meljun cortes manual current trends issues comp04

8/13/2019 MELJUN CORTES MANUAL Current Trends Issues COMP04

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COMP04 Instructional ManualPrepared by: MELJUN P. CORTES

Current Trends and Issues

Chapter I: Hardware Technology Trends A computer is just a high- powered processing box without peripherals !eripheral is

the generic name to all input" output and secondary storage de#ices that are a part o$ a

computer system !eripheral are o$tentimes what we call the hardware de#ices

%n-line peripherals : de#ices that are separate $rom but can be electronically

connected to and controlled by the C!&

%$$-line peripherals: de#ices that are separate $rom and not under the control o$ the

C!&

' Input Technologies and Trends

(irst )econd Third (ourth (i$th

*eneration *eneration *eneration *eneration *eneration

Input !unched Cards !unched +ey to +eyboard ,oice

edia !aper Tape Cards Tape./is0 !ointing 1ecognition

/e#ices Touch

%ptical /e#ices

)canning Handwriting

1ecognition

College of Computer Studies 1


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Input /e#ices had e#ol#ed $rom punched cards to a more natural user interface

technology 2ou can now input data electronically through pointing de#ices li0e

electronic mice" touch pads and technologies li0e optical scanning" #oice

recognition" and handwriting recognition

!ointing /e#ices: Although the 0eyboard is still widely used in inputting data and

text into computer systems" pointing de#ices are better alternati#es $or issuing

commands" ma0ing choices and responding to prompts displayed on your screen

!ointing /e#ices wor0 well with your operating systems graphical &ser inter$ace

3*&I4" which presents you with icons" buttons" menus bars and so on

!ointing de#ices uses point-and-clic0 and point-and-drag methods

56A !75) %( !%I8TI8* /5,IC5)

T1AC+9A77

It is a stationary de#ice related to mouse

&ses roller $or mo#ing $rom direction to another

!%I8TI8* )TIC+

Also called a trac0point

It is small button li0e de#ice" sometimes similar to an eraser head o$ a

pencil

The cursor mo#es in the direction o$ the pressure you place on the

stic0



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T%&CH!A/

Is a small rectangular touch sensiti#e sur$ace usually below the

0eyboard

The cursor mo#es in the direction o$ your $inger mo#es on the pad

Trac0ball" pointing stic0 and touch pads are easier to use than a mouse $or a

portable computer and are thus built in into most noteboo0s

T%&CH )C1558)

5mits a grid o$ in$rared beams" sound wa#es or a slight electric current

that is bro0en when the screen is touched

The computer senses the point in the grid where the brea0 occurs and

responds with an appropriate action

!58-9A)5/ C% !&TI8*

Technology currently used in handheld computers and personal digital

assistants

This small !C and !/A s contain $ast processors and so$tware that

recogni;es and digiti;es handwriting" handprinting and hand drawing

They ha#e a pressure-sensiti#e layer li0e graphics pad under slateli0e

li


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,%IC5 15C%*8ITI%8

The easiest method o$ data entry

,oice recognition systems analy;e and classi$y speech or #ocal tract

p>patterns and con#ert them into digital codes $or entry into a

computer system

5arly speech recognition used /iscrete speech recognition where you

need to pause between each spo0en words Today #oice recognition

uses Continuous )peech 1ecognition 3C)14 so$tware" which

recogni;es con#ersation paced speech

56 8aturally)pea0ing by /ragon )ystems 3/iscrete4

,ia,oice by I9

%!TICA7 )CA88I8*

5nables direct entry o$ data $rom source documents into a computer

system

5mploys photoelectric de#ices to scan the characters being read

)amples include $latbed scanners" handheld or what we call wand"

&!C

%TH51 I8!&T T5CH8%7%*I5)

agnetic Tape" )martCards 3Credit Cards4" /igital cameras" agnetic in0

Character 1ecognition



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%&T!&T T5CH8%7%*I5) A8/ T158/)

(irst )econd Third (ourth (i$th

*eneration *eneration *eneration *eneration *eneration

%utput edia. !unched Cards !unched Cards !rinted ,ideo ,ideo

ethod !rinted 1eports. !rinted 1ep . 1eports

/isplays /isplays

/ocuments /oc ,ideo Audio ,oice

/isplays 1esponses 1esponses

!rinted 1ep Hyperlin0ed

ultimedia

/ocuments

Computers pro#ide #ideos in #ariety o$ $orms The table shows the trends in output

methods As seen in the table !rinted 1eports and /ocuments are the most common

output $rom all generations

56A !75) %( %&T!&T /5,IC5)

