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TRANSCRIPT
A Research Journal
Faculty of Arts
Rajshahi University
Vol. 27
June 2019
Published by
Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Dean, Faculty of Arts
University of Rajshahi
Rajshahi-6205
Cover Design Rashed Sukhon
Printed by
Uttoran Offset Printing Press
Greater Road, Rajshahi - 6100
Price : Tk. 400.00 $ 6
Contact Address
Chief Editor, A Research Journal (Faculty of Arts)
Deans Complex
Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chief Editor
Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Dean, Faculty of Arts
Rajshahi University
Members
Professor Md. Asaduzzaman
Chairman Department of Philosophy
Professor Muhammad Rafiqul Islam Chairman Department of Islamic Studies
Professor Mortuza Khaled Chairman Department of History
Dr. Dino Bandhu Pal Chairman Department of Music
Professor Abdullah Al Mamun Chairman Department of English
Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman Chairman Department of Theater
Professor P.M. Shafiqul Islam Chairman Department of Bengali
Professor Md. Ataullah Chairman Department of Persian Language and Literature
Professor Md. Fazlul Haque Chairman Dept. of Islamic History & Culture
Professor Md. Nasir Uddin Chairman Department of Urdu
Professor Md. Nizam Uddin Chairman
Department of Arabic
Professor Bipul kumar Biswas Chairman
Department of Sanskrit
Message from the Chief Editor
The 27
th volume of the Research Journal of the Faculty of Arts is published with 29
research articles contributed by the faculty members of the Departments of
Philosophy, Bengali, Islamic History & Culture, Arabic, Islamic Studies, Theater,
Persian Language & Literature and Sanskrit. The articles are of diverse characters and will come to the use of the students and researchers of various disciplines, specially
of the Faculty of Arts.
The publication of the journal is the result of collective efforts of all the scholar
members of the editorial board. They have ungrudgingly helped me in its publication.
I am grateful to them for their cooperation. I thank the officers of the faculty for their
assistance and also the employees of the Uttoran Offset Printing Press for their support.
Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Chief Editor and Dean
Faculty of Arts
University of Rajshahi Rajshahi-6205
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Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Democratization in The Middle East : The case of Iraq 115
W. gvndzRyi ingvb AvL›` wkÿvbMix ivRkvnx: BwZnvmwfwËK we‡kølY 125
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Dr. Shah Mukhtar Ahmad Tasawuf in the light of the Holy Qur’an and Hadith : An Overview 209
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M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
evU©ª¨vÐ iv‡m‡ji ivóªZË¡ : GKwU wePvig~jK AbymÜvb
W. †gv. Avwidzj Bmjvg
Abstract: According to Bertrand Russell since the day of antiquity state is a power
organization and its aim is to become totalitarian. The state as it is built even today is not
suitable for the enjoyment of freedom. Its essence is power which is the creation of
possessive impulse of human nature. Russell saw the present day state structure as the
most harmful institution for the best interest of humanity. The power that the so called
welfare states have been exercising is not only unnecessary but also harmful for its
subjects and therefore it should be greatly reduced. The purpose of the state should serve
its people and facilitate opportunities to exercise of their freedom and liberty. Apart from
this, as a power institution the sole function of a state is to preserve internal law and order
and provide security when it is attacked by the foreign forces. Besides, a state should
provide some other services to its citizens such as sanitation, public hygiene, prevention
of infectious diseases, compulsory education, development of human resources,
encouragement of scientific research and above all a state should make space for the
people to exercise their freedom at individual, institutional and social levels. If the state is
to serve the above purposes for the interest of individual liberty and progress, then a
reconstruction is drastically needed. In this cotext the aim of this article is to enquire
Russell’s theory of state critically.
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wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv bv K‡i D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡e|Ó11
Zuvi g‡Z, ÒivR‣bwZK Av`k©‡K Aek¨B
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
4
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ivRbxwZi D‡Ïk¨|Ó12
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Af¨šÍixY †cÖwÿ‡Z Kvh©vejx
bvMwiK‡`i Rxeb mnR, ¯^”Q›`gq I wbivc` Ki‡Z GKwU ÿgZvkvjx cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ivóª A‡bK
KvRB K‡i _v‡K; G KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`b Kiv †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³i c‡ÿ m¤¢e nq bv; †hgb,
RbKj¨vYgyjK KvR, AvBb-k„•Ljvi wbqš¿Y, A_©‣bwZK b¨vq cÖwZôv I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msiÿY
c Öf…wZ|13
GLv‡b Dc‡hvMev`x Rb ÷zqvU© wgj Gi wPšÍvi mv‡_ iv‡m‡ji A‡bK mv „k¨| KviY wgjI
GiKg A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ivóªxq KZ…©‡Z¡i mg_©b K‡i‡Qb|14
hvB‡nvK, iv‡mj G‡ÿθ‡jv Qvov Aewkó
KvR¸‡jv e¨w³ D‡`¨v‡M KivB evÂbxq e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
RbKj¨vYg~jK KvR: RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv ¯v¯’¨‡mev Ges msµvgK e¨wa
cÖwZ‡iva| Gme Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ †Kej ¯^Zš¿ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Kj¨vY bq eis mgMÖ Rbmgv‡Ri g½j|
GKwU iv‡óª RbM‡Yi ¯^v¯’¨‡mev wbwðZ Kiv wKsev †Kv‡bv msµvgK e¨wa Qwo‡q co‡j Zv‡K wbqš¿‡Yi
Rb¨ me‡P‡q Dchy³ cÖwZôvb ivóª| †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³ ev †QvU-Lv‡Uv †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi c‡ÿ G KvR
mdjfv‡e Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| iv‡mj †cø‡Mi „óvšÍ w`‡q welqwU †evSv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| †cøM GKwU
msµvgK e¨wa| †Kv‡bv A‡j †cøM †`Lv †`Iqvi ciI Gi cÖwZ‡iv‡a Ae‡njv Ki‡j †ivMwU me©Î
Qwo‡q c‡o| Gi Rb¨ mKj‡K wech©qKi cwiYwZ †fvM Ki‡Z nq| ZvB †iv‡Mi msµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai
Rb¨ RbM‡Yi Dci ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb‡KI iv‡mj mg_©b K‡i‡Qb| mgv‡R gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv Av‡Q
e‡jB †cøM ev Gi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv msµvgK e¨wa Qwo‡q †`evi AwaKvi Kv‡iv _vKv DwPr bq| e¨w³i
¯^vaxbZvq n ͇ÿc g›`, wKš‘ †hme †¶‡Î ¯^vaxbZvi Kvi‡Y †ivM Qwo‡q covi Avk¼v _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î
GK_v cÖ‡hvR¨ bq; ÒThe interference with liberty remains an evil, but in some
cases it is clearly a smaller evil than the spread of disease which liberty would
produce.”15
GQvov, g¨v‡jvwiqvmn wewfbœ †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î iv‡óªi DwPZ
e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv bq eis me©Rbxb ¯^v‡_©i w`‡K jÿ ivLv| GLv‡b e¨w³i Zzjbvq Rbmgwó‡K ¸iæZ¡
†`Iqvq Rb ÷zqvU© wg‡ji Ôme©vwaK †jv‡Ki Rb¨ me©vwaK myLÕ G myLev`x `k©‡bi mv‡_ iv‡m‡j wPšÍvi
mv`„k¨ jÿYxq| eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vI iv‡óªi GKwU RbKj¨vYgyLx KvR| Awkÿv I AÁZv †h †Kv‡bv
RvwZi Rb¨ Aïf| KviY RbMY hw` †`k, mgvR, wb‡R‡`i m¼U m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb bv nq Ges hw`
kvmK Z_v ivRbxwZwe`‡`i Kvh©µg I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© RbMY mwVK Z_¨ bv iv‡L Z‡e GKwU ivóª eo
evU©ª¨vÐ iv‡m‡ji ivóªZË¡ : GKwU wePvig~jK AbymÜvb
5
ai‡bi m¼‡Ui g‡a¨ wbcwZZ n‡Z cv‡i| RbMY m‡PZbZvi Afv‡e Ges A‡bK mgq Av‡eMZvwoZ
n‡q g›` e¨w³‡`i kvmK wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi H kvm‡Ki wbe©vwPZ n‡q MYwe‡ivax I
ivóªwe‡ivax Kh©µ‡g Rwo‡q covi Avk¼v _v‡K| ZvB GUv ejv hvq †h, AwaKvsk RbMY Am‡PZb I
Awkw¶Z n‡j iv‡óªi kvmbe¨e¯’vi Dci cÖfve c‡o| GKvi‡Y iv‡mj g‡b K‡ib GKwU iv‡óªi
RbmsL¨v †ewkifvM Awkw¶Z n‡j †mB iv‡óª MYZš¿ PP©v m¤ú~Y© Am¤¢e|16
•eÁvwbK M‡elYvq
Drmvn`vb I A_©vqbI iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg KvR| weÁv‡bi M‡elYv e¨qeûj, hvi Kvi‡Y e¨w³MZfv‡e
Kv‡iv c‡¶ •eÁvwbK M‡elYvq eo ai‡bi mvdj¨ jvf m¤¢e nq bv| ZvQvov weÁv‡bi Avwe®‥v‡ii dj
mevB Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZvB iv‡m‡ji g‡Z M‡elYvq Drmvn cÖ`vb I A_©vqb iv‡óªi Kiv DwPZ|
A_©‣bwZK b¨vq cÖwZôv: iv‡m‡ji g‡Z Òm¤¢eZ A_©‣bwZK AwePviB eZ©gvb mgvR e¨e¯’vq me‡P‡q
eo Ab¨vq|Ó17
ZviciI A_©‣bwZK b¨vq cÖwZôvq ivóªB me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
cuywRev`x mgvR m¤ú‡K© Zuvi g~j¨vqb n‡jv- G mgvR cuywRcwZ‡`i m¤ú` DcvR©‡bi B”Qv I ÿgZv‡K
e„w× K‡i Ges `wi`ª gvbyl‡K me mgqB A_©‣bwZK `ywðšÍvq _vK‡Z nq| GRb¨ m¤úwËi
e¨w³gvwjKvbv‡K `vqx K‡i Gi we‡jvc mvab †P‡q‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î iv‡mj mgvRZš¿x‡`i mv‡_ GKgZ|
Zuvi c Öavb Awf‡hvM n‡jv “… it stunts the lives of men and women, that it enshrines
a ruthless possessiveness.Ó18
m¤úwËi e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi Kvi‡YB gvby‡li g‡a¨ AwaKvi
wjáv e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× cvq| GUv b¨vqwePv‡ii cwicš’x, Kv‡RB Gai‡bi AwaKvi‡K iv‡óªi Aby‡gv`b
†`Iqv DwPZ bq| Z‡e GKB mv‡_ b¨vqwePvi (justice) cÖZ¨qwUi بv_©‡evaKZvi e¨vcv‡i iv‡mj
m‡PZb wQ‡jb KviY b¨vqwePvi GKwU Av‡cw¶K, fvimvg¨c~Y© I بv_©‡evaK cÖZ¨q; “... when we
wish to remedy an injustice, it is important to consider whether, in so doing,
we shall be destroying the incentive to some form of vigorous action which is
on the whole useful to the community.”19
iv‡mj g‡b K‡ib, m¤úwËi e¨w³gvwjKvbv I
mgvR †_‡K cuywRcwZ‡`i A_© Av`v‡qi †h‡Kv‡bv cš’vB g›`| ZvB ivóªB n‡e me ai‡bi K‡ii
cÖv_wgK cÖvcK|20
Z‡e G iv‡óªi PwiÎ n‡Z n‡e MYZvwš¿K| ïay ZvB bq iv‡óªi ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges f~wg I cuywRi wbqš¿‡Yi `vwqZ¡¡ iv‡óªi AšÍf~©³ wewfbœ wkí cÖwZôvb I ¯’vbxq KZ©„c‡ÿi
wbKU _vK‡e| G cÖwZôvb¸‡jv c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb †fvM Ki‡e| G cÖwµqvq mvaviY RbMY DcK…Z n‡e|
iv‡mj m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi mg_©b K‡ibwb| Z‡e Kg©`ÿZvi wfwˇZ Avq‣elg¨‡K b¨vqm½Z e‡j
¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|21
AvBb-k„•Ljv wbqš¿Y: Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv I AvBb-k„•Ljvi wbqš¿Y GKgvÎ ivóª ev miKviB Ki‡Z
cv‡i, e¨w³i c‡ÿ GKvR m¤¢e bq| RbMY memgq Pzwi-WvKvZx, Lyb-Lvivwe cÖf„wZ AvZ‡¼i g‡a¨
emevm Ki‡e GUv †KDB Pvq bv| ga¨hyMxq cš’vq jyÉb ev WvKvwZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ hw` iv‡óªi
Af¨šÍ‡iB †Kv‡bv †Mvôx mvgwiK ¶gZv AR©b K‡i Z‡e mf¨ Rxeb Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| Af¨šÍixY
AivRKZvi Kvi‡Y e¨emv-evwYR¨ ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o| ivR‣bwZK Z‡Ë¡i bv‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi m¨v‡evUvR
I ivR‣bwZK ¸ßnZ¨vi d‡j RbMY AvZw¼Z _v‡K| G cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ me †_‡K
Kvh©Ki I Dchy³ cÖwZôvb n‡jv AvBb k„•Ljv evwnbx Z_v ivóª| GQvov, GKwU iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY
wek„•Ljv †_‡KB A‡bK mgq •e‡`wkK AvMÖvm‡bi Avk¼v m„wó nq| cÖwZwU ivóª‡K me mgqB
ewntkÎæi Avµg‡Yi SzuwKi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z nq| G AvZ¼ †_‡K RbMY‡K gyw³ †`qvI iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg
`vwqZ¡|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
6
Dch©y³ Kvh©vejxi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, ivóª GKwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwZôvb| Avi GB iv‡óªi
Acwinvh© wfwË n‡jv ÿgZv| ZvB †Kv‡bvfv‡eB GKwU iv‡óªi AwaKvi †_‡K mKj ¶gZv †K‡o †bIqv
hvq bv| Zvn‡j †mB iv‡óª e¨w³¯vaxbZv Kxfv‡e myi¶v cv‡e? †mUvB n‡jv eo cÖkœ| KviY
cÖwZôvbmg~n Øviv ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ Pigfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡j e¨w³ ¶gZvnxb n‡q `ªæZ wec‡`i
m¤§yLxb nq| †hme cÖwZôvb gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q eo ûgwK Zvi g‡a¨ ivóª Ab¨Zg| eo
ivóª ‡jv‡Z kvm‡Kiv ivóªxq ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡qB Pigfv‡e Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM †Luv‡R, “The few
men who achieve power in such states are men of abnormal ambition and
thirst for domination, combined with skill in cajolery and subtlety in
negotiation. All the rest are dwarfed by knowledge of their own impotence.”22
ZviciI ivóª GKwU Acwinvh© cÖwZôvb| ivóª bv _vK‡j RbMY •bivR¨Ki Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ coZ, Avi
iv‡óªi Kvi‡YB Avevi RbMY‡K wech©qKi Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ co‡Z n‡”Q| A_©vr •bivR¨ I ivóªxq
†¯^”QvPvi mgvbfv‡e ¶wZKi| ÒGKwU mg„× I cÖMwZkxj mgv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv †K› ªxq wbqš¿Y
Ges e¨w³MZ I †MvóxMZ D‡`¨vM DfqB; wbqš¿Y e¨wZZ •bivR¨ Aek¨¤¢vex Ges D‡`¨M e¨wZZ
¯’weiZv Awbevh©|Ó23
mevi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ ZvB cÖ‡qvRb e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv I cÖwZôv‡bi KZ„©‡Z¡i g‡a¨
mgšq| wKš‘ Kxfv‡e m¤¢e? GRb¨ iv‡mj me©cÖ_g MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vi cÖwZ Av¯’v †i‡L‡Qb|
KviY ivóª I mgv‡Ri Pig gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b Ges ¶gZvi AccÖ‡qvM †iv‡a MYZš¿
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk Kvh©Ki| Ges G e¨e¯’vq KZ©„c‡ÿi (authority) mv‡_ e¨w³¯vaxbZvi
(individual liberty) mgš‡qi my‡hvM _v‡K| ZviciI MYZ‡š¿ A‡bK mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b
msL¨vMwiô RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ miKviI ¶gZv cvevi ci •¯^ivPvix n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i; RvZxq,
ag©xq, ivR‣bwZK msL¨vjNyi Dci wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv n‡Z cv‡i| Gme AvPiY wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvq Kx?
G‡ÿ‡Î iv‡m‡ji wPšÍvq ¶gZv we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯vqËkvm‡bi aviYv cvIqv hvq|
ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb cÖwZôv
miKv‡ii ¶gZv `yÕiK‡gi; cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK| cÖv_wgK ¶gZvB P~ovšÍ ¶gZv (ultimate
power) ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv| Avi gva¨wgK ¶gZv n‡jv cÖv_wgK ÿgZv †_‡K DcRvZ
(derivative power) hv wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb Kivi ÿgZv|24
GKwU iv‡óª miKvi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i
Avi miKv‡ii Aaxb wewfbœ cÖwZôvb ev wefvM †m wm×všÍ ev Íevqb K‡i| ZvwË¡Kfv‡e, GKwU
MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª †fvUvi ev mvaviY RbMYB P~ovšÍ ¶gZvi AwaKvix †Kbbv ZvivB miKvi wbe©vwPZ
K‡i| Z‡e GUv AvswkKfv‡e mZ¨|25
KviY cÖPwjZ †K› ªvwfgyLx MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq RbMY †fv‡Ui
gva¨‡g cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ K‡i miKvi MVb Ki‡jI Gici Hme cÖwZwbwa ev miKv‡ii Dci RbM‡Yi
Avi †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv| cÖwZwbwaivB P~ovšÍ ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡q hvq| ZvQvov ivóª AvqZ‡b eo
n‡j Ges ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv kw³kvjx bv n‡j †ewkifvM gvbylB e¨w³ ch©v‡q gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM
cvq bv| ivR‣bwZK cÖm‡½ gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM bv cvIqvq gvbyl Zvi mvgvwRK kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j,
RbM‡Yi mgm¨vi wel‡q Zv‡`i AvMÖn K‡g hvq| Zviv yb©xwZcivqY ivRbxwZwe` Øviv cÖZvwiZ nq|
Dciš‘ GKwU e„nr iv‡óªi wewfbœ A‡ji gvby‡li ¯^v_©, gvbwmK †PZbv, ms¯‥…wZ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
†K›`ªxq miKvi hZB kw³kvjx †nvK bv †Kb me A‡ji gvby‡li me mgm¨vi mgvavb Zvi c‡¶
†`Iqv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB iv‡mj ej‡Qb, “The essential merit of the state is that it
presents the internal use of force by private persons. Its essential demerits are,
evU©ª¨vÐ iv‡m‡ji ivóªZË¡ : GKwU wePvig~jK AbymÜvb
7
that it promotes the external use of force, and that, by its great size, it makes
each individual feel impotent even in democracy.” 26
ivóª ev miKv‡ii GK‡K›`ªxKZvi Dch©y³ mgm¨vi mgvav‡b iv‡mj ÿgZv we‡K› ªxKi‡Yi mycvwik
K‡i‡Qb| AvÂwjK wfwˇZ kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq kvmb (local government) cÖwZôv Ki‡j Hme
A‡ji gvbyl ivóªxq Kvh©vejx‡Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cv‡e Ges wb‡R‡K g~j¨evb fvevi AeKvk
cv‡e| iv‡mj GB aviYvwU wb‡q‡Qb g~jZ divmx msNev`x‡`i (syndicalists) wbKU †_‡K| Z‡e
msNev`x‡`i mv‡_ Zuvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv msNev`xiv †hLv‡b AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î iv󪸇jvi ÿgZv wK K‡i
we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv hv‡e †m wel‡q mywbw`©ó c_ †`Lv‡Z bv cvi‡jI wZwb wek¦ miKv‡ii aviYvi gva¨‡g
†m †Póv K‡i‡Qb| hvB‡nvK, iv‡mj g‡b Ki‡Zb ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q mvaviY gvbyl †ewk
cwigv‡Y ¶gZvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi gva¨‡g ye©j †kªwYi Dci kw³kvjx †Mvôxi ¶gZvi
wbg©g cÖ‡qvM wbqš¿Y Kiv hv‡e|27
wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib,
I have no doubt whatever that, in the best system, groups will have a great deal of control
over all matters that primarily concern themselves. The modern state is so large and
impersonal that its decisions as to any particular group are likely to be harsh and ignorant.
...The due distribution of primary power is to be obtained through democracy tempered
by group autonomy. Autonomy for local groups having a separate local sentiment is a
recognized principle of federal government.28
Z‡e iv‡mj g‡b K‡ib †Kej †hme wel‡qi mv‡_ AvÂwjK I ¯’vbxq Abyf~wZ RwoZ †mme †¶‡Î
P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ KZ©„cÿ‡Ki wbKU _vK‡e| wKš‘ hy×, ‣e‡`wkK bxwZ,
ïé cÖf„wZ wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv Aek¨B †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e|
G ch©šÍ †`Lv †M‡jv †Kb Ges Kxfv‡e P~ovšÍ ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZvi we‡K› ªxKiY I ¯^vqËkvmb
cÖwZôv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gici Avkv hvK P~ovšÍ ¶gZv †_‡KB DcRvZ wKQz ÿgZv ev Kvh©vejxi
ev Íevqb cÖm‡½| †h KvR¸‡jv wewfbœ cÖwZôvb ev wefv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ †K› ªxq miKvi ev Íevqb K‡i|
GB cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv- AvgjvZš¿, cywjk, †UªW BDwbqb, †ijI‡q, wewfbœ wk¶v cÖwZôvb
cÖf„wZ| G¸‡jv Hw”QK cÖwZôvb (voluntary organization)| Gme cÖwZôvb ¯^vaxb I kw³kvjx
n‡j ivóª RbKj¨vYgyLx nq| Gme cÖwZôv‡bi ¶gZv mywbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii wm×všÍ
fv‡jvfv‡e ev Íevqb Kiv hvq, msMVb I e¨w³¯vaxbZvi g‡a¨ mgšq mvwaZ nq| iv‡m‡ji g‡Z,
“All strong organizations which embody a sectional public opinion, such as
trade unions, co-operative societies, professions, and universities, are to be
welcomed as safeguards of liberty and opportunities for initiative.”29
ivóª GKwU
†f․‡MvwjK cÖwZôvb nIqvB Zvi c‡¶ cy‡ivcywi Hw”QK msMVb nIqv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e Hw”QK
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K wbqgZvwš¿Kfv‡e ¶gZvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z eva¨ Kivi e¨vcv‡i Rbg‡Zi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv Av‡Q|
iv‡mj ivóª cwiPvjbvq Ô†f․‡MvwjK cÖwZwbwaZ¡Õi mv‡_ mv‡_ Ôe„wËg~jK cÖwZwbwaZ¡Õi Dci ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|30
Ges ej‡Qb, ÒAll powers which are not in essence geographical
are likely to be better exercised by organizations of those interested.Ó31
G
e„wËg~jK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv ¯vqËkvwmZ wewfbœ MÖæc ev †Mvôxi wbqš¿‡Y cwiPvjbvi aviYvwU iv‡mj
wb‡q‡Qb g~jZ divmx wmwÐK¨vwjó ev msNev`x Ges wMì mgvRZš¿x‡`i wbKU †_‡K| iv‡mj †UªW
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
8
BDwbqb e¨e¯’v‡K kw³kvjx wmwÐK¨vwjó e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e ‡`‡Lb| KviY wZwb g‡b K‡ib mwZ¨Kvi
MYZš¿ Luy‡R cvIqv hvq †UªW BDwbq‡b| †UªW BDwbq‡bi cÖwZwU kvLvq Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ wm×všÍ
MÖnY Kivq Gi m`m¨iv Abyfe K‡ib †h, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Zvi GKUv f~wgKv Av‡Q|32
iv‡m‡ji
gZvbymv‡i, MYZš¿‡K gb¯ÍvwË¡K I ivR‣bwZKfv‡e wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j wewfbœ ¯^v_©‡Mvôxi msMVb Ges
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _vK‡Z n‡e| Giv Ask MÖnY Ki‡e ivR‣bwZK `iKlvKwli cÖwµqvq|33
H GKwU †Mvôx wn‡m‡e AvgjvZ‡š¿i ÿwZKi cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© iv‡mj m‡PZb wQ‡jb| GKwU
mgMÖZvev`x ev cyuwRev`x iv‡óª AvgjvZš¿ LyeB kw³kvjx †Mvôx|34
cÖwZwU iv‡óª G ai‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv
cÖwZôvb wbe©vnx `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| Gme cÖwZôv‡bi ÿwZKi cÖeYZv‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv bv n‡j
AbvKvw•¶Zfv‡e ¶gZvi AccÖ‡qvM nq| †hgb iv‡óªi AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶vi Rb¨ me‡_‡K Dchy³
cÖwZôvb n‡jv cywjk| Zviv `¶Zvi mv‡_ KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i| Acivax a‡i Ges ¯^v¶¨ cÖgvY †hvMvo
K‡i Zvi kvw¯Íi weavb Ki‡Z cviv cywj‡ki `¶Zv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| Gi Dci wfwË K‡i Zvi
c‡`vbœwZI nq| GwU BwZevPK I mg_©b‡hvM¨ KvR| Z‡e GB cywjk KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨w³i cÖwZ
AgvbweK AvPiY K‡i _v‡K hv gvby‡li e¨w³¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ LyeB ¶wZKi| †hgb cywjk wbR ¯^v‡_©
(cyi¯‥…Z nevi Avkvq ev Ab¨‡Kv‡bv ¯^v‡_©) KL‡bv KL‡bv Avmvgx‡K wbh©vZb K‡i ¯xKv‡ivw³g~jK
Revbew›` w`‡Z eva¨ K‡i| GB Ab¨vq cÖvq me †`‡kB j¶Yxq| ZvB iv‡mj †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB
Avmvgxi ¯^xKv‡ivw³‡K ¯^vÿ¨ wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi †Nvi we‡ivax| Zvi g‡Z ÒFor the taming of the
power of the police, one essential is that a confession shall never, in any
circumstances, be accepted as evidence.”35
Avevi Acivaxi kvw¯Í †hgb mevB PvB,
†Zgwb wbivcivax gyw³ mevi wbKU AwZ AvKvw•ÿZ welq| GRb¨ iv‡mj wbivcivax‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨
weKí Av‡iKwU cywjk evwnbx MV‡bi mycvwik K‡i‡Qb hviv wbivciva e¨w³ hv‡Z Ab¨vqfv‡e kvw¯Í bv
cvq †mRb¨ KvR Ki‡e|36
Dch©y³fv‡e ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯^vqËkvmb cÖwZôv Kiv †M‡j mvaviY RbMY ÿgZvwqZ n‡Z cv‡i
Ges AvgjvZš¿mn Ab¨vb¨ Hw”QK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvM wbqgZvwš¿K Ki‡Z cvi‡j mvaviY
RbMY DcK…Z n‡e| ¯^vqËkvwmZ wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZv I evK& ¯^vaxbZv iwÿZ
n‡Z cv‡i GUv wVK| Z‡e Ògvbyl hw` Dcjwä Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †h ¯^vaxbZv AwZ g~j¨evb Ges ¯vaxbZv
Zv‡`i RxešÍ I m‡ZR ivL‡e Z‡e †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvbB ¯^vaxbZv msi¶Y Ki‡Z cvi‡e bvÓ37
e‡j
iv‡mj g‡b K‡ib| KviY †Kej cÖwZôvbMZ ms¯‥vi mgvR‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| e¨w³¯vaxbZv
Dc‡fv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx mgv‡R wewbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi gvbwmKZviI cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb| cÖvwZôvwbK
ms¯‥vi †hgb gvby‡li PwiÎ MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i †Zgwb gvby‡li PwiÎB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K GKwU we‡kl
iƒc `vb K‡i| GB Dfq †ÿ‡Î mgvšÍivjfv‡e ms¯‥vi nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|38
AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ivóª : e¨w³¯vZš¿ ev` I AvšÍR©vwZKZvev‡`i mw¤§jb
GKzk kZK wek¦vq‡bi Kvj| GLb we‡k¦i ivóªmg~n A_©‣bwZK-ivR‣bwZK-wbivcËv-gvbem¤ú` bvbv
Kvi‡Y G‡K A‡b¨i Dci wbf©ikxj| Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKwU iv‡óªi mv‡_ Aci GKwU iv‡óªi m¤ú‡K©i
cÖK…wZ ev g~jbxwZ Kx nIqv DwPr? G e¨vcv‡i iv‡mj ywU welq‡K me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, cÖ_gZ; hy× Gov‡bv I wØZxqZ; kw³kvjx RvZxi AZ¨vPvi-AwePvi †_‡K `ye©j
RvwZ‡K iÿv Kiv|39
wZwb Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb †h G‡ÿ‡Î †ewkifvM iv‡óªi f~wgKv †bwZevPK Ges
gvbeZvi Rb¨ AwnZKi| ZvB wZwb AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i Rb¨ ÿwZKi g›` Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi
†Póv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb g‡b K‡ib ÿgZvi cÖwZ Zxeª AvKv•Lv, mvgwiK kw³i AccÖ‡qvM, ¯v_©ciZv,
evU©ª¨vÐ iv‡m‡ji ivóªZË¡ : GKwU wePvig~jK AbymÜvb
9
¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡`i cÖwZ wbg©g AvPiY, KUªi †`k‡cÖg, Pig RvZxqZvev` I Pig ivóªxq mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i
aviYv cÖf…wZ ÿwZKi •ewkó¨| cÖkœ n‡jv GB Dc`vb¸‡jv‡K ÿwZKi ejvi †cQ‡b iv‡m‡ji hyw³ Kx?
