo b`eeco ygur L``e`t gr @ur`.
Qgur Cecbtrg-F`hkctab Jaceo (@ur`) as ` p`rt gj
C`rtls (^_@L-KSK) F`hkctab Jaceo ak wlabl
ygur @ur` (Cecbtrg-F`hkctab Jaceo) fgvcsakocpckocktey. _lcsc jaceos `rc bgfpgsco gj
Kch`tavc `ko ^gsatavc Zadr`takh Ckcrhacs gr
Jgrbcs. _lcsc jgrbcs `rc ikgwk `s=
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
:2
Bcktrapct`e Jgrbc _l`t bgfcs tgw`ros tlc
^e`kct C`rtl (^_@L-KSK) jrgf tlc ukavcrsc (a.c.
Ckcrhy jrgf tlc Ruk, Fggk, `ko st`rs gr gtlcrRge`r Dgoacs.)
Bcktrajuh`e Jgrbc Jgrbc tl`t bgfcs jrgf
(watlak) tlc ^e`kct C`rtl (^_@L-KSK), (A.c.
ckcrhy jrgf pe`kts, fakcr`es, tlc sgae, `ko
w`tcr).
Luf`k Dcakhs @ur` (L`e``t) bgkt`aks ygur Rparat
(I@@), Rgue (D@@), `ko ^lysab`e (IL@_) jgrf. _lc
L`e``t (@ur`) wlabl as tlc Eajc Jgrbc (@kil,
Rcilcfab Ckcrhy) gj tlc Dgoy f`y dc eggico
upgk `s tlc @tfgsplcrc gj tlc Dgoy, dcb`uscygur @ur`rcjecbts tlc Tc`e vat`e Dgoy, Fckt`e
Fggo, Cfgtagk`e Ckcrhy, Lc`etl `ko Bl`r`btcr.
Kgtabc tlc wgro @tfgsplcrc, wlabl as vcry
icy tg ikgwakh ygur rce`tagkslap watl ^e`kct
C`rtl (^_@L-KSK) `ko @EE (^@S_).
_lc wgro @tfgsplcrc as ocjakco `bbgroakh tg
tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs Bgeeah`tc Oabtagk`ry `s=
(K) Hrcci @tfgs Z`pgr, Rpl`cr`, Rplcrc.
(_lc h`scgus ckvcegpc gj ` bcecsta`e dgoy, s `
pe`kct), ` surrgukoakh akjeuckbc grckvargkfckt.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
:?
_lc wgro Akjeuckbc as ocjakco `s= (Akjeucrc tg
jegw ak) jrgf Jeucrc tg Jegw.
- @k Ctlcrc`e (Ctlcrab) jeuao lceo tg jegwjrgf tlc st`rs (wlabl `rc Ruks) `ko tg
`jjcbt tlc `btagks gj Luf`ks.
- @k Cf`k`tagk gj gbbuet (laoock) pgwcrlceo tg ocravc jrgf st`rs (RSKR).
- @k Cf`k`tagk gj Rparatu`e gr fgr`e jgrbc.- _lc `bt gr pgwcr gj prgoubakh `k cjjcbt
watlgut `pp`rckt cxcrtagk gj jgrbc gr
oarcbt cxcrbasc gj bgff`ko.
- _lc ^gwcr gr b`p`baty gj b`usakh `k cjjcbtak akoarcbtgr akt`khadecw`ys= _g sw`y
_lc wgro Cf`k`tcas ocjakco `s= jrgf F`k`rc
tg jegw, tg bgfc gut jrgf ` sgurbc. Cfat.
Rg `bbgroakh tg tlcsc ocjakatagks ygur @ur`
wlabl as tlc `tfgsplcrc gj tlc dgoy, b`k dc
scck `s l`vakh `k akjeuckbc gk ygur
ckvargkfcktva` ygur tlguhlts wlabl as ygur
fckt`e st`tc `ko fggo wlabl as ygur Cfgtagk`e
Ckcrhy gr Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk, wlabl as Cecbtrg-
F`hkctab ak k`turc. Rg `t tafcs ocpckoakh gkygur Cfgtagk`e Fggos ygu b`k l`vc ` @ur` gr
@tfgsplcrc `rguko ygu gj ^gsatavc (1ctlcr),
eajc havakh jgrbcs (ckcrhacs), gr Kch`tavc, or`akakh
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
:3
(:ctlcr) oc`tl b`usakh h`scs (ckcrhacs). Rg tlcsc
oajjcrckt e`ycrs gr Fggos gj Zadr`tagk (Cfgtagk`e
Ckcrhy) `rc rcjecbtco ak bgegrs, wlabl f`y`ppc`r beguo eaic gr drahlt `ko bec`r `bbgroakh tg
tlc Cfgtagk`e Fggo ` pcrsgk as vadr`takh gk.
_lc bgegrs `ko fggos gj vadr`tagk jeubtu`tc
ocpckoakh gk ` pcrsgks fckt`e st`tc, `ko
fckt`e `ttatuoc. ^gsatavc Fckt`e @ttatuoc
(_lguhlts) rcjecbts drahlt, bec`r`ko vavao bgegrswlabl `ttr`bt 1ctlcreajc havakh, vat`eaty p`rtabecs.
@ ^crsgks @ur` b`k dc jcet, wlabl as wly ygu
l`vc lc`ro tlc st`tcfckt f`ky tafcs tl`t
pcrsgk havcs gjj ` hggo vadc, _lc wgro Zadc
cqu`es Zadr`tagk. Rgfc pcgpec `rc ` pec`surctg dc `rguko, tlcy sccf tg rcvat`eazc, `ko
akvahgr`tc cvcrygkc tlcy bgfc ak bgkt`bt watl.
_lcsc `rc ygur eajc havakh pcgpec wlg l`vc
^gsatavc Ctlcrab p`rtabecs watlak tlcar Ckcrhy
Jaceos gr @ur`. @ee tlcy `ttr`bt as hggo `ko
^gsatavc. _lcsc `rc tlc pcgpec wlg `ew`ys sccf
eubiy gr `ew`ys sccf tg dc updc`t `ko l`vc `
^gsatavc guteggi gk cvcrytlakh. _lcy `rc updc`t
`ko juee gj eajc!
_lck ygu l`vc tlc pcrsgk wlg sccfs tg or`ak
ygur ckcrhy wlck ygu bgfc ak bgkt`bt watl
tlcf, ygu l`vc stcppco aktg ` Kch`tavc @ur`
@tfgsplcrc(Ckcrhy jaceo), `k @ur`@tfgsplcrc
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
::
juee gj jc`r, ogudt, wgrry, `ko `kxacty. @jtcr
dcakh `rguko subl ckcrhacs cfattakh jrgf tlcsc
iakos gj pcgpec, ygu st`rt tg ogudt ygurscej, `koygur bgkjaockbc as ukocrfakco. _las fc`ks
tlcrc @ur` as spaeeakh aktg ygurs, `ko tlcy `rc
subiakh ygur ckcrhy, subl pcgpec ak tlas o`y `ko
tafc `rc ikgwk `s Ckcrhy Z`fparcs. _lcy
sccf tg bgfpe`ak `dgut eajc `ko `ee tlc Kch`tavc
tlakhs tl`t l`ppck. _lcy egvc tg pe`y tlc vabtafrgec gr wly fc, pggr fc rgec. _lcsc iakos gj
pcgpec l`vc bryst`eeazco ` Kch`tavc @ur` Jaceo
`rguko tlcfscevcs Rudbgksbagusey, wlabl
rcfcfdcr, as rcjecbtco dy ygur Fckt`e @ttatuoc
(_lguhlts). L`vakh Kch`tavc _lguhlts `ttr`bt
tlcsc Kch`tavc :ctlcr bl`gtab Ckcrhy Jgrbcs
watlak ygur @urab Jaceos.
_lcsc typcs gj pcgpec aj ygu `rc kgt `dec tg r`asc
tlcar Fckt`e Rt`tc, tlus r`asakh tlcar Zadr`tagk gr
`t ec`st tc`bl tlcf lgw tg st`y gk tlc ^gsatavc
Eajc, jrcquckby slgueo dc `vgaoco `t `ee bgst.
Ak @kbackt tafcs Ctlcrab Jgrbcs wcrc scck `s
Eattec @khceab lcepcrs, gr Ocfgkab Lakocrs,
`ee @ttr`btco tg us dy tlc _lguhlts wc `rc
iccpakh `ko bl`rhco dy us tlrguhl gur
Cfgtagks. _lcsc Ctlcrab Jgrbcs `rc eattec
fabrgsbgpab bgsfab jgrbcs vadr`takh gk ` fubl
j`stcr vadr`tagk tlus kgt octcbt`dec dy tlc k`ico
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
:8
cyc dut b`k dc scck eavakh `ko `kaf`takh `ko
t`iakh jgrf tlrguhl ^cgpec, ^e`bc, _lakhs, `ko
cvckts gr satu`tagks.
