melbourne in english!

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Melbourne

Melbourne

(pronounced/melb n/) is the

second mostpopulous city inAustralia, with ametropolitan area

population ofapproximately 3.8million (2007estimate).

Located aroundPort Phillip Bayin Australia'ssouth-east,Melbourne is thestate capital ofVictoria. A personfrom Melbourneis called aMelburnian.

Melbourne is amajor centre ofcommerce,industry andcultural activity.The city is oftenreferred to asAustralia's'sporting andcultural capital'

and it is home tomany of thenation's mostsignificantcultural andsporting eventsand institutions. Ithas beenrecognised as agamma world city

by the

LoughboroughUniversity

Melbourne

Victoria

Melbourne's Central Business District and Southbank

Population: 3,806,092 (2nd)

Density: 1566/km (4055.9/sq mi)

(2006)

Established: 30 August 1835

Area: 2153 km (831.3 sq mi)

Time zone:

Summer(DST)

AEST (UTC+10)

AEDT(UTC+11)

Location: 723 km (449 mi) from

Adelaide

876 km (544 mi) from

Sydney

1658 km (1030 mi)

from Brisbane

3412 km (2120 mi)

from Perth

LGA: various (31)

County: Bourke

State District: various (54)

Federal

Division:

various (23)

Mean Max

Temp

Mean Min

TempRainfall

19.8 C68 F

10.2 C50 F

646.9 mm25.5 in
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group's 1999 inventory. Melbourne is notable for its mix ofVictorian and contemporaryarchitecture, its extensive tram networkand Victorian parks and gardens, as well as itsdiverse, multicultural society. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the2006 Commonwealth Games.

Melbourne was founded by free settlers in 1835, 47 years after the first Europeansettlement of Australia, as apastoral settlement situated around the Yarra River.Transformed rapidly into a majormetropolis by the Victorian gold rush in the 1850s,'Marvellous Melbourne' became Australia's largest and most important city by 1865, butwas overtaken by Sydney as the largest city in Australia during the early 20th century.

Melbourne served as the federal seat of government from the time of the new nation'sfederation in 1901, until Federal Parliament moved to the purpose-built capital,Canberra, in 1927.

HistoryThe area of the Yarra Riverand Port Phillip that is now Melbourne was originallyinhabited by the Wurundjeripeople of the Kulin nation. It is believed that the area wasoccupied by indigenous Australians for at least 40,000 years. The first British penalcolony in the Port Phillip district was established in 1803 on Sullivan Bay, but thissettlement was abandoned after a few months.

In May and June 1835, the area that is now central and northern Melbourne wasexplored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association, whonegotiated a transaction for 600,000 acres (2,400 km) of land from eight Wurundjeri

chiefs. He selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "thiswill be the place for a village", and returned to Launceston in Tasmania (then known asVan Diemen's Land). However, by the time a settlement party from the Associationarrived to establish the new village, a separate group led by John Pascoe Fawknerhadalready arrived aboard theEnterprizeand established a settlement at the same location,on 30 August1835. The two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement. Batman'sTreaty with the Aborigines was annulled by theNew South Wales government (thengoverning all of eastern mainland Australia), which compensated the Association.Although this meant the settlers were now trespassing on Crown land, the governmentreluctantly accepted the settlers'fait accompli and allowed the town (known at first byvarious names, including 'Bearbrass') to remain.

In 1836 Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of thePort PhillipDistrict of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the Hoddle Grid in1837. The settlement was named Melbourne in the same year after the BritishPrimeMinisterWilliam Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, who resided in the village ofMelbourne in Derbyshire. Melbourne was declared a city by letters patent ofQueenVictoria, issued on 25 June1847.

The state of Victoria was established as a separate colony in 1851 with Melbourne as itscapital. With the discovery ofgold in Victoria in the 1850s, leading to the Victorian goldrush, Melbourne grew rapidly, providing the majority ofservice industriesand servingas the major port for the region. The city became a major finance centre, home toseveral banks and to Australia's first stock exchange (founded in 1861). During the
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1880s Melbourne was one of the largest cities in the British Empire, and reputedly therichest city in the world. During the decade of the 1880s, Melbourne hosted fiveinternational exhibitions. This period saw the construction of many high-rise Victorian

buildings, Coffee Palaces, terrace housing, grand boulevards and gardens throughout thecity. Examples of this Victorian architecture still abound in Melbourne. Journalist

George Augustus Henry Sala, during an 1885 visit, coined the phrase 'MarvellousMelbourne' to describe the booming city, which stuck long into the twentieth century.