,I/5% %&T!&T

,ideo displays are the most common computer output ost des0top

computers rely on #ideo monitors that use Cathode 1ay Tube 3C1T4

technology similar to picture tubes o$ t# s



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!1I8T5/ %&T!&T

!rinting in$ormation on paper is still the most common $orm o$ output a$ter

#ideo displays Thus !C systems rely on in0jets or lasers printers to produce

hard copy in high


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)torage Tape

agnetic

/rum

Tape

agnetic

/rum

/is0

agnetic

Tape

%ptical /is0 agnetic /is0

Trend: Towards assi#e capacities &sing agnetic and %ptical edia

)torage edia cost" speed and capacity trade-o$$s 8ote how cost increases with $aster

access speeds" but decreases with excess capacity

!rimary )torage edia such as semi-conductor memory chips are called direct access or

random access memories 31A 4 agnetic dis0s de#ices are $re


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)peciali;ed memory can be added to increase your computers per$ormance

A*85TIC /I)+)

Is the most common $orm o$ secondary storage de#ices" because they

pro#ide $ast access and high storage capacities at a reasonable cost

T2!5) %( A*85TIC /I)+)

(7%!!2 /I)+)

HA1/ /I)+

1AI/ 31edundant Arrays o$ Independent /is0s4 E this are dis0s arrays o$

interconnected microcomputer hard dis0 dri#es which had replaced large capacity

main$rame dis0 dri#es that pro#ides gigabytes o$ online storage

A*85TIC TA!5 )T%1A*5

Is still being used as a secondary storage medium in business applications

The read and write heads o$ magnetic tape dri#es records data in the $orm o$

magneti;ed spots on the iron oxide coating o$ the plastic tape

(or main $rames and mid-range systems" magnetic tapes include tape reels

and cartridges" $or !C s a small cassette tape is used

%ne major application o$ magnetic tape includes long-term archi#al storage

and bac0-up storage $or !C and other systems

%!TICA7 /I)+ )T%1A*5

The $ast growing storage medium The #ersion $or use o$ microcomputer is

called C/ 1% 3Compact /is0 1ead %nly emory4 C/-1% technology



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uses a '@ centimeter compact dis0" each dis0 can store DFF 9 which is

e


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The types o$ )o$tware you will encounter depend primarily on the type o$ computers

and networ0s you use In this chapter it discusses about the e#olution and trends o$

so$tware and hardware

The $igure below shows an o#er#iew o$ computer so$twares:

)o$tware )uites Geb 9rowsers 5lectronic ail Gord !rocessing )preadsheets /atabase managers !resentation *raphics !ersonal In$ormation anagers

/es0top !ublishing Integrated !ac0ages *roupware


Computer)o$tware

Application)o$tware

)ystem)o$tware

*eneral-!urpose

Application

Application-)peci$ic

!rograms

)ystemanagement!rograms

)ystem/e#elopment

!rograms

9usiness Accounting)ales anagementTransaction !rocessing5lectronic Commerce etc

)cience and5ngineering

5ducation and5ntertainment etc

%perating )ystems 8etwor0 anagement!rograms /atabase anagement)ystems )ystem &tilities !er$ormance onitors )ecurity onitors

!rogramming 7anguageTranslators !rogramming 5ditors andTools Computer Aided )o$tware5ngineering 3CA)54 !ac0ages


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' )T

*eneration@nd

*eneration

rd

*enerationBth *eneration th

*enerationTrend: Towards 5asy-to-use ulti-purpose 8etwor0-5nabled Application !ac0ages $or

!roducti#ity and Collaboration)o$twareTrends

&ser Gritten!rograms

achine7anguage

!ac0age!rograms

)ymbolic7anguages

%perating)ystems

High 7e#el7anguages

/atabaseanagement

)ystems

(ourth-*eneration7anguages

icrocomputer!ac0ages

8atural and%bject%riented7anguages

ultipurpose*raphic-Inter$ace8etwor0-5nabled5xpert-

Assisted!ac0ages

Trend: Towards ,isual or Con#ersational !rogramming 7anguages and Tools

The $igure abo#e emphasi;es se#eral major so$tware trends (irst there has been a

major trend away $rom custom-designed programs de#eloped by pro$essional

programmers o$ an organi;ation" instead the trend is toward the o$$-the shel$ so$tware

pac0ages This trend became relati#ely ine#itable due to a#ailability o$ inexpensi#e