Avgiv Zuvi e³‡e¨i we‡kølY K‡iB Gi DËi †c‡Z cvwi|
iv‡mj ej‡Qb, ¶gZvi cÖwZ ivóªmg~‡ni Pig AvKv•ÿv n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î GKwU
Ab¨Zg cÖwZeÜKZv|40
KviY GKwU iv‡óªi wbKU h‡ZvB AwaK cwigv‡Y ¶gZv †K› ªxf~Z †nvK †mB
ivóª Av‡iv †ewk ¶gZvevb n‡Z Pvq| ¶gZvevb nevi GKUv Dcvq n‡jv wbR RbM‡Yi Dci e¨vcK
cÖfve Ges Aci iv‡óªi Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii mvg_©¨| Ges hy× Kivi mvg_©¨ †h iv‡óªi †ewk †m ivóª
Aci iv‡óªi Dci mn‡RB AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z m¶g nq| dj¯iƒc, ÿgZvi cÖwZ Zxeª AvKv•ÿv
†_‡KB e„w× cvq hy‡×i Avk¼v| iv‡m‡ji e³e¨ n‡jv- cÖwZwU ivóª hw` mgvbfv‡e hy‡×i `¶Zv e„wׇZ
m¶g nZ Z‡e ¶gZvi fvimv‡g¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nZ bv| wKš‘ †mUv nq bv|
GKwU iv‡óªi mvgwiK kw³ e„w× I Gi Ace¨envi AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î Av‡iKwU cÖwZeÜKZv|
kw³ai ivóª ‡jv wbivcËvi bv‡g Av‡iv mvgwiK kw³ e„w× K‡i| G mvgwiK kw³i cÖeYZv n‡jv hy‡×i
cÖwZ AvMÖn e„w× Kiv| Avevi GKwU iv‡óªi mvgwiK evwnbx wbR †`‡ki RbM‡Yi mv‡_ fv‡jv AvPiY
Ki‡jI we‡`kx‡`i mv‡_ iƒp I wbg©g AvPiY K‡i| iv‡mj D‡jøL K‡ib †h, hy‡×i mgq †h e¨w³
¯^‡`kx‡K nZ¨v K‡i A_ev †h we‡`kx‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z A¯xKvi K‡i ivóª Dfq‡KB kvw¯Í †`q| we‡klZ
c‡iiwU ¸iæZi Aciva e‡j wPwýZ nq|41
Gmgq gvbyl hy‡×i fqvenZv Dcjwä Ki‡Z e¨_© nq,
hyׇK ¯vfvweK e‡j g‡b K‡i| hy×wU †h Ab¨vq Zv Rvbvi ciI †ewkifvM gvbylB Gmgq miKv‡ii
wm×v‡šÍi wec‡¶ hvq bv| †M‡j kvw¯Í †c‡Z nq| PvP© Zvi we‡ivax wPšÍvi Rb¨ GKmgq gvbyl‡K
g„Zz¨`Ð w`Z, iv‡mj ivóª‡K GKB Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, “The power of the
state, which makes this impossible, is a wholly evil thing, quite as evil as the
power of the Church which in former days put men to death for unorthodox
thought.”42
me eo iv‡óªi cÖavb j¶¨B n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î hZ ~i m¤¢e e¨vcK ¶gZv AR©b|
GB j¶¨ AR©‡b e¨w³¯vaxbZv‡K `gb Kiv nq Ges huviv mvgwiK ¶gZvÕi wec‡¶ cÖPviYv Pvjvb
Zuv‡`i‡K wbg©gfv‡e kvw Í †c‡Z nq| AnsKvi‡eva I fq‡K G ai‡bi AvPi‡Yi †cQ‡bi KviY
wn‡m‡e iv‡mj D‡jøL K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, “This attitude is rooted in pride and fear :
pride, which refuses to be conciliatory, and fear, which dreads the results of
foreign pride conflicting with our own pride.”43
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î Av‡iKwU g›` Dcv`vb ¯^v_©ciZv| GKwU kw³kvjx ivóª Zvi Af¨šÍixY
k„•Ljv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ me©vZ¥K †Póv Ki‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| wKš‘ welqwU g›` n‡e hw` Aci iv‡óªi
Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii AvKv•ÿvq †mB iv‡óª Aw ’iZv m„wói †Póv K‡i _v‡K| “It is of the
essence of the state to suppress violence within and facilitate it without.”44
mvgvb¨ wKQz e¨wZµg e¨ZxZ me ivóªB Gme †¶‡Î ¯^v_©ciZvi cwiPq †`q|45
cvi¯úwiK †jb-
†`‡bi Kvi‡Y GB ¯v_©ciZv KL‡bv KL‡bv wKQzUv n«vm †c‡jI AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î ivóªmgy‡ni
g~j cÖeYZvB n‡jv Ab¨ ivóª‡K ewÂZ K‡i wbR ¯v_© PwiZv_© Kiv|
Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i Av`k©‡KI iv‡mj mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| KviY GKwU DËg wek¦ MV‡bi Rb¨ iv‡óªi
Pig mve©‡f․gZ¡ Kvw•ÿZ bq e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib| Zuvi hyw³ n‡jv- cÖwZwU kw³kvjx ivóª Pig
mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i `vex K‡i| GB `vex Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK me †¶‡ÎB| G ai‡bi `vex weev`gvb
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
10
cÿ¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv D‡¯‥ †`q| d‡j cvi¯úvwiK Ø›Ø-msNv‡Zi m„wó nq| hvi cwiYwZ n‡jv fq¼i
hy×| ZvB iv‡mj e¨w³i †¶‡Î P~ovšÍ ¯^vZš¿ ‡K †hgb ¯^xKvi K‡ibwb †Zgwb iv‡óªi Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i
`vex‡KI A¯xKvi K‡i‡Qb, ÒThere is no more justification for the claim to absolute
sovereignty on the part of a state than there would be for a similar claim on the
part of an individual.”46
iv‡óªi Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i `vex †g‡b wb‡j AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨vq
weev`gvb cÿ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kw³kvjx c¶B ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Rqjvf K‡i| ZLb b¨vqwePv‡ii
†Kv‡bv cÖkœB we‡ePbvq _v‡K bv| G‡¶‡Î wb‡R‡`i Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i `vex wKQzUv Z¨v‡Mi mycvwik
K‡ib iv‡mj|
¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡`i cÖwZ iv‡óªi wbg©g AvPi‡Yi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb iv‡mj| GKwU iv‡óªi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv
GKwU GjvKvi RbMY hw` g~j ivóª †_‡K c„_K n‡q ¯^vaxb n‡Z Pvq Z‡e Zv‡`i cÖwZ cÖvPxb
ivRZ‡š¿i hy‡Mi gZ ee©i AvPiY Kiv nq| ¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡`i Pig wek¦vmNvZK (high treason)47
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| yB GKwU e¨wZµg ev‡` me †¶‡ÎB GB AvPiY j¶Yxq| e„nr ivóªmg~‡ni
g~j j¶¨ Pig ¶gZv AR©b nIqvq Zviv ¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡`i wbg©gfv‡e `gb K‡i| RbM‡Yi fvjg›`
wba©vi‡Yi `vwqZ¡ RbM‡Yi nv‡ZB †Q‡o †`Iqv DwPZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib iv‡mj| Avi GB cÖwµqvq hy‡×i
GKwU g~j AvksKv `~i Kiv hvq| mv‡_ mv‡_ iv‡óªi GKwU •¯^ivPvix ¶gZvi Dcv`v‡bi we‡jvc mvab
nq| Zuvi fvlvq,
If the well-being of the citizens were the end in view, the question whether a certain area
should be included, or should form a separate state, would be left freely to the decision of
that area. If this principle were adopted, one of the main reasons for war would be
obviated, and one of the most tyrannical elements in the state would be removed.48
KÆi †`k‡cÖgI iv‡m‡ji g‡Z AvšÍvR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î GKwU †bwZevPK Dcv`vb| wZwb
†`k‡cÖg‡K mg_©b Ki‡jI †h †`k‡cÖg me©Rbxb bq Ges Ab¨‡`k‡K N„Yv Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i Zvi
mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| mvaviYZ GKRb †`k‡cÖwg‡Ki wbKU Zvi †`‡ki g½jB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, mgMÖ we‡k¦i
Kj¨vY bq| wKšÍy †h AvKv•ÿv GKRb evsjv‡`kx‡K DwÏß Ki‡e †mB AvKv•ÿv GKRb fviZxq‡K
DwÏß bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| mevB hw` KÆi †`k‡cÖwgK n‡q hvq Z‡e GK †`‡ki gvby‡li mv‡_ Ab¨
†`‡ki gvby‡li kÎæZvI Pig AvKvi aviY Ki‡e| GKwU RvwZ hZ KÆi †`k‡cÖgx I †Muvov n‡e ZZB
Zvi Øviv Ab¨iv AvµvšÍ n‡e| ZvB iv‡mj ej‡Qb, “A world full of patriots may be a
world full of strife.”49
wZwb Av‡iv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb a‡g©i g‡ZvB †`k‡cÖgI gvbyl‡K nxbgbœ K‡i
†Zv‡j e‡j GB †`k‡cÖ‡gi gva¨‡g gvbeZv‡K i¶v Kiv m¤¢e bq| Zuvi g‡Z, ÒWe cannot avoid
having more love for our own country than for other countries, and there is no
reason why we should wish to avoid it, any more than we should wish to love
all individual men and women equally.”50
GLb cÖkœ n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cÖ‡kœ Dch©y³ cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv ~i Kivi e¨vcv‡i iv‡m‡ji cÖ¯Íve
Kx? Pig †`k‡cÖg I KÆi RvZxqZvev‡`i †eva‡K cwikxwjZ Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb iv‡mj| wZwb
g‡b K‡ib wkÿv-e¨e¯’vq ms¯‥v‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i gb †_‡K ÿwZKi Pig †`k‡cÖg I KÆi
RvZxqZvev‡`i Dcv`vb ~i Kiv hvq| KviY wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z †`k‡cÖg I AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi †h wkÿv
†`Iqv nq Zvi †cQ‡bB _v‡K AnsKvi, N„Yv, cÖwZ‡kva-¯ú„nv cÖf…wZ Dcv`vb| G wkÿvi cÖfv‡e
wkÿv_©xi g‡b Ab¨ RvwZi gvby‡li cÖwZ N„Yvi D‡`ªM K‡i| iv‡mj iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY †ÿ‡Î †K›`ªxf~Z
evU©ª¨vÐ iv‡m‡ji ivóªZË¡ : GKwU wePvig~jK AbymÜvb
11
ÿgZv‡K we‡K› ªxKiY K‡i †K› ªxq ÿgZv‡K mxwgZ Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb †hgb, †Zgwb AvšÍR©vwZK
m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡ÎI ivóªxq Pig mve©‡f․gZ¡‡K mxwgZ K‡i ivóªmg~‡ni ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvM‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi
j‡ÿ¨ mKj iv‡óªi mgš‡q GKwU wek¦ miKvi51
(world government) MV‡bi mycvwik K‡i Zvi
nv‡Z wKQz ÿgZv b¨v Í Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb (iv‡mj G cÖ¯Íve K‡ib 1916 mv‡j)| G miKv‡ii nv‡Z
_vK‡e iv‡óªi mxgvbv msµvšÍ RwUjZv wbim‡bi `vwqZ¡, cÖavb cÖavb hy×v ¿¸‡jvi Dci GK”Q¡Î
AwaKvi Ges ch©vß cwigv‡Y mvgwiK kw³, AvBb cÖYqb I wePvwiK ÿgZv| GgbwK †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi
wbR¯ †Kv‡bv evwnbx _vKzK GUvI wZwb Pvbwb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb weÁv‡bi DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_
fwel¨‡Zi hy× Av‡iv fq¼i n‡q DV‡Z eva¨| Ges GB ai‡bi hy‡×i nvZ †_‡K wbivc` _vKvi
GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv cÖavb cÖavb hy×v ¿¸‡jv gvwjKvbv GKwU wek¦ miKv‡ii wbKU b¨¯Í Kiv|52
iv‡mj
g‡b Ki‡Zb iv󪸇jv‡K nq aŸsm bv nq mn‡hvwMZvi c_ †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e| wZwb wek¦ miKvi‡K
ga¨ ’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb Ges G miKv‡ii D‡`¨v‡M wek¦Ry‡o Ab¨vq I •elg¨ wbqš¿Y
Kiv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb e‡jb, ÒA world full of happiness is not
beyond human power to creat: the obstacles imposed by inanimate nature are
not insuperable. The real obstacles lie in the heart of man, and the cure for
these is a firm hope informed and fortified by thought.Ó53
iv‡mj Avkv K‡iwQ‡jb,
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î iv󪸇jvi jÿ¨ †h‡bv nq GKwU myLx wek¦ MVb|
D‡jøL¨ nem, iæ‡kv, †n‡M‡ji iv‡óªi Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i aviYvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i iv‡mj iv‡óªi
†K›`ªxf~Z ÿgZv‡K mxwgZKiY I eȇbi mycvwik K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z †`Lv hvq ivR‣bwZK eûZ¡ev‡`i
(political pluralism)54
wPšÍvi mv‡_ Zuvi wPšÍvi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| g¨vKvBfvi, wMqvi‡K, †gUj¨vÐ,
evK©vi, jvmwK, wjÛ‡m cÖgyL eûZ¡ev`x wPšÍvwe`| eZ©gv‡b RvwZ iv‡óªi hyM e‡j wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î mKj ivóª‡K AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb, cÖ_v, wek¦RbgZ I Ab¨ iv‡óªi AwaKvi
Gme wKQy gvb‡Z nq| d‡j iv‡óªi evwn¨K mve©‡f․gZ¡ mxwgZ n‡q hvq| Avgiv iv‡m‡ji Ae¯’v‡bi
cÖwZ mg_©b cvB jvw¯‥Õi gšÍ‡e¨, Ò†Kv‡bv iv‡óªi nv‡Z mve©‡f․g ÿgZv †`Iqv mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi
Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ AbyKzj bq|Ó55
GgbwK †bvqvg Pgw¯‥i e³e¨I GLv‡b cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ †hLv‡b wZwb
ej‡Qb cigvYy hy×, cwi‡ek wech©q I we‡k¦i e„nr kw³ai iv‡óªi miKvi¸‡jvi weaŸsmxgyLx cÖeYZvi
Rb¨ g~jZ miKviB `vqx, KviY Gme wel‡q RbM‡Yi m¤§wZ _v‡K bv| Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq RbgZ I
RbbxwZi (miKvwi) g‡a¨ e¨vcK cÖ‡f`| dj¯iƒc, Pgw¯‥ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h, Av‡gwiKv Ggb
GK c‡_ Pj‡Q hvi cwiYv‡g Zvi HwZnvwmK g~j¨‡eva: mgZv, ¯^vaxbZv I A_©en MYZ‡š¿i cwimgvwß
NU‡Z cv‡i|56
Pgw¯‥ Av‡iv D‡jøL K‡ib †h, e¨_© iv‡óªi cÖv_wgK wKQz •ewkó¨ mn‡RB wPwýZ Kiv
hvq; GKwU n‡jv mwnsmZv I aŸsm †_‡K RbMY‡K iÿv Kivi AÿgZv ev Awb”Qv, Av‡iKwU •ewkó¨
n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK I Af¨šÍixY AvB‡bi D‡aŸ© wb‡R‡`i we‡ePbv Kiv Ges dj wnmv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv
AvMÖvmb Ges mwnsmZv NUv‡bvi AwaKvi †eva Kiv| †hgb mvaviYfv‡e BivK‡K hy³iv‡óªi wbivcËvi
Rb¨ ûgwK¯iƒc g‡b Kiv nq Ges nvBwZi RbMY‡K Zvi Af¨šÍixY fxwZ †_‡K D×vi Kiv hy³iv‡óªi
ivR‣bwZK e¨e¯’vi Ask n‡q wM‡q‡Q| hw`I aviYvwU‡K •bivk¨RbKfv‡e AmZ¨ we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
d‡j hy³iv‡óª MYZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv _vK‡jI †mLv‡b fqven MYZvwš¿K NvUwZ i‡q‡Q hv myôz I I
mwZ¨Kvi MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v‡K evavMÖ¯Í Ki‡Q|57
GKwU Kj¨vYKi I myLx wek¦ MV‡bi Rb¨ ivóªmgy‡ni
g‡a¨ AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cÖm‡½ iv‡m‡ji MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva I mnbkxjZv PP©vi Av`‡k©i cÖwZ
mg_©b jÿ Kiv hv‡”Q †bvqg Pgw¯‥i Dch©y³ e³‡e¨|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
12
Pvi
GLb †`Lv hvK ivóª cÖm‡½ iv‡m‡ji wPšÍv I K‡g© mxgve×Zvi hvqMvwU Kxfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB Ôwek¦ miKviÕ cÖm½wU Av‡jvPbvq Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i hv GKB mv‡_ Zuvi wPšÍvi
kw³kvjx I ye©j w`K- DfqB| iv‡mj AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b wek¦ miKv‡ii aviYv w`‡q‡Qb
cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i mgqKv‡jB (1914-18)| G miKvi we‡k¦i wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ weev`gvb mgm¨v¸‡jvi
mgvav‡b ga¨ ’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b RvwZmsN GB KvRwU K‡i
Avm‡Q| cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i ci MwVZ RvwZcyÄ ev 1945 mv‡j RvwZmsN MwVZ nevi c~‡e©B iv‡mj GB
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mvgwiK evwnbxi wbqš¿K I cwiPvjK n‡e H wek¦ miKvi| †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi nv‡ZB cvigvYweK A ¿
_vK‡e bv, cvigvYweK A ¿ I BD‡ivwbqvg cÖf…wZi gvwjK-wbqš¿YKZ©v n‡e wek¦ miKvi| wKš‘,
eZ©gv‡bi ivóª e¨e¯’vq mKj iv‡óªi mvgwiK-cvigvYweK-A_©‣bwZK mÿgZv GK iKg bq| ivóªmg~‡ni
kw³gËvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q we¯Íi e¨eavb| GiKg Ae¯’vq kw³kvjx ivóª ‡jvi wbKU †_‡K mvgwiK-
cvigvYweK ÿgZv wek¦ miKv‡ii wbKU n ÍvšÍi GKwU Av`k©ev`x I KvíwbK wPšÍv Qvov Avi wKQy e‡j
g‡b nq bv| Avi †hLv‡b GKwU RvwZ ivóª I Zvi kvmK wbR wbR mvgwiK I cvigvYweK ÿgZv‡K
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nv‡Z G ai‡bi mvgwiK-cvigvYweK ÿgZvi wbqš¿Y I mwVK cÖ‡qvM Kxfv‡e m¤¢e Zv fveevi welq|
Dciš‘, wek¦ miKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ iv‡mj kw³ cÖ‡qvM‡K mg_©b K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
wek¦ miKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡j hviv kw³kvjx Zv‡`i nv‡Z ye©‡jiv AwePv‡ii wkKvi n‡e bv GUv wZwb
wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| nq‡Zv gvby‡li Dci Av¯’v _vKvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Avkvev`x wQ‡jb|
¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡`i Av‡›`vjb cÖm‡½ iv‡m‡ji gZ gvb‡j wewQbœZvev`x Av‡›`vjb e„w× cv‡e wK bv †mUv
fveevi welq| iv‡mj ivóª‡K e¨w³¯vaxbZvi aviYvi Dci cÖwZôv Ki‡Z PvB‡jI m¤úwËi gvwjKvbvi
wel‡q e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZvi Dci fimv K‡ibwb| Kj¨vYg~jK A_©‣bwZK e¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi AvKv•ÿvq wZwb
e¨w³gvwjKvbv‡K A¯xKvi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Zuvi A_©‣bwZK e¨e¯’vcbv msµvšÍ cwiKíbv mn‡R
ev Íevqb‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b nq bv|
Z‡e Dch©y³ mgv‡jvPbvi ciI ivóª cÖm‡½ iv‡m‡ji wPšÍv G‡Kev‡iB AcÖvmw½K GK_v ejv mnR bq|
eis w`b w`b Av‡iv cÖvmw½K n‡q DV‡Q| we‡kl K‡i iv‡m‡ji ¶gZv we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯^vqËkvm‡bi
aviYv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cvi‡j KwZcq ¶gZvkvjx e¨w³i ¶gZv Kzw¶MZ K‡i Ab¨‡`i Dci AwePvi
Kivi my‡hvM iwnZ nZ| mvaviY gvbyl ¶gZvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| Dciš‘ Zuvi wPšÍvi
Abymi‡Y ivóªmg~n Pig mve©‡f․gZ¡, KÆi RvZxqZvev` I Pig †`k‡cÖg‡K cwikxwjZ K‡i ¯^v_©ciZv
cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z cvi‡j eZ©gv‡bi RvwZms‡Ni †bZ…‡Z¡B AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i|
eZ©gv‡b cvigvYweK kw³ai iv‡óªi msL¨v A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q, gvwK©b hy³ivóªmn kw³kvjx iv󪸇jv
wbivcËvi bv‡g wb‡R‡`i cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v‡K Av‡iv kw³kvjx Ki‡Q| wKšÍy GB kw³ e„w× cv‡”Q we‡kl
K‡i abx iv󪸇jvi, `wi ª ivóª ‡jv Av‡iv wbivcËvnxb n‡q co‡Q| AwaKš‘ ga¨eZ©x Av‡qi †hme ivóª
cvigvYweK kw³ AR©b K‡i †d‡j‡Q, †mB kw³I KL‡bv KL‡bv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Rb¨I ûgwK n‡q
evU©ª¨vÐ iv‡m‡ji ivóªZË¡ : GKwU wePvig~jK AbymÜvb
13
†`Lv w`‡”Q| GB mg Í Aïf ûgwKi †cÖw¶‡Z †bvqvg Pgw¯‥ g‡b K‡ib iv‡m‡ji mvgvwRK I
ivR‣bwZK †jLv¸‡jv w`bw`b Zvrch©c~Y© n‡q DV‡Q|58
cuvP
Dch©y³ we‡kølY I ch©v‡jvPbv †k‡l ivóª m¤ú‡K© iv‡m‡ji gZ‡K ms‡ÿ‡c wb‡¤œv³fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv
hvq:
1. ivóª GKwU mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK cÖwZôb;
2. G iv‡óªi Aax‡b gvby‡li †RvUe×Zvi KviY n‡jv KZ©„c‡ÿi cÖwZ eva¨Zv‡eva, DcRvwZMZ
Abyf~wZ, Af¨šÍixY AivRKZv I ewntkÎæi Avµg‡Yi fq Ges †`k‡cÖg cÖf„wZ|
3. dj¯iƒc, ivóª GKwU ÿgZvai cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq Ges e¨w³gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ n‡q
c‡o ûgwK¯^iƒc| GUvB cÖPwjZ ivóªKvVv‡gvi eo msKU;
4. wKš‘ ivóªwenxb gvby‡li Rxeb AKíbxqI e‡U;
5. GRb¨ ivóªxq KZ©„Z¡ I e¨w³¯vaxbZvi g‡a¨ mgšq cÖ‡qvRb; mgš‡qi ¯^v‡_© RbKj¨v‡Yi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨w³i Dci iv‡óªi ejcÖ‡qvM b¨vqm½Z;
6. RbM‡Yi ÿgZvq AskMÖnY I e¨w³¯vaxbZv Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q ÿgZvi
we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯^vqËkvmb cÖwZôv;
7. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î Pig †`kÖcÖg, Pig RvZxqZvev`, KÆi ivóªxq mve©‡f․gZ¡,
¯^v_©ciZv cwiZ¨M Kiv DwPZ| GRb¨ wkÿv-e¨e¯’vi ms¯‥vi cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z wkÿv_©x Z_v
bvMwi‡Ki g‡b Ab¨ RvwZi cÖwZ N„Yv‡eva m„wó bv nq| Ges AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b
KZ©„cÿ wnmv‡e cÖ‡qvRb wek¦ miKvi|
Z‡e iv‡mj †Kej cÖwZôvbMZfv‡e iv‡óªi ms¯‥vi‡K ch©vß e‡jbwb eis Kj¨vYKi ivóª •Zixi Rb¨
RbM‡Yi gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| GKw`‡K cÖvwZôvwbK ms¯‥vi gvby‡li
PwiÎ MV‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e Ab¨w`‡K gvby‡li PwiÎB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K GKwU we‡kl •ewkó¨ `vb Ki‡e|
GKwU Kj¨vYKi iv‡óªi Rb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK ms¯‥vi I gvby‡li gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b mgvšÍivjfv‡e nIqv
DwPZ e‡jB iv‡m‡ji AwfgZ| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, iv‡m‡ji mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I Zuvi wPšÍvi AbymiY
Ki‡Z cvi‡j mvgwóK Kj¨vY I e¨wóK Kj¨v‡Yi g‡a¨ GKwU mymg mgšq m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov
Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î iv‡óªi mve©‡f․gZ¡‡K mxwgZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j Kj¨vY ivóª cÖwZôvi ga¨
w`‡q cÖMwZkxj I myLx wek¦ MV‡bi w`‡K nq‡Zv GwM‡q hvIqv m¤¢e n‡e|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 Harold J. Laski, A Grammer of Politics (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1970), p.
2.
2 Bertrand Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction (London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1960
Reprint), p. 39.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
14
3 `ªóe¨: mi`vi dRjyj Kwig, †cø‡Uvi wicvewjK (XvKv: eY©wgwQj, 1974), c„. 179-184|
4 mvgvwRK Pzw³ev`x nem, jK, iæ‡kv g‡b K‡ib RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Pyw³i gva¨‡g mgvR-ivóª Ges miKvi MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
Ges RbMY Zv‡`i Rxeb, m¤úwË I ¯^vaxbZvÕi AwaKvi iÿvi k‡Z© miKv‡ii wbKU Zv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv Ac©b K‡i‡Q|
dj¯^iƒc, mgv‡R kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿvi ¯^v‡_© iv‡óªi wbKU me©gq ÿgZv Zz‡j †`Iqvi cÿcvZx| ne‡mi (1588-
1679) g‡Z, mgv‡R kvwšÍ I k„•Ljv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡j RbMY‡K GKwU Pig ÿgZv m¤úbœ ivR‣bwZK mve©‡f․‡gi
Aax‡b _vK‡Z n‡e| KviY wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb GwU GKgvÎ kvmb e¨e¯’v hvi gva¨‡g mgv‡R kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iwÿZ n‡e
Ges M„nhy× cÖwZ‡iva m¤¢e n‡e|
(Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (London: np, 1691), http:// socserv2. socsci. mcmaster. ca/
econ/ugcm/3ll3/hobbes/Leviathan.pdf, date: 05.02.2017.)
iæ‡kv (1712-1778) g‡b K‡ib, cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi wbR e¨w³mËv‡K Ges Zvi me ai‡bi Kvh©ÿgZv mgv‡Ri mgwóMZ
†PZbvi ÔmvaviY B”QvÕ (General Will) Øviv cwiPvwjZ Ki‡j mgwóMZ kw³i gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B wb‡R‡K c~Y©
mgvR-ms¯’vi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e wd‡i cv‡e|
(Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, G.D.H. Cole (Trans.), Public Domain 1762
https://www.ucc.ie/archive/hdsp/Rousseau_contrat-social.pdf, date: 05.02.2017).
5 fveev`x `vk©wbK †n‡Mj (1770-1831) ivóª‡K GKwU gnvb I ¶gZvai cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e `uvo Kiv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Z‡e
mvgvwRK Pzw³ev`x‡`i gZ wZwb g‡b K‡ib bv †h ivóª †Kv‡bv Pzw³i d‡j m„ó cÖwZôvb| eis Zuvi g‡Z, ivóª n‡jv GKwU
Hk¦wiK aviYv Ges GB RM‡Z cig mËvi c~Y©v½ cÖKvk N‡U‡Q GB iv‡óªi g‡a¨| ZvB wZwb g‡b K‡ib iv‡óªi Aax‡b
e¨w³i Kj¨vY wbwnZ| Ges ivóªB n‡jv †mB ev¯Íe mËv hv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZv cwic~Y©fv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ
nq| †n‡M‡ji `k©‡b ivóª n‡jv Ôcig gbÕ (Absolute Mind)|
(William Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, Plato to the Present (Calcutta, Bombay,
New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 1972), pp. 591-592).
6 gvK©‡mi g‡Z, ivóª †h‡Kv‡bv mgv‡Ri cÖfvekvjx †Mvôxi nv‡Z Mov GKwU msMVb Ges Ab¨vb¨ †kªwYi Dci kvmb I
†kvlY‡K gReyZ KivB Gi j¶¨| cuywRev`x mgv‡R †h‡nZz abxiv me‡P‡q ¶gZvevb I cÖfvekvjx †kªwY Ges `ye©j
†kªwY¸‡jv‡K †kvlY KivB †h‡nZz GB †kªwYi g~j j¶¨, ZvB ivóª cuywRcwZ‡`i †kvlY Kivi nvwZqvi Qvov Avi wKQyB
bq| †jwb‡bi gZ n‡jv, Òwe‡ivac~Y© †kªwY mgv‡R ivóª GKwU ivR‣bwZK nvwZqvi| GKwU †kªwYi Dci Ab¨ GKwU
†kªwYi kvmb eRvq ivLvi hš¿|Ó (V. I. Lenin, The State, Collected Works, in: V.G. Afanasyev,
Marxist Philosophy (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980), p. 282.) G †kvlYKvix ivóª e¨e¯’v‡K
e`wj‡q Z`¯’‡j •elg¨nxb ivóªe¨e¯’v gvK©‡mi jÿ¨| G jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wZwb gvwjK †kÖwYi wec‡ÿ †kvwlZ-
ewÂZ kÖwgK †kÖwYi wecø‡ei ga¨ w`‡q mgvRZš¿ Ges me‡k‡l mvg¨ev‡` †c․uQv‡bv hv‡e e‡j Avkvev`x wQ‡jb| Zuvi
g‡Z, mgvRZvwš¿K ch©v‡q ivóª _vK‡jI m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mvg¨ev` cÖwZwôZ n‡j iv‡óªi Avi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡e bv|
ZLb †kªwYnxb I ivóªwenxb mvg¨ev`x mgvR cÖwZwôZ n‡e|
7 •bivR¨ev` (Anarchism) : •bivR¨ev` e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev‡`i GKwU Pig iƒc| Guiv KL‡bvB •bivR¨ev`‡K ivR‣bwZK
wek„sLjvi mv‡_ GK K‡i †`‡Lbwb| Gu‡`i g‡Z, ivóª n‡jv GKwU ÔAvek¨Kxq Ag½jÕ| †kªwYnxb I ivóªwenxb mgvR
e¨e¯’v M‡o †ZvjvB n‡jv •bivR¨ev`x‡`i Av`k©| ‣bivR¨ev`xiv g‡b K‡ib, iv‡óªi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB Ges iv‡óªi
KvR †¯^”Qvq msMwVZ msNB Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv i¶v Kiv, ewnivµgY †_‡K †`k‡K i¶v Kiv,
m¤ú‡`i eÈb mywbwðZ Kiv, Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡bi m¤úK© i¶v Kiv cÖf„wZ meB msN m¤úv`b Ki‡Z
cv‡i e‡j •bivR¨ev`xiv g‡b K‡ib| AvaywbK •bivR¨ev`x‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb MWDBb (1756-Õ36), cÖæ‡auv
(1809-Õ65), evKzwbb (1814-Õ76), wcUvi µcUwKb (1842-1921)|
8 D. R. Bhandari, History of European Political Philosophy (Lohor: Evernew Book Stall,
1969 9th
ed.), p. 463.
evU©ª¨vÐ iv‡m‡ji ivóªZË¡ : GKwU wePvig~jK AbymÜvb
15
9 `ªóe¨: cÖv¸³, c„. 38-42|
10 Bertrand Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization (London:
George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1923), pp. 34-35.
11 A.D. Lindsa, The Modern Democratic State (London: Oxford University Press, 1951 5
th
ed.), p. 90.
12 Bertrand Russell, Political Ideals (London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1963 Reprint), p. 9.
13 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, pp. 48-49. Ges Russell, Authority and the
Individual (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1964), p. 68.
14 `ªóe¨: Bhandari, History of European Political Philosophy, p. 463.
15 cÖv¸³, c„. 49|
16 cÖv¸³|
17 Russell, Political Ideals, p.31.
18 cÖv¸³, c„. 41|
19 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, p. 50.
20 cÖv¸³, c„. 51|
21 †gv. Avwidzj Bmjvg, Ôm¤úwË cÖm‡½ Rb jK: GKwU ivóª`vk©wbK we‡kølYÕ, ivRkvnx BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m
GÐ jÕ, mL¨v 42 (2014), c„. 57-68|
22 cÖv¸³, c„. 44|
23 Russell, Authority and the Individual, p. 44.
24 Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, p.223.
25 cÖv¸³|
26 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, p. 53.
27 cÖv¸³, c„. 52|
Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, pp. 224-226.
29 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, p. 52.
30 cÖv¸³, c„. 292|
31 Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, p. 232.
32 Russell, Power- A new Social Analysis ((London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1957, 17
th
impression), p. 292.
33 cÖv¸³|
34 Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, p. 225.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
16
35 Russell, Power, p. 295.
36 cÖv¸³, c„. 296|
37 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, p. 53.
38 Bertrand Russell, Autobiography (London: Routledge, 2004 Reprint), pp.726-27.
39 Bertrand Russell, Roads to Freedom ((London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1970 Reprint), p. 98.
40 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, p.45.
41 cÖv¸³, c„. 35|
42 cÖv¸³, c„. 36|
43 cÖv¸³, c„. 45|
44 cÖv¸³, c„. 43|
45 cÖv¸³, c„. 38|
46 Russell, Political Ideals, p. 81.
47 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, p. 44.
48 cÖv¸³, c„. 45|
49 cÖv¸³, c„. 42|
50 cÖv¸³|
51 G cÖ¯Íve wZwb cÖ_g K‡ib 1916 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Principles of Social Reconstruction I 1917 mv‡j
cÖKvwkZ Political Ideals G| cieZ©x‡Z 1945 mv‡j GB ai‡bi GKwU msMVb wn‡m‡e RvwZms‡Ni Avwef©ve
n‡q‡Q| we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ `ªóe¨: Russell, Political Ideals, p. 81-89., Russell, New Hopes for A
Changing World (London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1951), pp. 97-98.
52 Russell, Authority and the Individual, p. 44.
53 Russell, Roads to Freedom, p.111.
54 iv‡óªi GKK KZ©„Z¡ I Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i ZË¡ cÖPvi K‡ib GKZ¡ev`x (Monist) `vk©wbKiv| nem&, iæ‡kv, †n‡Mj,
†euv`v, nj¨vÐ, Awób cÖgyL wPšÍvwe` n‡jb GKZ¡ev`x mve©‡f․wgKZvi aviYvi cÖPviK| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªxq Pig ¶gZv
Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e mxwgZ I wef³ Kivi Av‡›`vj‡b hy³ eûZ¡ev`xiv (Pluralist)| g¨vKvBfvi, evK©vi,
wjÛ‡m, Wz¸B, jvmwK I iv‡mj cÖgyL G avivi Ab¨Zg n‡jb wPšÍvwe`|
55 Laski, A Grammer of Politics, p. 65.
56 `ªóe¨: Noam Chomsky, Failed States (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006), preface.
57 cÖv¸³|
58 M„nxZ: Bertrand Russell, Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare (London: Allen & Unwin
Ltd, 1959, 2010 1st Indian Reprint), p. vii.
Av‡iv †`Lyb: Noam Chomsky, Failed States, chapter 1.
evU©ª¨vÐ iv‡m‡ji ivóªZË¡ : GKwU wePvig~jK AbymÜvb
17
MÖš’cwÄ
1. Afanasyev, V.G. Marxist Philosophy, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980.
2. Bhandari, D. R. History of European Political Philosophy, Lohor: Evernew Book
Stall, 1969 9th
ed.
3. Chomsky, N. Failed States, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006.
4. Ebenstein, W. Great Political Thinkers, Plato to the Present, Calcutta, Bombay, New
Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 1972.
5. Hobbes, T. Leviathan, London: np, 1691.
6. Laski, H. J. A Grammer of Politics, London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1970.
7. Lenin, V. I. The State, Collected Works.
8. Lindsa, A.D. The Modern Democratic State, London: Oxford University Press, 1951
5th
ed.
9. Rousseau, J. J. The Social Contract, G.D.H. Cole (Trans.), Public Domain 1762.
10. Russell, B. Authority and the Individual, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.,
1964.
11. Russell, B. Roads to Freedom, London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1970 Reprint.
12. Russell, B. (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, London:
Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1923.
13. Russell, B. Autobiography, London: Routledge, 2004 Reprint.
14. Russell, B. Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare, London: Allen & Unwin Ltd,
(1959), 2010 1st Indian Reprint.
15. Russell, B. New Hopes for A Changing World, London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.,
1951.
16. Russell, B. Political Ideals, London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1963 Reprint.
17. Russell, B. Power- A New Social Analysis, London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1957,
17th
impression.
18. Russell, B. Principles of Social Reconstruction, London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1960
Reprint.
19. mi`vi dRjyj Kwig, †cø‡Uvi wicvewjK, XvKv: eY©wgwQj, 1974.