The brashboosterism which typified Melbourne during this time came to a halt in 1891when a world economic depression hit the city's economy, sending the finance and

property industries into chaos. The effects of the depression on the city were profound,although it did continue to grow slowly during the early twentieth century.

At the time of Australia's Federation on 1 January1901, Melbourne was specified as thetemporary seat of government and remained the national capital until 1927, when theFederalparliament was moved to theplanned city ofCanberra. The first Federal

parliament was convened on 9 May1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building.

Melbourne was the Allied Pacific Headquarters from 1942 to 1944 as General DouglasMacArthurestablished Australia as a launch base for Pacific operations. During WorldWar II, Melbourne industries thrived on wartime production and the city becameAustralia's leading manufacturing centre. After the war, Melbourne expanded rapidly,with its growth boosted by an influx ofimmigrants and the prestige of hosting theOlympic Games in 1956. Australia's mining boom between 1969 and 1970 proved

beneficial to Melbourne, with the headquarters of many of the major companies (BHPand Rio Tinto, among others) based in the city. Nauru's booming mineral economyfuelled several ambitious investments in Melbourne such asNauru House. Melbourneremained Australia's business and finance capital until the late 1970s, when it began tolose this primacy to Sydney.

Melbourne experienced the worst of Victoria's economic slump between 1989 to 1992.In 1992 the newly elected KennettCoalition government began a campaign to revivethe economy with an aggressive development campaign ofpublic works centred onMelbourne and the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on majorevents and sports tourism, attracting the Australian Grand Prix to the city. Major

projects included the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Exhibitionand Convention Centre,Crown Casino and CityLinktollway. Other strategies included

the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services including power and public transport,and a reduction in funding to public services such as health and education.

Since 1997 Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth.There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries andpropertymarket, and 2006 figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics show that since 2000Melbourne has sustained the highest population and economic growth rate of anyAustralian capital city.

Geography

Topography
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Melbourne is located in the south-eastern part ofmainland Australia. Geologically, it isbuilt on the confluence ofQuaternarylava flows to the west, Silurianmudstones to theeast and Holocene sand accumulation to the southeast along Port Phillip. The city'ssuburbs extend along the Yarra Valley toward the Yarra and Dandenong Ranges to theeast, down towards the Mornington Peninsula and the city ofFrankston, along the

Maribyrnong Riverand its tributaries north towards the foothills of the MacedonRanges, and along the flat volcanic plain country towards Werribee and Geelong to thesouth-west.

Environment

Melbourne has one of the highest urban footprints in the world due to its low densityhousing, suburban sprawl, and car dependence due to minimal public transport outsideof the inner city. Much of the vegetation within the city are non-native species, most ofEuropean origin, and in many cases plays host to invasive species and noxiousweeds.[citation needed] Many outlying suburbs, particularly those in the Yarra Valley and the

hills to the nort-east and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative firesleading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland, theDepartment of Sustainability partially adresses this problem by regularly burningoff.[citation needed]National parks nearby to the urban area include the Mornington Peninsula

National Park, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Parkand Point Nepean National Parkin the south east, Organ Pipes National Parkto the north and Dandenong Ranges

National Parkto the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outsideMelbourne.

Like many large cities, pollution in Melbourne presents a major problem. Responsibility

for regulating polution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several localcouncils. Air pollution, by world standards, is classified as being good, howeversummer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric haze in the urban area.

The biggest current environmental issue facing Melbourne is the Victorian governmentproject to deepen the channel to Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay issubject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marinewildlife could be effected by the disturbance ofheavy metals and other industrialsediments. Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteriaincludingE-coli in the Yarra Riverand its tributaries caused by septic systems as well ashigh levels of pet feces and up to 350,000 cigarette butts entering the storm water runoff

every day. Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and riverpollution.