Pucstagk= @s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs `rc wc
eakico tg @EE tl`t as `rguko us7
@kswcr= Qcs, `s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc Blaeorck)
Dcakhs ygu `rc eakico `ko akjeuckbco dy ygurckvargkfckt, ygu `rc eakico tg tlc ^e`kts, jgr
^e`kts l`vc `k @ur` gr Ckcrhy Jaceo, @kaf`es
l`vc `k @ur`, _rccs, Duhs, Akscbts, Oart, X`tcr,
`ee cfat `k @ur``ko ` Fggo, ` Zadr`tagk. @h`ak
wl`t wc waee st`rt tg rc`eazc ak tlc bgfakh yc`rs
ec`oakh up tg 4>04 `ko dcygko, ygu `rc P`tuf(Fce`kakatc) dcakhs, ygur @ur` as akjakatc `ko
dgukoecss, ygur @ur` as oarcbtco dy tlc
^gwcrs gj ygur Fako. Cvcrytlakh l`s `k cjjcbt
gk cvcrytlakh. Kg f`ttcr wlcrc ygu `rc gk tlc
^e`kct C`rtl (^_@L-KSK), ak tlc Skavcrsc gr
H`e`xy. ^e`kcts l`vc `k cjjcbt gk gtlcr ^e`kcts9Rge`r dgoacs l`vc `k cjjcbt gk gtlcr Rge`r
dgoacs, tlus wc `rc @EE watlak @EE.
Eahlttlc Dartl gj Cfgtagk (Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk)
_lc Eahltgj tlc Dgoy as tlc Cyc= aj tlcrcjgrctlakc cyc dc sakhec tly wlgec Dgoy sl`ee dcjuee
gj Eahlt. F`tlcw :=44
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
: K`kgfctcrs. @ K`kgfctcras ` fgocrk tcrf usco, wlabl as prcjcrrco gvcr
@khstrgf usco ak Fc`surakh Zasadec Eahlt. Xlck
`ee oajjcrckt Bgegrs gj Eahltb`eeco ^rasfs jrgf
tlc E`tak wgro ^rasf` `rc faxco tghctlcr gur
Cycs scc tlas `s Xlatc Eahlt. Xlck ygu scc Juee
(Xlgec) Rpcbtruf Eahlt ak ats ^lysab`e Rt`tc. At
f`kajcsts `s De`bikcss. _l`t as, `ee Eahlt (Xlgec
Eahlt) `ko Bgegr bgfdakco `rc De`bikcss, `ko
tlc f`kajcst`tagk gj tlc Rgeao jgrf gj Eahlt `h`ak
as Fce`kak. Xlck Xlaec Eahlt lats `ky Bgegrco
tlakh, sgfc gj tlc Eahlt as `dsgrdco `ko sgfc gj
tlc Eahlt as dgukbco gjj gr rcjecbtco tgw`ro
gur Cycs, `ko tlgsc rcjecbtco Bgegrs `rc wl`t
ygu scc `s oajjcrckt Bgegrs. Rg ygu scc ats `ee `k
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
:1
Aeeusagk. Eahlt as kgt Eahlt dut Ckcrhyfgvakh ak
O`rikcss `s Zadr`takh X`vcs `t oajjcrckt spccos.
_lus tlc ocbasagk tg ocbaoc wl`t as uhey, as `
^crsgk`e blgabc9 tg scc Bgegrs`ko tg fast`ickey
prcjcr gkc gvcr tlc gtlcr, gr tlas ^crsgk gvcr
tl`t ^crsgk, Eaic `ko Oaseaic, b`rakh `ko
Skb`rakh, Bgkbcrkco `ko Kgk Bgkbcrkco, Egvcr
`ko L`tc, X`r `ko ^c`bc, `ee dcbgfc f`kajcsttlrguhl tlc Eahlt gj Ikgwakh, Ikgwecohc. Xlck
^cgpec scc tlcy w`kt tg scc fgrc. Rubl `s, ak
Akkcr Rahlt (Rparatu`e, Akkcr @w`rckcss) gkc hcts
tlc `ssur`kbc wlctlcr tlcar Cycs `rc gpckco gr
begsco gj cxastckbc tlrguhl jcceakh. _lus, tlc
_ruc ^rakbapec gj Kctcr (K`turc, Ocaty) as kgtRcck, dut Jcet.
Gkbc gkc gpcks tlcar Cycs, tlcy hct tlc aeeusagk
gj Tc`eaty, tlus tlcy kcco af`hcry tg scko
fcss`hcs gj tlakhs tlcy ikgw gr ikgw gj, tg
octcrfakc Kctcr (Ocaty-K`turc). Rg tlcbgkbcpt tl`t Eahlt as hggo `ko O`rikcss as d`o,
as gkc gj tlc uetaf`tc ocbcptagks. _lc oajjcrckt
Fgkgtlcastab Rblgges gj _lguhlt f`akey
Muo`asf, Blarstasf, `ko Ful`ff`oasf tc`bl
ygu tg st`y ak tlc Eahlt. _lcy tcee ygu tl`t
O`rikcss as ahkgr`kbc. Qct tlc HGO tl`t brc`tco
tlc Eahlt w`s ak O`rikcss dcjgrc lc brc`tco tlc
Eahlt. Kgw tlaki, wl`t as fgrc Gfkaprcsckt
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
8>
tlc Eahlt tl`t as bgkjakco watlak ` sp`bc watlak `
splcrc gr tlc O`rikcss tl`t as Akjakatc ak tlc
Dgukoecss Skavcrsc7 _lc O`rikcss ak tlcSkavcrsc gj bgursc! Qgu b`k scc Eahlt ak O`rikcss
dut ygu b`kkgt scc O`rikcss ak Eahlt, tlus Eahlt
as `k Aeeusagk.
Pucstagk= As tlcrc ` bgkkcbtagk dctwcck tlc
Rt`tc De`bikcss `ko ^@S_ (_lc @EE)7
@kswcr= Gi ygu `rc spc`iakh `dgut tlc Rt`tc gj
De`bikcss `ko ^@S_ (@EE), rahlt7 Gi wl`t `ee
Csgtcrab Rblgges gj _lguhlt `rc b`eeakh ^@S_
(@EE) prcbcocs Eahlt, dcb`usc Eahlt as ` tlakh,
`ko ect fc cxpe`ak wl`t wc fc`k dy tlas. _lcrcas kg subl tlakh `s wl`t wc l`vc dcck t`uhlt as
Eahlt gr tlc Eahlt. Xlck wc wcrc t`uhlt
`dgut Eahlt wl`t tlcy `rc tc`blakh us as
oajjcrckt Fggos gj Zadr`tagk`e Ckcrhacs, tl`t
fc`ks fakutc p`rtabecs tl`t `rc bgfakh `t ygu
jrgf tlc Ruk (^@@ TC) `t oajjcrckt spccos, `koygu b`ee tlcsc fakutc p`rtabecs Eahlt.
_lcrc as kg subl tlakh `s tlc Eahlt, wlck ygu
st`rt tg vacw tlas bgkbcpt gj eahlt jrgf ` Lahlcr
Fako (@w`rckcss), Rbacktajab Fako `ko
Pu`ktuf Fako(Kakc Fako)._lck ygu waee dchaktg rc`eazc tlcrc as Ckcrhy bgfakh jrgf tlc Ruk
(^@@ TC) `ko wc `rc pabiakh at up `ko l`vc dcck
t`uhlt tg b`ee at EAHL_ jgr e`bi gj ` dcttcr wgro.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
82
wlabl as wly tlc wgro @khecs `ko @KHCER
eggi `ko sguko plgkctab`eey safae`r. _lc @khces,
rceahagk w`s spc`iakh gj w`s rc`eey oajjcrcktvadr`tgry r`tcs gj tlc Xlgec Eahlt Rpcbtruf,
oajjcrckt jrcquckbacs.
Ak fgst Csgtcrab sblgges gj tlguhlt Fceblazcoci
`esg ikgwk `s tlc @khce Fabl`ce s`brco bgegrs
`rc ikgwk `s Zagect (Setr` Zagect SZ T`y 6De`bi Eahlt) wlabl as s`ao tg f`kajcst gk tlas saoc
gj tlc Zasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf `s Hrcck Eahlt,
scck ak pe`kt eajc syfdgeazakh LC@EAKH.
F`e`bla BL ?, `ko tlc Lcdrcw wgro F`e`bla
fc`ks FQ @KHCE `ko ak F`e`bla bl`ptcr ?=4
Dut uktg ygu tl`t jc`r fy k`fc sl`ee tlc Ruk( @@ TC) gj rahltcguskcss (F@@_) sl`ee `rasc
watl Lc`eakh (Hrcck Eahlt Ckcrhy) ak las wakhs.
Pucstagk= Xl`t Eahlt Jrcquckby as tlc Rgue
(D@@)7
@kswcr= _lc Eahlt gj tlc Rgue hgcs d`bi tg
wl`t tlc @kbackt _`f`-Tc`k (Chypta`k) b`eeco
Ku gr KSK tl`t ^rafcv`e (Jarst) Ckcrhy ikgwk
tgo`y `s De`bi Eahlt (SZ-T`y gr Setr` Zagect
Eahlt). Qgur Rgues Eahlt Jrcquckby as jrgf tlc
Grahak`e Brc`tavc Jgrbcs b`eeco Ku^u KSK(Kakc Ctlcr) tl`t dartlco `ee gtlcr Ckcrhacs `ko
H`scs tlrguhlgut tlc dgukoecss Skavcrscs.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
8?