20. Bmjvg, †gv. Av. Ôm¤úwË cÖm‡½ Rb jK: GKwU ivóª`vk©wbK we‡kølYÕ, ivRkvnx BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m
GÐ jÕ, mL¨v 42, 2014.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡KŠkj
•mq` †Z․wdK Rynix
Abstract: Buddhadeb Bosu, a Bengali poet and a versatile writer of the 20th century, also
wrote novels, short stories, plays, essays, and he was also an eminent editor and critic of
his time. With his poetry he always played a significant role in shaping the literary
movement of modern Bengali poetry, and established himself as one of five poets who
moved to introduce modernity into Bengali poetry. It is also significant that his most
widely well-known Bandir Bandana was published when he was only seventeen years
old. Although in his early works he showed the clear influence of Rabindranath Tagore,
but at last phase of his life he created a poetic style and constituted the modern era of
Bengali poetry. He wrote poetry by the influence of Ezra Pound, William Butler Yeats
and T. S. Eliot, but he had a unique style of free verse, and was great in command of
rhyme and rhythm. Our object in this paper is not to deal with the entire canvas of his
poetic-self but to attempt, in a modest way, an identification of the principal qualities,
style and form of his works.
wesk kZvãxi Z…Zxq `kK †_‡K mßg `kK ch©šÍ m„wókxj Kwe eyׇ`e emy (1908-1974) cÖZ¨ÿ
K‡i‡Qb AvaywbK we‡k^i RwUj Rxeb cwiµgv I MwZkxj mf¨Zvi µgweKvk| Zuvi Kve¨-cÖZ¨qI
M‡o D‡V‡Q ywU wek^hy× †`‡L Ges †mB m‡½ hy‡×vËi Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖÿvcU, ivR‣bwZK Aw iZv,
goK-gššÍi-`ywf©ÿ BZ¨vw`i AwfNv‡Z| GKw`‡K †hgb mgKvjxb NUbvejxi ch©v‡jvPbvq Ges
•ewkK †cÖÿvc‡U m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb Ø›Ø‣PZ‡b¨, Ab¨w`‡K †ZgbB wewea NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Z e¨w³K msKU-
msNvZ I Rohš¿bvq wm³ n‡q‡Qb| Avgiv Rvwb, Ôwkímvwn‡Z¨ hy× GKwU exÿYvMvi wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨,
†hLv‡b Rxeb I mgv‡R AvZ¥cixÿvi mgqmwÜ m„wó n‡q gvby‡li e¨w³Zv‡K Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AYycigvYy‡Z
wewkøó K‡i †d‡j|Õ1 myZivs Aw ÍZ¡-wewkøó AwfNvZ Zuv‡K AvaywbK mvwnZ¨-wkí-ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ †hgb
AbymwÜrmy K‡i †Zv‡j, wVK †ZgbB Avcb mvwnZ¨PP©vq K‡i Ae¨vnZ cw_K| Gi d‡j mvwnZ¨c‡_
wbišÍi hvÎvq, wbR¯ Kve¨‡jvK m„R‡b, welq I cÖKiYKjvi AbymÜv‡b Zuvi `xN©Rxeb DrmM© n‡q‡Q|
cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš gg©evYx (1925) cÖKvwkZ nevi m‡½-m‡½ K‡jøvj cwÎKvq ZiæY Kwe wn‡m‡e mvayev`
jvf K‡ib| Zuvi m¤ú‡K© †jLv nq Gfv‡e,ÔkÖxeyׇ`e emyi wKQz wKQz †jLv †eva nq AvRKvj
cwÎKvq coQ| gg©evYxi KweZv msMÖ‡n GB wK‡kvi Kwei †ek cwiPq cvIqv hvq| eq‡mi ZviæY¨
g‡b bv †i‡L eBLvbv c‡o †`‡Lv|... fvj KweZv †h gvby‡li Ac~e© m„wó, a¨vb‡jv‡Ki wbweo cÖKvk,
Zv AvRKvjKvi A‡bK bexb Kwei iPbv c‡o Abyfe Kiv hvq|Õ2 A_©vr, ZLbI K‡jøvj-G
mvwnZ¨PP©vi m~Pbv bv NU‡jI Kve¨PP©vi gva¨‡g h‡_ó mycwiwPwZ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb, m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg
n‡qwQ‡jb ¸Ygy» cvV‡kÖwY| µ‡g wZwb iPbv Ki‡jb e›`xi e›`bv I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1930), GKwU
K_v (1932), c„w_exi c‡_ (1933), K¼veZx I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1937), bZzb cvZv (1940), GK
cqmvq GKwU (1942), 22 †k kÖveY (1942), `qgšÍx (1943), iƒcvšÍi (1944), † ªŠc`xi kvwo
(1948), kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi (1955), †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK (1958), gi‡P-cov
†c‡i‡Ki Mvb (1966), Zc¯^x I Ziw½bx (1966), GKw`b : wPiw`b (1971), ¯^vMZwe`vq I Ab¨vb¨
KweZv (1971) BZ¨vw` Kve¨MÖš|
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, evsjv wefvM, ivRkvnx wekwe`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
20
Avevi ÔKwe‡K ïay evB‡ii RMr †_‡K gyL †div‡jB Pj‡e bv, Wze w`‡Z n‡e AšÍ©‡jv‡K †hLv‡b
evB‡ii c„w_exi AwbZ¨ †m․›`h© ¯§„wZi g‡a¨ wbZ¨ nÕ‡q Av‡Q|Õ3 GB †PZbvi avivR‡j mgmvgwqK
Rxeb-cÖm½‡K Aej¤^b K‡iB eyׇ`e emyi Kve¨PP©vi m~Pbv N‡UwQj, cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨ Ges
mvwnZ¨v‡jvPbvq ey¨rcwË AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Zv w¯i wfwË AR©b K‡i| cÖ_g Rxe‡bi KweZvq Kwe
†ivgvw›UKZvq ch©ewmZ Ges GKRb †ivgvw›UK Kwei kw³gËvi †g․jKYv †h Kíbvgbxlv Zvi PP©vq
wbweó †_‡K‡Qb GKvMÖwP‡Ë| µ‡g †ev`‡jqvi, i¨uv‡ev, GwjqU cÖgyL mvwnZ¨-wkíxi iPbv-cvV Zvu‡K
`vb K‡i cÖej m„wó‡cÖiYv, hvi cÖfv‡e Avwe®‥vi K‡ib evsjv KweZvi Rxeb‡`eZv-†cÖiYvi iƒcKvi
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖwZfvejq †_‡K c„_K GK Aby‡cÖiYv-†¯ªvZ| mgKv‡j me©Î iex›`ªbv_-KZ…©K evsjv
Kve¨RM‡Z msMwVZ me©gq AvwacZ¨-we¯Ív‡ii MwZ Ges Aÿg iex›`ª-AbyKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv m‡PZbfv‡e
jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb| ZvB †Zv Kve¨PP©vi m~PbvKv‡jB Ôeyׇ`e emy ¯úóZ Abyfe Ki‡jb bZzbfv‡e
KweZv‡K Mo‡Z n‡e Ges G e¨vcv‡i cvD‡Ûi B‡gwR÷ KweZvi Abymi‡Y divmx wm¤^wj÷ KweZvi
m‡½ Ges µ‡g µ‡g wek^KweZvi I wek^mvwn‡Z¨i m‡½ GK AvwZ¥K m¤^Ü M‡o Zzj‡jb|Õ4 Avm‡j
AvaywbK Kwe‡`i me©v‡cÿv e‡ov msMÖvg iex›`ªcÖfve †_‡K gyw³jv‡fi cÖ‡Póv‡K me©`v wZwb mgybœZ
†i‡L‡Qb| GK w`‡K wZwb byZb c‡_i w`kvixiƒ‡c Avwef~©Z n‡q‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K KweZv-msMVKiƒ‡c
KweZv (1935) cwÎKvi gva¨‡g AvaywbK KweZvPP©vi c_ Db¥y³ K‡i‡Qb| †Kej AvZ¥weKvk bq,
bZzb Kve¨cÖwZfvi Avwe®‥v‡i I bZzb Kve¨cÖZ¨‡qi cÖwZôv `v‡b mgq-kÖg-cÖwZfv e¨q K‡i‡Qb|
GgbwK Zuvi Kv‡ji Kwe‡`i KweZv m¤ú‡K© K‡i‡Qb Av‡jvPbv, Zuv‡`i Kwe-cwiwPwZ‡K K‡i‡Qb
cÖwZwôZ Ges cvVK-AšÍ‡i AvaywbK KweZv m¤ú‡K© m„wó K‡i‡Qb m‡PZb JrmyK¨| GKRb mgv‡jvPK
G-cÖm‡½ wj‡L‡Qb, Ôeyׇ`e emyi Kve¨BwZnvm cvV Ki‡j GKwU mZ¨ †ewi‡q Av‡m †hÑ Kwei
mvivRxe‡bi A‡šl¨ wQj GK weï× wkíx-AvZ¥v; †h wkíx AvZ¥vi D‡b¥vP‡b weï× KweZvi Rb¥ nq|
wkíx AvZ¥vi Av‡jvK we”Qzi‡Y KweZvi DÏxwß N‡U| eyׇ`e GB KweZvi cÖwZ wek^ Í _vKvi mvabv
K‡i‡Qb AvRxeb| KweZv Zvui Kv‡Q Ôm‡e©kixÕ|Õ5
Kwe †Kej welqe ‧‡Z mxgve× _v‡Kb bv, welq‡K wZwb web¨ Í K‡ib fvlv-Q›`-AjsKvi I
cÖKiYKjvi ¯vc‡Z¨| MZvbyMwZK Kve¨fvlvi †eovRvj wQbœ K‡i beZi fvlvc×wZ wbg©vY I
Avwe®‥v‡i AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| KviY wn‡m‡e Avgiv Rvwb, ÔKv‡e¨i cÖavb jÿ¨ welqe ‧‡K AwZµg
K‡i cvV‡Ki g‡b Awbe©Pbxq Abyf~wZ RvMÖZ Kiv|Õ6 w·kvËi Kweiv AvaywbKZvi w`K †_‡K †hgb
welqe ‧‡K aviY K‡i‡Qb, wVK †ZgbB KweZvi cÖKiYKjvq mÂvi K‡i‡Qb gbbkxj RwUjZv| e›`xi
e›`bv †_‡K bZzb cvZv ch©šÍ Kve¨MÖ‡š eyׇ`e emy cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Av‡eMZvwoZ †ivgvw›UK ms‡e`bv|
hw`I AvaywbK Kwe Kve¨Kjvq eY©bv cwinvi K‡ib Z_vwc wZwb Aeva eY©bv I †ivgvw›UK-ms‡e`bvq
Kve¨m„w©ó‡Z m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| Avgiv eyׇ`e emyi KweZv‡Z M‡íi Dcv`vbI Lyu‡R cvB; we‡klfv‡e
ivexw›`ªK M`¨KweZvq e¨eüZ M‡íi Avw½‡K eyׇ`e GB mg Í KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î eY©bvi
duv‡K-duv‡K MxwZKweZvi nv`©¨-gbbkxj Av‡eM I wPÎ-aŸwb-Q‡›`i kvixix KvVv‡gv gš¿¸‡Y cÖwZgvq
iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi GB Av‡eM-ms‡e`bv cieZx© ch©v‡qI „k¨gvb n‡q‡Q, Z‡e Zv
A‡bK msnZ, wKš‧ AšÍjx©b GK †ivgvw›UK Av‡eM Kwei mg Í KweZv Ry‡o Qwo‡q Av‡Q| Gi d‡jB
Avm‡j wjwiK-†mÝ Ges Mfxi MxZjZvi cvkvcvwk M‡íi Dcv`v‡bi e¨envi `„k¨gvb n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e
gbbkxj Av‡eM Ges mvsMxwZK †`v‡ji e¨env‡ii gva¨‡gÑ hyw³i KvwVb¨, †gav-cÖÁvi ï®‥-cÖ‡qvM
†_‡K wZwb weiZ †_‡K‡Qb| kã-aŸwb-Q‡›`i ¯”Q›` cÖevn Øviv wZwb KweZv‡K gyw³ w`‡q‡Qb eY©bvi
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
21
Zvij¨ I weiZv †_‡KI| Gfv‡eB eyׇ`e em yi cÖKiY-fvebv mgšq Ges web¨v‡m, AvniY Ges
eR©‡b, ms‡køl‡Y Ges cwicv‡K cwicyó n‡q Kwe-g‡bvf~‡gi Awbevh© I cÖej Zvobvq iƒcvšÍwiZ
n‡q‡Q KweZvq|
2.
wjwi‡Ki ¯Ztù~Z© mgšq „k¨gvb n‡q‡Q K¼veZx Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvg-KweZv, Ô†m‡ibv`Õ, Ô†k‡li ivwÎÕ,
ÔKweZvÕ, ÔweevnÕ BZ¨vw` KweZvq, Ab¨w`‡K Av‡eM-ms‡e`bvi D”Q¡vm cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q bZyb cvZv
Kve¨MÖ‡š’i ÔwPévq mKvjÕ, Ôfze‡bk^‡i cÖv_©bvÕ, Ôwe‡”Q‡`i w`bÕ, Ômgy`ª¯œvbÕ BZ¨vw` KweZvq| wØZxq
ch©v‡qi KweZvqI eyׇ`e emy MxZjZv, †ivgw›UK Abyf~wZi cÖKvk cÖf…wZ cwiZ¨vM K‡ibwb| `qgšÍx-
Kve¨MÖ‡ši ÔPjw”PÎÕ, ÔwQbœm~ÎÕ, ÔweKvjÕ Ges ÔcÙvÕ KweZvq M‡íi Dcv`vb vb †c‡q‡Q| Avevi
†`ªŠc`xi kvwo Kve¨MÖ‡š Mí-KvVv‡gv cwinv‡i m‡Pó n‡jI ÔDØv ÍÕ, Ôwe‡`wkbxÕ, ÔeÜzÕ Ges Ô¯¿xÕ
KweZvq eY©bvagx©Zv, Mí-Dcv`vb I †ivgw›UKZv ¯vb †c‡q‡Q Abvqvm-¯^v”Q‡›`¨| B‡¤úªkwb÷
wPÎwk‡íi cÖwZ eyׇ`e emyi AvKl©Y jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, we‡klfv‡e mß`k kZ‡Ki wPÎwkíx †igeªv‡›Ui
(1606-1669) AvZ¥cÖK…wZ ch©v‡qi wPÎKg© wZwb cQ›` Ki‡Zb| Z‡e Kve¨PP©vi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q
Av‡jv I i‡Oi e¨envi‣ewPΨ, ¯ú`bkxjZv, nvIqvi NbZ¡, Puv`-bÿ·jvK-gnvKvk, Av‡jv-Qvqvi
†Ljv, Avuav‡ii Q›` cÖf…wZ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e cieZx© ch©v‡qi Kve¨PP©vq Kwe Gu‡K‡Qb cÖPzi
AvZ¥cÖK…wZ, †hLv‡b eva©‡K¨i †e`bv, GKvwKZ¡, wbtm½Zv I Rxeb-m¤ú‡K© †gvngyw³i `xN©k^vm cªKvk
†c‡q‡Q, Zv wPÎwkíx †igeªv‡›Ui wPÎc‡U wPwÎZ AvZ¥cÖK…wZi mv‡_ mvhyR¨c~Y©| AviI cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q
AvwZ¥K-†m․›`‡h©i cÖwZ AvKl©Y Ges cvw_©e-eÂbvi cÖwZ wb‡g©vn g‡bvfve| Avm‡j GB mvhyR¨ ¯vcb
fviZxq †PZbvi m‡½ cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨Kjv I mvwnZ¨‡cÖiYvi mv‡_ ms‡hvR-¯vc‡bi jÿ¨ †_‡K m„wRZ
n‡q‡Q| AvaywbKZvi cÖv_wgK cÖqv‡m Kwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi cÖgyL mvwnZ¨wkíxi
gva¨‡g fviZxq Ges cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨ I Rxeb‡PZbvi mgšq mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| eyׇ`e emy cÖ_g KweZv
iPbv K‡ib bq-`k eQi eq‡m| Qq †_‡K mvZ Íe‡Ki GKwU Bs‡iwR KweZv, Zvi cÖ_g ¯ÍeK nj:
Adieu, adieu, Deloney House dear,
We leave you because the sea is near,
And the sea will swallow you, we fear,
Adieu, adieu.7
KweZvwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q cÖ_g wek^hy‡×i Kv‡j, Kwei ZrKvjxb evm vb Ô†Wjwb nvDmÕ AK¯§vr †gNbvi
fvO‡bi m¤§yLxb n‡j| ZLb evwowUi Avmbœ Aejywßi †e`bvq KvZi Kwe GB Bs‡iwR KweZvwU iPbv
K‡ib, hv Zuv‡K cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ Kwe-cwiwPwZ †`q| GB †Wjwb nvD‡mB Kwe D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi
ivq‡P․ayixi ivgvq‡Yi AbyKi‡Y cqvi I wÎc`x Q›` e¨envi K‡i mßKvÐ ivgvqY iPbv K‡ib, hvi
gva¨‡g wK‡kvi-‣PZ‡b¨i KweZv-Db¥v`bvi cÖ_g cÖKvk N‡U| Av‣K‡kvi eyׇ`e emy Aa¨qb K‡i‡Qb
cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Z¨i cÖL¨vZ Kwe‡`i iPbvewj,hvi d‡j cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Z¨i ixwZ-c×wZ-HwZ‡n¨i wewfbœ
kvLvq Zuvi wePiY †hgb wQ‡jv AevaÑ Avevi wVK †ZgbB fviZxq mvwn‡Z¨i ixwZ-c×wZ-HwZn¨ I
`k©‡bi mv‡_I wZwb K‡iwQ‡jb ms‡hvM- vcb| Gfv‡e cÖ_g I wØZxq ch©v‡qi KweZvq AviI e¨eüZ
n‡q‡Q g‡bvmgxÿb c×wZ, Internal Monologue hv AšÍt¯^M‡Zvw³ Øviv m„wRZ| †hLv‡b GK¯v‡b
e³v †kvbv‡”Qb wb‡Ri K_v, Ab¨¯v‡b wb‡RB wb‡Ri mv‡_ K_v ej‡Qb| GBAšÍt¯^M‡Zvw³i e¨envi
jÿ¨ Kiv hvq ÔKvjÕ, ÔKL‡bv, Ô†envqvÕ, ga¨eZx©Õ BZ¨vw` KweZvq| Avevi g‡bvweÁv‡bi fvevbyl½
c×wZ ev Association of ideas-Gi e¨enviI Zuvi KweZvq Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| Ôfvevbyl½ Dcgv‡Z
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
22
†hgb cvIqv hvq †Zgwb evKaŸwb‡Z, cybive„Ë evKcÖwZgvq ev D‡jø‡L, we‡kl k‡ãi †c․btcywbK
e¨env‡iI cvIqv hvq|Õ8 Gi cÖv_wgK e¨envi †hgb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq `qgšÍx-i ÔPjw”PÎÕ KweZvq Ges
Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi KweZv‡ZI †Zgb mÜvb cvIqv hvq|
gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb Kve¨MÖ‡ši ÔBKviæmÕ; ¯MZwe`vq-G ÔwK¤úyiælÕ, Ônbygv‡bi Rb¥Õ,
Ôg„Zz¨Õ Ges GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖ‡ši Ô†`KvwbivÕ cÖf…wZ KweZvq fvevbyl½ c×wZi mÜvbjvf Kiv
hvq| Avevi kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi Kve¨MÖ‡š G‡m Kwe mÜvb w`‡q‡Qb beZi cÖKiY fvebvi|
†mLv‡b g„Zz¨ I cybR©‡b¥i Uvbv‡cv‡o‡b †`vjvwqZ Kwe Agi‡Z¡i cÖv_©bvq n‡jb D‡ØwjZ, AvcvZ-
eܨvZ¡ KvwU‡q bZzb m„wói cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| GLv‡b †hgb †ivgvw›UK Aven cÖKvkgvb Avevi wVK
†ZgbB Kv‡e¨i d‡g©I jÿ¨ Kiv hvq M‡íi Aven| Avevi †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK-Kve¨MÖ‡š GK
msnZ cÖKiYKjv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb, GQvov fvlvixwZi †ÿ‡Î c~e©eZx© `ywU ch©v‡qi †P‡q Kwe fvlvi
mvij¨ I eY©bvi AvwaK¨I cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb| evK¨MVbixwZ n‡q‡Q RwUj Ges cÖZxKvwqZÑ Avevi
m‡b‡Ui iƒcK‡íI fvlv †c‡q‡Q msnZ I mshZ iƒc| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q Kve¨MÖš iPbvKv‡j wZwb
Abyev`K‡g© g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib, hvi gva¨‡g Kwei cÖKiYixwZ kvwYZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe eyׇ`e emy Ab~w`Z
†gN`~Z cÖKvwkZ nq 1957 mv‡j| Avevi 1955 †_‡K 1958 Kvjc‡e© cÖKvwkZ nq †ev`‡jqv‡ii
Ab~w`Z KweZvmg~n| Aybev`K‡g© g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i Kwe AwfavbPP©vi ¸iæZ¡ Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡ib, hv
Zv‡K eû bZzb kã wkL‡Z I bZzb kã m„wó Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Zuvi myMfxi cvV-
AwfÁZv, Rxeb-AwfÁZv, kvwYZ Abyev`Kg©-PP©v BZ¨vw`i cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi
Kve¨mg~‡n| GKRb mgv‡jvPK G-cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb,Ôeyׇ`e emyi †ev`j¨vi Ab yev` GKmgq evOvwj
cvV‡Ki g‡b mvov RvwM‡qwQj, eyׇ`e emy divwm‡Z g~j †ev`j¨vi c‡ob wb, GKvwaK Bs‡iwR Abyev`
cvkvcvwk †i‡L wZwb GKwU D‡jø‡Li g‡Zv KvR K‡i‡Qb, evsjv Kve¨-Abyev‡`i †ÿ‡Î bZzb w`K Ly‡j
w`‡q‡Q Zuvi G RvZxq eB|Õ9 Zuvi e¨eüZ kã-fvÐv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q wewPÎ fvebvi we”QziY;
cvkvcvwk wg_-cÖ‡qv‡M we¯Í…wZ, †ivgvw›UKZv, eY©bvagx©Zv, MvwíK KvVv‡gv BZ¨vw`i †P‡q msnZ
cÖKvkf½xi w`‡KB AwaK `„wócvZ K‡i‡Qb| G-cÖm‡½ Kwei Dw³ ¯§iY‡hvM¨:
Abyev‡`i Kvi‡YB Avwg cÖ_g ey‡SwQjvg †Kv‡bv Kwei c‡ÿ AwfavbPP©vi Af¨vmwU KZ DcKvix,
fvlvZ‡Ë¡ Aíwe¯Íi Ávb KZ cÖ‡qvRbxq; wk‡LwQjvg gvZ…fvlvq A‡bK bZzbkã, Ges bZzb kã •Zwi
KÕ‡i †bevi Dcvq; ey‡SwQjvg kã e¨env‡i hv_v‡_©i g~j¨ : evsjv Q›`‡K Av‡iv GKUz mvejxjfv‡e
Pvjv‡ZI nq‡Zv wk‡LwQjvg| AvR‡Ki w`‡b iPbvKg©‡K Avwg †hfv‡e †`wL Ges wPšÍv Kwi, †hme
mgm¨v Zv Dcw¯Z K‡i Ges †hfv‡e Zvi mgvav‡bi c_ Lyu‡R cvB; †hfv‡e aiv hvK, Avgvi mv¤úªwZK
KweZv I M`¨ÑKweZv I Kve¨bvU¨, GgbwK †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv M`¨iPbv Avwg wj‡LwQjvg, Zvi g‡a¨
KZLvwb Avgvi Abyev`K‡g©i Ae`vb Av‡Q, Avwg Zv g‡b g‡b fv‡jvB Rvwb|10
Gfv‡e Kve¨PP©vi †ÿ‡Î Abyev`Kv‡g©i Af¨vm Zuv‡K we‡kl ¯^Ztù~Z©Zv `vb K‡i‡Q| Z‡e MVbMZ w`K
†_‡K Av‡eMZvwoZ †ivgvw›UKZv D”Q¡vm, eY©bvagx©Zv cÖKvk †c‡jI AšÍjx©b MxwZagx©ZvB eyׇ`e emyi
Kv‡e¨i cÖvY| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi KweZvi ¯weiZv †_‡K gyw³jvf K‡i †kl ch©v‡q G‡m Zuvi KweZv-fvlv
kvwYZ I kw³kvjx n‡q‡Q| GK K_vq, KweZvi mvgwMÖK ejq wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q Av‡eM-Abyl‡½ I
GwjqwUq AwfNv‡Z, hvi cÖfv‡e ga¨ ch©vq †_‡KB RwUj fvlvixwZi AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e
cÖZxK, iƒcK, wPÎKí, wg_Kjv BZ¨vw` Ges mywbe©vwPZ kã I msnZ-mshZ evK¨MVbixwZi gva¨‡g
eyׇ`e emy µ‡g †g․wjK Kve¨wk‡íi Rb¥ w`‡Z mÿg nb|
w·kvËi Kweiv KweZvq M`¨-c‡`¨i wg_w®…qv NwU‡q‡Qb m‡PZbfv‡e, ZvB eyׇ`e emyi
Kve¨PP©vI Gi e¨wZµg bq| wZwb cÖavbZ GwjqU I GRiv cvD‡Ûi cÖeZ©bvq KweZvq K_¨-
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
23
fvlvixwZi mij-¯^v”Q›`¨ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr mvay wµqvc‡`i eR©‡b, K_¨ evK¨ixwZi Abymi‡Y
`qgšÍx Kve¨ we‡kl •ewk‡ó¨i ¯^vÿi ivL‡Z mÿg nq| GB Kve¨MÖ‡š eR©b K‡i‡QbÑ Kve¨-cÖPwjZ
wµqvc` ÔdzwUÕ,Ôn‡Z‡QÕ, ÔPwj‡QÕ; PwjZ evsjv k‡ãi Zrmg cÖwZkã Ôcy®úÕ, ÔZiæÕ, Ôn ÍÕ; bvgkã,
cÖvPxb kã I Ae¨q c` ÔggÕ, Ô†gv‡`iÕ, ÔcivYÕ; Dcfvlvi c` ÔbvwiÕ, ÔGbyÕ, ÔbvwiÕ cÖf…wZ| wZwb
k‡ãi AwfavbMZ A_©‡K AwZµg K‡i Bw½Zgq imcÖe„wËi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L‡Qb| Aek¨ K_¨-
wµqvc` I K_¨ixwZi wgkÖ‡Yi D`vniY `qgšÍx Kve¨-c~e© Kve¨MÖšmg~‡nI jÿ¨ Kiv hvq :
K) nj‡` kvwoUvÑ bv,bv Av‡jvq
hv‡e bv‡Kv †`Lv Ii is,
jvj? Zv eÇv! bxj, Zv-I bqÑ
L‡qwiUv gvbv‡e eis!
hvK‡M,Ñ kv`vB fv‡jv, ÑKv‡jv- †c‡o kvwo| (Ô†envqvÕ /K¼veZx)
L) Kv‡jv †PvL Zvi c‡owQ‡jv †gvi gy‡Li c‡i
ÿ‡YK Z‡i,
Ñ †K †h †m, †mÑK_v KÕ‡e bv|Ñ (ÔKv‡jv †PvLÕ / K¼veZx)
M) g‡b‡i hvq bv †Quvqv, †Kg‡b PvL‡ev Zv‡i|
`ywU †VuvU, dzidz‡i †VuvU UzKUzKÑ iwOb nÕ‡jv,
†VvKivB cvwLi g‡Zv, LyULvU Piv wKbv‡i| (ÔMvbÕ / GKwU K_v)
Dc‡ii D`vniYmg~‡n K_¨ I Kve¨ixwZi mswgkÖY N‡U‡Q| Kve¨MÜx k‡ãi m‡½ wgkÖY N‡U‡Q K_¨-
evK&fw½iÑ †hLv‡b AšÍt¯^M‡Zvw³i gva¨‡g e³v wb‡RB wb‡Ri mv‡_ K_v ej‡Q| K_K †cÖqmxi K_v
†f‡e Zuvi †cvlvK-cwi”Q` wb‡q fvweZ, ZvB KL‡bv ej‡Qb,Ônj‡` kvwoUvÑ bv,bv nj‡` Av‡jvq/hv‡e
bv‡Kv †`Lv Ii isÕ Avevi KL‡bv ej‡Qb,ÔhvK‡M,Ñ kv`vB fv‡jvÕ| Ôdzidz‡iÕ, ÔUzKUzKÕ, Ô†VvKivBÕ,
ÔLyULvUÕ, ÔKÕ‡eÕ,Ônj‡`Õ, ÔPovÕ cÖf…wZ K_¨kã e¨fnvi K‡i‡Qb ¯^v”Q‡›`¨| GKw`‡K †hgb ÔMÕ msL¨K
D×…wZ‡Z Ôg‡b‡i hvq bv †Quvqv, †Kg‡b PvL‡ev Zv‡iÕ cO&w³‡Z ÔPvL‡evÕ kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb,
Ab¨w`‡K Ô†K †h †m, †mÑK_v KÕ‡e bvÕÑ Dw³‡Z †cÖqmxi mv‡_ wb‡Ri Ae¯vb‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
GLv‡b „k¨gvb,ÔMxZj kãÕ wKsev Ôivexw›`ªK Kve¨MÜxÕ kã cy‡ivcywi cwiZ¨vM K‡ibwb; Gi D`vniYÑ
ÔLÕ msL¨K cO&w³ ÔKv‡jv †PvL Zvi c‡owQ‡jv †gvi gy‡Li c‡iÕ-†Z ivexw›`ªK Ae¨q Ô†gviÕ Gi
e¨envi Avgiv jÿ¨ KiwQ| Avm‡j e›`xi e›`bv I K¼veZxÑ GB ywU Kve¨MÖ‡š Dch ©y³ MxZj-
Kve¨MÜx I ivexw›`ªK k‡ãi cªvavb¨ jÿ¨bxq| GB Kvi‡Y ÔGKB m‡½ Zuv‡K ejv n‡q‡Q iex› ªwe‡Ølx
Ges iex›`ªbv‡_i mgv”Qbœ Kwe|Õ11
Ab¨w`‡K bZzb cvZv-Kve¨MÖ‡š mvaywµqvc` I mvayixwZi cÖ‡qvM
G‡Kev‡i K‡g †M‡Q, KweZvI †c‡q‡Q ¯^vfvweK nv`©¨¸‡Yi ¯úk©| wZwb Aek¨ Bs‡iwR Qvov †Zgb
GKUv we‡`kx kã e¨envi K‡ibwb| bZzb cvZv I GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖš †_‡K wKQz D`vniY wb‡P
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :
K) GB K¨v‡giv-KÈwKZ cÖMj&f RbviY¨ (ÔUvBMvi wnj&-G m~‡h©v`qÕ/ bZzb cvZv)
L) Wvqv‡jKwUK-`k©b! (ÔwW.GBP.Avi.Õ/bZzb cvZv)
M) c‡K‡U jywK‡q ivwL eªvDb †ccv‡i Rwo‡q| (ÔGKwU evqiwbK KweZvÕ, bZzb cvZv)
N) †Zgwb †m •Zwi KiæK †Zvgv‡K, †Zvgvi eªvDb-gm„Y kixi| (Ômgy`ª¯œvbÕ/ bZzb cvZv)
ÔK¨v‡givÕ, ÔWvqv‡jKwUKÕ, Ôc‡KUÕ, ÔeªvDbÕ, Ô†ccviÕ, ÔjUvwiÕ, Ôwgwjq‡bqviÕ cÖf…wZ Bs‡iwR kã
Dchy©³ D×…wZmg~‡n i‡q‡Q, Z‡e GB kãmg~n e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q be¨wkwÿZ Zjvwenxb D”PweË-ga¨weË
†kÖwYi dvucv-eywjm¤^wjZ gvbm‡K e¨½ Kivi wbwg‡Ë| Avevi A‡bK mgq Bs‡iwR k‡ãi Ab~w`Z kãI
Zuvi KweZvq `„k¨gvb n‡q‡Q| bZzb cvZv Kve¨MÖ‡ši Ômgy`ª¯œvbÕ KweZvq ÔSandy-brownÕ-Gi
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
24
e½vbyev` K‡i‡Qb Ôevjy-ev`vwgÕ wn‡m‡e| wZwb †ekwKQz kã wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb, Zvi AwaKvsk ÔAÕ Ges
ÔwbÕ DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ n‡q‡P, Zv n‡jvÑ ÔAbvKviÕ, ÔAZiæYÕ, ÔAP›`ª‡PZbÕ, Ôwb‡ ÍjÕ, Ôwbg©bÕ,
ÔwbiæcvwaÕ, ÔAZ¡iÕ, ÔAeªYÕ, ÔA‡dbÕ, ÔwbR©iÕ BZ¨vw` kãgvjv| wb‡¤œi G-msAvšÍ wZbwU D`vniY
Dc¯vwcZ n‡jv :
K) ZvQvov mgy‡`ª Avi ÿZ †bB, bxwjgvq †R¨vwZi K¤úb
ïay
AeªY f~ga¨w`b, Adzivb myeY©gw`iv| (ÔBKviæmÕ/ gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb)
L) A`nb `xwßi D™¢v‡m
D`vmxb, ¯^vaxb, A‡db
†`eZviv GL‡bv Av‡Qb| (Ô†n¨ìvwj©Õ / gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb)
M) Avi Zvi ¯Íb `ywUÑ †QvU, fxiæ, A¯ú„ó b~Zb;
cÕ‡o Av‡Q mgy`ª wkjvi g‡Zv DuPz I wbR©b,
Abve„Z, AKzwÉZ, wbR©i, wb¯ú„nÑ(ÔKzgvixi g„Zz¨Õ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq )
eyׇ`e emyi e¨eüZ wKQz AcÖPwjZ kã Ôwbg©bÕ, ÔwbiæcvwaÕ, ÔAZ¡iÕ, ÔAeªYÕ, ÔA‡dbÕ, ÔwbR©iÕ BZ¨vw`
Avgv‡`i‡K Zuvi kãcÖ‡qvM `ÿZv I kã-wbg©vbKjvi we‡kl D`vniY wn‡m‡e mPwKZ K‡i| Avm‡j
kã I aŸwbi cÖPwjZ ixwZ-c×wZ‡K iƒvcšÍwiZ K‡iB wZwb bZzb kã m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e we‡klY-
e¨enviixwZ‡ZI Zuvi bvbvgvwÎK cÖ‡qvM my¯úó :
K) Zrmg we‡kl‡Yi D`vniYÑ
1. †Zvgvi †h-¯Íb‡iLv ew¼g, gm„Y, ÿxY, mZZ¯úw›`ZÑ (Ô†cÖwgKÕ / e›`xi e›`bv)
2. ivwÎ G‡jvÑ AZj, wbweoÑ
my›`i, Mfxi| (Ôc~e©ivMÕ / c„w_exi c‡_)
3. AvKvk †Kvgj, AvKvk Kv‡jv|(ÔK¼veZxÕ /K¼veZx)
4. Avwg ï®‥, wbkvPi, AÜKv‡i †gvi wmsnvmb,
Avwg wns¯ª, `yišÍ, cvke|(ÔkvcåóÕ, e›`xi e›`bv)
L) we‡k‡l¨i c~‡e© we‡klY e¨env‡ii d‡j m„wRZ A_©‡`¨vZbvi D`vniYÑ
1. ¯úk©imZ…òvZzi †`n †gvi Kuvw`‡jv bxi‡e (Ôbxwjgv c~wY©gvÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)
2. kø_ Z›`ªv Rov‡jv bqb; (Ôwgj‡b wei‡nÕ/ GKwU K_v )
3. Kx wbg©j bxj GB bxj AvKvk, (ÔwPévq mKvjÕ/ bZzb cvZv)
M) we‡kl‡Yi wecÖZxc e¨env‡ii D`vniYÑ
1. w`‡bi gy‡Li Dci GKUv †auvqv‡U, g„Z wbðjZv, k~b¨Zv| (ÔAvk¼v I Avk^vmÕ/ bZzb cvZv)
2. Av‡Mœq, `ytmn, Zxeª, DËvj, wekvj GB ivwÎ| (ÔivwÎÕ/ bZzb cvZv)
3. †dwj‡ev †Zvgvi gy‡L Zzlvi-wbkvm (Ôe›`xi e›`bvÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)
4. †gkv Dò Zzlvi Ze jvj K‡cv‡j, (ÔAvgš¿YÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)
Avm‡j ¸Y ev Ae¯vevPK kã K_¨fvlvi g‡Zv Kve¨fvlvqI Acwinvh©, KviY we‡kl‡Yi mywbw`©ó
e¨envi Qvov fvlv Zvi ¯^”Q›` cÖKvkÿgZv nvivq| eyׇ`e emy cÖ_g ch©v‡qi KweZvq AwZ †ivgvw›UK
eY©bvcÖavb Kve¨Kjvq we‡kl‡Yi Aweij e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| ÔKÕ msL¨K D`vni‡Yi D×…wZmg~‡n Zrmg
we‡kl‡Yi Ggb cÖ‡qvM jÿ¨YxqÑ hv Zxÿœ I jÿ¨‡f`x| Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q, GLv‡b we‡klY wewfbœ
gvÎvq e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Aek¨ w·kvËi Kwe‡`i iPbvq we‡kl‡Yi N‡U‡Q e¨envi-wech©q, hvi
d‡j msnZ e¨env‡i cÖvqk wech©q Ges GB cÖ‡qvM-wfbœZvi d‡j bZzb GK A_©-m½wZ M‡o D‡V‡Q,
hv eû¸Y evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q Kve¨fvlvi cÖKvkÿgZv| G-Kvi‡Y eyׇ`e emy KweZvq we‡kl‡Yi
bvbvgvwÎK cÖ‡qvM NwU‡q‡Qb, hv bZzb A_©e¨Äbv m„wó K‡i‡Q| Avevi DcwiD³ ÔMÕ msL¨K D`vni‡Yi
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
25
D×…wZmg~‡n wecÖZxc we‡kl‡Yi e¨env‡i eY©bvZ¥K Kve¨-cO&w³mg~‡n we‡kl A_©e¨Äbv I cÖZxKx
A_©‡`¨vZbv m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e Kve¨cO&w³‡Z kã mÂvwiZ K‡i‡Q A‡_©i PgrKvwiZ¡Ñ hv AvwfavwbK
A‡_© AwZwi³ AwfcÖvq mÂvwiZ K‡i| Avm‡j Ôk‡ã e¨³v_© I we‡kl Awfav‡K AÿzYœ †i‡L, Zvi
M~pv‡_©i †h KvjMZ cwieZ©b N‡U, Kwe, AvaywbK Kwe, Zv‡K aÕ‡i †d‡jb Avðh© ms‡ew`Zvq|Õ12
Avi
Gfv‡eB AvaywbK wek^‡K KweZvq aviY Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖPwjZ Kve¨fvlv Ges Kve¨wbg©vY‡K․k‡ji wech©q
NwU‡q wb‡Ri fvlvixwZ Movi †ÿ‡Î Kwe †_‡K‡Qb kÖgwbô I cÖZ¨qx|
divmx cÖZxKx Kve¨cÖKiY w·kvËi evsjv KweZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q, hvi d‡j †ev`‡jqv‡ii
KweZv evsjvq Abyev` Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q‡Qb Kwe eyׇ`e emy| Avm‡j cÖZxKx Kve¨v‡›`vjb †Zv
†ev`‡jqvi‡K †K› ª K‡iB iƒcjvf K‡i‡Q, Avi gvjv‡g© G Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav cyiæl| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi
iPbvq cÖZxKx-cÖKiYixwZi cwi‡cvlY bv NU‡jI eyׇ`e emy †ev`‡jqv‡ii KweZv Abyev` K‡i evsjv
KweZv‡ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, wZwb divwm Q›`-†eva I †PZbv‡K †f‡½
`„k¨gvb e¯‧i fvlviƒ‡ci gva¨‡g AwZ-cÖvK…Z AwfÁZvi RMZ‡K ¯úk© K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv Rvwb,
†ev`‡jqv‡ii wbKU cÖZxKx-fvÐvi `„k¨gvb I Abyf~wZMÖvn¨ c„w_ex, KviY Zv mn‡R gvbe-ü`q
Avb›`‡e`bv‡K AvcøyZ K‡i| ZvQvov KweZvq e¨eüZ cÖZxK mn‡R gvbe‣PZ‡b¨i MnxbZg cÖ‡`‡k
†c․u‡Q hvq| hvi d‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖZxKx Abyl½mg~n wU.Gm. Gwjq‡Ui KweZv‡ZI Abym„Z n‡q‡Q|
eyׇ`e emyI KweZvq mywPwýZ cÖZxKx Abyl½ e¨envi K‡i‡QbÑ Zv n‡jv Ôwelv`Õ, ÔweZ…òvÕ, Ôwb‡e©`Õ,
ÔKvgcÖvej¨Õ, ÔBw›`ªqwejvmÕ, ÔwfwLwiÕ, Ô`vwi ª¨Õ, Ôg„Zz¨Õ, Ô†ek¨vÕ BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi KweZvq
e¨eüZ Gme welq I DcKiY AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨iI DcKiY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| ÔcÖZxK ej‡Z †evSvq
Ggb wKQz hvi GKUv Avjv`v e¨Äbv Av‡Q, GK wnmv‡e fvlvi e¨eüZ kã¸wjI cÖZxK, KviY
cÖZxK‡`¨vZbvB fvlvi cÖavb ag©|Õ13
Z‡e hv cÖK…Z-A‡_© cÖZxK Zv Zuvi KweZvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q Nbxf~Z
n‡q I‡Vwb| wØZxq ch©v‡q cÖZxKx-Zvrch© Nbxf~Z n‡q‡Q AvZ¥vbymÜv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q, we‡kl Awfwb‡ek
I cwiPh©vi gva¨‡g Ñ KweZvi Íe‡K-¯Íe‡K mÂvwiZ e¨Äbvq|
eyׇ`e emyi Kve¨PP©vi wØZxq ch©v‡q cªZx‡Ki e¨envi †`Lv hvq `qgšÍx Kve¨MÖ‡ši Ô`qgšÍxÕ
KweZvq| †hLv‡b cvw_©e †`nev`x †cÖg †c‡q‡Q wfbœgvÎv- ¯^M©‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q cvw_©e
myL-Z…wßi cÖZx‡K| Avevi †`ªŠc`xi kvwo Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvg KweZvq cÖK…wZi AbšÍ inm¨fvÐvi‡K
D‡b¥vP‡b m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb Kwe| †hLv‡b gnvfvi‡Zi wg_-ZvwoZ AšÍnxb †`ª․c`xi kvwoi g‡Zv cÖK…wZi
AbšÍ inm¨-†m․›`h©-iƒc-jxjv I gvayh© D‡b¥vPb Am¤¢e e‡j Kwe g‡b K‡i‡Qb| wZwb AviI g‡b
K‡i‡Qb, cÖK…wZi mv‡_ GKvZ¥ n‡jB †mB inm¨-D‡b¥vPb m¤¢eÑ Z‡e wZwb GLv‡b wg_-Kvwnbxi
Aeq‡e GK cÖZxKx inm¨Rvj m„wó K‡i‡Qb| †h inm¨Rvj † ª․c`xi †m․›`‡h©i D‡b¥vP‡bi AvKv•ÿvi
mv‡_ cÖK…wZi †m․›`h©-D‡b¥vPb‡K GKB KvZv‡i †i‡L‡Qb| GLv‡b Kvgbv-embvi cÖZxKx Dc¯vcbI
jÿ¨Yxq, hvi d‡j Ô`qgšÍxÕ KweZvwU mgmvgwqK eva©K¨‡PZbv I Aev Íe Abyl½ †_‡K †c‡q‡Q c„_K
Aeqe| †hLv‡b ÔRš‧i ¸nvqÕ Ges ÔhÁ‡e`xÕ d«‡qWxq Avw`g Kvgbvi cÖZxKx Dc¯vcb :
¯^M© †Zv‡K Pvq, hÁ †Zv‡K Pvq, g„Zz¨ †Zv‡K Pvq|
wKš‧ †h․e‡bi Rv`y i‡P Rš‧i ¸nvq,
bvwfg~‡j hÁ‡e`x, g„Zz¨ Av‡iv wb‡P| (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)
Kwe GLv‡b †cÖqmx‡K wZbwU Abyl‡½i m¤§yLxb K‡i‡QbÑ Zv n‡jv Ô¯M©Õ, ÔhÁÕ, I Ôg„Zz¨Õ| GB wZb
Abyl½ ¯úk© K‡iI †KejgvÎ Avw`g, ee©i, RvšÍe †cÖgjxjv GLv‡b ¯”Q-†cÖgiƒ‡c Dcw Z| GKw`‡K
†hgb Avw`g Kvgbvi cÖZxKmg~n Dcw¯Z i‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgb cÖK…wZi mv‡_ GKvZ¥ nevi Ae`wgZ
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
26
embvI myß i‡q‡Q| Avevi KweZvi Rb¥-cÖwµqvi mv‡_ cÖvYxKz‡ji †h․b-Rb¥cÖwµqvi Abyl‡½i
cÖwZZzjbv K‡i‡Qb KweÑ Avi GB †h․b-Abyl‡½i cÖwZZzjbv Dc¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q cÖZx‡Ki gva¨‡g:
evwjKvi g‡Zv †K․Z~n‡j
GL‡bv †`L‡Z PvI KZ`~i cÖ¯‧Z cÖqvm?