Climate

Climate chart for Melbourne

J F M A M J J A S O N D
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Philliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston%2C_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribyrnong_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Macedon_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Macedon_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werribeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_Heads_Marine_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_Nepean_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_Pipes_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Ranges_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Ranges_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/infohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Philliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston%2C_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribyrnong_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Macedon_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Macedon_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werribeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_Heads_Marine_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_Nepean_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_Pipes_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Ranges_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Ranges_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/info


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48

26

14

47.7

26

15

50.1

24

13

57.7

20

11

56.3

17

9

49.4

14

7

47.7

13

6

50.2

15

7

58.5

17

8

66.8

20

10

59.5

22

11

59

24

13

temperatures in C precipitation totals in mm

source: Bureau of Meteorology

Imperial conversion

J F M A M J J A S O N D

1.9

78

58

1.9

78

58

2

75

56

2.3

69

51

2.2

62

47

1.9

57

44

1.9

56

43

2

59

44

2.3

63

46

2.6

67

49

2.3

71

52

2.3

76

55

temperatures in F precipitation totals in inches

Melbourne has a moderate oceanic climate (Kppen climate classification Cfb). and isnotorious for its changeable weather conditions. This is due in part to the city's flattopography, its situation on Port Phillip Bay, and the presence of the Dandenong Rangesto the east, a combination that creates weather systems that often circle the bay. The

phrase "four seasons in one day"is part ofpopular culture and observed by manyvisitors to the city.

Melbourne is colder than other mainland Australian capital cities in the winter. Thelowest maximum on record is 4.4 degrees Celsius, on July 4, 1901. However, snowfallsare extremely rare: the most recent occurrence of sleet in the CBD was on July 25, 1986and the most recent snowfalls in the Dandenongs were on August 10, 2005, November15, 2006 and December 25th 2006 There has not been a major snowfall in Melbournesince 1951, when moderate cover was recorded in both the CBD and suburbs. Morecommonly, Melbourne experiences frosts and fog in winter.

During the spring, Melbourne commonly enjoys extended periods of mild weather andclear skies. Melbourne is also known to have extremely hot, and dry summers, withmaximum temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius. The hottest temperature on record

was 45.6 degrees Celsius on 13 January1939 during a four-day nationwide heat wave.On 8 February 1983, the city was enveloped by a massive dust storm, which turned dayto night.

Other daily elements

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly

Mean number

of rain days8.3 7.4 9.3 11.5 14.0 14.2 15.1 15.6 14.8 14.3 11.8 10.5 146.7

Mean number

of clear days6.3 6.3 5.7 4.4 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.4 3.6 3.5 4.4 48.5

Mean number 11.2 9.7 13.4 14.9 18.0 16.8 17.2 16.8 15.7 16.4 15.1 14.2 179.5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K?ppen_climate_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Philliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_dust_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K?ppen_climate_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Philliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Rangeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_dust_storm


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of cloudy

days

Source: Bureau of Meteorology

Urban structure

The original city (known today as the central business district or CBD) is laid out in the1 mile (1.6 km) by half mile (0.8 km) Hoddle Grid, its southern edge fronting onto theYarra. The city centre is well known for its historic and attractive lanes and arcades (themost notable of which are Block Place and Royal Arcade) which contain a variety ofshops and cafes. The CBD and surrounds contain many historic buildings such as theRoyal Exhibition Building, the Melbourne Town Hall and Parliament House. Althoughthe area is described as the centre, it is not actually the demographic centre ofMelbourne at all, due to an urban sprawl to the south east, the demographic centre beinglocated at Bourne St, Glen Iris.

Melbourne is typical ofAustralian capital cities in that after the turn of the century, itexpanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for everyfamily, often referred to locally as theAustralian Dream. Much ofmetropolitanMelbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl. The provision of anextensiverailway and tram service in the earlier years of development encouraged thislow density development, mostly in radial lines along the transport corridors.

Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria wasonce known as the garden state. There is an abundance ofparks and gardens in

Melbourne, many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant speciesamid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. There are alsomany parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities ofStonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, south east of the CBD.

The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds ofsuburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local governmentareas.

Culture

Melbourne is widely known as the Australian cultural and sport capital. It has thriceshared top position in a survey by The Economistof the World's Most Livable Cities onthe basis of its cultural attributes, climate, cost of living, and social conditions such ascrime rates and health care, in 2002, 2004 and 2005. However, in recent years rising

property prices have led to Melbourne being named one of the least affordable cities inthe world.