Tcfcfdcr QGS`rc gk ` mgurkcy tg tl`t Rgurbc
gj Ckcrhy ak ygu, tl`t De`bi Eahltgr De`bi Ogt.
O`ri Eahlt (De`bi Eahlt) tr`vces j`stcr tl`k tlc
Zasadec Eahlt Rpcbtruf, j`stcr tl`k tlc Rpcco gj
Eahlt. _lc Rpcco gj Eahlt oajjcrs ak c`bl sge`r
systcf wlabl as octcrfakco dy tl`t Rge`r
Rystcfs Rge`r Dgoy (Ruk) dut _lguhlt tr`vces
j`stcr tl`k Zasadec Eahlt, `ko Cfgtagks grCkcrhy ak Fgtagk gr @fdcr Eahlt tr`vces j`stcr
tl`k Hrcck Eahlt (O`ri) Aktceecbtu`e Eahlt.
Aktceecbtu`e eahlt as Lc`eakh Eahlt. At tr`vces
segwcr dcb`usc ygu l`vc tg sat d`bi `ko tlaki
dcjgrc ygu `bt gk `kytlakh wlabl segws ogwk
tlc jegw gj Ckcrhy, dut wc tcko tg je`rc up
quabicr. Ec`rk tg bl`kkce ygur @fdcr Eahlt
(Kch`tavc, Egwcr Ocsarcs) tg tlc ^gsatavc
Jrcquckbytlck ygu `rc HGO(Ocaty) ak bgktrge gj
ygurscevcs.
De`bi Eahlt (KSK) 6 ^urc J`bts
Hrcck Eahlt 6Lc`etl, Lgeastab Lc`eakh, K`turc
Tco (@fdcr) Eahlt 6^ec`surc, Ocsarc, Ckmgyfckt
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
83
Pucstagk= Aj Eahlt as `k Aeeusagk tlck wl`t asRahlt7
@kswcr= @bbgroakh tg tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs
Oabtagk`ry Rahltas ocjakco `s= tlc ^lysab`e Rcksc
dy wlabl Eahlt stafuea rcbcavco dy tlc Cyc `rc
aktcrprctco dy tlc Dr`ak `ko bgkstrubtco aktg `rcprcsckt`tagk gj tlc ^gsatagk, Rl`pc, Drahltkcss,
`ko Bgegr gj gdmcbts ak Rp`bc. Fckt`e gr Rparatu`e
^crbcptagk.
Rahlt as gkc gj tlc javc cxtcrk`e ^lysab`e Rckscs
tl`t Luf`ks l`vc. Bgktr`ry tg wl`t wc l`vcdcck t`uhlt tlc Cycs og kgt `btu`eey scc, tlc
Cycs bgkt`ak rcbcptgr bcees wlabl rcspgko tg
fcss`hcs jrgf tlc Dr`ak `s tlcy cxpcrackbc
cxtcrk`e stafuea. _lcy wgri dy tgubl, tlc gkc
rc`e scksc. Tcbcptgr bcees `rc scksatavc tg
spcbajab be`sscs gj stafuea watlak ` bcrt`ak r`khcgj aktcksaty gr vadr`tagk. _g cxpe`ak stafuea (peur`e
jgr stafueus) As cxtcrk`e aktcrjcrckbc gr `btagk
upgk rcbcptgr bcees. Eahlt, jgr cx`fpec, as `
stafueus jgr Zasagk. Qgur `daeaty tg scc ocpckos
upgk ` bcrt`ak `fgukt gj Eahltpckctr`takh tlc
ecks `ko bgrkc` gj tlc Cycs. Rg tl`t at jgbuscs gktlc oceab`tc rctak`. _lc p`rt gj tlc Cyc l`s kcrvc
bcees wlabl rce`y afpuescs tg tlc Bcrcdr`e Bgrtcx
gj tlc Dr`ak. _lus `k Af`hc as Zasu`eazco.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
8:
Pucstagk= Rg lgw og tlc Cycs jukbtagk7
@kswcr= Qgur Cycs `rc gjtck s`ao tg dc tlcwakogws gj tlc Rgue. _lc Cycs `rc splcrab`e
strubturcs `kblgrco dy sax fusbecs aktg dgky
sgbicts ak tlc Riuee. Skocr tlc oarcbtagk gj tlc
Dr`ak, tlcsc fusbecs b`usc tlc Cyc tg tr`bi
fgvakh gdmcbts. _lc akkcr fcbl`kasf gj tlc Cyc
l`s ` supcrjaba`e rcscfde`kbc tg tl`t gj `
B`fcr`9 Eahlt T`ys `rc jgbusco tlrguhl ` ecks
gk- tg ` eahlt-scksatavc @rc`, _lc Tctak`. Dut tlas
b`fcr` as ` lahley jecxadec gkc, `ko ats `tt`blco
tg ` Rupcrbgfputcr(_lc Dr`ak). _lc Tctak`atscej
as f`oc gj `dgut 02> faeeagk rcbcptgrs, `ko tlc
Cyc b`k oastakhuasl < faeeagk bgegrs.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
88
_lc CQC as fgvco dy sax vgeukt`ry fusbecs `ko
as icpt jarf dy tr`ksp`rckt jeuaos watlak at. _lc
Cycd`ee bgksasts gj tlrcc e`ycrs gj tassuc. _lcgutcr e`ycr as wl`t as ikgwk `s tlc Xlatc gj tlc
Cyc, tlc De`bi faooec bg`t bgkt`aks tlc deggo
suppey `ko tlc akkcrfgst e`ycr as bgfpgsco
fgstey gj kcrvgus tassuc. @t tlc jrgkt gj tlc Cyc,
tlcsc bg`ts bl`khc. _lc gutcr bg`ts dcbgfc tlc
tr`ksp`rckt Bgrkc`. @ rguko gpckakh ak tlcfaooec bg`t as tlc ^upae, `ko dclako at as tlc
Ecks. _lc fusbue`r Aras surrgukoakh tlc ^upae
bl`khcs tlc sazc gj tlc gpckakh `ko havcs tlc
Cyc ats bgegr. _lc Ecks drakhs tghctlcr tlc Eahlt
jrgf tlc gdmcbts gkc eggis `t `ko jgrfs ` vasu`e
fckt`e af`hc. Xlck ygu eggi `t tlc wgro
af`hak`tagk ygu scc tlc wgro Af`hc (af`hc-
k`tagk) ak tlas wgro. Rg af`hak`tagk as tlc
brc`tavc `daeaty gj tlc Fakotg jgrf vasu`e fckt`e
pabturcs gr af`hcs. @kgtlcr wgro jgr tlas
prgbcss gj sccakh fckt`e af`hcs as b`eeco
Zasu`eaz`tagk.
Pucstagk= Rg Xl`t as Af`hak`tagk7
@kswcr= @bbgroakh tg tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs
Oabtagk`ry Af`hak`tagk as ocjakco `s= _lc `bt gr
pgwcr gj jgrfakh fckt`e af`hcgj sgfctlakh
kgt prcsckttg tlc Rckscsgr kcvcr dcjgrc wlgeey
pcrbcavco ak Tc`eaty, Brc`tavc @daeaty. Rg `s ygu
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
8 ^crsgk`eatacs bgfc jrgf
03 hckctab @kbcstgrs tl`t wcrc p`ssco gk akygur Hckc pgge jrgf ygur Fgtlcrs saoc`ko 03
jrgf ygur J`tlcrs Hckcs `ee `t tlc tafc gj
Bgkbcptagk (Dartl). @ee 2> ^crsgk`eatacs gr
@kbcstgrs`rc `ee tryakh tg l`vc ` pe`bc, `ko w`kt
tg eavc tlrguhl ygu. Rgfc `rc tlcrc tg `ao `ko
huaoc ygu `ko gtlcrs `rc tlcrc jgr tlcar gwk
scejasl fc`ks, dcb`usc tlcy f`y staee dc tr`ppco
gk tlas ^lysab`e ^e`kc gj Cxastckbc `s
oascfdgoaco Rgues `ko kcco ygur ckcrhy, tg
sudsaoc gjj gj, ak grocr tg durk gut bcrt`ak
ocsarcs sg tlcy b`k Cecv`tcgr Tcvgevctg LahlcrZadr`tagk`e Ecvces. Rg tlc @rt Jgrf gj
Fcoat`tagk lceps tg huaoc gkcs scej d`bi ak
@ttukcfckt`ko @eahkfcktwatl tlc Tc`e Qgu,
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
14
Kgw tlc ?1tl
gbt`vc prgoubcs Eahlt, Bgsfab T`ys
f`kajcst wlck ckcrhy akbrc`scs dctwcck 84ko
`ko
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
1?
r`kis. Dut ak tlas Bcktury plysab`e sbackbc rc-
oasbgvcrco tlc trutl `ko tlc 40st Bcktury
sbacktajab oasbgvcracs l`vc `ooco `ooatagk`e prggjgj tlc bgrrcbtkcss `ko trutl gj tlas bckturacs-geo
Chypta`k ogbtrakc.