G‡mv bv, AvNvZ K‡iv, aÕ‡i bvI Avgv‡K D`vm,
nv‡bv GK gyn~‡Z© euvab-†Quov we`y¨‡Zi g‡Zv ejvrKvi;
bv hw` ¯‡M©i gay, De©kxi axi Awfmvi,
wb‡q G‡mv M܇K je‡Y R¦jv bi‡Ki cªKU wbkvm| (Ôbv-†jLv KweZvi cÖwZÕ-3/†h Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)
GLv‡b KweZvi cÖZx‡K Dc vwcZ n‡q‡Q GK ÔevwjKvÕi cÖm½, hv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †h․b-Bw½Z Gi
iƒcjÿY| bvix ev Zvi cÖZxKx AvMgb‡K †h †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †nvK cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb Kwe| Kwe
Ô†K․Zznjx evwjKvÕ‡K cÖkœ K‡i‡QbÑ ÔGL‡bv †`L‡Z PvI KZ ~i cÖ¯‧Z cÖqvm?Õ Zvici cixÿv K‡i
†`L‡Z e‡j‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ ÔAvNvZ K‡ivÕ, ÔaÕ‡i bvI Avgv‡K D`vmÕ, Ônv‡bv GK gyn~‡Z© euvab-†Quov
we`y¨‡Zi g‡Zv ejvrKviÕ BZ¨vw` cO&w³gvjvq| Ô†K․Zznjx evwjKvÕi cÖZx‡K AvMZ GB bvix hw`
De©kxi ¯^Mx©q †cÖg bv-G‡b ÔM܇K je‡Y R¦jv bi‡Ki cªKU wbk^vmÕ wb‡q Av‡m, Z_vwc wZwb Zuv‡K
MÖnY Ki‡eb wbwØ©avq| Avm‡j †ev`‡jqv‡ii Kve¨‡PZbvi bv›`wbK-AwfcÖvq‡K eyׇ`e emy Gfv‡e
wb‡Ri KweZv‡ZI mÂvwiZ K‡i‡Qb| †ev`‡jqvi Kwe‡`i e‡j‡Qb,ÔgvZvj nI|Õ A_©vr Ô†bkvÕ I
gvZjvwg‡K cÖZxKxfv‡e Dc¯vc‡b m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| Ômyiv, Awn‡db I MwÄKv wb‡q, Avgiv Rvwb,
eûwea cixÿv wZwb K‡i‡QbÑ cÖvq, Zuvi wb‡RiB Dci, •eÁvwbK cixÿv; †m-m‡ei D‡Ïk¨ •PZ‡b¨iB
ZxÿèZv-mvab; wZwb †hb AvKv•ÿv K‡i‡Qb Ggb GK Zzixq Ae¯v hv‡Z mgq ch©šÍ AÁvZmv‡i
AwZµvšÍ n‡e bv, Abyf~Z n‡e cÖwZwU gyn~‡Z©i wbtmiY, kÖæwZMg¨ n‡e eY©, Ges kã „k¨gvb|Õ14
hvi
ga¨ w`‡q cyY¨, †cÖg I gw`iv n‡q‡Q ÿwYK j²xjv‡fi gva¨g| †mRb¨ Ô†bkvÕ KweZvq GB Ô†bkvÕ
k‡ãi cÖZxKx Dc¯vcb Avgv‡`i mPwKZ K‡i:
evwK _v‡K KweZvÑ Aw¯ÍZ¡gq AYyi eÜb,
njvw`bx, e¨vwai exR, Db¥v`K, wbôzi AmyLx,
mi¯^Zx, †fbvm, ÿwYK j²x, AbšÍ evmywKÑ
†gUv‡Z Avgvi Z…òv Avgv‡K K‡i †m gšb!
fv‡jv| ÑwKš‧ e‡jv †`wL, nÕ‡Z n‡e Avi KZKvj
GKvav‡i `ªvÿvcyÄ, eKhš¿, ïuwo I gvZvj| (Ô‡bkvÕ/†h Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)
Kwe ÔÿwYK j²xÕ jv‡fi evmbvq ÔAbšÍ evmywKÕi we‡l RR©wiZ nevi cÖZxKx Dc¯vc‡b Ô†bkvÕ
KweZvi cO&w³gvjvq GKRb Kwe‡K ÔïuwoÕ I ÔgvZvjÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib| GLv‡b Kwe n‡jb Ô
e¨vwai exR, Db¥v`K, wbôzi AmyLxÕ, ZvB †Zv cÖ‡qvRb c‡o‡Q Ômi¯ZxÕ, Ô†fbvmÕ, ÔÿwYK j²xÕ I
ÔAbšÍ evmywKÕ mvwbœa¨ cvIqvi AvKv•ÿv| gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb Kve¨MÖ‡š cÖZxKx KweZv Kg, Z‡e
GLv‡b wKQz LÐ-cÖZxK e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q; †hgbÑ yB gnv‡`‡ki ga¨eZx© Gqvi‡cv‡U©i †nv‡U‡ji cÖZxK,
wegvbe›`‡ii cÖZxK BZ¨vw`| we‡klfv‡e GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖ‡ši ÔAvgvi RxebÕ KweZvwU
¯§iY‡hvM¨, GLv‡b ÔRbmfvÕ, ÔcvZvjÕ, Ôj¤^vMwjÕ, Ô¸nvÕ BZ¨vw` kã-e¨env‡ii PvZzh© mvaviY AwfcÖvq
I Awfav‡K AwZµg K‡i †c․u‡Q †M‡Q gb-¯§„wZ-Ae‡PZ‡bi jxjvf~wg‡Z| GB Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvg-
KweZvq cÖK…wZ I bvix‡K GKB KvZv‡i †i‡L GKwU wPišÍb bvixg~wZ© M‡o‡Qb Kwe| hvi mv‡_
APwiZv_© AvKv•ÿv c~i‡Yi e¨_©Zv, AZ…wß I welv`gq welYœ-†e`bv Rwo‡q Av‡Q| APwiZv_© AvKv•ÿv
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
27
ey‡K Kwe GB bvix‡K Gu‡K‡Qb ÔwPiw`‡bÕi cÖZx‡K, ZvB †Zv AZxZ-eZ©gvb-fwel¨Z n‡q‡Q GKwU
we›`y‡Z e„Ëve×| Kwei fvlvq :
Avwg wbPz n‡q Ry‡Zv Lyj‡Z ïiæ Kwi|
wKš‧ †KejB RU euv‡a, wMu‡Ui ci wMuU, h‡Zv Uvwb
ZZ Av‡iv AvuK‡o a‡i| Avgvi †Póv eUMv‡Qi g‡Zv
†e‡o I‡V, nv‡Zi g‡a¨ cv_i Avgvi •ah©| Zv‡K ewj :
ÔGB †h- GÿzwbÑ gqjv wR‡bi c¨v›Uvjyb †_‡K
†ewi‡q Avm‡e Z‡jvqvi, R¦j‡e Avgvi Av¸b
†Zvgvi †Rvqv‡i|Õ (ÔGKw`b : wPiw`bÕ/ GKw`b : wPiw`b)
Avm‡j Ôgvby‡li msmv‡i Kwe wb‡R‡K cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Qb wPi wbtm½ GKvKx gvbyl wn‡m‡e| Kwei AZj
AZzj wbtm½Zv Gfv‡i÷ k„‡½i g‡ZvB AvKvkgyLx I eÜznxb| Gfv‡i‡÷i k„‡½i g‡ZvB Kwe GKK,
Abycg, AwØZxq, wbtm½, wbwe©Kvi|Õ15
Gi d‡j ÔGKw`b : wPiw`bÕ KweZvq e¨eüZ ÔwMuUÕ, ÔRUÕ,
ÔRy‡Zvi wd‡ZÕ, Ôgqjv wR‡bi c¨v›UvjybÕ, ÔZ‡jvqviÕ BZ¨vw` civev Íe DcKiY-mg„× cÖZxKcyÄ Øviv
Kwe cÖK…wZi Kv‡Q wdi‡Z bv cviv GK Ave× Rxe‡bi wPÎ Gu‡K‡Qb| ÔwMuUÕ, ÔRUÕ, ÔRy‡Zvi wd‡ZÕ,
BZ¨vw` bvMwiK Rxe‡bi RwUjZvi cÖZxKx Dc¯vcb| e›`xi e›`bv Kve¨ †_‡K m~Pbv K‡i cÖZxKx kã-
Pq‡bi GB cÖ‡Póvq Kwe me©`v m‡Pó †_‡K‡Qb| wZwb AviI e¨envi K‡i‡Qb ÔAÜKviÕ, ÔPuv`Õ,
ÔmvcÕ, Ôwe`y¨rÕ, ÔAv¸bÕ, ÔcÙÕ, ÔexRÕ BZ¨vw` cÖZxK| wb‡¤œ D`vniY Dc¯vwcZ nj :
K) ÔAÜKviÕ I ÔPuv`Õ cÖZx‡Ki e¨envi-
1. hw`I Zvi kixi †_‡K meyR Wvjcvjv †ewi‡q
by‡q-by‡q wgwj‡q †M‡jv bv Zuvi AÜKv‡i| (Ôe„× ivRvÕ/gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb)
2. Avuavi †Zvgvi ¯^Z¡, wKš‧ Zv-B Av‡jvi AwaK; (Ô¯§„wZi cÖwZ-1Õ/ †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)
3. wKš‧ AÜKvi,
ZvI wb_i GKZ¡gq, wbiÄbÑ ¯Íä bq, ¯^iMÖv‡g cwieZ©bgvb| (ÔwejvcÕ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq)
4. R¦j‡Q bZzb Puv`, wSjwgj KÕ‡i I‡V cvrjv Kvco,
nvIqvq nVvr hvq m‡i (Ô†g‡qivÕ/ K¼veZx)
5. kx‡Zi iv‡Zi Puv‡`i Av‡jv †hgb AvKv‡k gMœ GKv| (Ô†bc_¨bvUKÕ, kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi)
L) ÔmvcÕ,Ôwe`y¨rÕ, ÔAv¸b, ÔcÙÕ BZ¨vw` cÖZx‡Ki e¨enviÑ
1. Pz¤^‡bi wZ³ wel mwÂZ Kwiqv iv‡L Aa‡ii dYv, (Ô†gvngy³Õ/ e›`xi e›`bv)
2. ivwÎ jvwd‡q DV‡Q †KD‡Ui Kv‡jv dYvi g‡Zv,
Avgv‡K kvmv‡”Q, fq †`Lv‡”Q; (Ôwe‡”Q‡`i w`bÕ/ bZzb cvZ)v
3. ¯úk© †hb we`y¨‡Zi
AZ¨vPv‡i Mov| (Ô¯^qseivÕ/†`ªŠc`xi kvwo)
4. avZzi msN‡l© Rv‡Mv, †n my›`i, ïå AwMœwkLv, (ÔiƒcvšÍiÕ/†`ªŠc`xi kvwo)
5. wPišÍ‡bi e„‡šÍi c‡i
ÿwYK cÙ Kuv‡c| (ÔivwÎÕ/kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi)
myZivs, ÔAÜKviÕ, ÔPuv`Õ, ÔmvcÕ, Ôwe`y¨rÕ, ÔAv¸bÕ, ÔcÙÕ, ÔexRÕ BZ¨vw` cÖZxK Øviv eyׇ`e emy
KweZvq eû-wewPÎ wel‡qi Dc¯vcb K‡i‡Qb| Kwe ÔAÜKviÕ cÖZx‡K GKw`‡K †hgb Kvgbv-evmbv,
†h․b-†PZbv, cvkecÖe„wË BZ¨vw` †PZb †K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K †ZgbB wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb d«‡qWxq
wbÁ©vb-AÜKvi g‡bvRMr wN‡i RvMÖZ mZ¨Zv‡K| Avevi Avuav‡iB ÔPuv`Õ-Gi Avwef©ve, ZvB ÔPuv`Õ,
†R¨vr¯œvÕ cÖf…wZ †c‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖZxKx e¨Äbv| KL‡bv Puv` e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Kvgbv-evmbv, †h․bZv,
†h․e‡bi wbtm½Zvi cÖZx‡KÑ Avevi KL‡bv bvixi ¯Íb ev bwe‡Ki cÖZx‡K| Avi ÔmvcÕ Kvgbv-evmbv I
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
28
†h․bZvi cw¼j-AïwP-Avw`g iƒc-cÖKvk, Z‡e †kl ch©v‡qi KweZvmg~‡n GB cÖZx‡Ki e¨envi †Zgb
GKUv †`Lv hvq bv| Ab¨w`‡K Ôwe`y¨rÕ I ÔAv¸bÕ GB ywU cÖZxK e¨eüZ n‡q‡QÑ Ô†cÖ‡gi Aw i-
PvÂj¨Õ, ÔKvgbvi `xwßÕ, •ReZv I †h․e‡bi J¾¡j¨ cÖKvkK wn‡m‡e | Avi ÔcÙÕ kãwU m„wókxjZv I
wk‡íi J¾¡j¨-cÖKvkK cÖZxK wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Kwe| hvi d‡j, eyׇ`e emyi KweZvq Kvgbv-
evmbv, †h․b-†PZbv, cvkecÖe„wË, cvc‡eva, †h․bZv, †h․e‡bi wbtm½Zv, †cÖ‡gi Aw i-PvÂj¨, Kvgbvi
`xwß, wew”QbœZv, m„wókxjZv, wk‡íi J¾¡j¨ cÖf…wZ Abyl½ †c‡q‡Q y¨wZe× Avfvmb Ges cÖZx‡Ki
cÖ‡qv‡M Zv AR©b K‡i‡Qb mv_©KZv|
AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨ wg_-cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖeYZv jÿ¨Yxq, eyׇ`e emyi Kve¨PP©vI Gi e¨wZµg bq|
e¨w³-AwfÁZvi m‡½ kvk^Z AwfÁZvi wgj‡bi c_ LuyR‡Z Kve¨‡`‡n wg_‡K ¯vb w`‡q‡QbÑ KviY
hy×-aŸsm-g„Zz¨‡Z weaŸ Í eZ©gvb •ewk^K †cÖÿvc‡U I AšÍtmvik~b¨i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wg_-Gi Kv‡Q
cÖZ¨veZ©b GKcÖKvi Avewk¨K| AvaywbK evsjv KweZvq w·kvËi Kwe‡Mvôxi KweZvq GB wg_gyLx
cÖeYZvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq| Kwe myax›`ªbv_ `Ë (1901-1960) I weòz †` (1909-1982) Zuv‡`i
KweZvq cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wg_-Gi e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZvq †Zgb GKUv wg‡_i
e¨envi †bB| Ab¨w`‡K ÔcyivY-cÖm‡½ eyׇ`e emyi AvMÖn Zuvi mvwnZ¨Rxe‡bi ïiæ †_‡KB jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq|Õ16
Z‡e eyׇ`e emyi wg_-cÖ‡qvMixwZ weòz †` n‡Z wfbœÑ KviY weòz †` hLb e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx I
AvaywbK c„w_exi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi Rb¨ wg_vkÖqx n‡q‡Qb, ZLb wZwb Rbwew”QbœZvi Kvi‡Y
wg_vkÖqx n‡q‡Qb Ges RbZvi m‡½ cybtms‡hvM vc‡b Zuvi AvMÖn †bB| wKš‧ KweZv QvovI bvUK I
Kve¨bvU¨ iPbvi †ÿ‡Î wZwb cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wg‡_i e¨envi K‡i‡QbÑ Zvi D`vniY cvIqv hvq
Kvjmܨv, Abv¤œx A½bv, cÖ_g cv_©, msµvwšÍ I Zc¯^x I Ziw½Yx bvUK| ÔcÖ_g ch©v‡qi iPbvq †cÖg,
iƒdK_v I cÖvPxb Kv‡e¨j HwZn¨-mn‡hv‡M eyׇ`e emy †ivgvw›UK ¯^cœfzeb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi
AwZ‡ivgvw›UK cÖMjfZv, AwZ K_b I AwZ-Zij g‡bvfw½ wØZxq ch©v‡qi Kv‡e¨ mshZ n‡q‡Q
wg_vkÖqx nevi d‡jB|Õ17
Ôcybiæ¾xebÕ KweZvq weòzi bvwfc‡Ùi cyivY-cÖZxK e¨envi K‡i‡Qb
eyׇ`e emy| Kwei Dw³ :
GB AÜKvi wØLwÐZ n‡jv Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b,
†ewi‡q G‡jv Zvi †R¨vwZg©q ü`qcÙ,
Zvi †K‡›`ª Avwg|
AvwgB †Zv Zv‡K m„wó K‡iwQjyg, hLb Avi-wKQz m„wó nqwb
Avgvi Acwi‡gq Awbe©Pbxq †cÖg w`‡q| (Ôcybiæ¾xebÕ/ bZzb cvZv)
wein‡ev‡ai AvwZkh¨RwbZ Av‡eM †_‡K GB wg_-fvebvq mgwc©Z n‡q‡Qb Kwe| KviY cÖjqR‡j
kvwqZ weòzi bvwfcÙ †_‡K †hgb c„w_ex m„wó n‡qwQj, wVK †ZgbB †cÖwgK-†cÖwgKvi ü`qc‡Ùi
wgj‡b bZzb wKQzi m„wó n‡e e‡j wZwb Avkv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| GB bZzb m„wói †cÖiYv‡KÑ ÔAÜKvi
wØLwÐZ n‡jv Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡bÕ e‡j wZwb †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, hvi Drmg~j †_‡K m„wRZ n‡q‡Q
Ô†R¨vwZg©q ü`qcÙÕ Ges Gi Ô†K‡› ªÕ Kwe wb‡R‡KB Kíbv Ki‡Qb| Avw`-AšÍnxb GB †c․ivwYK-
†PZbvq AÜKvi‡K wØLwÐZ Ki‡Z Pvb Kwe, KviY wei‡ni AvwZk‡h¨ †cÖqmx‡K Kv‡Q cvevi
e¨vKzjZvq Zuvi ü`q AvKzj| ZvB †Zv weòzi bvwfcÙ n‡Z bZzb m„wói evmbvq D‡Øj wZwb| cÖ_g
w`KKvi KweZvq Gfv‡e †ivgvw›UK †cÖg-ms‡e`bvq I Mfxi Av‡e‡M Kwei †c․ivwYK-AwfÁvb
cÖPÐfv‡e Av‡jvwoZ n‡q‡Q| wØZxq ch©v‡qi KweZvq hLb eY©bvg~jK cÖKiYixwZ cwinvi Ki‡Z m‡Pó
Kwe, ZLb mgmvgwqK Rxeb‡PZbvi mv‡_ wg_-†PZbv n‡q‡Q mgwšZ, cÖkwgZ n‡q‡Q †ivgvw›UK
Av‡eM| G-ch©v‡q †c․ivwYK iƒcK e¨env‡ii D¾¡j `„óvšÍ Ô`qgšÍxÕ KweZvi cO &w³gvjv :
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
29
¯^M© †Zv‡K Pvq, hÁ †Zv‡K Pvq, g„Zz¨ †Zv‡K Pvq|
wKš‧ †h․e‡bi Rv`y ¯^M© i‡P Rš‧i ¸nvq,
bvwfg~‡j hÁ‡e`x, g„Zz¨ Av‡iv wb‡P|
GKw`b nsm`~Z G‡m
ZviB ms‡Mvcb gš¿ RÕ‡c †M‡Q †Zvi Kv‡b-Kv‡b,
ïbv‡q‡Q wcÖqZg bvg|
ÔcÖYvg, cÖYvg,
†`eMY, ÿgv K‡iv, ÎvY K‡iv wecbœv‡i,
†hb wPwb Zv‡i
mn¯ª b‡ji g‡a¨, GB ei `vI| (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)
GLv‡b †c․ivwYK bj-`qgšÍxi cvw_©e-†cªg‡K Kwe wg_-cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZvq Abb¨ K‡i M‡o‡Qb|
†c․ivwYK- iƒcK e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Kwe Rxeb I Riv Ges †h․eb I †cÖ‡gi g‡a¨ Ac~e© mgšq iPbv
K‡i‡Qb| wg_K‡íi mnvqZvq `qgšÍxi cvw_©e †cÖg18
I Kvgbv-embvi mgvšÍiv‡j Kwe e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb wb‡Ri I wbR-Kb¨vi Rxe‡bi †cÖgKvwnbx| Avgiv Rvwb, wg_-Kvwnbx Abyhvqx nsm`~‡Zi gy‡L
ÔwcÖqZgÕ bvg ï‡b, `qgšÍx AwMœ-hg‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i †e‡Q †bq gvbyl bj‡K| KviY †h‡nZy Ô Kv‡b-
Kv‡b, ïbv‡q‡Q wcÖqZg bvgÕ Ges Ônsm`~Z G‡mÕ `qgšÍxi wbKU Ôms‡Mvcb gš¿ RÕ‡c †M‡QÕ, †m‡nZz
Avi wd‡i hvevi c_ †bB| GLv‡b gZ©‡Kw›`ªK i³gvs‡mi †cÖ‡gi cÖwZ Kwei cÿcvZ Avgv‡`i mPwKZ
K‡i| GQvov †Kej `qgšÍx bq, †`ªŠc`xi kvwo Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvgKi‡YI Avgviv cyivY-cÖ‡qv‡Mi D`vniY
Lyu‡R cvB| † ªŠc`xi kvwo Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvg-KweZv Ô†`ªxc`xi kvwoÕ cvV K‡i Avgiv GK AbšÍ
inm¨Rv‡ji mÜvbjvf Kwi :
cÖwZkÖæwZ nvZzwo G‡jv
AÜKv‡i Qz‡U,
evov‡jv ü`wcÐ Zvi
Puv‡`i g‡Zv gywV
AvKvk fÕ‡i DV‡jv †mvi,
†g‡Ni †Nvi, R‡jj †Zvo;
gš¿-cov AšÍivj
w`‡jv bv Zey mvov|
Am¤¢e †`ª․c`xi
AšÍnxb kvwo| (Ô†`ª․c`xi kvwoÕ/†`ªŠc`xi kvwo)
Ô†`ªxc`xi kvwoÕ KweZvq wg_ iƒc‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b gnvfvi‡Zi hywawô‡ii cÖm½
Dc¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q| hywawôi cvkv †Lj‡Z wM‡q † ª․c`x‡K evwR †i‡L †n‡i †M‡j ytkvmb ivRmfv‡ZB
†`ª․c`xi kvwo Ly‡j Ac` Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| wKš‧ †`ª․c`xi kvwo AšÍnxb n‡q Zuv‡K iÿv K‡i| GB
NUbvi iƒcK-AšÍiv‡j GK w`‡K i‡q‡Q Ô† ª․c`xÕ, †m †hb wek^cÖK…wZ Ges Ab¨w`‡K `ytkvmb AvaywbK
weÁv‡bi we‡kølYx-eyw×| GB `ywU wfbœ iƒc‡Ki gva¨‡g, wek^cÖK…wZi AšÍnxb inm¨Rvj D‡b¥vPb Kivi
cÖ‡Póvi K_v Kwe D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Avi wek^cÖK…wZi inm¨Rvj † ª․c`xi kvwoi g‡ZvB AšÍnxb19
|
Z…Zxq ch©v‡q G‡m eyׇ`e emy wg_-e¨env‡i we‡kl ey¨rcwË AR©b K‡ib| A_©vr cÖ_g yB ch©v‡qi
†P‡q Zv n‡q I‡V cwigv‡Y I e¨Äbv-mg„wׇZ Abb¨| †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK Kve¨MÖ‡ši ÔARy©‡bi
cÖwZÑ †Kv‡bv bvgnxbÕ KweZvq ga¨we‡Ëi iƒcK PwiÎiƒ‡c Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q ÔARy©bÕ Pwi‡Îi| Kwe
†`‡L‡Qb, gvbyl Rxebe¨vcx Kvg-†cÖg-jvjmvq AeMvnb K‡iI AvZ¥Z…wßi ¯^v` jvf K‡i bv| KviY
`xN©Rxeb cvIqvq AR©yb eû bvixi mvwbœa¨ jvf K‡i‡Qb, Zuv‡`i gv‡S bvg-cwiPqnxb GKR‡bi K_v
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
30
†f‡e‡Qb Kwe| wb‡R‡K ARy©biƒ‡c Kíbv K‡i gnvfvi‡Zi †mB D‡cwÿZv bvixi Avwj½b cÖv_©bv
K‡i‡Qb| Avevi Ô†iv`b-iƒcmxÕ KweZvq †`ª․c`xi weevn-cÖ¯Ív‡ei K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, †hLv‡b eicÿ
cÂ-¯^vgxi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡i| †`ª․c`xi wcZv Zv ag©m¤§Z bq e‡j cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡jI •`ecÖfv‡e Zv
msNwVZ nq| eyׇ`e emy GB †c․ivwYK NUbv w`‡q GB KweZvwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avevi GB ARy©b
Pwi·Kw› ªK wg_ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q ÔAm¤¢‡ei MvbÕ KweZv‡ZI :
e„_vq RwcqvwQ †Zvgv‡i gb,
_vgvI Aw¯i P¨uvPv‡gwP|
†Kv_vq ARy©b! †Kv_vq Kvgiƒc!