pac0ages" and so$tware suites

)econd" There has been a direction away $rom technical-machine speci$ic

programming languages using binary based or symbolic codes and procedural languages

which uses brie$ statements and mathematical expression" instead there was a trend

toward the use o$ #isual graphic inter$ace $or object oriented programming or toward non-

procedural natural languages 3B*7 s4 Today arti$icial intelligence and expert systems

are being incorporated $or so$tware to be more accessible and user $riendly



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a 4 )ystem management programs !rograms that manage the

hardware" so$tware" networ0 and data resources o$ the computer

system during its execution o$ the #arious in$ormation processing

jobs o$ users

b 4 )ystem de#elopment programs - programs that help users de#elop

in$ormation system programs and procedures and prepare user

programs $or computer processing 5x CA)5 Tools

!relim 5xamination

III Trends in Telecommunications

Telecommunications is the sending o$ in$ormation in any $orm $rom one place to

another using electronic or light Eemitting media ajor trends in the $ield o$

telecommunications ha#e a signi$icant impact on management decision in this

area This chapter co#ers important in$ormation about trends in

telecommunications

Enterprise collaboration applications use telecommunications networ0s to

support communication" coordination and collaboration 5lectronic commerce

applications support the buying and selling o$ products" ser#ices and in$ormation

o#er the internet and other computer networ0



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Internal business applications o$ telecommunications depend on a #ariety o$

computer networ0s to support company s business operations

ajor trends in the $ield o$ telecommunications ha#e a signi$icant impact on

management decision in this area This chapter co#ers important in$ormation

about

' 4 Industry Trends

The competiti#e arena $or telecommunication ser#ice has changed dramatically in

the & ) and se#eral countries" $rom business monopolies to competiti#e number o$

suppliers

The telecom re#olution begun when AT T and 9ell laboratories separated in 'J B

This was accelerated with the passage o$ Telecommunication act o$ 'JJD and the booming

o$ internet

The explosi#e growth o$ the internet has spawned host o$ new telecommunication

products ser#ices and pro#iders The internet technology pro#ided companies with a

better decision ma0ing alternati#es concerning their telecommunication needs

The &) /eregulation and 1e$orm Act o$ has promoted many dynamic changes

ta0ing place in the telecommunication industry" this encourage the de#elopment o$ e#en

more telecom companies


Industry trends Towards a greater number o$competiti#e #endors" carriers" alliances and networ0

ser#ices" accelerated by deregulation and the growth o$ theinternet


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!igital "etwor# Technologies. Aside $rom transmitting $aster and more

dependable data" digital technology allows multiple types o$ communications such as

#ideo " #oice and graphics on the same circuits

$.) Application Trends

B 4 Types o$ telecommunication networ0s

%ide& Area&"etwor# '%A"). 7arge and co#ers metropolitan area

(ocal Area "etwor# '(A"). 7imited physical area

Internet.

Intranets E tranet

*irtual +ri,ate "etwor# '*+"). &sed to establish secure intranet and

extranet /epend on the internet as its bac0bone but relies on the $ire wall and

other security $eatures o$ the internet

Client Ser,er "etwor# 5nterprise computing

Interorgani-ational networ#.


Application Trends. Toward the persuasi#e use o$ the internetand enterprise intranets and interorgani;ational extranets tosupport electronic commerce" enterprise collaboration" on-linebusiness operations and strategic ad#antage in local and globalmar0et


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I*. Trends in !atabase anagement

Continuing de#elopments in the in$ormation technology and its business

applications ha#e resulted in the e#olution o$ se#eral major types o$ databases

/.) Types of databases

' ' operational database. These databases store detailed data needed to

support the operations o$ the entire organi;ation They are also called

sub0ect area databases1 transaction databases and production

databases.

5xample: Customer database

5mployee database" transaction database" in#entory

' @ analytical database. These databases store data and in$ormation

extracted $rom selected operational and external databases They consist

o$ summari;ed data and in$ormation most needed by an organi;ations

manager and other end user They may also be called multidimensional

database.