_lc Chypta`k _c`blakhs `rc tl`t kgt gkey as
cvcrytlakh ak bgkst`kt fgvcfckt`ko vadr`tagk,
dut tl`t tlc oajjcrckbcs dctwcck tlc v`ragusf`kajcst`tagks gj tlc ukavcrs`e pgwcr `rc ouc
cktarcey tg tlc v`ryakh r`tc `ko fgoc gj
vadr`tagks. Kgt gkey tlas, dut tl`t cvck _LC @EE,
ak atscej, f`kajcsts ` bgkst`kt vadr`tagk gj subl
`k akjakatc ochrcc gj aktcksaty`ko r`pao fgtagk
tl`t at f`y dc pr`btab`eey bgksaocrco `s `t rcst,tlc tc`blcrs oarcbtakh tlc `ttcktagk gj tlc
stuockts tg tlc j`bt tl`t cvck gk tlc plysab`e
pe`kc ` r`paoey fgvakh gdmcbt (subl `s `
rcvgevakh wlcce) sccfs tg dc `t rcst. _lc
_c`blakhs `rc tg tlc cjjcbt tl`t Rparat as `t gkc
cko gj tlc ^gec gj Zadr`tagk, tlc gtlcr ^gec
dcakh bcrt`ak cxtrcfcey hrgss jgrfs gj F`ttcr.
Dctwcck tlcsc twg pgecs `rc faeeagks upgk
faeeagks gj oajjcrckt T`tcs `ko Fgocs gj
Zadr`tagk.
Fgocrk Rbackbc l`s prgvck tl`t `ee tl`t wc b`ee
F`ttcr `ko Ckcrhy`rc dut Fgocs gj Zadr`tgry
Fgtagk, `ko sgfc gj tlc fgrc `ov`kbco
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
13
sbacktasts `rc r`paoey fgvakh tgw`ro tlc
pgsatagks gj tlc Rparatu`easts wlg lgeo tl`t tlc
plckgfck` gj Fako `rc eaicwasc Fgocs gjZadr`tagkgr Fgtagk. Ect us scc wl`t Rbackbcl`s
tg s`y rch`roakh tlc qucstagk gj Zadr`tagks ak
F`ttcr`ko Ckcrhy.
Ak tlc jarst pe`bc, sbackbc tc`blcs tl`t `ee F`ttcr
f`kajcsts, ak sgfc ochrcc, tlc Zadr`tagks`rasakhjrgf tcfpcr`turc gr lc`t. Dc `k gdmcbt bgeo gr
lgtdgtl dcakh dut ochrccs gj tlc s`fc tlakhs
at f`kajcsts bcrt`ak lc`t Zadr`tagks, `ko ak tl`t
scksc as ak Fgtagk`ko Zadr`tagk.
_lck `ee p`rtabecs gj F`ttcr `rc ak barbue`rfgvcfckt (Kut`tagk gr Kut`tagk`e T`tc), jrgf
bgrpusbec tg Ruks. _lc pe`kcts rcvgevc `rguko
suks, `ko f`ky gj tlcf turk gk tlcar `xas. _lc
Ruks fgvc `rguko hrc`tcr bcktr`e pgakts
(vgrtcxcs), `ko tlcsc fgvc `rguko staee hrc`tcr,
`ko sg gk, `s akjakatuf. _lc fgecbuecs gj wlabltlc p`rtabue`r iakos gj F`ttcr`rc bgfpgsco `rc
ak ` st`tc gj bgkst`kt Zadr`tagk `ko Fgvcfckt
`rguko c`bl gtlcr `ko `h`akst c`bl gtlcr. _lc
fgecbuecs `rc bgfpgsco gj @tgfs, wlabl,
eaicwasc, `rc ak ` Rt`tc gj Bgkst`kt Fgvcfckt
`ko Zadr`tagk. _lc @tgfs `rc bgfpgsco gj
Bgrpusbecs, sgfctafcs b`eeco Cecbtrgks,
agks, gk tg Pu`ris`ko ]cecs, wlabl `esg `rc ak
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
18
as pgstue`tco dy sbackbc watlgut ats k`turc dcakh
gvcrstggo bec`rey, as lceo dy tlc Chypta`ks tg dc
dut ` lahlcr f`kajcst`tagk gj tl`t wlabl ascrrgkcgusey b`eeco F`ttcrtl`t as tg s`y, F`ttcr
`t ` lahlcr ochrcc gj Zadr`tagk`ko as b`eeco dy
tlcf _lc Ctlcrc`e Rudst`kbc.
_lc Chypta`ks tc`bl tl`t tlas Ctlcrc`e Rudst`kbc
as gj cxtrcfc tckuaty `ko ce`stabaty, `ko pcrv`ocs
Skavcrs`e Rp`bc, scrvakh `s ` fcoauf gj
tr`ksfassagk gj w`vcs gj vadr`tgry ckcrhy, subl
`s Lc`t, Eahlt, Cecbtrabaty, F`hkctasf, ctb. _lc
_c`blakhs `rc tl`t _lc Ctlcrc`e Rudst`kbc as `bgkkcbtakh eaki dctwcck tlc jgrfs gj Zadr`tgry
Ckcrhyikgwk `s F`ttcr gk tlc gkc l`ko, `ko
Ckcrhy gr Jgrbc gk tlc gtlcr9 `ko `esg tl`t at
f`kajcsts ` Ochrcc gj Zadr`tagk, ak r`tc `ko
fgoc, cktarcey ats gwk. Rbacktasts l`vc gjjcrco
tlc aeeustr`tagk gj ` r`paoey fgvakh wlcce, tgp, grbyeakocr, tg slgw tlc cjjcbts gj akbrc`sakh T`tcs
gj Zadr`tagk. _lc aeeustr`tagk suppgscs ` wlcce,
tgp, gr rcvgevakh byeakocr, rukkakh `t ` egw r`tc
gj spccowc waee b`ee tlas rcvgevakh tlakh tlc
gdmcbt ak jgeegwakh gut tlc aeeustr`tagk. Ect us
suppgsc tlc gdmcbt fgvakh segwey. At f`y dc
scck rc`oaey, dut kg sguko gj ats fgvcfckt
rc`blcs tlc c`r. _lc spcco as hr`ou`eey
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
11
`ko gtlcr sudtec r`ys gj eahlt. _lck dchak tg
f`kajcst tlc pcbuea`r r`ys ikgwk `s tlc \
T`ys, ctb., `s tlc bgkstatutagk gj tlc gdmcbtbl`khcs.
Cecbtrabaty `ko F`hkctasf (Cecbtrgf`hkctasf)
`rc cfattco wlck tlc `pprgpra`tc T`tc gj
Zadr`tagkas `tt`akco. Xlck tlc gdmcbt rc`blcs `
bcrt`ak T`tc gj Zadr`tagk ats Fgecbuecsoasaktchr`tc, `ko rcsgevc tlcfscevcs aktg tlc
grahak`e Cecfckts gr @tgfs. _lck tlc @tgfs,
jgeegwakh tlc ^rakbapec gj Zadr`tagk, `rc
scp`r`tco aktg tlc bguktecss bgrpusbecs gj wlabl
tlcy `rc bgfpgsco. @ko jak`eey, cvck tlc
bgrpusbecs oas`ppc`r `ko tlc gdmcbt f`y dc s`aotg dc bgfpgsco gj _lc Ctlcrc`e Rudst`kbc,
Pu`ris, gr ]cecs (]cocs). Rbackbc ogcs kgt o`rc
tg jgeegw tlc aeeustr`tagk jurtlcr, dut tlc
Chypta`ks tc`bl tl`t aj tlc Zadr`tagks dc
bgktaku`eey akbrc`sco tlc gdmcbt wgueo fgukt up
tlc subbcssavc Rt`tcs gj F`kajcst`tagk `ko
wgueo ak turk f`kajcst tlc v`ragus Fckt`e
Rt`hcs, `ko tlck gk Rparatw`ro, uktae at wgueo
jak`eey rc-cktcr _LC @EE (^@@ ^@S_), wlabl as
@dsgeutc Rparat watl tlc pgwcr tg brc`tc gr hrgw
F`ttcr gut gj atscej. _lc gdmcbt, lgwcvcr,
wgueo l`vc bc`sco tg dc `k gdmcbt egkh dcjgrc
tlc Rt`hc gj Ctlcrc`e Rudst`kbc w`s rc`blco,
dut gtlcrwasc tlc aeeustr`tagk as bgrrcbt ak`sfubl
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
0>>
`s at slgws tlc cjjcbt gj bgkst`ktey akbrc`sco
T`tcs `ko Fgocs gj Zadr`tagk. At fust dc
rcfcfdcrco, ak tlc `dgvc aeeustr`tagk, tl`t `ttlc st`hcs `t wlabl tlc gdmcbt tlrgws gjj
Zadr`tagks gj Eahlt, Lc`t, ctb., at as kgt `btu`eey
rcsgevco aktg tlgsc jgrfs gj ckcrhy (wlabl `rc
fubl lahlcr ak tlc sb`ec), dut safpey tl`t at
rc`blcs ` Ochrcc gj Zadr`tagk ak wlabl tlgsc
jgrfs gj Ckcrhy `rc Eadcr`tco, ak ` ochrcc, jrgftlc bgkjakakh akjeuckbcs gj ats Fgecbuecs, @tgfs
`ko Bgrpusbecs, `s tlc b`sc f`y dc. Must `s Lc`t
csb`pcs tlc je`fcs.