GK em‡šÍB k~b¨ Z~Y| (ÔAm¤¢‡ei MvbÕ/kx‡Zi cªv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi)
GLv‡b ga¨weË-PwiÎ ÔARy©bÕ ev¯Íe c„w_ex‡Z G‡m‡Qb| wZwb Rxebe¨vcx bvbv Uvbv‡cv‡o‡b ÿZweÿZ,
AvkÖqnxb Ges †cªwgKv I GK-cÂgvsk ¯¿x † ª․c`xi mvwbœa¨ ewÂZ| GB KweZvq wg‡_i Avei‡Y GK
ga¨weË †cÖwgK cyiæ‡li †e`bv-nvnvKvi-AZ…w߇K Kwe wPwÎZ Ki‡Qb| ¯^vMZwe`vq Kve¨MÖ‡ši
Ônbygv‡bi Rxeb I g„Zz¨Õ KweZvq nbygvbKZ©„K mxZvi Rb¨ mgy`ª-j•N‡bi cÖ‡Póv wPwÎZ nq
mv_©Kfv‡e| KweI nbygv‡bi g‡Zv Kíbv-AvKv•ÿv-†cÖiYvi ZxeªZvq `yj©•N mgy`ª‡K AwZµg K‡i
mxZviƒcx ÔAKw_Z evYx‡KÕ ev•gq iƒc w`‡Z m‡Pó nb| ïay Zv-B bq, nbygv‡bi g‡Zv `xN©Rxeb,
L¨vwZ, m¤§vb cÖf…wZ jvf K‡i g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡Z Pvb Kwe| nbygv‡bi Rxeb-Kg©-g„Zz¨‡K wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi
mv‡_ GKB mij †iLvq Gu‡K GB wg_Kíbv‡K ev Íeiƒc w`‡Z Pvb Kwe| eyׇ`e emyi wg_-cÖ‡qv‡Mi
K…wZZ¡ Zvui cÖvq mKj ch©v‡qi KweZvq jÿ¨YxqÑ Z‡e fviZxq cyiv‡Yi e¨enviB AwaK| Ô¯fvem~‡Î
†ivgvw›UK wPËe„wËi kw³‡Z wZwb ¯^ , Avevi BwZnvmMwZi avivq e„nËi †`kKv‡ji m‡½ AbwšZ|
d‡j e¨w³Zv‡K wbi‡cÿ †i‡LI eyׇ`e emy cÖwZKvinxb wew”QbœZv‡ev‡a cxwoZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| GK
ch©v‡q ZvB cvðvZ¨ wkíixwZ‡Z Af¨¯Í n‡qI Av`k© mÜv‡bi Rb¨ cybivq wd‡i Av‡mb fviZxq
HwZ‡n¨i Dr‡m|Õ20
myZivs hw`I Kwe weòz †`i g‡Zv cvðvZ¨ cyiv‡Yi cÖwZ Kwei AvZ¥cÖKvk Kg,
Z_vwc G-K_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h wg_K‡íi AvaywbK iƒcvq‡Y wZwb mdj wkíx|
3.
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi wPÎK‡íi mycÖPzi e¨envi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, KviY AvaywbK KweZvi GwU cÖavb
jÿY| Kwei †gav-gbb-¯§„wZ I Kvgbv-embv-†cÖiYv †_‡K wPÎK‡íi Rb¥ nq| B‡gwR÷
Kve¨v‡›`vj‡bi cÖfv‡e AvaywbK evsjv KweZvq cÖPzi wPÎK‡íi e¨envi n‡q‡Q| w·kvËi Kweiv
KweZvq wPÎKí iPbv Ki‡jI cvðv‡Z¨ cÖPwjZ wPÎKíev`x Av‡›`vj‡b †Zgb GKUv mvov †`bwb|
Kwe wb‡R Aek¨ e›`xi e›`bv †_‡K K¼veZx ch©šÍ Kv‡e¨ wPÎKí iPbvi e¨cv‡i ZZUv m‡PZb wQ‡jb
bv| wZwbI B‡gwR÷ Kve¨v‡›`vj‡bi cÖfv‡e wPÎKí m„R‡b AvMÖnx n‡jI wPÎKíev`x Kve¨v‡›`vjb M‡o
Zzj‡Z m‡Pó nbwb| Ô1909 †_‡K 1917 ch©šÍ ¯vqx Aaybv-we¯§„ZcÖvq ÔB‡gwR÷Õ Av‡›`vj‡bi jÿ¨
wQ‡jv wel‡qi cÖZ¨ÿZv, wbi¼zk I msnZ cÖKvkixwZ, wPÎK‡íi Awbevh© ¯úóZv, K_¨ixwZi e¨envi,
gy³Q‡›`i cÖ‡qvM BZ¨vw`|Õ21
e›`xi e›`bv Kv‡e¨ †h mswÿß cwigv‡Y wPÎKí wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb, Zv
Ac~Y© I iƒcK-wbf©i| wKQz wPÎj eY©bvq, U zK‡iv Qwe ev `„k¨ Ges Nb ev Mvpe× Av‡e‡M Mov iƒcK
B‡g‡R wZwb KweZv m„wó K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wP‡Îi mv‡_ cÖvqB hy³ n‡q‡Q Nb ev Mvpe× Av‡e‡Mi ù~wZ©,
hvi d‡j Mfxi Kíbv cwic~Y©Zv cvq wb| G‡Z cÖ_g ch©v‡qi KweZvq ÔPzjÕ, Ô †PvLÕ, ÔPuv`Õ, Ôwe`y¨rÕ,
ÔAÜKviÕ cÖf…wZ †ivgvw›UK Dcv`vb wPÎKí iPbvi Abyl½ wn‡m‡e e¨envi n‡q‡QÑ Z‡e Zv wPÎKí
n‡q I‡Vwb| A_©vr eû wPÎj eY©bv _vK‡jI Zv Avm‡j wPÎKí bq| KviY ÔA‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q Dcgv I
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
31
B‡g‡Ri g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q Mfxi Av‡eMm¤¢~Z DcgvB B‡gR| wKš‧, G K_v
ejvB evûj¨ †h Mfxi Av‡eM †Kv_vq m¤ú„³ n‡”Q Zvi wm×všÍ cvV‡Ki Abyfejä e¨w³MZ wePv‡ii
Ici wbf©ikxj| †mB cvVKwPËI Avevi hyM‡f‡`, †kÖYx‡f‡`, wkÿv-Af¨vm-iæwP‡f‡` wfbœ n‡Z †Zv
cv‡iBÑ GKB cvV‡Ki gb Kvjµ‡g e`‡jI †h‡Z cv‡i|Õ22
wb‡¤œ cÖ_g ch©v‡qi wKQz wPÎK‡íi eY©bvi
D`vniY †`qv nj:
1. mg¯Í ivwÎ wekvj GKUv iƒcvwj cvwL n‡q DV‡jv,
Zvi ÿzwaZ †Vuv‡Ui g‡a¨ Avgvi mËv (Ôcybiæ¾xebÕ/bZzb cvZv)
2. Pz‡j Zvi †Ljv K‡i †ng‡šÍi weKv‡ji †mvbvwj Av‡jvK,
Zij bq‡b Zvi Av‡jv-fiv AÜKvi K‡i Ujgj, (Ô†cÖwg‡Ki cÖv_©bv/ GKwU K_v)
3. ivwÎ jvwd‡q DV‡Q †KD‡Ui Kv‡jv dYvi g‡Zv (Ôwe‡”Q‡`i w`bÕ/ bZzb cvZv)
cÖ_g Ges Z…Zxq D×…wZ‡Z ivwÎ iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g Ôiƒcvwj cvwLÕ I Ô†KD‡Ui Kv‡jv dYviÕ
wn‡m‡e| †cÖwgKvi Abycw¯wZ I weinfvebv GB `ywU KweZvs‡k Dcw¯Z cÖejfv‡e, hvi d‡j Kwei
Ag½j‡eva cÖKwUZ n‡q‡Q Ôiƒcvwj cvwLÕ I Ô†KD‡Ui Kv‡jv dYviÕ gva¨‡g| hw`I ivwÎi iƒcvwj cvwL
n‡q IVvi eY©bv wPθ‡Y mg„×, †m-wn‡m‡e †KD‡Ui dYvi g‡a¨ wPÎ †bB| †KD‡U-†Kw›`ªK wPÎwU †ek
mg„× n‡jI Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv †bB, †Kej ÔivwÎ jvwd‡q DV‡QÕ Ges †KD‡Ui dYvi g‡Zv
`uvwo‡q i‡q‡Q w¯ifv‡e| Avevi wØZxq D×…wZ‡Z cvV‡Ki Kíbv n‡q c‡o eû`~i we¯Í…Z, KviY †cÖqmxi
ÔZij bq‡bÕ wZwb †`L‡Z cvb ÔAv‡jv-fiv AÜKviÕ Gi Rjvavi| Z‡e GB D×…wZ my¯úó wPÎ AsK‡b
mÿg n‡jI wPÎKí bq| wKš‧ bZzb cvZv Kve¨MÖš n‡Z Kwei wPÎKí cwiYZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q,
†c‡q‡Q cwic~Y© mg„w×| KviY GB ch©v‡q G‡m GKw`‡K jvf K‡i‡Qb Bs‡iwR †ivgvw›UK KweZvi
mvwbœa¨, Ab¨w`‡K mwÂZ B‡gwR÷ Kve¨v‡›`vj‡bi c‡ivÿ cÖfve|
bZzb cvZv Kve¨MÖš n‡Z µ‡g Kve¨iPbvi wØZxq ch©v‡q ÔNvmÕ KweZvq Avgvi Lyu‡R cvB bvMwiK
wPÎKí| Kwei fvlvq :
Pvwiw`‡K
B¯úvZ A¨vk‡dë B‡U
†Uwi kvwo X‡j c‡o G Ii wc‡Vi c‡i
†`v‡j †hb cvZvnviv K¼vj-Mv‡Qiv
cvZv‡ji Ajÿ¨ nvIqvq| (ÔNvmÕ/ kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi)
ÔNvmÕ KweZvi bvMwiK wPÎK‡íi ga¨ w`‡q eyׇ`e emy wb‡Ri •PZb¨-RvwiZ B‡gwR÷ Kwe‡`i
mvaviY jÿY‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| hvi d‡j †ev`‡jqvi-cvDÛ-Gwjq‡Ui KweZvq ¯vb †c‡q‡Q bMi I
bvMwiK Rxeb| G‡ÿ‡Î Gwjq‡Ui ÔThe Love Song of J. Alfred ProfrokÕ KweZvwU ¯§iY‡hvM¨,
†hLv‡b Kwei Dw³ wb¤œiƒc :
Let us go then, you and I,
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient entherised upon a table;
Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,
The muttering retrets
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:23
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
32
AZGe ÔNvmÕ KweZvq bvMwiK wPÎKí iƒ‡c ÔB¯úvZ A¨vk‡dë B‡UÕ M‡o D‡V‡Q ÔcvZvnviv K¼vj-
Mv‡QivÕ I Zuv‡`i ¯§„wZ-AwfÁvb| Avevi GKBfv‡e Dchy©³ Gwjq‡Ui KweZvq e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q bvMwiK
Abyl½, GKwU mܨvi eY©bvÑ †hLv‡b Acv‡ikb-†Uwe‡j kvwqZ AÁvb e¨w³i Rxeb-ev¯ÍeZv cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q weeY© mܨvi wPÎgqZvq| Ab¨w`‡K Kwe-m„wRZ cÖK…wZ-wbf©i wPÎKíI Avgv‡`i mn‡R PgwKZ
K‡i| Kwei Dw³ G-†ÿ‡Î ¯§iY‡hvM¨ :
KL‡bv bxj †g‡Ni fvi,
Av‡jvi evN KL‡bv QvqvÑ
nwi‡Y K‡i Zvov, (Ô†`ª․c`xi kvwoÕ/†`ªŠc`xi kvwo)
cÖK…wZi GB wPÎK‡í Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB eûwea cÖZxKx D™¢vmb, hvi ga¨ w`‡q Avm‡j Kwe cÖK…wZi
inm¨gqZv D‡b¥vP‡b m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| ÔAv‡jvi evN KL‡bv QvqvÑnwi‡Y K‡i ZvovÕ cO&w³‡Z wZwb
ÔAv‡jvi evNÕ I Ô QvqvÑnwiYÕ Gi cÖZxK e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| m~‡h©i bx‡P MwZkxj †g‡Ni Qz‡U Pjv Ges
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ evN I nwi‡Yi cÖZx‡K Zvov Kivi eY©bv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e †Kej cÖZxKx-wPÎíB
bq, mgv‡mvw³ Aj¼v‡ii gva¨‡gI wPÎKí m„R‡bi D`vniY Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq Zuvi KweZvq| Kwe
e‡j‡Qb :
iƒ‡cvwj Rj ï‡q-ï‡q ¯^cœ †`L‡Q, mg¯Í AvKvk
bx‡ji †¯ªv‡Z SÕ‡i co‡Q Zvi ey‡Ki Dci
m~‡h©i Pz¤^‡b| ÑGLv‡b R¦‡j DV‡e Aciƒc B›`ªaby
†Zvgvi Avi Avgvi i‡³i mgy`ª‡K wN‡i
KL‡bv wK †f‡ewQ‡j? (ÔwPévq mKvjÕ/ bZzb cvZv)
GLv‡b Ôiƒ‡cvwj Rj ï‡q-ï‡q ¯^cœ †`L‡QÕ KweZvs‡ki D‡jøLgvÎ cvVK Aciƒc †Kv‡bv bvix‡K Kíbv-
gbxlvq ¯vb †`q| †h bvixi ey‡Ki Ici Ômg Í AvKvk /bx‡ji †¯ªv‡Z SÕ‡i co‡QÕ, AviI i‡q‡Q
Ôm~‡h©i Pz¤bÕ| G- †hb †Kv‡bv bvix Aciƒc fw½gvq mKv‡ji wg‡V †i․ ª †`‡n †g‡L wb‡”Q, Avi Zv‡Z
R¦‡j DV‡Q ÔAciƒc B› ªabyÕÑ hvi gva¨‡g Kwe wb‡Ri mv‡_ †cÖqmxi GK †Mvcb ms‡hvM‡iLv Abyfe
Ki‡Qb| Gfv‡e wb‡Ri Ôi‡³i mgy`ª‡K wN‡iÕ Kíbvq ÔAciƒc B›`ªabyÕ Kíbv Kivi ga¨ w`‡q
cvVK‡PZbvq ~icÖmvix fvebvi m¤úªmviY NwU‡q‡Qb| Kve¨PP©vi Z…Zxq ch©v‡q cÖZx‡Ki M~p e¨Äbvq
eyׇ`e emyi KweZv AviI mg„× n‡q‡Q| GB ch©v‡q G‡m kã e¨Äbvq wZwb cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb
Mvpe×Zv, wb‡g©` iƒc, cÖMvpZ¡i cÖwZ| GK K_vq, AwšÍg ch©v‡q wPÎKí msL¨vq Kg n‡jI Awfbe I
Kíbvmg„×| Dch©y³ ÔwPévq mKvjÕ KweZvq †hfv‡e †cÖqmxi wewPÎ †cÖggq fw½gv‡K Kwe †hgb
wPÎiƒcgq K‡i Dc¯vcb K‡i‡Qb, wVK †mfv‡e Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Ô†g․wjbv‡_i ¯^cœÕ KweZvq AviI
PgrKvi I Dc‡fvM¨ eY©bv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq :
†Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L wQ‡j Zzwg Awb‡gl,
†Vuv‡U cÖ‡jvfb, †K․Zz‡K AvuKv fziæ,
g„Z ü`‡qi jyß Av`‡i gvLv
ewZ‡PwjÑ gyL, cvÐzi| (Ô†g․wjbv‡_i ¯^cœÕ/ gi‡P cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb)
GLv‡b Dc‡gq bvixi Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q GK we‡kl fw½gvqÑ †Vuv‡U cÖ‡jvfbÕ, Ô†K․Zz‡K AvuKv fziæÕ Avi
Ôjyß Av`‡i gvLv/ewZ‡PwjÑ gyL, cvÐziÕ| A_©vr Dc‡gq bvixi fw½gv‡K ev Íe iƒc w`‡Z wM‡q †U‡b
G‡b‡Qb ewZ‡Pwji wPÎK‡g©i cÖm½| Av‡jvP¨ D×…wZ‡Z wkíx ewZ‡Pwj m„wRZ †Kv‡bv Awb‡`©k my›`i
gyLkÖx I fw½gv‡Z D¾¡j bvixi mv‡_ ev Íe bvixi Zzjbvi gva¨‡g gyn~‡Z©B GK Abb¨ wPÎKí M‡o
D‡V‡Q, hvi d‡j †mB bvix AviI inm¨gq I Aciƒc n‡q D‡V‡Qb|
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
33
Avm‡j eyׇ`e emy iwPZ wPÎKí mn‡RB K‡qKwU ch©v‡q wef³ Kiv hvq| cÖ_g I wØZxq ch©v‡qi
wPÎK‡í cÖKvwkZ †ivgvw›UK Abyf~wZ I †cÖg‡PZbvi cÖvq mg Í DcgvbwPÎ msM„wnZ n‡q‡Q cÖK…wZ
†_‡K| Nwbó-ch©‡eÿ‡Y jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, Kwei cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi wPÎK‡íi me©Î cÖK…wZ-
cÖK…wZfvebv Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q i‡q‡Q| cvVK h‡Zv mvg‡b GwM‡q hv‡eb Z‡Zv AwaK cwigv‡Y
†cÖwgKmËv, †cÖwgKv, †cÖg I cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ Lyu‡R cv‡eb Mfxi msjMœZv| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q cÖK…wZi mvwbœa¨
K‡g wM‡q cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q RxebwmwÂZ AwfÁZvi wbR©vm Ges µ‡g mg Í KweZvq wPÎK‡íi myMfxi
`y¨wZ Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q AR ªavivq|
Avgiv Rvwb, Ômywbqwš¿Z I mycwiwgZ evK&web¨v‡mi bvg Q›`| Avgv‡`i wbZ¨Kw_Z ev MwVZ
M`¨ fvlvi aŸwbcÖevn‡K wbqwš¿Z I cwiwgZ iƒ‡c web¨¯Í Ki‡jB c‡`¨i Q›` Drcbœ nq|Õ24
KweZvq
Q›` I Aj¼v‡ii eyb‡b eyׇ`e emy me©`v ¯^vaxbhvÎv Lyu‡R‡Qb, hvi d‡j wbweó g‡b iPbv K‡i‡Qb
M`¨Ñc‡`¨i GK cÖMvp †mZzeÜ| cÖPzi cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i‡Qb iex›`ªbv‡_i Q›`-e¨env‡ii wbh©vm
wb‡q| iex›`ªbv_ e‡j‡Qb,ÔcÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB GKUv ¯^vfvweK Pwjevi fw½ Av‡Q| †mB fw½UviB AbymiY
Kwiqv †mB fvlvi b„Z¨ A_©vr Zvnvi Q›` iPbv Kwi‡Z nq|Õ25
Kve¨PP©vq ¯^Zš¿ Kɯi cÖKvk nevi
Av‡M ivexw› ªK Q›` I D”PviYfw½ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zuvi •K‡kvwiK iPbv g¤§©evYx-†Z| myZivs cÖ_g
ch©v‡qi iPbvq cÖavbZ gy³K Aÿie„Ë I M`¨Q›`‡K wZwb KweZvi evnb K‡i‡Qb| Gi Dchy³
D`vniY e›`xi e›`bv Kve¨, †hLv‡b ivexw›`ªK-cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvayh© I Abvoó D”PviY jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
evK&ixwZ I Kve¨ixwZi AšqRwbZ AvoóZv I Am‡PZbZvq e¨envi K‡i‡Qb ÔggÕ, ÔZ‡eÕ, Ôm‡bÕ,
Ôh‡eÕ, Ô†gv‡iÕ BZ¨vw` mgKvjxb cÖPwjZ kãgvjv| Z‡e GB Kve¨ †_‡KB AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î Zuvi wbR¯^
Kɯ^i aŸwbZ Kivi cÖZ¨q cvVKm¤§y‡L cÖKvk cvq, A_©vr cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q ivexw›`ªK gy³K Aÿie„‡Ë
Kve¨PP©vi m~Pbv NU‡jI cieZx© ch©v‡q KweZvq wbR¯ Kɯ^i cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z mÿg nb| GgbwK mvay
wµqvc` I Zrmg k‡ãi Aeva e¨envi cwiZ¨vM K‡ib Aejxjvq|
Kwe iex›`ª-cÖfv‡e gy³K Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` e›`xi e›`bv Kv‡e¨i ÔkvcåóÕ, ÔAwgZvi †cÖgÕ,
ÔKvj‡¯ªvZÕ, †cÖwgKÕ, AcY©vi kÎæÕ, Ôe›`xi e›`bvÕ BZ¨vw` KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‧ Av‡eM-¯ú›`‡b
I AšÍ©RM‡Z cÖengvb †PZb‡ ªv‡Z wbR¯ ¯^Zš¿ Kɯ^‡i fv¯^i| µ‡g GKwU K_v I c„w_exi c‡_
Kve¨MÖ‡š G‡m Zrmg k‡ãi e¨envi-evûj¨ K‡g‡Q, †e‡o‡Q K_¨k‡ãi e¨envi| cÖ_g ch©v‡q Q‡›`i
Abykvmb †g‡b Pj‡jI µ‡g ¯^vaxbfv‡e Q›`eyb‡b eªZx nb, cO&w³i gvÎvmsL¨vi n«vm-e„w× NwU‡q
•ewP‡Î¨i m„wó K‡i‡Qb| e›`xi e›`bv Kv‡e¨i Ô†cÖwgKÕ KweZvq gy³K Aÿie„Ë Q‡›`i e¨envi wb¤œiƒc:
Rvwb, †m wK‡mi g~wZ©| wbtkã, exfrm GK iæÿ AÆnvwmÑ
wb`viæY `šÍnxb wefxwlKv| (Ô†cÖwgKvÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)
†g․wLK fvlv‡K Kve¨‡`‡n mÂvwiZ Ki‡Z wM‡q `qgšÍx Kv‡e¨ mvay wµqvc` I Kvwe¨K kãewR©Z
cO&w³gvjvq Af¨¯Í n‡jb Kwe| Z‡e †g․wLK fvlvi evK&fw½ me©`v e¨envi m¤¢e bq, KviY KweZvi
fvlvi wbR¯ eybb i‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j mvay wµqvc` me©Î eR©b Kiv m¤¢e nqwb:
mvgvb¨ msKí Zvi bó nÕ‡j A`„‡ói †`v‡l
we‡k wb‡›`, Avcbv‡K Aÿg wa°v‡i
ÿZ K‡i : (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)
wØZxq I Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi KweZvq Kwe kã-e¨env‡ii wbcyY †K․k‡j, RwUj evK¨e܇bi e¨env‡i I
K_¨ evK&¯ú›`‡bi cÖengvbZvq KweZvq we‡kl K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq †`b| ÔQ›`‡K h_vm¤¢e K…wÎg D”PviY
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
34
†_‡K gy³ K‡i PwjZ fvlvi evK&agx© ¯^vfvweKZvq Zv‡K DbœxZ Kiv wQj Zuvi cÖavb jÿ¨| ZvB
cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb wewfbœ Q›`ixwZi D”Pvi‡Y •kw_j¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb|Õ26
Avevi m‡bU-wbg©v‡YI †h
wZwb K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb Zv e›`xi e›`bv Kve¨-cv‡V Dcjwä Kiv hvq| GB Kv‡e¨ ¯vb †c‡q‡Q
†gvU ev‡ivwU m‡Bu, Z‡e cÖPwjZ 14 gvÎvi cO&w³i cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q 18 gvÎvi cO&w³| `xN©
gvÎvi cO&w³ Qvov cÖ_g ch©v‡qi m‡b‡U †Zgb we‡kl †Kv‡bv •ewkó¨ †Pv‡L c‡o bv| Z‡e m‡bU
wbg©v‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb msnZ evK&¯ú›`, „pe× iƒcixwZ, wb‡g©` KvwVb¨ BZ¨vw` wbg©v‡Y cÖZ¨q
jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡Q wØZxq ch©v‡qi KweZv †_‡K, wKš‧ GB ch©v‡q G‡m Kwei m‡bU iPbvi cwigvY K‡g
†M‡Q| wZwb Zuvi mycwiwPZ ÔBwjkÕ KweZvq e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Aÿie„Ë m‡bU-KvVv‡gv; wgj-web¨vmÑ
KLLK : KLLK MNO MON :
AvKv‡k Avlvp G‡jv; evsjv‡`‡k el©vq wenŸj|
†gNeY© †gNbvi Zx‡i-Zx‡i bvwi‡Kj mvwi
e„wó‡Z a~gj; cÙvcÖv‡šÍ kZvãxi ivRevwo
wejywßi cÖZ¨vkvq `„k¨cU-mg APÂj| (ÔBwjkÕ/ `qgšÍx)
ÔBwjkÕ KweZvq AóK Pvi cO&w³i `yB ¯Íe‡K wef³ n‡q †hgb †c‡q‡Q msnZ-iƒc, wVK †ZgbB
mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q msnZ evK&¯ú›`| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q G‡m Avgiv Dcjwä Kwi, m‡bU‡K †K› ª K‡i KweZvi
msnZ-iƒc `„pe× n‡q‡QÑ †c‡q‡Q KvVv‡gv‡Kw› ªK ù~wZ©| we‡klfv‡e †h Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK
Kve¨MÖ‡ši K_v D‡jøL¨, KviY GB MÖ‡ši AwaKvsk KweZvB m‡bU| GgbwK wewPÎ cixÿv-wbixÿvi
¯^vÿiI GLv‡b „k¨gvb, ÔGK ZiæY Kwe‡KÕ KweZvq e¨envi K‡i‡Qb ¯^ie„Ë Q›`| GgbwK m‡b‡Ui
¯ÍeK web¨vm wb‡qI wewPÎ cixÿv-bxwiÿv K‡i‡Qb, hw`I AwaKvsk m‡b‡Ui ¯ÍeK-web¨vm 4-4 : 3-3
Z_vwc cÖvqB AóK-lU‡Ki Ae¯vb wech©q NwU‡q‡Qb| wb‡¤œ K‡qKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv :
Amnbxq 4-4 : 3-3
KK©UµvwšÍ 4-3 : 3-4
bv- †jLv KweZvi cÖwZ 4-3 : 3-4
FZzi Dˇi 3-3 : 3-3 : 2
m‡e©kix 4-4 : 4-4
gyw³i gyn~Z© 4-4 : 3-3 : 2
Avevi Amg-cO&w³i `„óvšÍI i‡q‡Q :
FRy c‡_ Avgv‡`i Pjv| wcuc‡oi Kg©V wgwQj
eÕ‡q P‡j cÖKvÐ †cvKvi ke, •kke, †h․eb cvi nÕ‡q;
GgbwK hyM †_‡K hyMvšÍ‡i †U‡b †bq bw_cÎ, ¯^vÿi, `wjj;
(Ô¯§„wZi cÖwZ-2Õ/ †h Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)
Avm‡j eyׇ`e emy m‡bU-wbg©v‡Y I Q›`-wgj-¯ú›`b m„R‡b `ÿ KvwiMi, hvi d‡j Zuvi Kve¨-cÖZ¨q
n‡q D‡V‡Q m½Z I m½wZc~Y©| Avi †h evK&ixwZ AbymiY K‡i wZwb Kve¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb Zv M`¨agx©|
GB M`¨agx© Kve¨-eyb‡bi cÖ‡Póv †_‡K cÖ_g I AwšÍg c‡e© Kwe AwaK M`¨Q›` Aej¤b K‡i‡Qb|
GKRb mgv‡jvPK Kwe eyׇ`e emyi Q›`Ávb-cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb,Ôeyׇ`e emy Q‡›` evK&ixwZi cÖ‡qv‡M
mdj n‡q‡Qb| wgkÖe„Ë, Kjve„Ë Ges `je„ËÑ wZb ixwZi Q‡›`B cÖ‡qvRbgZ wkw_j D”PviY G‡b
¯^vfvweK PjwZ fvlvi cÖ‡qvM-•bcyY¨ †`wL‡q‡Qb| we‡`kx Q›`-wg‡ji cÖ‡qvM, QovRvZxq KweZvi jNy
hwZfvM I aŸwb¯ú‡›`, M`¨ KweZvi fveevnx evKce© web¨v‡m, cÖ”Qbœ AbycÖvm e¨env‡i wZwb •ewPΨ
†`wL‡q‡Qb|27
myZivs, w·kvËi Kwe‡`i KweZvq M`¨Q‡›`i PP©v cÖej n‡q D‡VwQ‡jv Ges M`¨-c‡`¨i
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
35
wg_w®…qv NUv‡bvi ZrciZv w`b-w`b e„w× cvw”Qj| Awgq PµeZx©i M`¨Q‡›`i D`vniYI GB †ÿ‡Î
¯§iY‡hvM¨, Z‡e Zuvi KweZvi AšÍ¯ú‡›`i mv‡_ eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi AšÍ¯ú‡›`i wgj AwZ mvgvb¨|
eyׇ`e emy M`¨KweZvq K‡L‡bv Av‡eM‡K kvmb K‡i‡Qb, Avevi KL‡bv Av‡e‡Mi E‡aŸ© D‡V wbg©vY
K‡i‡Qb Av‡eMfvi cÖkwgZ cO&w³gvjv| Zuvi iwPZ Ggb GKwU msZ M`¨KweZvi D`vniY n‡jv
ÔGLb hy× c„w_exi m‡½Õ :
¯^‡M©i ¯‡cœi g‡Zv; †Zvgvi ey‡Ki Dci DËß DrmyK
Avgvi nv‡Zi ¯úk©; K~j Qvwc‡q I‡V †Zvgvi `yB eyK (ÔGLb hy× c„w_exi m‡½Õ/ bZzb cvZv)
The Waste Land Kve¨MÖ‡š T.S.Eliot K_¨fvlv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb ÔReflect the speech of life,
the pressure of life, its very essenceÕ28
-hyw³ MÖnY K‡i| hvi d‡j Zuvi GB Kv‡e¨ K_¨fvlvi
mv‡_ Kve¨fvlvi †hvMm~Î ¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q ªæZ Ges m„wRZ n‡q‡Q K…wÎgZv †_‡K gy³ Kve¨fvlv| Z‡e
Kwei M`¨Q‡›`i D¾¡j ¯^vÿi enb Ki‡Q GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖ‡š, KviY GLv‡b K_¨fvlvi
¯^vfvweK ¯ú›`b‡K AvËxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g KweZvq GK we‡kl ¯ú›`b‡K ¯vqx Kiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb GB
Kve¨MÖ‡ši KweZvmg~‡n †Qv‡Uv-†Qv‡Uv evK¨ mÂq K‡i Ges `vwo-Kgvi Aweij e¨env‡i K_¨fw½i
hwZ-c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Gi d‡j KweZvq †hgb Zuvi wbR¯ fw½-Mob †c‡q‡Q KvVv‡gv, Avevi
wVK †ZgbB ivexw›`ªK M`¨fw½ †_‡K †c‡q‡Q GK ¯^Zš¿ iƒc| GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvgKweZv
ÔGKw`b : wPiw`bÕ cvV Ki‡j Zv mn‡RB Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e :
†ejv `y‡Uv, Svg‡i bv‡g MÖx®§| †Zgwb wW‡gi g‡Zv †ivÏyi,
AvKvk Ry‡o Zv †`evi ¯ÍäZv| wPb‡Z cvwi GB †mB evwo,
Uªvg †_‡K †b‡g cwo cvK© mvK©v‡m|
cvuwP‡j †Niv GKZjv, wmuwoi Mv‡q cy‡iv‡bv w`‡bi k¨vIjv
ïK‡bv cvZv LÕ‡m c‡o D‡Vv‡b| Av‡¯Í : wQu‡o †djv
wPwVi g‡Zv kã K‡iv| (ÔGKw`b : wPiw`bÕ/ GKw`b : wPiw`b)
Gfv‡e M`¨Q›` wbg©v‡YI Kwe wbqwgZ cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖwZwbqZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g GK
fw½ I D”PviY-ixwZ †_‡K Ab¨ fw½ I D”PviY-ixwZ‡Z wb‡R‡K PvwjZ K‡i‡Qb| gy³K Aÿie„Ë Zuvi
Kve¨PP©vi cÖavb evnb n‡jI Gi g‡a¨ wZwb cÖevwnZ K‡i‡Q Av‡eM I wbiv‡eM †PZbvi msnZ cÖ¯ªeb|
†ivgvw›UK KweZvi g~j evnb AZjvšÍ Av‡eM-cÖivµg †_‡K ax‡i-ax‡i m‡i G‡m wbg©vYKjvq AevwiZ
K‡i‡Qb wbiv‡eM I wb‡g©vn Kve¨cÖevn| Q‡›`i †ÿ‡Î myi-¯^i-fw½ I eybb cÖK‡í NwU‡q‡Qb Aweij
cwieZ©b, hvi d‡j mn‡RB Q›`cÖev‡ni GB µg-AMÖmigvYZvq I µg-cwieZ©bkxjZvq MwVZ n‡q‡Q
¯^Zš¿-¯^i| GQvov eyׇ`e emyi KweZv Aj¼vi-ićK mg„× Ges wbR¯^ kãgvjvi e¨envi-gvay‡h©
KweZvq m½xZ¸Y mÂvwiZ K‡i‡Qb| GB mvsMxwZK aŸwb-web¨vm AbycÖvm AvKv‡i †c‡q‡Q cÖwZôv|
GB AbycÖvm e¨env‡i K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb fviZP› ª ivqMyYvKi (1712-1760)I Bk^iP›`ª ¸ß (1812-
1859), kãvjsKv‡ii SsKv‡i I mvo¤^i-AvwZk‡h¨| wKš‧ w·kvËi Kweiv k‡ãi aŸwbMZ web¨v‡m
†KejgvÎ AbycÖv‡m wbf©ikxj nbwb, eû-wewPÎ c‡_ hvÎv K‡i‡Qb m‡PZbfv‡e| Gi d‡j cÖ_g
ch©v‡qi KweZvq eyׇ`e emy †hfv‡e cÖPzi AbycÖvm e¨envi K‡i‡Qb, cieZx© ch©v‡q Zv cwigv‡Y A‡bK
Kg| cÖ_g w`‡K aŸwbMZ PgK m„wó‡Z Zvui AvMÖn jÿ¨bxq :
1. bZzb bbxi g‡Zv Zby Ze? (Ô†cÖwgKÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)
2. †Zvgvi Zbyi ZiwjZ †mvbv (ÔI‡Mv we`y¨jøZvÕ/ c„w_exi c‡_)
3. Nyg †b‡g G‡jv †g`yi AvKv‡k, gayi †g‡N, (Ô†m‡ibv`Õ/ K¼veZx)
4. cw_K, cÖvw_©Z, Nyg, †cÖwg‡Kiv, f~gvi Av¯^v`:Ñ (ÔKK©UµvšÍÕ/ †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
36
5. wm³ K‡i ¯§„wZi ¯Í‡bi e„šÍ-`y‡ai †duvUvq| (Ô¯^iÕ/ †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)
6. cyKz‡i cÖdyjø cvbv, evukeb e„wó‡Z a~gj:Ñ (Ô¯^vMZwe`vqÕ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq)
7. †h․e‡bi Rv`y ¯^M© i‡P Rš‧i ¸nvq (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)
Avm‡j Bw› ªqvZxZ Aiƒc iƒc‡K KweZvq aviY Ki‡Z wM‡q AbycÖv‡mi e¨env‡i AvMÖnx n‡q‡Qb eyׇ`e
emy| 1-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z aŸwbMZ PgK Avgv‡`i fvweZ K‡i| aŸwbgvay‡h©i PgrKvwi‡Z¡ AbycÖv‡m
Ô†`nZbyÕ wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q ÔbZzb bbxiÕ Aeq‡e| wKsev 2-msL¨K DׄwZ‡Z DwjøwLZ ÔZbyÕ n‡q‡Q ÔZby
ZiwjZ †mvbvÕ, hvi d‡j ÔZÕ aŸwbwU aŸwbmvRy‡h¨ †hgb AZzjbxq my›`i n‡q D‡V‡Q, wVK †ZgbB
ÔZiwjZÕ kã-mn‡hv‡M Kvwe¨K-jve‡Y¨ n‡q‡Q †gvnbxq| Ab¨w`‡K D×…wZ 3-G ÔNygÕ kãwUi wem½Z
e¨envi AbycÖvme„‡šÍ Kvwe¨K AwfNvZ m„Rb K‡i‡Q| Gi D`vniY DwjøwLZ 4-msL¨K D×…wZ‡ZI