5 6A !75 : %n-line analytical processing" summary sales

' distributed database. any organi;ations replicate and distribute copies

or parts o$ databases to networ0 ser#ers at a #ariety o$ sites These

distributed databases can reside on a networ0 ser#er on the GGG" on

corporate intranets" extranets or on another company networ0s 5nsuring

updated database is the challenge $or e#ery organi;ation



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' B data warehouse. A data warehouse stores data $rom current and pre#ious

years that has been extracted $rom the #arious operational databases o$ an

organi;ation It is the central source o$ data that has been screened"

edited" standardi;ed and integrated so that it can be used by managers and

a #ariety o$ users $or business analysis

' end&user databases. These database consist o$ a #ariety data $iles

de#eloped by an end user at their wor0stations 5xamples o$ these are

collection o$ documents in spreadsheets" word processing and e#en

downloaded $iles

' D e ternal databases. Access to a wealth o$ in$ormation $rom external

database is a#ailable $or a $ee $rom a commercial online ser#ices and with

or without charge $rom many sources in the internet

@ 4 ypermedia databases. These are set o$ interconnected multimedia pages

at a web-site

&consists o$ home page and other hyperlin0ed pages o$ multimedia or mixed

media3 text" graphic" photographic images" #ideo clips" audio etc 4

idterm 5xamination

, Impact o$ in$ormation and communication technology

' 4 ICT and business

@ 4 ICT and society

,I The $uture o$ in$ormation and communication technology



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ow will ICT affect us in the future3

%#er the past decade" in$ormation and communication technologies" most ob#iously in the

shape o$ the Internet and the mobile phone" ha#e dramatically a$$ected almost e#ery

aspect o$ the way we li#e and wor0 oreo#er" they are Kenabling technologies " which

means they underpin the competiti#eness and e$$icient operation o$ all sectors o$ the

economy )o" de#elopments in these technologies are $undamentally a$$ecting e#erything

$rom $arming to $ashion" and dri#ing disco#eries in biotechnology and nanotechnology

5#idence suggests that we could be on the #erge o$ a signi$icant deepening o$ the

in$ormation society" an era o$ Kubi


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Technological dri,ers

&bi


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between computing and telecommunications" and also with broadcasting and publishing

/igital technologies allow all $orms o$ in$ormation E #oice" data or #ideo E to be

manipulated across all types o$ de#ices and networ0s It is increasingly di$$icult to discern

the di$$erence between a computer and mobile phone" $or instance A world characteri;ed

by ubi


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crash" the cost o$ third generation * mobile licenses and the general downturn in the

stoc0 mar0et ha#e meant that in#estors are currently more interested in real returns on

their in#estment The ris0 and uncertainty o$ in#estment in ICT will undoubtedly in$luence

the speed o$

de#elopment

Social and personal dri,ers

An important dri#er o$ ICT de#elopment is the issue o$ time Time is an increasingly

#aluable resource $or indi#iduals and $amilies" as well as employers 5#eryone wants to

use their time more e$$ecti#ely" and in$ormation and communication technologies enable

that to happen !eople expect more and more ser#ices to be a#ailable @B hours a day and

business has to respond Ge now do business Kat the speed o$ light and we e#en tal0

about KInternet time : only those organi;ations that inno#ate in the space o$ wee0s or

months will capitali;e on new opportunities Technology gi#es people a greater ability to

choose how to li#e their li#es 5lectronic choices allow indi#iduals" $amilies and

communities to be more sel$-reliant and this is a power$ul dri#er o$ change The Internet

and mobile phones mean people can increasingly control where and when they wor0 !ut

more broadly" consumer demand $or communication" in$ormation and entertainment

ser#ices will be an important dri#er $or ICT de#elopments %$ course" #alue $or money is a

0ey component o$ demand E the attracti#eness o$ #iewing #ideos on a handheld de#ice

while on the mo#e" $or example" will depend partly on the price The ta0e-up o$ ser#ices

will also depend on personal and social acceptability: will it $it in with the way people wish

to li#e and wor0L )o" $or instance" tal0ing on your mobile phone on the train has been



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accepted despite the imposition on other passengers E but the $uture would loo0 #ery

di$$erent i$ it had not been !erhaps ambient intelligence" $or instance" will be so $oreign

that people will not accept it %r maybe technologies will become so $lexible that it will be

possible to customi;e them to indi#idual needs so that acceptability will not be an issue

There are undoubtedly many obstacles on the path towards the in$ormation society that

need to be dealt with These include issues o$ trust and security" ownership o$ intellectual

property" pri#acy protection" unsolicited email or spam" and the protection o$ children $rom

Kharm$ul content The issue o$ regulating the Internet is a thorny one re


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Shaping the future of ICT

Communication and the 4ole of ICT

Communication5 The 4ole of ICT

In business" communication can be:

M between indi#iduals

M between indi#iduals and organisations

M within a business

M between a business and an external organisation



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Communication

Communication ta0es place within networ0s These are some o$ the types o$ networ0:

M chain

M circle

M wheel

M all-channel

MA chain networ0

e g $ormal contact

M A circle networ0

e g between people at same le#el



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MA wheel networ0

e g sales teams report to head o$$ice

MAn all-channel networ0

e g brainstorming

Communication in the business world is #ery di$$erent today compared to twenty years

ago" because o$:

MIn$ormation and Communication Technology 3ICT4

E amples of ICT 6se

M obile telephones

M ,ideo and tele-con$erencing

M 7ap-top computers

M 5-mail

M ulti-media communications



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Communication 7ailure

8o matter what medium o$ communication is used" it can $ail i$:

M ?argon is used inappropriately

M badly written messages are transmitted

M The message goes to the wrong recei#er

M In$ormation o#erload ta0es place

M The communication channel brea0s down

M !re#ented due to slow connection speeds

M A$$ected by lac0 o$ broadband ser#ices

+olicies1 issues and the future of ICT

+olicies for the information society

any policies" initiati#es and measures concerning ICT exist" impacting at the national"

5uropean as well as the global le#el In the global context" there are international

agreements" treaties concerning" $or instance" international trade in ser#ices" protection o$

intellectual property" Internet domain name system coordination" and telecommunication

standards" that are rele#ant to" and shape" the $uture o$ ICT )ome o$ the organi;ations

in#ol#ed include the Gorld Trade %rgani;ation " the Gorld Intellectual !roperty

%rgani;ationB" the Internet Corporation $or Assigned 8ames and 8umbers 3ICA884 " and

the International Telecommunication &nionD In addition there are global Ksel$-regulatory

codes $or conducting" $or example" electronic commerce 3see The *lobal 9usiness

/ialogue on 5lectronic CommerceN4



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It is beyond the scope o$ this article to consider all the rele#ant" global policy perspecti#es

Howe#er" we consider them to be a critical component o$ the o#erall policy landscape"

since ICT and globali;ation are so closely entwined

+olicy concerns raised by the scenarios

In the pre#ious article" we outlined two scenarios: )tumbling along" and K*ra#e new world

)tumbling along described a $uture li0ely to happen i$ we see inno#ation occurring at the

same pace as witnessed in recent years" with growing adoption o$ ICT but with social"

political and economic issues hampering ta0e-up K*ra#e new world" on the other hand"

assumes a paradigm shi$t in inno#ation and adoption o$ applications where we could see

the seamless integration o$ ubi


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Issues of trust and con,enience

The 0ey barriers to the upta0e o$ ICT include:

Anxiety o#er the cost $or mass ta0e-up

8etwor0 security $or transactions

!oor user inter$aces

Another way to tac0le this issue is the need to o#ercome the obstacles o$ #alue" trust and

con#enience Concerns about costs" both percei#ed and actual costs o$ purchase and

usage 3such as telecom costs4" are best addressed through ensuring competiti#e mar0ets

The $ramewor0 $or electronic communications addresses all o$ these matters

Cybersecurity

8etwor0 or cybersecurity is 0ey to building trust $or both business and consumer use o$

electronic networ0s Thus" creating a reliable system $or identi$ication 3saying who you are4

as well as authentication 3pro#ing you are who you say you are4 is essential to inspire trustin users and merchants ali0e to encourage use o$ e-commerce In$ormation that

businesses collect about their customers or #isitors to their websites may cause con$lict:

between the interests o$ businesses wishing to target their products and ser#ices and the

desire o$ indi#iduals to ensure their pri#acy and.or anonymity Gith new $orms o$ attac0

3such as I/ the$t" etc4 suspicion and insecurity is li0ely to grow



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Spam

The proli$eration o$ unsolicited commercial email or spam is a growing problem that

urgently needs addressing %#er FO o$ global email tra$$ic is now thought to consist o$

spam There are concerns that wireless text messaging may also become inundated with

unsolicited messages

8lobali-ation and employment

In a global economy" enterprises will choose locations on the basis o$ economic $actors -

ta0ing into account manu$acturing" distribution" customer ser#ices and so on Gith

ad#anced in$ormation and communication technologies" the location o$ economic acti#ities

will increasingly be determined by the a#ailability o$ s0ills at low cost Ge should there$ore

expect companies strategy to be directed by these dri#ers since they will ha#e to ta0e

them on-board in competing in a global economy

meljun cortes manual current trends issues comp04

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