The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events, performing arts andarchitecture. Melbourne is also considered to be Australia's live music capital with alarge proportion of successful Australian artists emerging from the Melbourne live

music scene. Melbourne has become popular for its street art (see Melbourne street art)with the lonely planet guides listing it as a major attraction. The city is also admired as
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoddle_Gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Arcade%2C_Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arcade%2C_Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Town_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Iris%2C_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_parks_and_gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_parks_and_gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Central_Business_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Stonningtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Boroondarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Port_Philliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_Most_Livable_Citieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne#climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_livinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_street_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_planethttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoddle_Gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Arcade%2C_Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arcade%2C_Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Town_Hallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Iris%2C_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_parks_and_gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_parks_and_gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Central_Business_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Stonningtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Boroondarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Port_Philliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_Most_Livable_Citieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne#climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_livinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_street_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_planet


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one of the great cities of the Victorian Age (1837-1901) and a vigorous city lifeintersects with an impressive range of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century buildings.

In recent years, the city has claimed the SportsBusiness title "World's Ultimate SportsCity". It is considered the spiritual home of Australian cricket and Australian rules

football - the most popular sports in Australia. Nine teams (Not including Geelong)from the Australian Football League are based in Melbourne and its surroundingsuburbs. The first ever official cricket Test match in Australia was played at theMelbourne Cricket Ground in March 1877. The city is also home to aRugby LeagueandSoccerteam; the Melbourne Storm, who play in theNRL competition, MelbourneVictory who play in the A-league,netball team Melbourne Vixens who play in the trans-Tasman trophy ANZ Championship and basketball team Melbourne Tigers who play intheNational Basketball League. Annually, the city hosts the AFL Grand Final, as wellas the international sporting events of the Australian Opentennis, Melbourne Cup andthe Australian Grand Prix.

Economy

Melbourne is home to Australia's busiest seaport and much of Australia's automotiveindustry, which include Ford and Toyota manufacturing facilities, and the enginemanufacturing facility ofHolden. It is home to many othermanufacturing industries,along with being a major business and financial centre. In mid-November 2006, the citywas host to the G20 summit, amid violent protests. International freight is an importantindustry. The city's port, Australia's largest, handles more than $75 billion in trade everyyear and 39% of the nation's container trade.

Melbourne is also a major technology hub, with an ICT industry that employs over60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), has a turnover of $19.8 billionand export revenues of $615 million.

Melbourne retains a significant presence of being a financial centre for Asia-Pacific.Two of thebig fourbanks,NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The cityhas carved out a niche as Australias leading centre forsuperannuation (pension) funds,with 40 per cent of the total, and 65 per cent of industry super-funds. Melbourne is alsohome to the $40 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund, and could potentially

be home to the world's largest company should the proposed merger between BHPBilliton and Rio Tinto Group be carried out.

Tourism plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with approximately 7.6million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004. In 2008,Melbourne overtookSydney as the nation's leading tourism destination.

The city is headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five ofthe ten largest in the country (based on revenue) (ANZ, BHP Billiton, theNationalAustralia Bank, Rio Tinto and Telstra); as well as such representative bodies andthinktanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of TradeUnions.
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Melbourne rated 34th within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MastercardWorldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2007), between Barcelona and Geneva, andsecond only to Sydney (14th) in Australia.

Most recent major infrastructure projects, such as the redevelopment ofSouthern Cross

Station (formerly Spencer Street Station), have been centred around the 2006Commonwealth Games, which were held in the city from 15 March to 26 March 2006.The centrepiece of the Commonwealth Games projects was the redevelopment of theMelbourne Cricket Ground, the stadium used for the opening and closing ceremonies ofthe Games. The project involved rebuilding the northern half of the stadium and layinga temporary athletics track at a cost of$434 million.

Melbourne has also been attracting an increasing share of domestic and internationalconference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seatinternational convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to theMelbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra

Riverwith the Southbank precinct and multi-billion dollarDocklands redevelopment.