_lcsc jgrfs gj Ckcrhy, `etlguhl fubl lahlcr ak
tlc sb`ec tl`k f`ttcr, `rc afprasgkco `kobgkjakco ak tlc f`tcra`e bgfdak`tagks, dy rc`sgk
gj tlc ckcrhacs f`kajcstakh tlrguhl, `ko usakh
f`tcra`e jgrfs, dut tlus dcbgfakh ckt`kheco
`ko bgkjakco ak tlcar brc`tagks gj f`tcra`e jgrfs,
wlabl, tg `k cxtckt, as truc gj `ee brc`tagks. _lc
brc`takh jgrbc dcbgfakh akvgevco ak ats brc`tagk,
jarc tg Lc`t, X`tcr tg wct, `ko Abc tg bgeo. Dut
tlc Chypta`k _c`blakhs hg fubl jurtlcr tl`k og
tlgsc gj fgocrk sbackbc. _lcy tc`bl tl`t `ee
F`kajcst`tagk gj _lguhlt, Cfgtagk, Tc`sgk,
Xaeegr Ocsarc, gr `ky Fckt`e Rt`tcgr Bgkoatagk,
`rc `bbgfp`kaco dy Zadr`tagks, ` pgrtagk gj
wlabl `rc tlrgwk gjj `ko wlabl tcko tg `jjcbt
tlc Fakosgj gtlcr pcrsgks dy akoubtagk. _las
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
0>0
as tlc ^rakbapec wlabl prgoubcs tlc plckgfck`
gj tcecp`tly9 Fckt`e Akjeuckbc `ko gtlcr
jgrfs gj tlc `btagk `ko ^gwcr gj Fako gvcrF`ttcr, watl wlabl tlc hckcr`e pudeab as r`paoey
dcbgfakh `bqu`aktco, gwakh tg tlc waoc
oasscfak`tagk gj Chypta`k fystcry ikgwecohc dy
tlc v`ragus sblgges, tlguhlt `egkh tlcsc eakcs `t
tlas tafc. _las as tlc Kcw Faeeckkauf _c`blakh.
Cvcry _lguhlt, Cfgtagkgr Fckt`e Rt`tcl`s ats
bgrrcspgkoakh T`tc`ko Fgoc gj Zadr`tagk. @ko
dy `k cjjgrt gj tlc waee gj tlc pcrsgk, gr gj gtlcr
pcrsgks, tlcsc fckt`e st`tcs f`y dc
rcprgoubco, must `s ` fusab`e tgkc f`y dc
rcprgoubco dy b`usakh `k akstrufckt tg Zadr`tc`t ` bcrt`ak r`tcmust `s bgegr f`y dc rcprgoubco
ak tlc s`fc w`y.
Dy ikgwecohc gj tlc ^rakbapec gj Zadr`tagk, `s
`ppeaco tg Fckt`e ^lckgfck`, gkc f`y
^ge`razclas Fako`t `ky ochrcc lc waslcs, tlush`akakh ` pcrjcbt bgktrge gvcr las Fckt`e Rt`tcs,
Fggos, ctb. Ak tlc s`fc w`y tlcy f`y `jjcbt tlc
Fakos gj gtlcrs, prgoubakh tlc ocsarco Fckt`e
Rt`tcs ak tlcf. Ak slgrt, dc f`y dc `dec tg
prgoubc gk tlc Fckt`e ^e`kctl`t wlabl sbackbc
prgoubcs gk tlc ^lysab`e ^e`kck`fcey,
Zadr`tagks `t Xaee. _las pgwcr gj bgursc f`y
dc `bquarco gkey dy tlc prgpcr akstrubtagk,
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
0>4
cxcrbascs, pr`btabc, ctb. tlc Rbackbc dcakh tl`t gj
Fckt`e _r`ksfut`tagk, gkc gj tlc dr`kblcs gj
tlc Chypta`k @rt. @ eattec rcjecbtagk gk wl`t wcl`vc s`ao waee slgw tlc stuockt tl`t tlc
^rakbapec gj Zadr`tagk ukocreacs tlc wgkocrjue
plckgfck` gj tlc pgwcr f`kajcstco dy tlc
F`stcrs`ko @ocpts, wlg `rc `dec tg `pp`rcktey
sct `saoc tlc E`ws gj K`turc, dut wlg, ak rc`eaty,
`rc safpey usakh gkc e`w `h`akst `kgtlcr9 gkc^rakbapec `h`akst gtlcrs9 `ko wlg `bbgfpeasl
tlcar rcsuets dy bl`khakh tlc Zadr`tagks gj
f`tcra`e gdmcbts, gr jgrfs gj Ckcrhy, `ko tlus
pcrjgrf wl`t `rc bgffgkey b`eeco Far`becs.
@s gkc gj tlc geo Chypta`kwratcrs l`s truey s`ao=
Lc wlg gvcrst`kos tlc ^rakbapec gj Zadr`tagk,
l`s hr`spco tlc sbcptcr gj ^gwcr, Rcilcf.
_lc Jgurtl Oafcksagkb`eeco _lc Oafcksagk gj
Zadr`tagk 6 Eavakh ak Rparat `ko _rutl (Aktuatavc
Ikgwecohc gr Ikgwakh) ` Tc`ef gr Oafcksagk
wlcrc tlcrc waee dc kg fgrc Rcbrcts, wlcrc
^cgpec `ko tlakhs waee dc scck `ko cxpgsco jgr
truey wlg `ko wl`t tlcy `rc.
_lc Zadr`tagk`e ^gwcr gj _lguhlt
Xc fust bgfc tg rc`eazc watl gur truc akkcrcycs (Rparatu`e2
roCyc) tl`t tlguhlt as ` Jgrbc`
f`kajcst`tagk gj Bgsfab Ckcrhyl`vakh F`hkctab
eaic pgwcr gj @ttr`btagk. Xlck wc tlaki wc scko
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
0>2
gut vadr`tagks gj ` jakc ctlcrc`e sudst`kbc, wlabl
`rc `s rc`e `s tlc Zadr`tagks f`kajcstakh lc`t,
eahlt, cecbtrabaty, `ko f`hkctasf. _lcsc Fckt`eZadr`tagks`rc kgt cvaockt tg gur javc sckscs `rc
kg prggj tl`t tlcy og kgt cxast. Must eggi `t at tlas
w`y, ` pgwcrjue f`hkct waee scko gut vadr`tagks
`ko cxcrt ` jgrbc sujjabackt tg `ttr`bt tg atscej `
pacbc gj stcce wcahlakh ` lukorco pgukos, dut
wc b`k kcatlcr scc, t`stc, sfcee, lc`r kgr jccetlc fahlty jgrbc.
_lcsc _lguhlt Zadr`tagks, eaicwasc, b`kkgt dc
scck, t`stco, sfceeco, lc`ro kgr jcet ak groak`ry
w`y9 `etlguhl at as truc tlcrc `rc rcbgroco b`scs
wlcrc ^cgpec pcbuea`rey scksatavc tg ^syblabafprcssagks wlg l`vc rcbcavco pgwcrjue
_lguhlt X`vcs, `ko f`ky gj us b`k tcstajy tl`t
wc l`vc jcet tlc _lguhlt Zadr`tagks gj gtlcrs,
dgtl wlaec ak tlc prcsckbc gj bcrt`ak pcgpec `ko
`t ` oast`kbc. ^cgpec `rc dcbgfakh fgrc `ko
fgrc scksatavc tg _lguhlt Zadr`tagks. Ak tlas o`y
`ko tafc gur tlguhlts `ko vasagks fust dc
bryst`e bec`r, ^gsatavc`ko `eahkco watl tlc waee gj
gur K`tur`e pe`k `ko ^urpgsc `bbgroakh tg
K`turc. Xc `rc kgw eavakh ak ` hrc`t cr` gj tafc
b`eeco tlc Rge`r Bybec gj TC (rcjcr tg Rge`r Bybec
gj TC, F`stcr Icy vge.4) wlcrc tlc vcae gj Asas
(@RC_) as dcakh eajtco gjj tlc wgreo, tlc Bgsfab
Zcae gj tlc Aeeusagk`ry wgreo gj sudst`kbc `ko tlc
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
0>?
rc`e wgreo gj ctlcrc`e f`ttcr. Xc l`vc p`ssco
tlrguhl tlc `hc gj ^lysab`e, tg tlc `hc gj @ar,
1Ctlcr, ^gsatavc _lguhlts ctbXc waee sggkrc`eey ec`rk tlc ^gwcr gj _lguhlt Zadr`tagks `ko
tlc ^gwcr gj tlc E`w gj @ttr`btagk `s P`tuf
(Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs. _lguhlt as tlc j`stcst
fgvakh jgrbc ak tlc Skavcrsc, `ko tlguhltw`vcs
tr`vce j`stcr tl`k tlc spcco gj eahlt.