`„k¨gvb, A_©vr Ôcw_K, cÖvw_©Z, Nyg, †cÖwg‡KivÕ KweZvs‡k ÔNygÕ k‡ãi Abe`¨ Dc¯vcbvq I
aŸwbmsMV‡b Kwei gbbkxjZv wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q mnRvZfv‡e| Avevi 5-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z bvixi iƒc
eY©bvq GK cÖMvp ¯§„wZgMœZv m„wó n‡q‡Q, hv mn‡RB aŸwbZi½ M‡o †Zv‡j| wKsev D×…wZ 6-G ÔcyKz‡i
cÖdyjø cvbvÕ KweZvsk n‡Z Avgviv Rvwb, ÔcvbvÕ †Zv KL‡bv cÖdzjø nq bvÑ Z‡e ¸YevPK kã Ab¨vm³
Aj¼v‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi Avgiv 5-msL¨K D`vniY n‡Z aŸwbgvay‡h©i PgrKvwiZ¡ I AbycÖv‡mi
Abb¨ iƒc-wbg©vY †`wL Ô†h․e‡bi Rv`y ¯^M©Õ-G e¨eüZ KweZvs‡ki AbycÖv‡m| Gfv‡e AbycÖv‡mi g‡Zv
Dcgv wbg©v‡YI we‡kl cÖwZfvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb Kwe Ges wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb,Ô †ivgvw›UKZvi `vwe GB †h
KweZv n‡e mÜvbagx©, Avwe®‥vicÖeY, we‡k^I AvcvZwe`„k¨ e¯‧ivwkÑ Avgv‡`i e¨envwiK Rxe‡b
wPiKvj hviv ci¯ú‡ii my`~i I AcwiwPZ n‡q _v‡KÑ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ¯vcb Ki‡e GKwU Bw½Zgq I
Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ m¤^Ü|Õ29
Kwei GB e³‡e¨i †cÖwÿ‡Z Avgiv wb‡P wKQz Dcgv we‡kølY KiwQ :
1. Xv‡jv D¾¡j wekvj eb¨v Zxeª †Zvgvi †K‡ki Zg,
Avw`g iv‡Zi †eYx‡Z Rov‡bv gi‡Yi g‡Zv G-AvuKvevuKv| (Ô†k‡li ivwÎÕ/ K¼veZx)
2. Wv‡j Avi cvZvq Avi nvRvi A`„k¨ cvwLi Dcwb‡e‡k gg©wiZ
Mv‡Qi g‡Zv ivwÎ; (Ômgq †bBÕ/ bZzb cvZv)
3. †Kv‡bv fvM¨evb evP-†Ljvi j¤^v, kv`v †b․‡KvUv‡K wb‡q
my›`i GKwU Zx‡ii g‡Zv wgwj‡q hvq| (ÔDØv¯‧Õ/ †`ªŠc`xi kvwo)
DwjøwLZ D×…wZmg~‡n Dcgvivwk m„wRZ n‡q‡Q cÖK…wZgvjv Ges †ivgvw›UK Abyfe-we‡k^i cÖMvp Av‡eM-
Zvobv I ZxeªZvq| GLv‡b cÖ_g `ywU D×…wZ MªwšZ n‡q‡Q cÖ_g ch©v‡qi KweZvmg~n †_‡K, hvi d‡j
Av‡e‡Mi ZxeªZv jÿ¨Yxq| KviY ÔZuvi cÖ_g eq‡mi Kv‡e¨I A‡bK RvqMvq Kíbvi Aej¤b
MZvbyMwZK wek^vm I gZ, hvi m‡½ Kwei g‡bi wbM~p †hvM †bB| †m wek^vm AwZ cÖvPxb †nvK ev
AZ¨vaywbK †nvK, eyׇ`‡ei Kve¨ †mLv‡b ye©j& gb‡K Avweó K‡i bv|Õ30
†Kej mv`„k¨¸Y‡K DcRxe¨
K‡i Dcgv-wbg©v‡Y Kwe cÖ‡Pó nbwb, cvkvcvwk mv`„‡k¨i AwZwi³ e¨ÄbvI wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| DwjøwLZ
1-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z ÔXv‡jv D¾¡j wekvj eb¨vÕ KweZvs‡ki e¨env‡i kãgvjv Dc‡gq-Dcgv‡bi gv‡S
bZzb m¤úK© ¯vcb K‡i‡Qb| †cÖqmxi gv_vi mvaviY ÔPzjÕ‡K Avw`g iv‡Zi †eYx‡Z Rov‡bv gi‡Yi
g‡Zv G-AvuKvevuKvÕ evK¨vs‡k wPwÎZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Dcgvb wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i‡Qb ÔgiYÕ kãwU| hvi
d‡j Kv‡jv †K‡ki eY©bv mv „‡k¨i AwZwi³ e¨Äbvq inm¨gq D‡V‡Q| Avevi D×…wZ 2-G G‡m Kwe
ÔWv‡j Avi cvZvq Avi nvRvi A`„k¨ cvwLi Dcwb‡ekÕ wPÎZ K‡i‡Qb, †hLv‡b Dc‡gq ÔivwÎÕ Ges
Ôgg©wiZ MvQÕ n‡”Q Dcgvb| mv`„k¨ †PZbv A „k¨ n‡jI cÎ-cjøe I cvwLi Dcwb‡ek-G Ôgg©wiZ
ivwÎÕ we‡kl wPÎK‡íi †m․›`h©gq e¨Äbv †c‡q‡Q| Avevi 3-msL¨K D×…wZ M„nxZ n‡q‡Q Kwei cwiYZ
ch©v‡qi KweZvmg~n †_‡K, hvi d‡j GLv‡b bvMwiK RxebvwfÁZv mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q cÖejfv‡e| bvMwiK
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
37
Dcv`vb ÔevP-†Ljvi j¤^v, kv`v †b․‡KvUvÕ GLv‡b Kwei DcRxe¨ Ges ÔZxiÕ-Gi mv‡_ Ôkv`v †b․‡KvÕi
†Kv‡bv mvRyh¨ †bB| ywU Dcgvi MxZkxjZvB Kwei cÖavb jÿ¨ Ges Ô`ya-i‡Oi KzqvkviÕ eY©bv G‡m‡Q
†Kej Awbevh©Zv †_‡K| Avgiv Rvwb,ÔcÖK…Z (Dc‡gq‡K) MfxiZi mv`„k¨ †nZz hw` civZ¥v (Dcgvb)
e‡j DrKU GK‡KvwUK mskq (m¤¢vebv) nq, Z‡e Zv‡K Dr‡cÖÿv ejv hvq|Õ31
A_©vr Zv DrKU Ávb,
Kíbv ev wg_¨v, Z‡e Kve¨kw³¸‡Y GB Kíbv-Ávb‡K cvVK mn‡RB MÖnY K‡i| Avevi Dr‡cÖÿv
wbg©v‡YI wZwb PgrKvwi‡Z¡i ¯vÿi †i‡L‡Qb, hvi K‡qwU D`vniY wb‡¤œ Dc¯vcb KiwQ :
1. Avgvi nv‡Zi ¯ú‡k©, †hb †Kv‡bv AÜ A`„k¨ b`xi Li‡¯ªvZ; (ÔGLb hy× c„w_exi m‡½Õ/bZzb cvZv)
2. †Kvb `~i †_‡K AÆnvwm †f‡m G‡jv| †hb
k„Mv‡ji wPrKvi, wckv‡Pi Djøvm, WvwKbxi DjyaŸwbÑ (ÔKvwj`vm‡K †Lvjv wPwVÕ/ GKw`b : wPiw`b)
3. g‡b c‡o g„Zz¨ I Rxeb
ci¯úi m¤ú„³ AbeiZ, A_P AbšÍ `~i,
†hb hyMjKÿÑ (Ô†mZzeÜÕ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq)
Avgiv Rvwb, Ô †hLv‡b Dc‡g‡qi m‡½ Dcgv‡bi A‡f` Kíbv Kiv nq Zv‡K iƒcK Aj¼vi ejv nq|
GB A‡f`v‡ivc cÖavb wKš‧ GKgvÎ ev me©¯^ bq Ges GLv‡b Dcgvb Dc‡gq‡K m¤ú~Y© wejyß K‡i bv,
Z‡e Av”Qbœ K‡i cÖejfv‡e|Õ32
G ch©v‡q iƒcK wbg©v‡Yi wKQz D`vniYI Dc¯vcb KiwQ :
1. `yt‡Li KzwUj
AiY¨ cyw®úZ n‡e •PÎi_-e‡b
†Zvgvi †h․e‡b‡i wN‡i| (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)
2. wKsev †Kv‡bv †RU-†cø‡b `xN©vwqZ wbkx‡_i gvZ…M‡f© (Ô†mZzeÜÕ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq)
AZGe Dr‡cÖÿvi DwjøwLZ ÔGLb hy× c„w_exi m‡½Õ KweZvi 1-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z ÔnvZÕ Ges Ôb`xÕi
g‡a¨ GK Bw½Zgq I Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ mv`„k¨-m¤úK© ¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q| Ggb mv`„k¨-m¤úK© ¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q
D×…wZ 2-G ÔAÆnvwmÕi mv‡_ k„Mvj, wckvP, WvwKbx BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ m¤úK©-m~Î ¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
ÔAÆnvwmÕ I ÔDjyaŸwbÕ kã ywU GKB mij‡iLvq e„Ëe× K‡i‡Qb, hvi d‡j wZbwU DcgvbB wefrm
wPÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Q| Avevi D×…wZ 3-G g„Zz¨i Abyl‡½ Rxeb I g„Zz¨i gvSvgvwS Ô`c©‡Yi Kv‡P
wPiKvj-wef³Õ `ywU wfbœ c‡_i ev ÍeZv wPÎvwqZ n‡q‡Q, Avi cwiYwZI cvV‡Ki ARvbv bq| Avevi
iƒcK-wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î D×…wZ 2-G `yt‡Li DcgvbwP‡Î ÔKzwUj AiY¨Õ iƒcK-G †kvwfZ n‡q‡Q, hvi
d‡j cvVK-wP‡Ë mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q †e`bvNb gg©K_v| Ab¨w`‡K 3-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z Ôwbkx_Õ gvZ…M‡f©i
iƒcK-Dcgv‡b iƒcvwqZ| Ôwbkx_Õ I gvZ…Mf©Õ ywU kãB ÔAÜKviÕ Ges A‡eva- •PZb¨‡jv‡Ki w`‡K
cvV‡Ki „wó wbeÜ K‡i| Kwei m„wó Kiv AwaKvsk iƒcK B› ªqNb I †m․›`h©mÂvix, hv Kve¨‡`‡n
mn‡RB mÂvwiZ K‡i‡Q Av‡e‡Mi g~Z©‡kvfv|
4.
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi cÖKiY-†K․k‡ji gg©g~‡j GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q cÖZxP¨ Kve¨cÖKiY, wkíHwZn¨ Ges
gvbm-ms‡e`bv; Ab¨w`‡K i‡q‡Q cvðvZ¨ †eva-jvwjZ †`n‡PZbvi Ø›ØgyLi cwiYwZ| Av‡eMZvwoZ
†ivgvw›UK D”Q¡vm I eY©bvi cÖvej¨ †hgb cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q, wVK †ZgbB MxwZ‡`vjv I g‡bv-mgxÿKYm~Î
Abyhvqx AšÍt¯^M‡Zvw³ KweZvi MVb‡K․k‡j e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| µ‡g Zuvi Kve¨Kjv †c‡q‡Q cwiYZ-
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38
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2000), c„. 23
2 Rx‡e›`ª wmsnivq, K‡jøv‡ji Kvj (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, 2q ms., 2008), c„.69
3 `xwß wÎcvVx,Ôeyׇ`e emyÕ, AvaywbK evsjv Kve¨ cwiPq (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, lô ms., 1997), c„. 96
4 gÄyfvl wgÎ, AvaywbK evsjv KweZvq B‡qv‡ivcxq cÖfve (KjKvZv, †`ÕR cvewjwks, cyb.gy., 2017), c„. 153
5 W. •MwiK †Nvl, Ôeyׇ`e emyÕ, ¯vaxbZv cieZx© evsjv KweZv Drm I weeZ©b (KjKvZv: cy ÍK wecwY, 2005), c„. 79
6 W. †M․ixk¼i fÆvPvh©, ¯^i I evK& ixwZ (KwjKvZv : mvwnZ¨‡jvK, 2q ms., 1998), c„. 84
7 eyׇ`e emy, eyׇ`e emy iPbvmgMÖ-3 (KjKvZv: MÖšvjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, we‡kl ms., 1982), c„. 491
8 Ag‡j›`y emy, mvwnZ¨wPšÍv (KjKvZv : ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi, 1g. ms., 1981), c„. 100
9 exZ‡kvK fÆvPvh ©, ÔKweZvi Abyev`Õ, welq KweZv (KjKvZv : evYxwkí, 2011), c„. 91
10 eyׇ`e emy, ÔKweZv I Avgvi RxebÕ, eyׇ`e emy iPbvmgMÖ-4 (KjKvZv : cwðge½ evsjv AvKv‡`wg, we‡kl ms.,
2015), c„. 633
11 eyׇ`e emy, Ô†`ÕR ms¯‥i‡Yi f~wgKvÕ, †kÖô KweZv (b‡ik ¸n m¤úv.), (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, PZz`©k ms.,
2010), c„. 11
12 m‡ivR e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Ôfvlvi gy`ªvÑAvaywbK Kve¨Õ, AvaywbK KweZvi BwZnvm (Av‡jvKiÄb `vk I †`excÖmv`
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úv.), (KjKvZv : fviZ eyK G‡RwÝ, 1983), c„. 197
13 nx‡ib P‡Ævcva¨vq, mvwnZ¨ cÖKiY (KjKvZv : e½xq mvwnZ¨ msm`, cyb.gy., 1416), c„. 341
14 eyׇ`e emy, Ôkvj© †ev`‡jqvi I AvaywbKZvÕ, KweZx_©: kvj© †ev`‡jqvi (Drcj fÆvPvh© m¤úv.), (KjKvZv: KweZx_©,
1420), c„.249
15 wekwRr †Nvl, eyׇ`e emyi Dcb¨v‡m •btm½‡PZbvi iƒcvqb (XvKv : A¨vWb© cvewj‡Kkb, 1997), c„. 70
16 myexi ivq †P․ayix, Ômv`„‡k¨i mÜv‡b : ÔZc¯^x I Ziw½bxÕ Ges ÔivZ fÕ‡i e„wóÕ, eyׇ`e emy : bvbv cÖm½ (Avb›`
ivq m¤úv.), (KjKvZv : eY©vjx, 1978), c„. 140
17 gvneye mvw`K, eyׇ`e emyi KweZv : welq I cÖKiY (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wwg, cyb.gy., 2011), c„. 271
18 myaxiP›`ª (m¤úv.), †cŠivwYK Awfavb (KjKvZv : Gg.wm.miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖv.wj., `kg ms., 1415), c„. 212
19 Z‡`e, c„. 192-195
20 †eMg AvKZvi Kvgvj, ÔKwei †PZbvq wg_Õ, AvaywbK evsjv KweZv I wg_ (XvKv : gvIjv eªv`vm©, 1999), c„. 31
21 KzšÍj P‡Ævcva¨vq, mvwn‡Z¨j iƒc-ixwZ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (KjKvZv : iZœvejx, 8g gy,3 2011), c„. 54
eyׇ`e emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj
39
22
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c„. 274
23 T.S. Eliot, ÔThe Love Song of J. Alfred ProfrokÕ, The Norton Anthology of Poetry (London: W.W.
Norton & Company Inc., 3rd Edn., 1975), p. 994
24 kÖx cÖ‡evaP›`ª †mb, bZzb Q›`-cwiµgv (KjKvZv : Avb›` cvewjkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, 4_© gy., 1995), c„. 7
25 iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, Q›` (m¤úv.), (KwjKvZv : wekfviZx MÖšbwefvM, 3q ms.,1976), c„. 31
26 ivgenvj †ZIqvix, Ôeyׇ`e emyÕ, evsjv Q›`-mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (KjKvZv : mvwnZ¨‡jvK, 2013), c„. 276
27 bxjiZb †mb, Ôiex›`ª hyM : AšÍce©Õ, AvaywbK evsjv Q›` (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, 2q ms., 2013), c„. 168
28 Herbert Read, Collected Essays in Literary Criticism (Kolkata : Association Press, 1988), p. 50
29 eyׇ`e emy (Abyev`-f~wgKv-UxKv), Kvwj`v‡mi †gN`~Z (KjKvZv : Gg.wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖvB‡fU, 3q ms.,
1963), c„. 53
30 eyׇ`e emy, iPbv mgMÖ-1 (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, 4_© ms., 2016), c„.364
31 b‡ib wekvm, Aj¼vi A‡š^lv (XvKv : Abb¨v, 3q gy., 2010), c„. 74
32 ew`Di ingvb, mvwnZ¨ÑmsÁv Awfavb (XvKv : Aemi, 2016), c„. 375
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
gyw³hy‡×i hyMj Dcb¨vm: RxebmsMÖvg I gyw³i cwi‡jL
Zvwbqv Znwgbv miKvi
Abstract: The year 1971 is a glorious chapter of our national life. During the war of
liberation, we the Bangladeshi people have proved that patriotism is the most powerful
weapon in the world. The history of becoming an independent country makes
Bangladeshi people very much concern about their own identity and self determination.
Image of Liberation War (LW) has changed the total lifestyle of Banglaeshi people. After
Release from West Pakistan, Bangla literature has been variegated with the incidents,
events and emotions of LW and it has been flown in the way of Liberation War.
Bangladeshi novelists took LW as their main theme of writings. In the history of
Bangladeshi novel Selina Hossain and Sayed Shamsul Haque are two famous novelists.
This article aims at how historic events, incidents, feelings of LW, savagery of Pakistan
Military Army, sturggles of Bangladeshi people, movement of freedom fighters have
been illustrated in their Novels and finally how our freedom fighters defeat Pakistan
army in all sectors.
f‚wgKv
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43
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kix‡i XzK‡Z cv‡i ZLb I‡`i kix‡i XzK‡e bv †Kb?Õ5
nj`x Muv‡qi †Q‡jiv mk¯¿ hy‡× Suvwc‡q c‡o| mivmwi hy‡×i †Kvb cÖZ¨ÿ `„k¨ bv _vK‡jI
gyw³‡hv×v‡`i mie Dcw¯’wZ gv‡S gv‡SB †Pv‡L c‡o Dcb¨v‡mi †kl w`‡K| gyw³‡hv×v‡`i †`k‡cÖg,
Zv‡`i cÖwZÁv, bZzb †`k Movi ¯^cœ cÖKvwkZ mjx‡gi msjv‡c:
†kvb gv, I hv‡Z GKUv ¯^vaxb †`‡ki gvwU‡Z eo n‡Z cv‡i †mB cÖwZÁvB †Zv Avwg wb‡qwQ| eo n‡q
I Me© Ki‡Z cvi‡e †h Ii evc GKUv bZzb †`‡ki R‡b¨ hy× K‡iwQj| Avgvi †Q‡ji ey‡Ki g‡a¨ GB
AnsKv‡ii exR Avwg cuy‡Z w`‡Z PvB gv| GUvB Avgvi †mvnvM|6
eZ©gvb I bZzb cÖRb¥‡K ¯^vaxb †`‡ki cZvKv Dcnvi †`Iqvi R‡b¨ gyw³‡hv×viv e¨w³MZ Rxeb‡K
Avg‡j †bqwb| †Kvgj nv‡Z gvwUi MÜ gy‡Q e›`yK Pvjv‡bv wj‡L‡Q Zviv| ¯¿x-cyÎ-cwiRb †i‡L hy×
Ki‡Z KLbI mxgvšÍ †cwi‡q‡Q, KLbI †Q‡o †M‡Q MÖvg| ew›` †`‡ki ivRcyÎ n‡q Zviv c•LxivR
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
44
†Nvovq P‡o `vbeiƒcx cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i nZ¨vq „pcÖwZÁ n‡q‡Q| †`k‡cÖ‡gi fw³, Av‡eM Avi kc_
Zv‡`i e¨w³MZ †_‡K mve©Rbxb K‡i‡Q| Gi †cQ‡b †Kvb ivR‣bwZK cÖÁv ev †PZbv KvR K‡i wb,
KvR K‡i‡Q mnRvZ AwaKvi‡eva I †`k‡cÖg| †`‡ki gvwU I mxgvbvi cÖwZ myMfxi Uv‡bB Zviv
Abgbxq I ye©vi n‡q I‡V| ywe©bxZ GB gyw³‡hv×v‡`i mv‡_ bvwoi Uvb Abyfe K‡i‡Q mKj evOvwj|
ZvB Kv‡`i I nvwdR‡K euvPv‡Z eywo wb‡Ri mšÍvb iBm‡K A ¿mn cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i Kv‡Q awi‡q †`q|
Zvi Kv‡Q g‡b nq:
Iiv GLb nvRvi nvRvi Kjx‡gi g„Zz¨i cÖwZ‡kva wb‡”Q| Iiv nj`x Muvi ¯^vaxbZvi R‡b¨ wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K
D‡cÿv K‡i jo‡Q| Iiv AvPgKv †d‡U hvIqv wkgy‡ji D¾¡jaea‡e Zz‡jv| eywo GLb B‡”Q Ki‡jB ïay
iB‡mi gv n‡Z cv‡i bv|7
gvb‡Zi d‡j †h mšÍvb eywoi †Kv‡j G‡mwQj, †h wQj Zvi †h․e‡bi ¯cœ, gv WvK bv †kvbvi †h
Ac~Y©Zvi KuvUv; Zv‡K eywo wemR©b †`q †`‡ki ZvwM‡`| e¨w³MZ AR©b Qvwc‡q nj`x Muv Z_v †`‡ki
gyw³i cÖ‡qvRb cÖvavb¨ cvq eywoi Kv‡Q| Ggb nvRviI eywoi AvZ¥Z¨vM I mšÍvb Z¨v‡Mi wewbgq
¯^vaxbZv-m~h©| evsjvi gvwU Zv‡`i i‡³ De©i n‡q‡Q, bZzb †PZbvi exR mn‡RB A¼zwiZ n‡q DV‡e
e‡jÑ G cÖZ¨vkv †jLK †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi|
eywoi mšÍvb ïay bq, †m wb‡RI GKRb AKz‡Zvfq †hv×v| †`‡ki R‡b¨ me©¯^ wewj‡q w`‡ZI Zvi wØav
†bB| †mB KwVb ytmg‡q cÖvq mKj evOvwj †h hvi †ÿÎ †_‡K gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| eywoi
kix‡i kw³ ev hy‡×i cÖwkÿY wQj bv| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j †`‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡b †m wcQcvI nqwb| eywoi eÜz
bxZv Zvi g‡bi gvbyl †Q‡o †`‡ki Mvb MÖv‡gi c‡_ c‡_ †M‡q gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i‡Q| GI GK
hy×| Ôgyw³i MvbÕ gyw³hy‡×i mgq MYgvbyl‡K †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q| Mv‡bi K_v I my‡i cÖvwYZ n‡q exi
evOvwj ¯^vaxb †`‡ki gg© eyS‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| AmsL¨ wkíx Mv‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡k I †`‡ki evB‡i KvR
K‡i‡Q gyw³hy‡×i c‡ÿ| Zv‡`iB cÖwZwbwa •eivwMYx bxZv, •eóg AwLj| Mv‡bi welq wn‡m‡e †`k‡K
†e‡Q wb‡q ZvivI gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q|
gyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨v‡mi Ab¨Zg cÖm½ ivRvKvi-Avje`i evwnbx Ges cvwK¯Ívwb †mbv| nvOi b`x
†MÖ‡b‡WI Zviv Abycw¯’Z bq| †mwjbv †nv‡mb G Dcb¨v‡m Zv‡`i KzUzg bv‡g m‡¤vab K‡i‡Qb|
gyw³hy‡×i cÖ_gw`‡K kn‡iB wQj wgwjUvwi evwnbxi Avbv‡Mvbv| mviv †`‡k hy× Qwo‡q co‡j Zv‡`i
kv‡q¯Ív Ki‡Z nvbv`vi evwnbxI cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvg ch©šÍ nvbv w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i| AvMg‡bi Av‡MB Zv‡`i
Avwef©ve Abyfe K‡i eywo| G Abyf~wZ Zvi †fZ‡i fq I DrKÉv m„wó K‡i, KviY GB KzUzg Avb›`
e‡q Av‡b bv, Av‡b aŸsm I g„Zz¨:
1. KzUzg cvwL Wv‡K GKUvbv| eywoi g‡bi g‡a¨... KyUz‡gi AvMg‡bi Djøvm †bB, †Kgb GKUv w_Zv‡bv fve| GB
KzUz‡gi R‡b¨ wc‡V cywji Drme †bB| eis Rj †X‡j Pz‡jv wbwe‡q jywK‡q _vKv|8
2. ewUi Mv‡q i‡³i ÿxYaviv eywoi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †f‡m I‡V| ZvRv QUd‡U gvQ¸‡jvi jvdvwb eÜ n‡q hvq
GK †cuv‡P| eywoi g‡b nq KzUzg Avm‡e| eb¨v, gnvgvix Liv †hgb I lô Bw›`ªq w`‡q †Ui cvq G KzUz‡gi
AvMgb †Zgwb| gvVNvU cÖvšÍi †Zvjcvo K‡i w`‡q Ii Avw½bvq KzUzg Avm‡Q|9
gyw³hy‡×i cÖm‡½ Ae¨ewnZfv‡e D‡V Av‡m ivRvKvi-Avje`i-Avj kvg&m cÖgyL †`kxq †`vmi, hv‡`i
wefxlYiƒcx AvPi‡Y evsjv I evsjvi gvbyl ÿZ-weÿZ n‡q‡Q †ewk| nvOi b`x †MÖ‡b‡WI Ggb
GKR‡bi mie Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv hvq| gbmyi †g¤^vi MÖvg Ny‡i Ny‡i gyw³‡hv×v‡`i †LuvR wb‡q Zv
Rvwb‡q †`q cvwK Ívwb K¨v‡¤ú| mjx‡gi †LuvR bv †c‡q Zviv Kwjg‡K ew›` K‡i wb‡q hvq|GKmgq
gyw³hy‡×i hyMj Dcb¨vm: RxebmsMÖvg I gyw³i cwi‡jL
45
Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i gv eywoi mvg‡b| GQvovI igRvb Avjxi †Q‡j Kv‡`i I nvwd‡Ri gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY
Kivi K_vI †m Rvbvq wgwjUvwi‡`i| eywo Zvi †µva cÖKvk K‡i‡Q gbmy‡ii cÖwZ Awfkvc w`‡q|
bxZv eywoi Kv‡Q _vK‡Z G‡j †mUv wb‡qI mZK© n‡Z e‡j‡Q gbmyi| eywo †K․k‡j mjx‡gi g„Zz¨
msev` iwU‡q gbmy‡ii Kz`„wói mxgv †_‡K bxZv‡K mwi‡q †`q| gbmy‡ii g‡Zv `vjvj‡`i cÖwZ evOvwji
fq I g‡bvfve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q eywoi K_vq:
Rvwbm bxZv GLb H •mwbK¸‡jvi PvB‡Z Avwg gbymi‡K †ewk fq cvB †h| I Avgvi N‡ii Kv‡Qi
†jvK| I Avgvi nuvwoi Lei iv‡L|10
Ggb nuvwoi Lei Rvbv †jvK‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j 1971 mv‡ji 14B wW‡m¤i evOvwj RvwZi
m~h©mšÍvb‡`i nZ¨v Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| bB‡j cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i g‡Zv Ggb AvMš‘K‡`i c‡ÿ
evsjvi m~h© mšÍvb †Pbv ev Zv‡`i Lei ivLv wQj cÖvq Am¤¢e| cvwK¯Ívwb †mbv‡`i wbh©vZbI h_vixwZ
G Dcb¨v‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Miæ Pzwi †_‡K MÖv‡g Av¸b jvMv‡bvi K_vI wee„Z| †g‡q‡`i cÖwZ Zv‡`i
RvšÍe AvPiYI cÖKvwkZ G Dcb¨v‡m| bxZvi AvLov cywo‡q w`‡q ag©vkÖqx gvbyl¸‡jv‡K ¸wj K‡i
nZ¨v K‡i cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx I Zv‡`i `vjvj| wgwjUvwi‡`i nvZ †_‡K euvPvi R‡b¨ MÖvgevmxiv gv_vq
KPzwicvbv Pvwc‡q cyKz‡ii g‡a¨ AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i| GK fxZ mš¿¯Í gv‡qi †eu‡P _vKvi R‡b¨ mšÍv‡bi
bvK-gyL wU‡c †g‡i †djvi cÖm½ G Dcb¨v‡m wgwjUvwi-fxwZ I †mbv‡`i Pvwi‡Î¨i mwVK wb‡ ©kbv `vb
Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
wbwl× †jvevb
•mq` kvgmyj n‡Ki wbwl× †jvevb gyw³hy×wfwËK RbwcÖq GKwU Dcb¨vm| iscyi A‡ji GKwU MÖvg
R‡jk¦ix Gi †cÖÿvcU| g~j PwiÎ wejwKm, wkwÿZ; •eevwnKm~‡Î XvKvq Ae¯’vbiZ| ¯^vgx AvjZvd
cwÎKvq PvKwi K‡i| gyw³hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx †ekwKQz cwÎKv Awd‡m Av¸b jvwM‡q
†`q| AvjZvd †ZgbB GKwU Awd‡m PvKwi KiZ| Zvi jvk cvqwb wejwKm| AmsL¨ gvby‡li g‡Zv
†mI ¯^vgxi RxweZve¯’v wb‡q msk‡q †`v yj¨gvb| Awbivc` †f‡e †m evwo wd‡i Av‡m| XvKv kn‡ii
g‡Zv R‡jk¦ix‡ZI wgwjUvwii Dcw¯’wZ MÖv‡gi Awaevmx‡`i MÖvg Qvo‡Z eva¨ K‡i| †QvU fvB †LvKvi
g„Zz¨ Ges cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨‡`i †LuvR bv cvIqvq wejwKm kw³ mÂq K‡i| †m wm×všÍ †bq evRv‡i
wbnZ jvk‡`i †m Kei¯’ Ki‡e| GKRb wgwjUvwi‡K RxešÍ wPZvq cywo‡q gvivi g‡a¨ wejwKm Zvi
fvB †LvKv I cÖ`x‡ci g„Zz¨i cÖwZ‡kva †bq| Dcb¨v‡mi †k‡l wejwKm I wmivR Ii‡d cÖ`xc aiv
c‡o|
gyw³hy‡×i K‡qK eQi c‡i •mq` kvgmyj nK Dcb¨vmwU wj‡L‡Qb| ga¨weË †kÖwYi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e
wZwb wejwKm I wmiv‡Ri AšÍ ©nb‡K ¯úófv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi PgrKvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Qb| jÿ Kievi
g‡Zv welq n‡”Q ga¨weËmyjf †Kvb Uvbvc‡ob wejwK‡mi g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq bv| 25†k gvP©, 1971G
Zvi mg Í Uvbvc‡o‡bi g„Zz¨ N‡U‡Q| G iv‡ZB g~jZ evOvwj Zvi msk‡qi Ø›Ø †_‡K gyw³ †c‡qwQj|
Zviv ey‡SwQj jovB Qvov euvPvi Avi †Kvb c_ †bB| mgMÖ RvwZ †mw`b †_‡K gyw³‡hv×v I ivRvKvi
G `yB `‡j wef³ n‡q c‡owQj| wejwK‡mi mvnmI 25†k gv‡P©i Kj¨v‡Y cÖvß| e¨w³MZ †kvK Zvi
kw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQj:
gvP© gv‡mi PweŸk Zvwi‡LI †KD hw` Avgv‡K ejZ,... gvSiv‡Z wbR©b GKUv iv¯Ív w`‡q GKv †nu‡U †h‡Z
cvi‡e? wek¦vm Ki, Avwg KíbvK‡iI f‡q g‡i †hZvg| cuwPk Zvwi‡L GZ †jvK gviv †M‡Q ï‡bwQ,
AvjZvd hw` †eu‡P _vKZ, g„Zz¨‡K Avgvi fq KiZ| AvjZvd †bB, Avgvi g„Zz¨ fq †bB, g„Zz¨i R‡b¨
Avgvi †kvKI †bB|11
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
46
G e³‡e¨i gva¨‡g 1971 mv‡ji BwZnvm †hgb Db¥y³ n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb evOvwji Ny‡i uvov‡bvi cÖZ¨q I
KviYI ¯úó n‡q‡Q| †kv‡Ki ZxeªZv †K‡U wM‡q evOvwji gb‡b cÖwZ‡kv‡ai „ß cÖZ¨q Zv‡`i PvwjZ
K‡i‡Q m¤§yL hy‡×| wejwKmI G c‡_ GwM‡q hvIqvi B‡”Q †cvlY K‡i‡Q wmiv‡Ri Kv‡Q| Zvi Av‡M
evOvwji AvZ¥m¤§vb‡ev‡ai cwiPq w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q †m cvwK Ívwb evwnbxi Kv‡Q|
gyw³hy‡×i cwic~Y© wPÎ wbwl× †jvevb bq| e¨w³MZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cwimi cwie¨vß n‡q‡Q Dcb¨vmwU‡Z|
wejwK‡mi cÖwZÁv †QvU fvBmn mKj knx‡`i `vdb Ges wmiv‡Ri Zvi cwievi nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva, †mB