Demographics

Today Melbourne is a diverse and multicultural city. Almost a quarter of Victoria'spopulation was born overseas, and the city is home to residents from 233 countries, whospeak over 180 languages and dialects and follow 116 religious faiths. Melbourne hasthe second largest Asian population in Australia, which includes the largest Vietnamese,Indian and Sri Lankan communities in the country. Overall, citizens of Asian heritagerepresent approximately 18% of Melbournes population, compared to 7% of Australia's

population.

The earliest inhabitants of the broad area that later became Melbourne were IndigenousAustralians specifically, the Bunurong, Wurundjeri and Wathaurong peoples.Melbourne is still a centre of Aboriginal life consisting of local groups and indigenesfrom other parts of Australia with the Aboriginal community in the city numberingover 20,000 persons (0.6 per cent of the population).

The first European settlers in Melbourne were British and Irish. These two groupsaccounted for nearly all arrivals before the gold rush, and supplied the predominantnumber ofimmigrants to the city until the Second World War. Melbourne was

transformed by the 1850sgold rush; within months of the discovery ofgold in August1852, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to40,000 inhabitants. Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne hadovertaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city. Large numbers ofChinese, Germanand United States nationals were to be found on the goldfields and subsequently inMelbourne. The various nationalities involved in the Eureka Stockade revolt nearbygive some indication of the migration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Postwar immigration

In the first half of the twentieth century, Melbourne saw influxes of Italians and Greeks.
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In the aftermath of the Second World War, Melbourne experienced unprecedentedinflows from Mediterranean Europe, primarily Greece and Italy, but also Cyprus andTurkey. According to the 2001 Census, there were 151,785 ethnic Greeks in themetropolitan area. 47% of all Greek Australians live in Melbourne. Ethnic Chinese andVietnamese also maintain significant presences.

Melbourne enjoys comparatively high levels of migrant integration to the other capitalcities, however some ethnic groups are associated with the suburb in which they firstsettled Italians (Carlton and Brunswick);Macedonians(Thomastown); Indians and SriLankans (south eastern suburbs such as Hampton ParkandNarre Warren); Greeks(Oakleigh,Northcote and Hughesdale); Vietnamese (Richmond,Springvale andFootscray); Maltese (Sunshine); Serbs (St Albans); Turks (Coburg); Lebanese(Broadmeadows); Russians (Carnegie); Spaniards (Fitzroy);North Africans(Flemington); Sub-Saharan Africans (Noble Park). The cities ofDandenong,Monash,Casey and Whittlesea on Melbourne's fringe are particular current migrant hotspots.[55]

Melbourne exceeds the national average in terms of proportion of residents bornoverseas: 34.8 per cent compared to a national average of 23.1 per cent. In concordancewith national data, Britain is the most commonly reported country of birth, with 4.7 percent, followed by Italy (2.4 per cent), Greece (1.9 per cent) and then China (1.3 percent). Melbourne also features substantial Vietnamese-, Indian- and Sri Lankan-borncommunities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes.

Linguistically, Melbourne is one of Australia's most diverse urban centres, thoughaccording to 2001 Census data, over two-thirds of people in Melbourne speak onlyEnglish at home (68.8 per cent). Italian is the second most common home language (4.0

per cent), with Greekthird and the Chinese languagesfourth, each with over 100,000speakers. Of foreign-born Melburnians who spoke English exclusively, 84.2 per centreported speaking it either 'very well' or 'well'.

Religion

The 2006 Census records show some 28.3% (1,018,113) of Melbourne residents listtheir religious affiliation as Catholic. The next highest response was No Religion(20.0%, 717,717), Anglican (12.1%, 433,546), Eastern Orthodox (5.9%, 212,887) and

the Uniting Church (4.0%, 143,552). However the largest churches in Melbourne aregenerally Assemblies of God: CityLife Church (4,600 weekly attendance),Planetshakers City Church (3,000) and Faith! Christian Church (2,000). In its outskirtsis a large Baptist church called Crossway Baptist Church (4500). It is the seat of boththe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne and the Anglican Diocese ofMelbourne. Buddhists, Muslims, Jews and Hindus collectively account for 7.5 per centof the population. Four out of ten Australian Jews call Melbourne home. The city is alsoresidence to the largest number ofHolocaust survivors of any Australian city, indeed thehighest per capita concentration outside Israel itself.