Kakc Ctlcr_lc Grahak`e Bgsfab Brc`tgr
Pucstagk= Xl`t as Kakc Ctlcr7
@kswcr= Kakc Ctlcras tlc Grahak`e Brc`tgr gj tlc
Skavcrsc. _g gvcrst`ko wl`t wc fc`k KakcCtlcr b`k dc scck `s Bgksbagus`ko Bgksbackbc
H`scs. @s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs ygu `rc
tlc ^lysab`e jgrf gj Kakc Ctlcr.
@bbgroakh tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs Oabtagk`ry
Bgksbagus fc`ks= ^crbcavakh, `pprclckoakh, grkgtabakh watl ` ochrcc gj bgktrgeeco tlguhlt
gr Gdscrv`tagk= @X@IC= f`rico dy strgkh
jcceakhs gr kgtagks. @X@TC
ICQXGTOR= ^crbcavakh (^crbcptagk)=
Gdscrv`tagk (_G GDRCTZC `s tlc Gdscrvcr)=@w`ic(Jueey Bgksbagus)= @w`rc(Ikgwakh)
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
0>3
@bbgroakh tg tlc Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs Oabtagk`ry
tlc wgro Bgksbackbc Fc`ks= _lc scksc gr
bgksbaguskcss gj tlc fgr`e hggokcss grde`fcwgrtlakcss gj gkcs gwk bgkoubt,
aktcktagks, gr bl`r`btcr tghctlcr watl ` jcceakh
gj gdeah`tagk tg og rahlt gr dc hggo.
Icywgros= RCKRC(AKKCT IKGXAKH
AK_S_AGK, AK_S_AZKCRR), BGKRBAGSRKCRR(@X@TCKCRR)
Rg wc `s ` P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs (KAKC
C_LCT) gkbc wc `rc d`bi ak gur rahlt fako jueey
usakh gur FAKO ^GXCT tlus HGO ^GXCT, gur
^crbcptagk Ecvce as `t juee f`xafuf `ko wc
gdscrvc cvcrytlakh tlus dcbgfakh tlc CQCR gj
tlc Skavcrsc (@EE) `s ` watkcss, wc st`rt tg eavc
gjj gur akkcr jcceakhsaktuatagk tlus dcbgfakh
truey @X@TC gj ` Xgreo tl`t fgst og kgt cvck
ikgw cxast. Ak dcbgfakh wl`t ygu truey `rc ygu
l`vc kgw dcbgfc ` 1akc oafcksagk`e dcakhtl`t
ikgws truey Bgksbackbc, Tahlt jrgf Xrgkh
gr @uhlt `ko K`uhlt, fc`kakh tl`t wlabl A
@uhlt tg og `bbgroakh tg K`turc (Kctcru) `ko
tl`t wlabl A k`uhlt tg og `bbgroakh tg tlc
Eavakh e`ws gj @efahlty Ctcrk`e K`turc(Kctcru).
Kakc Ctlcrygur truc @kbcstr`e Rparatu`e(Ctlcrab)
Jgrbcs ak tlcar Ctlcrab jgrf hrcw tlc Skavcrsc,
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
0>:
wlabl w`s tlc praf`ry brc`tagk dcjgrc tlc
eahltcst @tgf ikgwk `s LQOTGHCK (L0). Xc
fust dcakh tg rc`eazc tl`t ckcrhacs cxastco `s `jgrf gj ckcrhy cxastakh ak tlc jgrf gj H`scs.
Kakc Ecvcesgj tlcf cxastco jrgf Pu`ris tg Da-
@ps tg ]cocs/]cecs, tgo`y rcjcrrco tg `s Rud-
@tgfab ^`rtabecs(Ckcrhy), dcjgrc tlc wcahlt gr
tlc Ruf gj `ky wcahlt rchastcrakh `s
Kgtlakhkcss yct staee cxastakh. _las fc`ks dcakhEahltcr tlck tlc 0
st jgrf gj octcbt`dec
cxastckbc.
Ects eggi `t Kgtlakhkcss gr tlc Rt`tc gj
Kgtlakhkcss `s tlas, fgocrk o`y Pu`ktuf
^lysabasts l`vc tcrfco tlc wgreo tl`t cxast
dcygko tlc @tgfwlabl as tlc wgreo gj Pu`ris,
Da-@ps, `ko ]cocs/]cecs `s Kgtlakhkcss,
fc`kakh Lyorghck @tgf tlcsc sf`ee fakutc
p`rtabecs gj ckcrhy cxast dut tlcy b`kkgt dc
bgfp`rco tg `kytlakh gk tlas saoc gj L0 gr
Lyorghck. Rg tlc dcst wgro tl`t w`s havck w`s
Kgtlakh (Kg._lakh), `ko wlck ygu truey
cx`fakc tlc wgro Kgtlakh ygu scc Kg _lakh
gr Kg. wlabl as tlc `ddrcva`tagk jgr tlc wgro
Kufdcr `ko tlck _lakh, tlc s`fc watl tlc
wgro sgfctlakh gr Ruf _lakh, tlc RSF gj `_lakh. Ak F`tlcf`tabs wc ec`rk tl`t Ruf as tlc
tgt`eaty, sg tlc wgreo cxastakh dcegw @tgfsogcs
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
0>8
kgt Ruf up tg gr @OO up tg `ky _LAKH ak
^lysab`e cxastckbc gr Tc`eaty, yct at staee Cxast.
Kakc Ctlcr as tlc bgfdak`tagk gj `ee cxastakh
H`scs `kywlcrc ak K`turc. Kgtlakh b`k dc `s
pgwcrjue `s `ee cxastakh H`scs. Rg Kakc Ctlcr gur
truc @kbcstr`e jgrbcs pcrjgrfco ^raf`ry (0st
)
Brc`tagk `ko `h`ak tlas safpey fc`ks tl`t `s
Kakc Ctlcr jgrbcs b`eeco Ctlcra`ks (CtlcrabJgrbcs) tlcy Hrcw tlc Skavcrsc. Xc `s P`tuf
(Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs `rc p`rt gj tlc grahak`e
hrgwtl gj kgt gkey C`rtl (^_@L-KSK) dut tlc
cktarc Skavcrsc. Rg P`tuf (Fce`kak) hrcw watl
Grahak`e Brc`tagk, tg bgfc `egkh watl ` tlakhs
fc`ks tg hrgw watl gr watlak at. Kakc Ctlcr as 1
pgakts jrgf Ctlcr 0 aktg o`rikcss b`eeco Dcygko
Dcygko, tl`t purc tr`kquae, deassjue st`tc, `ko
wc P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs f`kajcst jrgf
pgakt 0 ak Lyorghck gk aktg 1 Cecfckts, `ko
pec`sc ikgw tl`t tlc 1
Rtgkcw`s ` syfdge gj tlc De`bi Ogttlc cssckbc
gj Luf`k Dcakhstlc Tc`e _ruc Rcej gr Akkcr
Dcakh (_lc D@@ RGSE). Ak @eblcfy wlablfc`ks tlc De`bi Rbackbcs, De`bi fc`kakh
Ctlcr gr tl`t ^c`bcjue Rt`tc, Laoock jgrbcs gj
K`turc. _las De`bi Rtgkc w`s ikgwk `s tlc
^laegsgplcr Rtgkc, wlabl wlck `ee d`sc fct`es
wlcrc tr`ksjgrfco `ko tr`ksfutco ygu wgueo
rc`bl ` st`tc gj pcrjcbtagk, ak ygur @eblcfab`ewgri.
Cvck ak tlas o`y `ko tafc Jr`tcrk`e Rgbactacs eaic
tlc @r`dab Grocr gj tlc Kgdecs gj tlc Fystab
Rlrakc wgueo b`rry `rguko ` De`bi Gkyx Rtgkc`s
` syfdge gj tlgsc ^rgtcbtgrs gj tlc R`brco
Rcbrct, tlc ^rgtcbtgrs gj tlc ^yr`faos `ko gtlcr
R`brco satcs `ko _cfpecs gj tlc Xgreo.
_las De`bi Rtgkc rc`eey as tlc De`bi Eahlt Ckcrhy
(SZSetr` Zagect Eahlt) gj tlc juee eahlt Rpcbtruf
tl`t gur Fakos `rc `dec tg t`p aktg `s P`tuf
(Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs ak tlas o`y `ko tafc. _lc
De`bi Rtgkcgr De`bi Ogtas `esg ` syfdge gj Kakc
Ctlcr. Rg tlc Csgtcrabgr Laoock Gbbuetfc`kakh
Ase`f QGS @EE@L w`s suppgsco tg dc t`uhlt
tlrguhl Fystab`e grocrs eaic tlc Ruja tg f`ic
tl`t akkcr mgurkcyp`ss tlc Lyorghck(L0) @tgf(@O@F gr @O@F@L), p`ss tlc Pu`ri gr tlc ?
^e`kcs gj Cxastckbc wlabl `rc Rgeao ^e`kc gj
tlc ^lysab`e, Eaquao^e`kc gj Jgrbcs, H`s_lc
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
00>
^e`kc gj Rparatgktg tlc Jgurtl (?tl
) _lc Fckt`e
^e`kc wlcrc ygur tlguhlts `rc jgrfco `ko
jako tlcar grahak.