mv‡_ gvZ…f~wgi gyw³i A‡šlY| R‡jk¦ix‡Z wgwjUvwi Av‡m GwcÖ‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K| R‡jk¦ixi
Awaevmxiv cÖ_‡g cvwj‡q †M‡jI c‡i wd‡i Av‡m| Zv‡`i Avov‡j †d‡i gyw³‡hv×vivI| †i‡ji cy‡j
wWbvgvBU dvwU‡q Zviv wgwjUvwi‡`i †hvMv‡hvM wew”Qbœ Ki‡Z Pvq| AviI GKw`b iv Ívq cuy‡Z ivLv
gvBb Øviv wbnZ nq 3Rb wgwjUvwi| G `ywU NUbv Qvov gyw³‡hv×v‡`i Avi †Kvb mie Dcw¯’wZ jÿ
Kiv hvq bv G Dcb¨v‡m| m¤§yL hy×-wPÎI Abycw¯’Z| ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q wjwLZ n‡jI •mq`
kvgmyj nK GK AmvaviY msh‡gi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb G Dcb¨v‡m| R‡jk¦ix‡Z gyw³‡hv×v‡`i Qvqv-
Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv †M‡Q cÖ_g †_‡KB| wejwKm †Uªb †_‡K bvg‡j gbmyi Zv‡K †`‡L| gbmyi
gyw³‡hv×v, Ae¯’v`„‡ó †evSv hvq wmivRI ZvB| wbR MÖv‡g †divi c‡_ wejwKm I wmiv‡Ri
K_‡cvK_‡bi gva¨‡g dz‡U I‡V XvKv kn‡i wgwjUvwi ZvЇei wPÎ:
XvKvi K_v Zzwg Rvb bv| BDwbfvwm©wUi cÖ‡dmi‡`i evwo‡Z Xz‡K ¸wj K‡i †g‡i‡Q| wn› y cÖ‡dmi‡`i
†e‡qv‡bU w`‡q LuywP‡q LuywP‡q †g‡i‡Q|... †Zvgvi eqmx †Q‡j‡`iB wgwjUvwi a‡i wb‡q hv‡”Q| Bb‡RKkb
w`‡q me i³ †U‡b †bq Iiv, nvZ euvav A‡bK jvk cvIqv †M‡Q, b`x‡Z †f‡m Av‡Q|12
Zv‡`i msjv‡ci avivevwnKZvq BwZnv‡mi Qvqv cÖjw¤Z n‡Z _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g BwÛqv †_‡K
†UªwbscÖvß gyw³‡hv×v‡`i Lei †hgb cvIqv hvq, †Zgwb ivRvKvi I wgwjUvwi KZ…©K MYnZ¨v, jyÉb I
wbh©vZ‡biI Bw½Z †g‡j:
evRv‡ii †Lvjv PZ¡igq Qwo‡q Av‡Q jvk| †eovnxb Dj½ †`vKv‡b LuywU AvuK‡o c‡o Av‡Q jvk| Av‡jvi
w`‡K Xvjy n‡q †b‡g †M‡Q †h MwjUv, Zvi Dc‡i Dcyo n‡q Av‡Q jvk| jv‡ki ci jvk|.... evRv‡i
nq‡Zv dj †eP‡Z G‡mwQj Mv‡Qi, `y‡Uv ev”Pv D‡ë _vKv Miæi Mvwoi QvDwb Rwo‡q a‡i- jvk; mg¯Í
PZ¡i Avi Lv‡ji Xvjy Ry‡o BZ¯ÍZ euv‡ki †Mvj †Mvj SuvKv, Kjm, me&wR Avi mg¯Í wKQzi Ic‡i ¯ÍäZv,
w¯’iZv, cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi Avkvnxb AÿgZv|13
†evSvB hvq AvZ¼ m„wó I ÿgZv cÖ`k©‡bi †gv‡n G‡jvcvZvwi ¸wjel©‡Yi dj GwU| †g‡i †d‡jI
Zv‡`i AvwacZ¨ cÖ`k©‡bi †gvn K‡gwb, †LvKvi gy‡L cÖ¯ªve Kivi cÖ¯Ív‡e †Ui cvIqv hvq evOvwj‡K
gvbyl wn‡m‡e KZUv eªvZ¨ A”QzZ g‡b K‡i cvwK Ívwb evwnbx| ïay ZvB bq jv‡ki ag©xqfv‡e †klK…Z¨
Kivi AbygwZ Zviv †`q bv, eis †kqv‡ji Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e jvk¸‡jv Ifv‡eB †d‡j iv‡L| ag©xq eÜb
†_‡K cvwK Ív‡bi Rb¥ n‡jI evOvwj‡`i Zviv fvB fv‡ewb KLbB| evOvwj cyiæl KzKzimg, evOvwj bvix
†fvM¨cY¨Ñ GB wQj Zv‡`i g‡bvfve| wKš‘ wejwKm Ab¨vb¨‡`i g‡Zv ïay RxweZ‡`i wb‡q fv‡ewb,
†f‡e‡Q g„Z‡`i wb‡qI|
evRv‡ii jvk¸‡jv `vdb K‡i †m cÖgvY Ki‡Z Pvq †h, evOvwjI gvbyl| †klK…‡Z¨ Zv‡`i AwaKvi
Av‡Q| gvbyl gvÎB m¤§v‡bi AwaKvix| evOvwj e‡j Zv‡`i Acgvb Kivi AwaKvi KviI †bB, g„Z
n‡jI bq:
gyw³hy‡×i hyMj Dcb¨vm: RxebmsMÖvg I gyw³i cwi‡jL
47
hw` g‡b Ki‡Z cvi‡Z Iiv †ZvgviB Ask, Zvn‡j †`L‡Z I‡`i mrKvi K‡i Zzwg Rxeb‡K kÖ×v KiQ,
m¤§vb w`”Q|... hw` cviZvg, AvR iv‡Z Avwg mevB‡K gvwU w`Zvg|... Iiv †`LZ Avgiv cï bB, Avgiv
Avgv‡`i g„Z‡`n †d‡j ivL‡Z †`B bv, Avgiv kKz‡bi Lv`¨ n‡Z PvB bv|14
`xN© mv‡o 23 eQi a‡i A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK, mvs¯‥…wZK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`K †_‡K evOvwj‡K
aŸsm Kivi GKUv nxb cÖ‡Póv jÿ Kiv hvq cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i g‡a¨| 25†k gv‡P©i c‡i Zv AviI ¯úó n‡q
I‡V| gvbyl nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i mv‡_ Kiv nq KzKz‡ii g‡Zv AvPiY| KzKzi I gvbyl‡K GKB mv‡_
†g‡i ¯Í‚c K‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q; †hb evOvwj Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© mywbwðZ nq| •mq` kvgmyj nK
wbwl× †jvev‡b G aviYvevnx wKQz msjvc m„wó K‡i‡Qb:
1. Avgiv Rvwb cïi g‡Zv evOvwjiv mšÍvb Drcv`b K‡i| wek¦vmNvZ‡Ki Rb¥ †`q|15
2. Avgvi exR fv‡jv| Avgvi i³ ï×|... Avwg †Zvgvq mšÍvb w`‡Z cvie|... †Zvgvi mšÍvb LuvwU gymjgvb
n‡e, †Lv`vi Ici Cgvb ivL‡e, AvšÍwiK cvwK¯Ívwb n‡e, PvI bv †mB mšÍvb? Avgiv †mB mšÍvb †Zvgv‡`i
†`e, †Zvgv‡K †`e, †Zvgvi †evb‡K †`e, †Zvgvi gv‡K †`e;16
gyw³hy‡×i Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨v‡mi g‡Zv kvgmyj nKI wgwjUvwii bvix wbh©vZ‡bi †cQ‡b a‡g ©i `vqnxbZv I
wek¦vmNvZKZvi cybiæw³ K‡i‡Qb| cvwK‡`i bvix wbh©vZ‡bi †cQ‡b †h fxlY ~ieZ©x fvebv jywK‡q
wQj ZviB cÖKvk N‡U‡Q wØZxq msjvcwU‡Z| al©‡Yi d‡j †h mšÍvb evOvwji M‡f© Rb¥ †b‡e †m n‡e
LuvwU cvwK¯Ívwb| hy×Kvjxb Ggb ee©iZv ZvI a‡g©i bv‡g wbR †`‡k- AKíbxq| cvwK¯Ívwb
kvmK‡Mvôxi G wbôziZvi cÖgvY cÖvq cÖwZwU gyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨v‡mB †g‡j| evOvwj gymjgvb nqZ wKQzUv
`qvi †hvM¨ wKš‘ wn›`y ev KwgDwb÷ mivmwi `ЇhvM¨| KviY Zviv wek¦vmNvZK| HwZnvwmK G wek¦vm
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q wbwl× †jvev‡bI| wmiv‡Ri cÖK…Z bvg cÖ`xc| Rxeb euvPv‡bvi ZvwM‡` gbymi Zvi
bvg cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q| cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i Kv‡QI wn› y‡`i GB bvg cwieZ©b Kvwnwb ARvbv bq| gyw³hy‡×i
cy‡iv mgq Ry‡o ZvB †`Lv hvq cyiæl‡`i LZbv wbY©q Ki‡Q wn›`y-gymjgvb cv_©K¨| K‡jgv Rvb‡Z
PvIqv wQj Zv‡`i Av‡iKwU †K․kj|
ivZvivwZ ag© Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q A‡bK wn› y| hviv K‡iwb Zviv cÖvY w`‡q ag©cÖvYZvi `vq
PzwK‡q‡Q| wmivR ¯cœ †`‡L †m Avevi cÖ`xc n‡e| wb‡Ri Aw ÍZ¡ wd‡i cvIqvi ¯‡cœ we‡fvi wmivR
a‡g©i Kvi‡Y gv-evev Avi w`w`‡K nvwi‡q‡Q| wb‡Ri ytL‡eva cÖKvk K‡i †m e‡j‡Q:
w`w`, Avcwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib Avgvi `ytL? gv-evev-†evb, Avgvi bvg, Avgvi cwiPq GKUv gvÎ iv‡Z
Avgvi me wKQz nvwi‡q hvevi `ytL?17
†h †`‡k ag© wefvRb m„wó K‡i, gvbyl‡K eva¨ K‡i gbyl¨Z¡ Qvo‡Z, bvix‡`i wjwe‡Wv wµqvi gva¨g
wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i, †m †`k cÖkœwe× n‡Z eva¨| Ggb AZ¨vPvix cïmg gvby‡li cÖwZ‡iva mg‡qiB
`vwe| wKš‘ wKQz gvbyl Rb¥vqB gbylZ¡nxb Ae¯’vq| A_© I ÿgZvwjáy GB gvbyliƒcx nv‡qbvi cwiPq
gyw³hy‡×i mgq evOvwj †c‡q‡Q| ÁvwZkÎæi †P‡q eo kÎæ Avi †bB| ivRvKvi- Avje`‡ii cvkvcvwk
wenvwi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii bgybv cÖPzi| wbwl× †jvev‡bI Zv weij bq| gbyl¨wenxb R‡jk¦ix‡Z Av‡jK
†gv³vi‡K †c‡q wenvwiiv DjøwmZ nq| AÜ G gvbylwU‡K Miæi g‡Zv †eu‡a, euvk w`‡q LuywP‡q nuvUvq,
jvw_ gv‡i| ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ Mvb MvIqvi Aciv‡a †LvKv‡K nZ¨v K‡iI Iiv ÿvšÍ nqwb,
†gv³v‡ii Zj‡c‡U †LuvPv †g‡i‡Q †hb †m Zvi gy‡L cÖ¯ªve K‡i| moKc‡_ gvBb we‡ùvi‡Y wZb
†mbvm`m¨ wbnZ n‡j Av‡jK‡K nZ¨v K‡i Zviv| iv‡Z-w`‡b wenvixiv MÖv‡g MÖv‡g cvnviv w`‡q‡Q, jyU
K‡i‡Q cÖ‡Z¨K evwo I †`vKvb| wgwjUvwi evwnbxi Wvb nvZ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q ivRvKvi I wenvwi-
G Z_¨I my¯úó wbwl× †jvev‡bi K¨vbfv‡m|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
48
G Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwbi mv‡_ mv „k¨ cvIqv hvq m‡dv‡K¬m (wLª÷c~e© 496-406) iwPZ AvwšÍ‡Mv‡b-i|
cvi¯úwiK hy‡× wbnZ GK fvB‡qi ivRKxq gh©v`vq †klK…Z¨ nq| AciRb cï-cvwLi Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e
c‡o _v‡K| AvwšÍ‡Mv‡b fvB‡qi G Agh©v`v mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ivR`‡Ði fq D‡cÿv K‡i †m
fvB‡qi jvk‡K h_v_© gh©v`v †`q| wejwKmI Zvi fvB †LvKv‡K `vdb Kivi cÖwZÁvq evRv‡i hvq
wKš‘ b„ksmZv`„‡ó wm×všÍ †bq cÖ‡Z¨KwU jvk `vdb Kivi| G‡Z jv‡ki †Kvb hvq bv G‡jI evOvwj
wn‡m‡e, gvbyl wn‡m‡e Rxeb‡K, cÖvY‡K m¤§vb Rvbv‡bvi †eva‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q wejwKm| †kl iÿv bv
n‡jI åvZ…nZ¨v A_©vr †LvKv I cÖ`x‡ci nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva †bq †m cvwK †gRi‡K cywo‡q gvivi
gva¨‡g| wejwKm cÖgvY K‡i evOvwj `ye©j bq| †kvK evOvwj‡K ¯Íä K‡i †`qwb eis wbišÍi kw³i
engvb Drm Zv| bvixi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Dcb¨vm m„wó I Zv‡Z cÖwZ‡iv‡ai P‚ovšÍ c_wb‡`©k cÖgvY K‡i
†jLK wn‡m‡e kvgmyj nK KZUv `vqe×| gyw³hy‡×i LÐvsk ewY©Z n‡jI wbwl× †jvevb gyw³hy‡×i
GKwU cÖvgvY¨ `wjj G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB|
Dcmsnvi
gyw³hy×Kv‡ji BwZnvm, ev ÍeZv Ges NUbvcÖevn GB 2wU Dcb¨v‡m evsjv‡`‡ki ZrKvjxb
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•ewkó¨ cvV‡Ki †Pv‡L aiv c‡o| evOvwji ag© I ms¯‥…wZ wb‡q cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i g‡b we‡Øl m„wó Kiv
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†h․w³KZv ev hvPvBKiY Qvov cvwK Ívwbiv Zv †g‡bI wb‡qwQj|
A_©‣bwZKfv‡e `xN© mv‡o 23 eQ‡ii †kvl‡Y mg„w× N‡U‡Q cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi| cvwK¯Ív‡bi msnwZ I
Bmjvg iÿvi ZvwM‡`i evnvbvq c~e© evsjv‡K k³nv‡Z kv‡q¯Ív Kivi cwiKíbvq wbh©vZb I nZ¨vi
w÷g †ivjvi Pvjvq cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx| wKš‘ A‡¯¿i gy‡L evOvwj‡`i Øviv AwMœms‡hvM I jyV Kivi `„k¨
K¨v‡givq aviY K‡i we‡k¦i mvg‡b ÎvZv wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡`i Dc¯’vc‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Q Zviv|
nZ¨v, wbh©vZb, al©Y, jyÉb wQj gyw³hy×Kvjxb mvaviY ev¯ÍeZv| bvix wbh©vZb I evOvwj wba‡bi GB
jÿ¨ 2wU Dcb¨v‡mB h_vh_fv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Ae¯’v`„‡ó †evSv hvq GKB „wófw½ I g‡bvfve
wiismve„wËi †cQ‡b KvR K‡i‡Q e‡j Dcb¨v‡m Zvi Dc¯’vcbI GK| wn›`y, KwgDwb÷, AvIqvgx
jxMvi wQj Zv‡`i cÖavb kÎæ| nvOi b`x †MÖ‡bW I wbwl× †jvevb-G mZ¨ Db¥y³| wkï nZ¨vq Zv‡`i
b„ksmZv ee©iZvi bvgvšÍi G welqwUI cÖwZdwjZ Dcb¨v‡m| hyeK‡`i nZ¨v, Zv‡`i i³ wbt‡kl
K‡i †g‡i †djv G¸‡jvI Av‡jvPbvi mvaviY cÖm½|
25†k gv‡P©i ci †_‡K mvaviY RxebhvÎv mgMÖ †`‡k Íä n‡q c‡owQj| Awdm-Av`vjZ eÜ| †eZb
†bB| GK A™¢~Z •eK‡j¨i w`b¸‡jv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q wewfbœ Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g| mjx‡gi g‡Zv mÿg †Q‡j
gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY Kivq Afve nv †g‡j G‡m‡Q eywoi msmv‡i|
Ni †Q‡o, †`k †Q‡o evOvwji wbivc` AvkÖq †LuvRvi wPÎ 2wU Dcb¨v‡mB cÖwZdwjZ| wKš‘ †MvUv
†`‡ki †Kvb RvqMv‡ZB wbivcËv †g‡jwb| Ni ev †`k Z¨vM Kivi mgq evOvwj Zvi cvw_©e me m¤úwË
†d‡j m‡½ wb‡q‡Q GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz|
kw¼Z evOvwji GKgvÎ Avb›` I Avk¦v‡mi Drm wQj ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi‡K›`ª| gyw³hy‡×i 2wU
Dcb¨v‡mB gyw³hy‡×i Lei, †`‡ki Ae¯’v, e½eÜzi †MÖßvi nIqvi Le‡ii Drm wQj ¯vaxb evsjv
†eZvi‡K›`ª| gyw³hy‡×i c‡ÿ cÖPvi, hy×Kvjxb bvbvb Lei cy‡iv †`‡k Qwo‡q †`Iqvi `vwqZ¡ wQj
gyw³hy‡×i hyMj Dcb¨vm: RxebmsMÖvg I gyw³i cwi‡jL
49
†eZv‡ii| KweZv, Mvb, Le‡ii cvkvcvwk ÔPigcÎÕI DÏxß K‡i‡Q evOvwj RbZv‡K| evOvwji i‡³
AbyiYb ZyjZ G AbyôvbwU:
hy‡×i †mB fqsKi w`b¸‡jv‡Z ÔPigcÎÕ Abyôvb iYv½‡b gyw³‡hv×v‡`i ey‡K RywM‡qwQj A`g¨ mvnm,
jÿ jÿ kiYv_©x‡`i ü`‡q m„wó K‡iwQj Acwimxg g‡bvej Avi `LjxK…Z GjvKvi †KvwU †KvwU gvbe
mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ GB Abyôvb wQj Av‡jvKewZ©Kv|18
evOvwji GB gyw³i hy‡× me‡P‡q myweavRbK Ae¯’v‡b wQj wenvixiv| 25†k gv‡P©i ci Zv‡`i my¯úó
Ae¯’vb wQj cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi w`‡K| evOvwj nZ¨v, jyÚb, al©Y, wbh©vZ‡b Zviv cvwK¯Ív‡bi mwµq
mnvqK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| wenvwi‡`i Øviv wbh©vZb I nZ¨vi weeiY i‡q‡Q wbwl× †jvev‡bI|
gyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨v‡m e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb cÖm½I DwÌZ n‡q‡Q evievi| 2wU Dcb¨v‡mB
gyw³hy‡× Zuvi Ae`vb, 7B gv‡P©i fvlY, 25†k gvP© iv‡Z Zuvi †MÖßvi cÖm½ BZ¨vw` Abyl½ Av‡jvwPZ
n‡q‡Q ev Íem¤§Zfv‡eB| RvwZi gyw³-Dr‡mi †K› ªwe›`y e½eÜz| evOvwji fv‡jvevmvq wZwb aviY
K‡i‡Qb eUe„‡ÿi wekvjZv| mviv evsjvq Qwo‡q wQj ZvuiB cÖ‡Yv`bvi A „k¨ A_P mie Dcw¯’wZ|
e½eÜz wb‡RI Rvb‡Zb Zuv‡K wN‡i Pj‡Z _vKv RvwZi fv‡jvevmv I fimvi cÖengvbZv:
Avwg GLvb †_‡K P‡j †M‡j Bqvwnqv I Zvi m½xiv bvbv iK‡gi Kzrmv iUv‡e I RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK
ch©v‡q weåvwšÍ m„wó Ki‡e| bv, bv Avgv‡K GLv‡b _vK‡ZB n‡e| Avgv‡K nZ¨v Ki‡j RvwZi g‡bvej bó
n‡e bv Ges Gi wfwˇZ RvZxq HK¨ Av‡iv kw³kvjxfv‡e M‡o DV‡e|19
Dchy©³ Av‡jvPbvq evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m gyw³hy× Kxfv‡e KZUv ev Íem¤§Zfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q,
Zv ¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb| Av‡jvwPZ 2Rb Jcb¨vwmK gyw³hy‡×i cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x, d‡j Zv‡`i AwfÁZv-
cwikÖæZ n‡q Dcb¨vm 2wU n‡q‡Q gyw³hy‡×i fv¯^iwPÎ| cÖ_gw`‡Ki AZwK©Z nvgjv, wbh©vZb-wbcxob
I nZ¨v-al©‡Yi wkKvi evOvwji †`k‡PZbvq Av‡Z¥vcjwä N‡U‡Q Ges cieZ©x mg‡q me©kw³ wb‡q
Zviv Suvwc‡q c‡o‡Q ¯^vaxbZvi hy‡×| ga¨weË Rxe‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U ewY©Z Dcb¨vm؇q ¯^vaxbZvi
Avkvev` e¨³ n‡q‡Q Zxeªfv‡e| `yRb †jLKB Dcb¨vm †k‡l ¯cœ †`‡L‡Qb ¯vaxbZvi| Zviv
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GB Afxáv g‡b †i‡L‡Qb, ¯vaxbZv-m~‡h©i AvMgb mg‡qi A‡cÿv gvÎ| AbvMZ
DËicÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q gyw³hy‡×i G Dcb¨vm¸‡jv GK GKwU cÖvgvY¨ `wjj| RvwZi Av‡eM, gyw³hy‡×i
BwZnvm, evOvwji Rbhy×, gyw³i mk¯¿ msMÖvg, ivRvKvi-Avj e`i‡`i wek¦vmNvZKZv, cvwK¯Ívwb
evwnbxi nZ¨v-wbh©vZb-al©Y-jyÉbZv Ae‡k‡l ¯^vaxbZvi AvMg‡bi `xß cÖZ¨q aviYKvix GB gnr
Dcb¨vm¸‡jv Avgv‡`i gyw³hy‡×i wbf©i‡hvM¨ K_vgvjv|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 †mwjbv †nv‡mb, nvOi b`x †MÖ‡bW (5g gy`ªY, Abb¨v, XvKv, 2017), c„. 53
2 Z‡`e, c„. 54
3 Z‡`e, c„. 62
4 Z‡`e, c„. 63
5 Z‡`e, c„. 63
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
50
6 Z‡`e, c„. 64
7 Z‡`e, c„. 109
8 Z‡`e, c„. 69
9 Z‡`e, c„. 73
10 Z‡`e, c„. 104
11 •mq` kvgmyj nK, †kÖô Dcb¨vm (2q gy`ªY, Abb¨v, XvKv, 2015), c„. 306
12 Z‡`e, c„.289
13 Z‡`e, c„. 311
14 Z‡`e, c„.319-320
15 Z‡`e, c„. 328
16 Z‡`e, c„. 333
17 Z‡`e, c„. 322
18 Gg Avi AvLZvi gyKzj, ÒAvgvi K_vÓ, PigcÎ (4_© gy`ªY, Abb¨v, XvKv, 2015), c„. 28
19 Avmv` †P․ayix, evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× (4_© cybgy`ªY, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 2001), c„. 29
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi cÖwZK…wZ
gvngy`v AvKZvi
Abstract: Thakurmar Jhuli is the Bengali folktales of Bengali folk literature which is
highly popular, well established and most often read by the readers. In nineteenth
century, Dakshinaranjan Mitra-Majumder first collected those folk-stories by his
personal initiation. The story-tellers were women. Therefore, most of the stories reflect
the thinking, belief, struggle, revolution, displeasure-disappointment, pain-sorrows,
desire-recognition and experiences of women. Both appreciation and condemnation of
women have been noticed in those tales. The theme of the most stories is, women should
be mentally candid and elegant along with their physical beauty. Otherwise they would
be treated as beast. Again, it has been frequently noticed in the stories that women have
to bear punishment throughout their life or accept death sentence due to their devil
incidence. On the other hand, trustworthy females are rescued by the princes subsequent
to sorrows or a miserable life but afterwards, they lead a cheerful life being a Queen.
Finally, Thakurmar Jhuli, reveals the two contradictory personality of women.
Considering the above fact, this study has been conducted to explore the dimensions of
the female characters on the basis of Thakurmar Jhuli.
f‚wgKv
c„w_exi mKj HwZn¨evnx †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb aviv †jvKK_v| †jvKK_vq mvaviY gvby‡li wek¦vm,
ixwZ-bxwZ, g~j¨‡eva, AwfÁZv Ges RvwZMZ •ewkó¨ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q _v‡K| †jvKK_vi NUbv-PwiÎ-
¯’vb-Kvj cwi‡ewóZ _v‡K A‡jŠwKK, KvíwbK, f‚Z-†cÖZ, •`Z¨-`vbe, ivÿm-†Lv°m, wRb-cix, cï-
cvwL, Kó- ytL-`y`©kv Avi wbcxo‡bi wPÎ w`‡q| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Zv mvaviY gvby‡li •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi
cÖwZ”Qwe| hw`I †jvKK_vq gvbyl A‡jŠwKK ÿgZvi AwaKvix, kw³ w`‡q civwRZ K‡i †`I-•`Z¨,
f‚Z-†cÖZ, ivÿm-†Lv°m‡K| GLv‡b cïcvwL K_v e‡j I‡V, Kíbvi RMr cÖmvwiZ K‡i Am¤¢e‡K
m¤¢e n‡Z †`‡L cvVKI Abvwej Avb‡›` †f‡m I‡V| GKwU RvwZi BwZnvm-HwZ‡n¨i cÖwZdjb
†jvKK_v| G cÖm‡½ ejv hvq, Ô†jvKK_vi Mfxi Z‡j G‡KKwU RvwZ †c‡q hvq Zv‡`i AvZ¥-
Avwe®‹v‡ii f‚wgZj|Õ1 `wÿYviÄb wgÎ-gRyg`v‡ii (1877-1956) VvKzigvÕi Szwj (1907) Gi
e¨wZµg bq| BD‡iv‡c †hgb MÖxg åvZ…؇qi 'Fairy tales', evsjvq †Zgwb `wÿYviÄb wgÎ-
gRyg`v‡ii VvKzigvÕi Szwj| evOvwji kvk¦Z, wPivqZ Rxe‡bi Mí-mgvnvi VvKzigvÕi Szwj|
K. msÁv I cwiwa
Bs‡iwR 'Folktale' kãwUi cÖwZkã h_vµ‡g Ô†jvKK_vÕ, Ô†jvKKvwnwbÕ, ÔK_KZvÕ BZ¨vw`‡Z AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb †dvK‡jviwe`MY| †jvKK_v †gŠwLK mvwnZ¨| mycÖvPxbKvj †_‡K gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡L Zv
cÖPwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| K…wlRxex gvbyl Aem‡i GK A‡b¨i m‡½ hLb M‡í †g‡Z I‡V; ZLb K_v”Q‡j
wb‡R‡`i myL- ytL, wbcxob-eÂbv, e¨_v-†e`bv, Avkv-AvKv•ÿv bvbv i‡O-e‡Y©, †jŠwKK-A‡jŠwKZvi
Avei‡Y eY©bv K‡i _v‡K| Gme M‡í Kvwnwb nqZ ev Íe; Z‡e Pwi‡Îi bvgKi‡Y _v‡K Kíbvi Qvc|
Abvw`Kvj †_‡KB gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ Gme Kvwnwb ev K_v eskci¤úivq †jvK mgv‡R ’vb K‡i †bq
¯’vqxfv‡e| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Gme †jvKK_vi Aeq‡e NUbvq wKQzUv ms‡hvRb-we‡qvRb n‡q
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx n‡q I‡V| G cÖm‡½ GKwU my›`i Ges MÖnY‡hvM¨ msÁv w`‡q‡Qb The critic Donald
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, evsjv wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
52
Haase, 'For some, the term denotes a speceific narrative form easily identified
characteristics but for others it suggests not a singular genre but an umbrella category
under which a variety of other forms may be grouped.'2 †jvKK_vi ¯vZš¿ Gi fvlv,
eY©bvfw½ I i‡mi Ac~e© mgvnv‡i|
†jvKK_v‡K bvbvfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb †jvKweÁvbxMY| Zvi g‡a¨ W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© I W±i
gh&&nviæj Bmjvg Gi msÁv †_‡K †jvKK_vi h_v_© ¯^iƒc Dcjwä Kiv hvq :
1. M`¨ I c`¨ Dfqwe` iPbvi wfZi w`qvB †jŠwKK Kvwnbx eY©bv Kiv nBqv _v‡K| c‡`¨i
wfZi w`qv hvnv cÖKvk Kiv nq, Zvnv ÔMxwZKvÕ I ÔGwcKÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ; M‡`¨i wfZi
w`qv †h Kvwnbx cÖKvk Kiv nq, Bs‡iRx‡Z Zvnv‡KB mvaviYfv‡e folktale ejv nq|3
(W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh©)
Avevi
2. †h-†jvK mvwn‡Z¨i g‡a¨ Kvwnbx Av‡Q, hv gyL¨Z eY©bvZ¥K hvi g‡a¨ †jŠwKK I
A‡jŠwKK NUbv cvkvcvwk we`¨gvb, AvKvk, gvwU, P›`ªm~h©, ¯^M©biK, Rj¯’j, gnvk~b¨,
cvZvj GK mnR •bK‡U¨ Ave×, y¯Íi I my ~‡ii e¨eavb †hLv‡b mn‡RB AwZµgbxq,
†h-Kvwnbx‡Z gvbyl, cïcvwL, KxUcZ‡½i g‡a¨ Nwbô m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq, fvlvi
†evaMg¨Zv †hLv‡b †Kvb mgm¨v bq, hv y kw³i cÖfve, •`Z¨ `vb‡ei Kvh©Kjvc,
LjPwi‡Îi cÖqvm, bvqKPwi‡Îi DÌvb cZb, bvq‡Ki mvnvh¨Kvix kw³i f‚wgKv BZ¨vw`
Dcw¯’Z _v‡K, †m¸‡jvB †jvKKvwnbx|4 (W. gvh&nviæj Bmjvg)
G `y‡Uv msÁvi Av‡jv‡K †jvKK_vi •ewkó¨ `uvovq:
K. †jvKK_v Kvwnwb wbf©i;
L. †jvKK_v eY©bvagx©;
M. †jvKK_v †jŠwKK I A‡jŠwKK Kvwnwbi mgvnvi;
N. †jvKK_vq gvbyl I Rxe-Rš‘ I cï-cvwLi g‡a¨ cÖ‡f` †bB ej‡jB P‡j;
O. †jvKK_vi fvlv mvejxj I mnR‡eva¨;
P. hv y‡Uvbv, •`Z¨-`vbe I A‡jŠwKK kw³i e¨envi Awbevh©;
Q. †jvKK_vq Lj Pwi‡Îi Dcw ’wZ I Kvwnwb †k‡l cZb Awbevh©;
R. bvqK Pwi‡Îi DÌvb I cZb y‡UvB _v‡K;
S. bvqK‡K mvnvh¨Kvix eÜz wKsev cï-cvwLi Dcw ’wZ;
T. †jvKK_v esk ci¤úivq gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ;
U. M`¨ wbf©i; RbkÖæwZg~jK HwZn¨evnx Kvwnwb ewY©Z †jvKK_vq;
V. †jvKK_vi †kl cwiYwZ wgjbvZ¥K BZ¨vw`|
welq I •ewPΨ Abyhvqx †jvKK_v‡K DcK_v, iƒcK_v, eªZK_v, cyivYK_v, bxwZK_v, e¨½K_v
BZ¨vw`‡Z web¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb †jvKweÁvbxMY| VvKzigvÕi Szwji Mí¸‡jv •ewkó¨ I †kÖwYKi‡Yi w`K
†_‡K Dch©y³ •ewkó¨ I †kÖwYi AšÍM©Z|
VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi cÖwZK…wZ
53
VvKzigvÕi Szwj evsjv †jvKmvwnZ¨ Z_v wkïmvwn‡Z¨i me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨, cwVZ, ¯xK…Z †jvKK_v ev
†jvKKvwnwb| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z `wÿYviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi GKvšÍB e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M G Kvwnwb¸‡jv
msMÖn K‡iwQ‡jb| †mLv‡b cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q †m mg‡qi gvby‡li Rxebaviv, wek¦vm, ms¯‹…wZ,
wbZ¨w`‡bi Rxebhvcb, ytLKómn bvbv welq| ZrKvjxb gvby‡li mij Rxebhvcb, Amv¤úª`vwqK
wPšÍv‡PZbvi Qvc; we‡kl K‡i evOvwj RvwZi RvwZMZ •ewkó¨ G‡Z cwiùzU| ZvB‡Zv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
VvKzigvÕi Szwj MÖ‡š’i f‚wgKvq e‡jwQ‡jb :