The city has two large cathedrals - St Patricks (Roman Catholic), and St Pauls

(Anglican). Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritagesignificance as major landmarks of the city.
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1951 23.4

1961 21.4

1971 18.1

1981 15.9

1986 16.05

1991 16.8

1996 17.9

1999 17.05

2001 15.9

Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the Melbourne statisticaldivision has grown by approximately 50,000 people a year since 2003. Melbourne has

now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000)finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake, along with having stronginterstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing andcost of living, which have been two recent key factors driving Melbourne's growth. Inrecent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division,have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areasin Australia. It has

been suggested that if population growth continues at its current rate, Melbourne couldbecome Australia's largest city once again by 2028.

Melbourne's population density declined following the Second World War, with theprivate motor carand the lures of space and property ownership causing a suburban

sprawl, mainly eastward. After much discussion both at general public and planninglevels in the 1980s, the decline has reversed since the recession of the early 1990s. Thecity has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs. Since the 1970s,Victorian Government planning blueprints, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030,have aimed to curtail the urban sprawl.

Governance

The Melbourne City Council governs the City of Melbourne, which takes in the CBDand a few adjoining inner suburbs. However the head of the Melbourne City Council,

the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, is frequently treated as a representative of greater
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Melbourne (the entire metropolitan area), particularly when interstate or overseas. TheLord Mayor is John So, who was crowned the 2006 World Mayor.

The rest of the metropolitan area is divided into 30 local government areas. All these aredesignated as Cities, except for five on the city's outer fringes which have the title of

Shire. The local government authorities have elected councils and are responsible for arange of functions (delegated to them from the State Government of Victoria under theLocal Government Act of 1989), such as urban planning and waste management.

Most city-wide government activities are controlled by theVictorian state government,which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street. These include public transport,main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning ofmajor infrastructure projects. Because three quarters of Victoria's population lives inMelbourne, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow thedevelopment of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the stategovernment. The semi-autonomous Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works was

abolished in 1992 for this reason. This is not dissimilar to other Australian states whereState Governments have similar powers in greater metropolitan areas.

Education

Education is overseen statewide by the Department of Education and Early ChildhoodDevelopment (DEECD), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for thedelivery of education'. It acts as advisor to two state ministers, that for Education andfor Children and Early Childhood Development.

Preschool, primary and secondary

Primary and secondary assessment, curriculum development and educational researchinitiatives throughout Melbourne and Victoria is undertaken by the VictorianCurriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA), which offers the Victorian EssentialLearning Standards (VELS) and Achievement Improvement Monitor (AIM) certificatesfrom years Prep through Year 10, and the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) andVictorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL) as part of senior secondary programs(Years 11 to 12).

Many high schools in Melbourne are called 'Secondary Colleges', a legacy of the KirnerLaborgovernment. There are two selective public schools in Melbourne (mentionedabove), but all public schools may restrict entry to students living in their regional'zone'.

Although non-tertiarypublic education is free, 35 per cent of students attend a privateprimary or secondary school. The most numerousprivate schools are Catholic, and therest are independent (see Public and Private Education in Australia).

Tertiary and vocational

Melbourne's two largest universities are the University of Melbourne (also calledMelbourne University) and Monash University, the largest university in Australia. Both
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are members of the Group of Eight. Melbourne University ranked second amongAustralian universities in the 2006THES international rankings. WhileThe Times

Higher Education Supplementranked the University of Melbourne as the 22nd bestuniversity in the world, Monash University was ranked the 38th best university in theworld. Melbourne was ranked the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after

London,Boston and Tokyo.

Melbourne is home to some of the nation's oldest educational institutions, including theoldest Law (1857), Engineering (1860), Medical (1862), Dental (1897) andMusic(1891) schools, all at the University of Melbourne. The University of Melbourne is alsothe oldest university in Victoria and the second oldest university in Australia.

Other universities located in Melbourne include La Trobe University, RMIT University,Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria Universityand the St Patrick's campus ofthe Australian Catholic University. Deakin University maintains two major campuses inMelbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. In recent years,

the number ofinternational students at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, aresult of an increasing number of places being made available to full fee payingstudents.