Ak Ase`f ygu waee jako tlc < ^gaktco Rt`r Ryfdge
gj _lc Fckt`e ^e`kc fc`kakh @s @dgvc sg
Dcegw. Rg `ee tlas ec`os d`bi tg Kakc Ctlcr, tlc
fgrc ygu drakh Kakc Ctlcr ^`rtabecs aktg ygur
Eajc, tlrguhl ^gsatavc @ttatuoc, ^gsatavcZasu`eaz`tagks, Fcoat`tagk, ^r`ycr `ko Fckt`e
Jgbus gk ` Hrcck Eahlt Lc`eakh Jgrbc eattec
sccfakh Far`becs waee dchak tg l`ppck ak ygur
eajc `ko ygu waee st`rt l`vakh ` juee cjjcbt gk tlc
Pu`ktuf Jaceos gj Tc`eaty, tlus ygu dcakh tlc
sl`pcr `ko fgeocr gj satu`tagks ak ygur eajc `ko
kgt bgktrgeeco dy tlcf. _las as afpgrt`kt
dcb`usc tlc fgrc ygu dchak tg rcsgk`tc gk Kakc
Ctlcr Lc`eakh Eajc Ckcrhy, tlck ygu fgvc tg `
Lahlcr Zadr`tagk, ` lahlcr grdat`e Rpak watlak
ygur @tgfsgj ygur Dgoy, tlus l`vakh `k cjjcbt
gk ygur gvcr `ee Bgksbaguskcss.
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
000
_lc Fckt`e ^e`kc - Oggrw`y tg @EE
Xc `rc f`oc up gj @tgfstlus wc wcrc b`eeco ak
tlc Rblgge gj Tceahagk @o`f ak @kbackt _`F`-
Tc (Chypt) @tuf gr @tgf tlc 0st
pgakt gj
Eahlt. Xc `s `k @_GF `rc kgtlakh dut
Cfgtagk`e Ckcrhygr Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk, `ko wc
`rc oarcbtco dy tlc Fako gur _lguhlt ^gwcr.
_lc _lguhlts wc iccp as wl`t wc `ttr`bt
dcb`usc _lguhlt Ckcrhyas Cecbtrab`ko F`hkctabak K`turc, sg tlcrc `rc Ctlcrab ^`rtabecs tl`t
@ttr`bt tg us wlck wc `rc tlakiakh Kch`tavc,
ocprcssavc tlguhlts, wlabl `rc @kta-Eajc `ko `rc
tlc Oc`tl Jgrbcs ak K`turc. _lc fgrc ygu tlaki
kch`tavc tlc fgrc ygu @ttr`bt kch`tavaty ak
ygur eajc.
Kgw hct tlas! Kakc Ctlcr oc`es watl Lc`etl,
Lc`eakh, `ko ^gsatavc ak K`turc, sg wlck ygu
dchak tg tlaki _lguhlts gj tlas K`turc ygu
@ttr`bt tg ygur Eajc havakh Cecbtrg-F`hkctab
^`rtabecs tl`t bgrrcspgko tg tlcsc Lc`eakh Eajchavakh tlguhlts. Qgu scci ^c`bc`ko _r`kquaeaty
ak ygur Eajc, ygu scci ^gsatavaty ak ygur Eajc,
tlck hct gk tlc Kakc Ctlcr w`vc eckhtldy jarst
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
004
safpey st`rtakh tg tlaki fgrc dcttcr qu`eaty
tlguhlts `ko sccakh lgw ygu `s ` P`tuf
(Fce`kakatc) Dcakh as eakico tg @EE `ko ygu b`kl`vc ` ^gsatavc cjjcbt gk ygur Eajc `ko `ee tlgsc
`rguko ygu. Qgu w`kt ` ^gsatavc Rubbcssjue Eajc,
tlaki ^gsatavc `ko Rubbcss. Kakc (1) Ctlcr as `esg
Cjjcbtavc (@btagk) Jeuao (_g Jegw, Fgvcfckt)
Jarc (Durkakh ^`ssagk, Eavceakcss gj Af`hak`tagk=
Akspar`tagk). _`ic `btagk `ko fgvc dyakspar`tagk `ko rcvce`tagk. Cxp`koco
Bgksbaguskcss `ko @w`rckcss, gkey Bgksbagus
pcrbcptagk `etcrs rc`eaty `s wc ikgw at.
_lc Kufdcr Kakc (1)
_lc Kufdcr Kakc (1) as tlc syfdge gj tlc Barbec
`ee ckbgfp`ssakh, Fako gj tlc Skavcrs`e @EE,
tlus ak P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs at as gur
FAKO ^GXCT! Kakc Ctlcr as ^gsatavc EAJC
havakh jgrbcs ak K`turc tlc Grahak`e Brc`tgr,
^STC EAJC! Kakc Ctlcr `esg rcprcsckts dcygko
Akjakaty Kakc tg tlc Kaktl pgwcr gj Kakc (111), 1
6 De`bi Riak, 1 6 De`bi Fako, 1 6 De`bi Rgue. 1 6
tlc ^crjcbt Bybec wlcrc `ee Tc`eatacs fcct.
_lc Kufdcr 1 as ` pgwcrjue `ko syfdgeabkufdcr. _lc kufdcr Kakc as syfdgeab gj
Lc`vck, Lcee, `ko Brc`tagk. Kakc as ` kufdcr
wlgsc squ`rc rggt as tlrcc(2), `ko Kakc as `
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
002
kufdcr wlck fuetapeaco rcprgoubcs tlc s`fc
jahurcs jrgf up tg ogwk `ko jrgf ogwk tg up,
`ko at cqu`es atscej.
Kakc tlc Ruprcfc Kufdcr
- >+161- 0+
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
00?
@s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs wc `rc bgfprasco
gj Kakc ^rakbapecs `ko p`rts gj gur Dcakh tl`t
f`ic us wlg wc `rc. _lc 1 ^rakbapecs tl`t f`icup QGS=
0. I@@_lc Rparatu`eQgu
4. ILS_lc Fckt`e2. IL@__lc Dgoy?. D@@Qgur Rgue3. IL@QDC__lc
^e`sf`tab (Deggo)
:. @IL_lc Ctlcrab Qgu8. L@_A Qgur ^lysab`e Lc`rt
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
003
Gur Kakc Ctlcrab @kbcstr`e Jgrbcs tl`t staee
rcsaoc watlak us, jgr wc `rc tlcf `ko tlcy `rc
us, ikgwk ak @kbackt _`F`-Tc `s tlc R`pzoctu(Rcomct, Ckkc`os) _lc Lc`o gj ^@@ Kctcru Rlae
Kctcru(_lc K`turc gj K`turc).
_lc Kakc R`pzoctu `rc=
0. @tuf-Tc4. Rlu2. _cjkut?. Hcd3. Kut:.
@s`ru
8. @sct
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
00:
tg ` prgdecf. Bgfakh tg ` bgkbeusagk d`sco gk
J`bts `ko Bgkjarf`tagks. Kakc Tc`sgk as
Fako ^gwcr, wlabl as Hgo ^gwcr. _lc `daeaty tgFckt`eeyrc`bl d`bi ak tlc De`bi Ctlcrs(KSK) gj
ygur Fakotg rc-bgkkcbt `ko puee gut hrc`tkcss!
Pucstagk= Xlg as KSK7
@kswcr= Ak @kbackt _`F`-Tc KSK w`s gkc gjtlc < @kbcstr`e Jgrbcs gj K`turc b`eeco Ilcfcku
(Ghog`os) bgfakh gut gj tlc O`ri X`tcry @dyss
syfdgeab gj tlc wgreo gj Ctlcrs gr Ctlcrab Tc`ef
`esg b`eeco tlc Skocrwgreo gr Ou`t.
< Ilcfcku Tcprcsckt Ckcrhacs ak @efahlty
Ctcrk`e K`turc.
F`sbueakc ^rakbapecs
0. Kuk6 ^rafgroa`e X`tcrs, Occp @dyss,Ctlcrab Tc`ef.
4. Lcl6 Dgukoecss2. Ici6 Ruprcfc O`rikcss?. @fuk6 Laoock
Jcfakakc ^rakbapecs
0. Kukct6 Lc`vck4. Lclct6 _l`t wlabl l`s dguko`racs2. Icict6 Eahlt?. @fukct6 _l`t wlabl f`kajcst
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
008
Kuk 6 ^rafgroa`e X`tcrs (@dyss) Ctlcrab Tc`ef,
X`tcr Ryfdge gj Rparat (Eajc).
Ak tlas o`y `ko tafc KSK as tlc Ckcrhy gj
Grahak`e Brc`tagk (^gsatavc Ckcrhy Eajc) wlabl
ygu `s ` P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakh as eakico tg,
tl`t waee t`ic ygu aktg tlc Lcrc`jtcr. Lcrc`jtcr
wlabl as Fckt`e Tcsurrcbtagk, truc Fako ^gwcr,
HGO ^GXCT `ko Tuecr slap dy K`turc. Xlcrcygu `rc eavakh jrgf aksaoc gut fc`kakh ygu `rc
eavakh jrgf akkcr prgfpts, akkcr ikgwakh `s wc
b`ee at Aktuatagk gr Aktuatavc ikgwecohc wlabl
as tlc vgabc gj _lc @EE ak @EE, wlcrc wc hg jrgf
Bgksbagus tg Rudbgksbagus gktg Rupcr bgksbagus.