Infrastructure

Health

The Government of Victoria's Department of Human Services oversees approximately30 public hospitals in the Melbourne metropolitan region, and 13 health services

organisations. The major public hospitals are the Royal Melbourne Hospital, The AlfredHospital and Austin Hospital, while major private hospitals include Epworth Hospitaland St Vincent's. The city is also home to major medical and biotechnology researchcentres such as St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, the Burnet Institute,PeterMacCallum Cancer Institute, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research,The Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Baker Heart Institute and the AustralianSynchrotron.

Transport

Melbourne has an integratedpublic transport system promoted under the Metlinkbrand.Originally laid out late in the 19th century when trains and trams were the primarymethods of travelling to the suburbs, the 1950s saw an increase in private vehicles andfreeway construction. This trend has continued with successive governments despiterelentless traffic congestion, with a resulting drop in public transport modeshare fromthe 1940s level of around 25 per cent to the current level of around 9 per cent.Melbourne's public transport system wasprivatised in 1999.

Melbourne's tram networkis the largest tram network in the world. Melbourne's isAustralia's only tram network to comprise more than a single line. Sections of the tramnetwork are on road, others are separated orlight rail routes. Trams are not only a form

of transport, but a tourist icon and cultural asset. Visitors are served by a free City CircleTram, as well as fleet ofrestaurant trams.
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A mostly-electrictrain networkserves Melbourne with 19 lines, all of them radiatingfrom a loop which circles the Central Business District. Flinders Street Station isMelbourne's busiest railway station. In 1926 it was the world's busiest passenger station.It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place.

The city has rail connections with several regional cities in the state, as well as interstaterail services to Sydney and Adelaide, which depart from Melbourne's other major railterminus, Southern Cross Station.

There are almost 300bus routes which mainly service the outer suburbs fill the gaps inthe network between rail and light rail services.

Melbourne has a high dependency on private cars for transport, with 7.1 per cent of tripsmade by public transport. However there has been a significant rise in patronage in thelast two years mostly due to higher fuel prices. Since 2006, public transport patronagehas grown by over 20%. The largest number of cars are bought in the outer suburban

area, while the inner suburbs with greater access to train and tram services (Met zone 1and 2) enjoy higher public transport patronage. Melbourne has a total of 3.6 million

private vehicles using 22,320 km of road, and one of the highest lengths of road percapita. Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway, MonashFreeway and West Gate Freeway (which spans the large Westgate Bridge), whilst otherroad systems include CityLinkand the Western Ring Road, Calder Freeway,Tullamarine Freeway (main airport link) and the Hume Freeway which links Melbourneand Sydney.

The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also itsbusiest. In 2007, the port handled two million shipping containers in a 12 month period,making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere. Station Pierin PortPhillip Bay handles cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross BassStrait to Tasmania.

Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport located at Tullamarineis the city's maininternational and domestic gateway. The airport is home base for passenger airlinesJetstarand Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and TollPriority and is a major hub forQantas and Virgin Blue. Avalon Airport, located betweenMelbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub ofJetstarand may soon offer internationalflights to Kuala Lumpuron AirAsia X. It is also used as a freight and maintenance

facility. This makes Melbourne the only city in Australia to have a second commercialairport. Moorabbin Airport is a significant general aviation airport in the city's southeast as well as handling a limited number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, whichwas once the city's main airport before the construction of the airport at Tullamarine,handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.

Utilities

Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which isowned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible formanagement of sewerage and the majorwater catchments in the region. Water is mainly

stored in the largest dam, the Thomson River Dam which is capable of holding around
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60% of Melbourne's water capacity, while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Damand the Cardinia Reservoircarry secondary supplies.

Water restrictions are in place and the state government has considered water recyclingschemes for the city. In June 2007, the Bracks Government announced a $4.9 billion

water plan to secure the future of water supplies in Melbourne, including theconstruction of a $3.1 billion desalination plant on Victoria's south-east coast, capable oftreating 150 billion litres of water per year. Other projects included in this package is a70 km pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria's north to Melbourne and a newwater pipeline linking Melbourne andGeelong. These projects will be run and managed

by Melbourne Water.

Supply oftown gas to Melbourne was initially provided by private companies such asthe Melbourne Metropolitan Gas Companyfrom the 1850s, with gasworks beingscattered throughout the suburbs. The Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria was formedin 1951 to manage gas supply state wide, and to build a centralised gasworks at

Morwell. The discovery ofnatural gas in Bass Stra

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