Pucstagk= Xl`t as Aktuatagk `ko lgw afpgrt`kt
as aktuatagk ak tlas o`y `ko tafc7
@kswcr= @bbgroakh tg Fcrra`f Xcdstcrs
Oabtagk`ry Aktuatagk fc`ks= Puabi `ko rc`oy
aksahlt. _lc ^gwcrgr J`buetygj `tt`akakh oarcbt
ikgwecohc gr bghkatagk watlgut aktcrjcrckbc gj
r`tagk`e tlguhlt.
_lc wgro Aktuatfc`ks= tg Ikgw, Rcksc.
Icy Xgros= ^GXCT= J@BSE_Q= IKGX= RCKRC
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
00,3>> yc`rs `hg rcbgroco ak
`kbackt _`F`-Tc `ko Rufcra`k bueturc `s tlc
OCESHC, tlck ygu l`vc tlc Cko gj ` 4?,
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
044
wlabl f`kajcst tlrguhl `ko jrgf _LC RSK(^@@
TC).
TC as tlc Oavakc, Skavcrs`e Bgksbaguskcss, `ko
tlc Eavakh Fako gj K`turc. TC 6 tlc Laoock
Rgurbc gj tlc Ctcrk`e, scej grahak`tco, akvasadec,
Ctcrk`e Dcakh, J`tlcr ak Rparat (F`sbueakc
Ckcrhy). TC6 _LC PS@TI, tlc J`tlcr gj Ckcrhy.
@fuk-TC 6 tlc Laoock Eahlt, watlak c`blpcrsgk, tlc akkcr ygu, tlc Rgue, Hrcck Eahlt
gktg De`bi Eahlt ckcrhy, tl`t as cxastakh dut fgst
og kgt bgfprclcko.
Kgw as ygur tafc `s Blaeorck gj TCgr safpey tlc
Blaeorck gj tlc De`bi Eahlt, @fuk-TC (LaoockEahlt), TC `esg cqu`es Ctlcr. _lc Rge`r Bybec gj
TcAR QGST TC-BGKKCB_AGK watl _@-FS-KCJS-
RC_ LS.(Tcjcr tg tlc Rge`r Bybec gj TC F`stcr
Icy Zge.4) _l`t as _` (C`rtl), FS(X@_CT), KCJS
(@AT), `ko RC_ (RSK), `ee f`kajcstakh jrgf LS
(_l`t brc`tavc jgrbc gj Xaee).
@esg tlc laoock Csgtcrabfc`kakh gj TC as tlc
Brc`tavc pgwcr, tg f`ic, Bgsfab
Bgksbaguskcss, `ko ak Luf`k Dcakhs at as
Bgksbaguskcss tlc @w`rc Fako.
Bgksbaguskcss as tlc rcbcavakh b`p`baty gj tlcRgue (D@@) gr akoavaou`e aktceeahckbc. @kgtlcr
w`y gj s`yakh tlas as tlc cvcr durkakh eahlt gr
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
042
jarst f`kajcst`tagk gj tlc Skavcrs`e Aktceeahckbc
gr Skavcrs`e Rgue.
T@6 tlc Zasadec Eahlt (RSK)
Tc6 Ckcrhy Dclako tlc Zasadec Eahlt (RSK). De`bi
Eahlt (KSK gr @-KSK-TC) _lc Ruk Dclako tlc
Ruk. (Tcjcr tg tlc Rge`r Bybec gj TC, F`stcr Icy
Zge.4)
TC6 Rcej dchgttck, Rcej Grahak`tco.
_afc tg F`ic tlc "Mgurkcy Xatlak"
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
043
Pucstagk= Xl`t as Pu`ktuf ^lysabs7
@kswcr= Pu`ktuf ^lysabs as tlc ^lysabs gjAkjakatc ^gssadaeatacs. Pu`ktuf ^lysabs as tlc
stuoy gj Rud-@tgfabckcrhacs`ko ^`rtabecstl`t
`rc Rud fc`kakh Dcegw tlc @tgf(Lyorghck
L0), tlc stuoy gj tlc @ee ak tlakhs, tlus tlc
@EE ak @EE. Pu`ktuf ^lysabs, Pu`ktuf Tc`eaty,
tlc ecvce gj juee Bgksbagus @w`rckcss.
Pucstagk= As tlcrc ` Bgkkcbtagk dctwcck
Pu`ktuf ^lysabs `ko P`tuf (Fce`kak)7
@kswcr= Qcs tlcrc as ocjakatcey ` bgkkcbtagk,
tlrguhl ygur Fce`kak wlabl as ` bgkocksco
jgrf gj Eahlt, ygu `s ` P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakh
`rc bgkkcbtco tg @EE, tl`t wlabl Rbacktast `rc
b`eeakh Pu`ktuf. @s P`tuf (Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs
wc fust ec`rk tlc rc`eatacs gj Cxastckbc `ko
rcvcrsc tlc prgbcss gj Rcej Octcragr`tagk, dgtl
^lysab`eey `ko Fckt`eey, `ko watl tlas bgkjarfco
j`bt dcbgfc p`rt gj @EE, dcbgfc p`rt gj tlc
sgeutagk, tlc B`usc. Xc `h`ak fust dchak tg
rc`eazc tl`t tlc Cssckbc gj gur Dcakh as tl`t wc
cxast `ko watl tl`t bgkjarf`tagk cxastckbc as `s
wc `rc. _afc as `s wc dc! @EE as, @EE `bts, @EEogcs, @ee tlakhs `rc ` p`rt gj @EE gk aktg @eekcss.
_lc d`dy gj @eekcss as jguko ak tlc wgfd gj
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
04:
Pu`ktuf ^lysabs, Dgrk jrgf Aksaoc-Gut ak
Ctlcrab Cxastckbc.
Pucstagk= Xlg `rc tlc Ilcfcku7
@kswcr= _lc Ilcfcku `esg ikgwk `s tlc
Ghog`os ak @kbackt _`F`-Tc (Chypt) `rc tlc yc`rs, stuoacs tl`t l`vc traco tg
jako tlc sf`eecst ^`rtabecgr tg cxpegrc tlc gutcr
eafats gj sp`bc l`vc bgfc up watl `kswcrs wlabl
suppgrt tlc @kbackt Chypta`k tc`blakhs vacw gj
tlc bgsfgs `ko gur rce`tagk watl at `s P`tuf(Fce`kakatc) Dcakhs.
Rbackbc as oasbgvcrakh tl`t tlc Skavcrsc as akjakatc
ak `ee oarcbtagks, dgtl `t tlc @tgfab (Fabrg)ecvce
`ko `t tlc ^e`kct`ry (F`brg) ecvce. Rbackbc as
`esg jakoakh tl`t wl`t tlcy `rc b`eeakh F`ttcr,as kgt wl`t at `ppc`rs tg dc. Ak j`bt, stuoacs tl`t
f`ttcr as 11.1% cfpty sp`bc surrgukoco dy `k
aoc`, akjgrf`tagk, tlguhlt, `ko bgksbaguskcss.
_lc @tgf as s`ao tg dc bgfpgsco gj `
pgsatavcey (+) bl`rhco ^`rtabec b`eeco `^rgtgk `ko ` ^`rtabec watl kg bl`rhc (K),
b`eeco ` Kcutrgk, ak tlc bcktcr. _lcsc twg
p`rtabecs `rc s`ao tg dc surrgukoco dy `k
Cecbtrgk (Ckcrhy ak Fgtagk, Cfgtagk`e Ckcrhy)
wlabl b`rry ` Kch`tavc (-) bl`rhc `ko rcvgevcs
`rguko tlc Kubecus (Bcktcr, @xas). @ee F`ttcr asjguko tg dc bgfpgsco gj tlc s`fc ^rgtgks,
Kcutrgks `ko Cecbtrgks. _lc oajjcrckbc ak
`ppc`r`kbc bgfcs jrgf tlc oajjcrckt kufdcrs
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Xl`t as P`tuf ^lysabs7
020
gj ^`rtabecs ak c`bl @_GF (@_SF) `ko `esg
jrgf tlc bgfdak`tagk gj oajjcrckt `tgfs watl
v`raco bgfdak`tagks gj tlc tlrcc p`rtabecs,f`ics up `ee ^crsgks, ^e`bcs, `ko _lakhs. Rg wc
fust kgw ec`rk tg tlaki p`st tlc @tgf, fc`kakh
fckt`eey hg d`bi p`st tlc @tgf. Hg p`st ^crsgk,
^e`bcs, `ko _lakhs, `ko tlaki gk ` fgrc
Pu`ktuf ecvce, `ko ec`rk tg dcbgfc tlc
b`usc gj tlc f`ky cjjcbts gj ygur eajc, ak tlc^gsatavc.
Jurtlcr, at as ikgwk tl`t Cecbtrgks l`vc kg
wcahlt `ko tl`t tlcrc as ` v`st cfpty sp`bc
dctwcck tlc ^rgtgks `ko tlc Cecbtrgks tl`t
barbue`tc `rguko tlcf9 `esg tl`t tlcrc as cfptysp`bc aksaoc gj tlc ^rgtgks,