VvKzigvÕi SzwjwUi gZ GZ eo ¯^‡`kx wRwbm Avgv‡`i †`‡k Avi wK Av‡Q? wKš‘ nvq GB †gvnb
SzwjwUI B`vbxs g¨v‡Âóv‡ii Kj nB‡Z •Zix nBqv Avwm‡ZwQj| GLbKvi Kv‡j wejv‡Zi "Fairy
Tales" Avgv‡`i †Q‡j‡`i GKgvÎ MwZ nBqv DwVevi Dcµg Kwiqv‡Q| ¯^‡`‡ki w`w`gv †Kv¤úvwb
G‡Kev‡i †`D‡jÕ| Zuv‡`i Szwj Svov w`‡j †Kvb †Kvb ¯’‡j gvwU‡bÕi Gw_K&&m Ges ev‡K©i divmx wecø‡ei
†bvUeB evwni nBqv cwo‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ †Kv_vq †Mj- ivRcyÎ cvˇii cyÎ, †Kv_vq †e½gv †e½gx,
†Kv_vq- mvZ mgy`ª †Z‡iv b`x cv‡ii mvZ ivRvi ab gvwYK!5
VvKzigvÕi SzwjÕi Mí¸‡jv Ô y‡ai mvMiÕ, Ôiƒc-ZivmxÕ, ÔP¨vs-e¨vsÕ I ÔAvg-m‡›`kÕ GB PviwU c‡e©
mw¾Z| welq Abyhvqx Mí¸‡jv Avgiv wb‡¤œv³fv‡e mvRv‡Z cvwi:
`ytmvnwmK Mí- KjveZx ivRKb¨v, NygšÍcix, KvÂbgvjv, mvZ fvB P¤úv, kxZemšÍ,
wKiYgvjv|
f‚Z-†cÖZ m¤úK©xq Mí- bxjKgj Avi jvjKgj, WvwjgKzgvi, cvZvjKb¨v gwYgvjv
cï-cvwL m¤úK©xq Mí- wkqvjcwÐZ
nvm¨imvZ¥K Mí- myLy Avi `yLy, eªvþY eªvþYx, †`o Av½y‡j
Mí¸‡jv‡Z evOwji HwZn¨MZ ÔmgvR Rxeb, gvbe PwiÎ, my² gb ÍË¡ BZ¨vw`i mgv‡ekÕ6 jÿ¨Yxq|
L. mgKvjxb mgvRev ÍeZv
VvKzigvÕi Szwji K_K bvix| ZvB Awbevh©fv‡eB Mí¸‡jv‡Z bvixi a¨vb-aviYv, wek¦vm-ms¯‹vi, †ÿvf-
nZvkv-msMÖvg, e¨_v-†e`bv, PvIqv-cvIqv I AwfÁZvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| cÖm½Z ejv hvq, Ô†Kv‡bv Mí
ev Dcb¨vm †Kej GKwU KvwnbxB e‡j bv, †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv e¨w³, mgvR ev hy‡Mi wPÎ Z_v gvbwmKZvI
cÖwZdwjZ K‡i|Õ7
G welqwU Av‡iv †evaMg¨ nq Avkivd wmwÏKxi D×…Z GKwU Dw³‡Z :
The arrangement of the texts of the stories, in collection of tales, according to story-tellers,
has given exceptionally valuable sources for the formulation and solution of the question of
the reflection of the creative personality of the story-teller in his tales.8
VvKzigvÕi SzwjI bvixi †mB me fvebviB cÖwZ”Qwe| Mí¸‡jv‡Z mgKvjxb mgvRgvbm cÖwZdwjZ;
we‡kl K‡i bvixi AwfÁZvq bvixi Ae¯’vb| VvKzigvÕi Szwji Mí¸‡jv †Kvb GK wbw`©ó mg‡q Ave×
bq| G¸‡jv hy‡M hy‡M Kv‡j Kv‡j eskci¤úivq gy‡L gy‡L P‡j Avmv MíK_v| Z‡e iƒcK_vi-
DcK_vi DcKiY-Dcv`vb, M‡íi Pwi·`i AvPvi-AvPiY we‡kølY K‡i M‡elKM‡Yi aviYv †h,
G¸‡jv AwZ cÖvPxb| ivÿmx‡`i gvbewkï fÿY, wkKvihvÎv Avw`g mgv‡Ri biLv`K gvbyl‡`iB
Aw ÍZ¡ Rvbvb †`q| Avevi iƒcK_v-DcK_vi ivRv-ivwb‡`i •`bw›`b Kg©KvÐ †`‡L †jvKM‡elK
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
54
Av‡Zvqvi ingvb VvKzigvi Szwj‡K wbZvšÍB Avw` hy‡Mi, hLb ivRZ‡š¿i •kkeKvj PjwQj e‡j gšÍe¨
K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z:
iƒ‡c Ni-Av‡jv Kiv, ¸‡Y AZzjbxqv ivRKb¨v ivYx n‡q G‡m ivRcyix Ry‡o e‡mb, †mvbvi Nv‡U gv_v,
iƒ‡cvi Lv‡U cv †i‡L my‡L wb ªv †`b| wKš‘ Avcb nv‡Z c e¨vÄb ivua‡ZI Zuvi ev‡a bv| Zv †nvK bv †mB
c e¨vÄb cÖRvi N‡ii e¨vćbi Zzjbvq `vgx| Ggb ivRv-ivYx mvaviY M„n ’-N‡ii KZ©v-wMbœxi †_‡K Ggb
wKQz ~‡ii gvbyl bb| hw` ewj, Zuviv wQ‡jb †mB hy‡Mi gvbyl, hv mf¨Zvi wbZvšÍB Avw` hyM, hLb
ivRZ‡š¿i •kkeKvj Pj‡Q, ivRv-cÖ‡Rvq cÖ‡f`Uv mvZ mgy ª †Z‡iv b`xi g‡Zv y Íi n‡q I‡Vwb, Zuviv
wbðqB iƒcK_v‡jv‡Ki †`qvj †f‡½ G‡m Avgvi k~j`‡Ûi weavb †`‡eb bv|9
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb e½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ MÖ‡š’ evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcK_v-DcK_vi wewfbœ Dcv`vb we‡kølY K‡i
G¸‡jvi Rb¥ evsjvi ewYK hy‡M A_©vr ·qv`k-PZz`k© kZ‡Ki w`‡K e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| evsjvi
†jvKK_v¸‡jvi mgqKvj wb‡q W. Avkivd wmwÏKx †jvKmvwnZ¨ MÖ‡š’ G‡K cÖvPxb Avw`g mgv‡Ri e‡j
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| VvKzgvÕi Sywji wbw`©ó mgqKvj Rvbv bv †M‡jI GUv wVK †h G¸‡jv AwZ cÖvPxb|
Ges Gi K_K evsjvi cÖvPxb mgv‡Ri gv-w`w`-w`w`gv; hv‡`i cÖZ¨ÿ c‡ivÿ Rxeb AwfÁZvi ev Íe
wPÎ G‡Z D™¢vwmZ| ZrKvjxb mgvR we‡køl‡Y ¯^xK…Z, bvix wQj civaxb| wPiKvjB Ae‡nwjZ|
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB bvix‡K eva¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q cyiæ‡li ek¨Zv I AaxbZv ¯^xKv‡i| A_P fviZxq mgv‡R
•ew`KKv‡j bvixi mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb wQj m¤§vbRbK| ZLb bvix wQj cweÎ, ¯^vgxi Øviv m¤§vwbZ Ges
¯^vaxbZv‡fvMKvwiYx| †h wb‡Ri Rxebmw½ †e‡Q †bIqvi AwaKviI jvf KiZ| wKš‘ mgqvšÍ‡i
ZrKvjxb mgv‡R cyiælZvwš¿KZvi Rv‡j ew›` n‡Z _v‡K bvix| Kb¨v iƒ‡c wcZvi, Rvqv iƒ‡c ¯^vgxi
Ges gvZviƒ‡c cy‡Îi AaxbZv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z nZ bvix‡K| Gi g~j KviY, bvix wQj ciwbf©ikxj I
civbœRxex| d‡j †Kvb ¯^vaxb mËv wQj bv Zv‡`i| evev-gvi m¤úwˇZI wQj bv Zv‡`i AwaKvi|
Rxeb wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ wQj bv †Kvb Dchy³ mvgvwRK cwi‡ek I my‡hvM| †Kbbv bvixi we`¨vR©‡bi †P‡q
M„nK‡g© `ÿZv‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv nZ ZrKvjxb mgv‡R| d‡j ¯vgxi ûKzgcvjb, c‡` c‡` ¯^vgx I Zvi
cwievi Øviv jvÃbv-MÄbv †fvM wQj wbqwgZ e¨vcvi| hvi Kvi‡Y bvix n‡q I‡V wbw®Œq, AvÁvevnx I
cwZeªZv| g~j¨vwqZ n‡Z _v‡K †mŠ›`h©¸‡Y, Rb¥`v‡b mÿgZv I M„nK‡g© `ÿZv ¸‡Y| Gi g‡a¨
Rb¥`v‡b mÿgZv bvixi Aw ͇Z¡i welqwU wbwðZ KiZ| Zv bv n‡j ¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³v n‡q c‡_i dwK‡i
cwiYZ n‡Z nZ| GQvov mwZbwe‡Øl, Cl©v, Kjn, loh‡š¿i wkKviI nZ bvix| †ewkifvM‡ÿ‡Î bvixi
cÖwZcÿ n‡q uvovZ bvix; cyiælgvÎB kvw¯ÍweavbKZ©v| d‡j bvixi gb‡b gM‡R Zvi GB `yie¯’vi
KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq Av‡iK bvix| bvixi GB y‡f©vM cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_
Av‡iv e„w× †c‡q‡Q KL‡bv bgbxq wKsev cÖ”Qbœfv‡e; KL‡bv bMœfv‡e| cÖvPxbhyM †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq
ch©šÍ cyiæ‡li cÖwZ bvixi AaxbZv, ek¨Zv †hb wewai weavb| wewfbœ kv¯¿ †hgb gbymswnZvq, cyiv‡Y,
ivgvq‡Y, gnvfvi‡ZI bvix‡K cyiæ‡li Aaxb Kivi cÖqvm †`Lv hvq| †hgb gbymswnZvq bvixi
civaxbZvi wPÎ G‡m‡Q Gfv‡e:
evjqv ev hyeZ¨v ev e„×qv evwc †hvwlZv|
b ¯^vZ‡¯¿¨Y KZ©e¨s wKwÂr Kvh©s M„‡nlewc|10
A_©vr bvix hyewZ, evwjKv wKsev e„×vB †nvK, M„ng‡a¨ †_‡K †Kv‡bv KvR ¯^vgxi webv AbygwZ‡Z Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv| GQvovI gbmswnZvq bvix †h ïay KvgRmËv, mšÍvb Rb¥v`v‡bi †ÿÎ Ges iƒ‡c wePvh©;
G¸‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wewfbœ †køvK iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Ggb wK bvixi kix‡i †Kv_vq cÖnvi Ki‡Z n‡e
VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi cÖwZK…wZ
55
ZviI wb‡`©k i‡q‡Q gbymswnZvq| Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi GB Aeqe G‡m‡Q
cÖwZiƒcKxq Zvrc‡h©|
M. bvixmËvi ïf-Aïf iƒc
VvKzigvÕi Szwj-i AwaKvsk MíB bvixcÖavb| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii bvix †hgb ivwb, ivRKb¨v,
eªvþYx, gš¿xi ¿x, K…lvwb, `vmx, ivÿmxÕi wePiY VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z| ÿgZvi Ace¨envi, hv yi Ackw³
cÖ‡qvM, wbôziZv, K‚U-†KŠkj cÖ‡qvM, wewfbœ AcKg©Kvix eoivwb, my‡qvivwb, mrgv, ivÿmxmn mKj
Aïf/g›` PwiÎ †hgb bvix; †Zgwb mijv, cigv my›`ix, ¸YeZx, M„nK‡g© wbcyY, •ah©kxj, `qveZx,
`ytL- y`©kvMÖ¯Í Avi wbh©vZb-wbMÖn mn¨Kvix fvj/mr/ïf PwiÎI bvix| cÖvq meM‡íB g›` bvixPwiÎ
WvBwb, ev mrgv Zv‡`i K…Z AcK‡g©i dj wn‡m‡e kvw¯Í‡fvM K‡i A_ev g„Zz¨`‡Ð `wÐZ nq; Avi
ïf/fvj/mr Pwi‡Îi bvix A‡bK ytL-hš¿Yv m‡q †Kvb ivRcyÎ KZ…©K D×vi jvf K‡i ivwb n‡q ivRvi
mv‡_ my‡L emevm Ki‡Z _v‡K| A_©vr VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z ci¯úi we‡ivax g‡bvfw½i bvixPwi‡Îi
cwiPq cvIqv hvq| †hgb:
Aïf mËv/g›`/Amr bvixi mvaviY •ewkó¨:
K. iƒcwm wKš‘ mšÍvbavi‡Y Aÿg;
L. cÖwZwnsmv I KjncivqYZv;
M. Kg©wegyL I Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv;
N. Aïf kw³i cÖ‡qvMKvix;
O. A‡jŠwKK hv ykw³i AccÖ‡qvM;
P. KzUwb, WvBwb A_ev ivÿmx Ges
Q. D”PvKv•ÿx|
ïf mËv/fvj/mr bvixi mvaviY •ewkó¨:
K. iƒcwm Zv mšÍvb avi‡Y mÿg;
L. cwikÖgx I •ah©kxj;
M. A‡kl wbcxob I wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi;
N. mij, mr I `qveZx;
O. M„nKg© I M„nag© cvj‡b KZ©e¨wbô;
P. wbf©ikxj Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wbw®Œq;
Q. M‡íi ïiæ‡Z ¯^vgx Øviv weZvwoZ;
R. M‡íi †k‡l cyÎ wKsev cyÎea~ KZ…©K D×vi jvf, wb‡`©vl cÖgvwYZ I †k‡l my‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z ¯^vgx-
mšÍvbmn msmvi Ki‡Z cviv|
Dchy©³ •ewkó¨vejxi bvixPwiÎ VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z jÿ¨Yxq| Z‡e e¨wZµgagx© `yÕGKRb PwiÎ †hgb-
ÒwKiYgvjvÓ DcwiD³ •ewk‡ó¨i evB‡i mvnmxKb¨v; †h kZ evavwecwË Gwo‡q AiæY-eiæY yfvBmn
kZ kZ ivRcy‡Îi D×viKZ©v wn‡m‡e Avwe©f‚Z n‡q‡Q| †hgb:
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
56
wKiYgvjv †mvbvi Svwi Xvwjqv Rj wQUvB‡jb, Pvwiw`‡K cvnvo gogo Kwiqv DwVj, mKj cv_i UKUK
Kwiqv DwVj,†hLv‡b R‡ji wQUv-†duvUv c‡o, hZ hy‡Mi hZ ivRcyÎ Avwmqv cv_i nBqv wQ‡jb, P‡ÿi
cj‡K Mv-†gvov w`qv DwVqv e‡mb|
†`wL‡Z †`wL‡Z mKj cv_i jÿ jÿ ivRcyÎ nBqv †Mj| ivRcy‡Îiv †Rvonv‡Z Kwiqv wKiYgvjv‡K
cÖYvg Kwij,
ÒmvZ hy‡Mi ab¨ exi!Ó11
Avevi, ÒKuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjvÓ M‡íI ¯í mg‡qi Rb¨ n‡jI KvÂbgvjv ¯^vgxi Amy¯’Zvq ivR¨
Pvjv‡Z mÿg nq; †hwU cy‡iv VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í weij| „óvšÍ:
myPivRvi ivRmsmvi APj nBj,myPivRv g‡bi `yt‡L gv_v bvgvBqv ewmqv _v‡Kb; ivYx KvÂbgvjv
`yt‡L K‡ó †Kv‡bviK‡g ivRZ¡ PvjvB‡Z jvwM‡jb|12
VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z yÕai‡bi bvixPwiÎ ¯úóÑ wbw®Œq (Passive) I mwµq (Active)| Avgiv ïfmËv I
AïfmËv wn‡m‡eI G‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi| wbw®Œq ev ïfmËvi bvix Aciƒc iƒ‡ci AwaKvwiYx I
ivRKb¨v| iƒcnxb, KzrwmZ igYxiv mwµq Aïf †Mv‡Îi AšÍM©Z| Giv nq mrgv, ivÿmx bq‡Zv
WvBwb| cÖm½Z, mvaviY †Kv‡bv bvixi eY©bv Gme M‡í Abycw¯’Z| †Kbbv mvaviY †g‡qi c‡ÿ
ivRcy‡Îi NiwY nIqv Kvh©Z Am¤¢e|
N. bvixi ˆkwíK iƒc
VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í imNb cwiw¯’wZ •Zwi‡Z g~j Avavi bvixi †mŠ›`h© eY©bv| GwU †jvKK_vi GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖm½| cÖvq M‡íB †`Lv hvq, bvixRxe‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ ivRcy·`i gy» K‡i weevne܇b
Ave× nIqv| GRb¨ †hvM¨Zv wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i cÖavb Aej¤^b †mŠ›`h©; Gic‡i †`Lv nq AšÍR©xe‡bi
gvayh© ev †mŠ›`h©| wPivqZ evOvwj igYxi hv •ewkó¨| VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í ïfmËv/wbw®Œq (Passive)
bvix‡`i g‡a¨ GB •ewk‡ó¨i cÖ”Qvc cwijwÿZ| ïfmËv/wbw®Œq (Passive) bvixiv my›`ix †mB mv‡_
`qveZx, M„nK‡g© wbcyYv, mijv, •ah©kxj, cvkweK wbh©vZb mn¨KvwiYx I gvbweK ¸Yvewji
AwaKvwiYx| Gi e¨wZµg n‡jB bvixiv gvbex bq ivÿmx wKsev WvBwb¯^fvev; hv mwµq bvixi
•ewkó¨| bvixi •`wnK †mŠ›`‡h©i eY©bv ivRcyÎ wKsev Zuvi gv‡qi Kv‡Q †cuŠQvq KLbI ivRKb¨vi
wb‡Ri ZvwM‡`; KLbI ïK cvwLi gyL w`‡q; KLbI ev åg‡Y wM‡q ivRcy‡Îi ivRKb¨v‡K cÖ_g `k©‡b
gy» n‡q| ÒKjveZx ivRKb¨vÓ M‡í ÔKzP-eiYÕ ivRKb¨v‡K †`Lv hvq †bŠKvq K‡i ivRcy·`i ivR‡Z¡
G‡m wb‡Ri iƒ‡ci eY©bv Ki‡Z Gfv‡e :
KjveZx ivRKb¨v †gN-eiY †Kk
†Zvgvi cyÎ cvVvBI KjveZxi †`k|
Avb‡Z cv‡i †gvwZi dzj †Xv-j-WMi,
†mB cy‡Îi euv`x n‡q Avme †Zvgvi Ni|13
jÿ¨Yxq ivRKb¨viv memgq ÔKzPeiYÕ †KDB k¨vgjv ev Kv‡jv e‡Y©i bq| ÒNygšÍcixÓ M‡í ivRKb¨vi
†mŠ›`‡h©i eY©bv cvIqv hvq ivRcy‡Îi ivRKb¨v‡K cÖ_g `k©‡b:
dzje‡bi Kv‡Q wMqv ivRcyÎ †`‡Lb, dz‡ji e‡b †mvbvi LvU, †mvbvi Lv‡U nxivi WuvU, nxivi Wuv‡U dz‡ji
gvjv †`vjv‡bv iwnqv‡Q; †mB gvjvi wb‡P, nxivi bv‡j †mvbvi cÙ, †mvbvi c‡Ù GK cigv my›`ix
ivRKb¨v we‡fv‡i NygvB‡Z‡Qb| NygšÍ ivRKb¨vi nvZ †`Lv hvq bv, cv †`Lv hvq bv, †Kej Puv‡`i-wKiY
gyLLvwb †mvbvi c‡Ùi †mvbvi cvcwoi g‡a¨ UzjUzj Kwi‡Z‡Q|14
VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi cÖwZK…wZ
57
wKQz M‡í †g‡qi iƒc †`‡L evev-gv bvg iv‡Lb ÔiƒceZxÕ| †hgb:
ivRKb¨v iƒceZx bvg _y‡q‡Q gvq|
MR‡gvwZ nZ †kvfv †lvj-Kjvq|15
KLbI evev wb‡RB †g‡qi iƒ‡ci mv‡_ cixi Zzjbv K‡i e‡jb, Ô†Rvov cixi g‡Zv †Rvov
ivRKb¨v|Õ16
G‡nb iƒ‡ci eY©bvq gy» n‡q ivRcyÎiv ivR¨ †Q‡o wbiæ‡Ïk nb Aciƒcv ivRKb¨v‡K
cvIqvi AvKv•ÿvq| RxebevRx †i‡L †gvKv‡ejv K‡ib bvbv cÖwZK‚jZvi| bvix n‡qI GKRb gv
weev‡ni Ab¨Zg kZ© wn‡m‡e †Luv‡Rb my›`ix ivRKb¨v| GRb¨ cy·`i wec`msKzj RvqMvq cvVv‡ZI
wØav‡eva K‡ib bv| ivRKb¨vivI wewRZ ivRcy·`i nv‡Z mu‡c †`b wb‡R‡`i| my‡L NiKbœvi gva¨‡g
M‡íi mgvwß N‡U| A_©vr bvixi †mŠ›`h© M‡íi K¬vB‡g· (Climax) I cwiYwZi g~j PvweKvwV| •`wnK
†mŠ›`h© QvovI wbw®Œq (Passive)/ïfmËvi bvix‡`i AšÍRx©e‡bi †mŠ›`h© (Awnsmv, `qv, •ah©,
c‡ivcKvi, mr, mij, Kg©x) cwijwÿZ| GB ¸Yvejx bv _vK‡j bvix‡K g›` bvixi cwiYwZ †fvM
Ki‡Z nq| ÒmyLy Avi `yLyÓ Gi D¾¡j „óvšÍ| `yLyi •`wnK I gvbwmK Dfq ¸Yvejxi Kvi‡Y †m ab I
ei `y‡UvB jvf K‡i‡Q| †hgb, Ôÿvi •LjUzKz gvwLqv R‡j bvwgqv `yLy Wze w`j| Wze w`‡ZB GK Wz‡e
`yLyi †mŠ›`h© D_‡j c‡o! цm Kx iƒc! -AZ iƒc †`eKb¨viI bvBÕ!17
Aciw`‡K myLy wnsmyK, wbôzi AgvbweK, SMov‡U, †jvfx| Zvi dj¯^iƒc:
GK Wz‡e †mŠ›`h©! GK Wz‡e Mnbv!- Avt !!! ÑAvi myLy‡K cvq †K? myLy Gw`‡K Pvq, myLy
Iw`‡K Pvq,
ÒhZ hZ Wze w`e, bv Rvwb Av‡iv Kx cveÓ!
AuvB-AuvB-AuvB !!! Ô-wZb Wze w`qv DwVqv myLy †`‡L, -Mv-fiv AuvwPj, Nv cuvPovÑ GB bL,
†kv‡Yi †MvQv Pzj-KZ K`h© myLyi Kcv‡j!Õ18
AZGe, VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi •`wnK †mŠ›`h© I gvbwmK †mŠKgvh© y‡Uv‡KB we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q| wPivqZ evOvwj mgvR bvix‡K Gfv‡eB †`L‡Z Pvq| Ab¨_vq bvix KzwUjv, g›`¯^fvev e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ nq| ïay evsjvq bq; MÖxg åvZ…؇qi †dqvwi †U‡ji "The pink flower", "Cinderella",
"The Goose Girl at the Spring" Mí¸‡jv‡Z bvix‡`i •`wnK I gvbwmK †mŠKgvh© ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_
we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯iƒc, "The pink flower" M‡í bvixi †mŠ›`h© eY©bv G‡m‡Q Gfv‡e, 'So
beautiful that no painter could ever have made her look more beautiful.'19
O. mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi hvwš¿K iƒc
†mŠ›`‡h©i cvkvcvwk weev‡ni ci mšÍvb Drcv`bB bvixi gyL¨ f~wgKv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ VvKzigvÕi Szwj
M‡í| Ni-¯^vgx-mšÍvb Gi g‡a¨B wePiY bvixi| Gi e¨Z¨q NU‡j ytL-`y`©kv Avi wbcxo‡bi mxgv
_v‡K bv GKRb bvixi| †mB wbcxob Av‡m ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K, cwievi †_‡K, mgvR †_‡K| ÔKjveZx
ivRKb¨vÕ M‡í Ôb-ivbxÕ, Ô†QvU ivbxÕ, ÔmvZ fvB P¤úvÕ M‡í Ô†QvUivbxÕ, ÔwKiYgvjvÕ M‡íi ÔivbxÕ Zvi
D¾¡j cÖgvY| mšÍvb Rb¥ bv w`‡Z cvivi `vq eZ©vq ïay bvixi Dci| cyiæ‡li Zv‡Z †Kvb `vq †bB|
bvixI Zv †g‡b †bq Aejxjvq, †Kbbv Ggb mvgvwRK PP©vq Zvi †e‡o IVv| Avi bvixi GB
nxbgb¨Zvi cÖwZdj GKRb ivRvi Qq mvZUv ivwb| GRb¨B cÖvq AwaKvsk MíB ïiæ nqÑ ÔGK †h,
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
58
ivRv| ivRvi mvZ ivbx|-eoivbx, †gRivbx, †mRivbx, b-ivbx, K‡bivbx, y‡qvivbx, Avi †QvUivbx|Õ20
wKsev, `yB ivRvi `yB ivbx, my‡qvivbx Avi y‡qvivbx|21
d‡j mšÍvb Drcv`b‡K †K› ª K‡i ïiæ nq
wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ gb ÍvwË¡K Ø›Ø-msNvZ I cÖwZwnsmv| GB cÖwZwnsmv Ggb ch©v‡q †cuŠQvq †h, mšÍvbnxb
bvix wb®úvc wkï‡K †g‡i †dj‡ZI wØav †eva K‡i bv| D`vniY¯iƒc, Ôwbôzi eo ivbxiv Avi wkK‡j
bvov w`j bv| PzwcPzwc nuvwo-miv Avwbqv, †Q‡j‡g‡q¸wj‡K Zvnv‡Z cywiqv, cuvk Mv`vq cyuwZqv †dwjqv
Avwmj|Õ22
KLbI Ôeoivbx‡`iÕ Pµv‡šÍ mvZcyÎ-GK Kb¨v Rb¥`vbKvix Ô†QvUivbxÕ Ôe¨v‡Oi Qvbv Bu`y‡ii QvbvÕ
wKsev †ev‡b‡`i Pµv‡šÍ `yB †Q‡j Avi GK †g‡q Rb¥`vbKvix †QvU‡evb ÔKzKzi Qvbv, weovj-Qvbv Avi
Kv‡Vi cyZzjÕ Rb¥`v‡bi Aciv‡a n‡Z nq `vmx wKsev wbe©vwmZ| Avi wbe©vwmZ ivwbiv †Kvb cÖKvi
Awf‡hvM bv K‡i mij g‡b wbqwZ‡K †g‡b cvkweK Kó mn¨ K‡i hvb| VvKzigvÕi Szwji ÒKjveZx
ivRKb¨vÓ M‡í eo cuvP ivwbi Ôb-ivbxÕ I Ô†QvUivbxÕ‡K ewÂZ K‡i wkKo †L‡q †djv I ÒkxZ emšÍÓ
M‡íi cÖ_gw`‡K my‡qvivbxi y‡qvivbx‡K gv_vq ewo wU‡c wU‡q evwb‡q †`Iqvi PµvšÍ Zv cÖgvY K‡i|
bvix‡`i Gme Pµv‡šÍi g~j KviY mšÍvb we‡kl K‡i cyÎ Rb¥`v‡b AÿgZv| †Kbbv cyÎmšÍvb cÖm‡ei
Dci Zv‡`i gh©v`v wbY©xZ nq| GBiKg Pµv‡šÍi „óvšÍ VvKzigvÕi Szwji Ab¨vb¨ M‡íI „k¨gvb|
P. bvixi mwnòziƒc
VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í mrgv I ivÿmx Pwi‡Îi bvix e¨wZZ Ab¨vb¨ bvixiv mij, wbw®Œq (Passive) ev
ïf mËv| AwaKvsk M‡íB bvix webqx, AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z I AvÁven †g‡q, ¯¿x I gv Pwi‡Î AvfvwmZ|
wbw®Œq (Passive) Pwi‡Îi bvix gv‡bB kvšÍ-wkó, my›`ix, AgvbweK Kómn¨KvwiYx, M„nK‡g© wbcyYv,
weev‡n AvMÖnx; Zv‡`i D”PvKv•ÿv Ges we`¨vR‡b©i AvMÖ‡ni K_vI Rvbv hvq bv| ÒKjveZx ivRKb¨vÓ
M‡í Ôb-ivbxÕ, Ô†QvUivbxÕ GKw`‡K †hgb M„nK‡g© wm×n¯Í †Zgwb evbi I †cuPv Rb¥`v‡bi Aciv‡a
ivRevoxi †RŠjym Avi A‡Xj m¤ú` nvwi‡q c‡_i dwK‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ÒKuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjvÓ
M‡í PZzi `vmx KuvKbgvjvi cÖZviYvq mijv KvÂbgvjv‡K `vmx‡Z cwiYZ n‡q M„‡ni mKj KvR
Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| D`vniY¯iƒc:
KvÂbgvjv Auv ÍvKz‡o ewmqv gvQ †Kv‡Ub Avi Kuv‡`b,
nv‡Zi KuvKb w`qv wKwbjvg `vmx,
†mn nBj ivbx, Avwg nBjvg euv`x|
Kx ev cv‡c †mvbvi ivRvi ivR¨ †Mj Qvi
Kx ev cv‡c fvw½j Kcvj KvÂbgvjvi?23
KvÂbgvjv ivwb n‡jI VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í ïfmËvi cÖZxK; ZvB †m mij| Ges wbqwZ‡K †`vlv‡ivc
K‡i `vmx Rxebhvc‡b wbw®Œq (Passive) _vK‡Q| ÒwKiYgvjvÓ M‡í ÔPuv‡`i gZb ev‡o, dz‡ji gZb
†dv‡UÕ24
cigv my›`wi wKiYgvjvI Ôevwo‡Z KzUvUzKz cwo‡Z †`q bv, KvRjjZv MvB‡qi Mv‡q gvwQwU
ewm‡Z †`q bv|Õ25
A_©vr wKiYgvjv my›`ix †mB mv‡_ M„nK‡g© wbcyYv| bvixi M„nK‡g© wbcyYZvi welqwU
Mí¸‡jv‡Z cyiæ‡li we`¨vR©‡bi mgZzj¨ wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq| D`vni‡Y welqwU Abyaveb‡hvM¨:
AiæY-eiæY, eªvþ‡Yi mKj we`¨v cwo‡jb; wKiYgvjv eªvþ‡Yi Nimsmvi nv‡Z wb‡jb|26
VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi cÖwZK…wZ
59
ÒmyLy Avi `yLyÓ M‡íi yLy I Zvi gv wbw®Œq (Passive)/ïfmËv| `yLy mKj¸‡Y ¸YvwšZ| M„‡ni mKj
Kv‡R wbcyYv; mrgv‡qi wbh©vZb mn¨KvwiYx; c‡ivcKvix I wb‡j©vf| `yLyi cÖksmbxq ¸Yvejxi Kvi‡Y
†m Puv‡`i eywogv KZ…©K cyi¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q| A_©vr ïfmËvi cÖwZf~ bv n‡j Zvi myLyi cwiYwZ †fvM Ki‡Z
nZ| D‡jøL¨, MÖxgm& †dqvwi †U‡ji "In Snow White", I "Cinderella" M‡íI 'Snow white' I
'Cinderella' kvšÍwkó, mijv, AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z I AvÁvevnx| Zv‡`i †`Lv hvq, N‡ii mg Í Kv‡Ri mv‡_
mv‡_ mrgv I mr‡ev‡b‡`i wbh©vZb wbi‡e mn¨ K‡i †h‡Z| Zv‡`i AvÁvcvj‡b AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z _vK‡Z|
Q. mšÍvbevrm‡j¨ bvixmËv
ïfmËv mr/fvj Pwi‡Îi bvix wbw®Œq (Passive) n‡jI G‡`i mšÍvbevrmj¨ jÿ¨Yxq| ÒKjveZx
ivRKb¨vÓ M‡í Ôey×Õ I ÔfzZz‡giÕ KjveZx †`‡ki hvÎvi Le‡i Ôb-ivbxÕ I Ô†QvUivbxÕ mšÍv‡bi g½j
Kvgbvq, Ô yB R‡b yBLvbv mycvwii †Wv½vq, yBKov Kwo, avb, ~e©v Avi AvMv-MjyB‡q cvQv-MjyB‡q
wm› ~‡ii †duvUv w`qv fvmvBqv w`‡jb|Õ27
Avevi, eo cuvP ivRcyÎ wd‡i G‡jI hLb ey×z I fzZzg
wbiæ‡Ïk ZLb I ÔfzZz‡gi gvÕ, Ôey×zi gvÕ, GZw`b Kuvw`qv-Kuvw`qv gi-gi| †k‡l yBR‡b b`xi R‡j
Wzweqv gwi‡Z †M‡jb|Õ28
mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i G AvZ¥Z¨vM wPišÍb evOvwj bvixi •ewkó¨| Ô†mvbvi KvwU
iæcvi KvwUÕ M‡í ¯vgxi ûKzg m‡Ë¡I ivwb cyÎevrm‡j¨ cy‡Îi †cø‡U fv‡Zi e`‡j QvB bv w`‡q cigvbœ
mvwR‡q _vjvi GK‡Kv‡Y QvB‡qi ¸ov †i‡LwQ‡jb| ÒNygšÍ cyixÓ M‡íI cyÎ †kv‡K ivwb‡K Avnvi wb ªv
†Q‡o kh¨vkvqx n‡Z †`Lv hvq| ÒcvZvj Kb¨v gwYgvjvÓ‡ZI †cu‡Pvi gv bT_©K e¨Äbvi bvixg~wZ© n‡jI
Zv‡K †`wL cy·K ivRKb¨vi mv‡_ we‡q Kiv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ K‚U-†KŠk‡j gwYgvjv‡K ew›` Ki‡Z|
wbw®Œq/mr bvixi mšÍvbevrmj¨ ïay wb‡Ri mšÍvb bq, mZxbcy·`i cÖwZ mgvbvfve| ZvB‡Zv ÒkxZ
emšÍÓ, ÒWvwjgKzgviÓ M‡í mZx‡bi Pµv‡šÍ wbe©vwmZ bvix‡`i †`Lv hvq M‡íi †k‡l mZxbcyÎKb¨v‡`i
mv`‡i MÖnY K‡i mywL Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z| ÒmyLy Avi yLyÓ M‡í yLyi cÖvß ab myLy‡KI fvM w`‡Z Pvq
yLyi gv| bvixi G mšÍvbevrmj¨ wPivqZ evOvwj bvixiB ag©; Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ I HwZ‡n¨i Ask|
R. wbf©ikxj bvixmËv
VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í bvixi wbw®ŒqZvi welqwU m¤§vb I MÖnY‡hvM¨ AvPiY wn‡m‡e †iLvwqZ| GLv‡b
wbw®Œq ej‡Z †h‡Kvb AbyK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z bvix wb‡R gyw³i Dcvq bv Lyu‡R wbqwZ‡K †g‡b wb‡q
A‡cÿviZ †Kvb gyw³`vZv ivRcy‡Îi Rb¨| A_©vr †Kvb cyiæl ev ivRcyÎB bvixi AbyK‚j cwiw¯’wZ
DËi‡Yi wmuwo| ÒNygšÍ cixÓ M‡í ivRKb¨v eQ‡ii ci eQi Nywg‡q KvUvZ hw` bv ivRcyÎ G‡m Zv‡K
D×vi KiZ| ÒKuvKbgvjv KvÂbgvjvÓ M‡í KvÂbgvjv‡K myP ivRvi ivLvj eÜz KZ…©K `ywe©ln Rxeb
†_‡K gyw³ jvf I mywL Rxebhvc‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| ÒkxZ emšÍÓ M‡í cyÎ KZ…©K `y‡qvivbxi
D×vi m¤¢e n‡q‡Q; Ô†mvbvi KvwU iƒcvi KvwUÕ M‡í ivRKb¨vi ew›`Rxeb †_‡K gyw³ m¤¢e n‡q‡Q
ivRcy‡Îi mnvqZvq| MÖxgm& Gi "The Sleeping beauty" I "Cinderella", M‡íI G cÖeYZv
cÖKwUZ| 'Sleeping beauty' †K wcÖÝ Pzgy bv †L‡j †m eQ‡ii ci eQi Nywg‡qB _vK‡Zv; Ab¨w`‡K
'Cinderella' †K †`wL wcÖÝ Gi Øviv gvb‡eZi Rxeb †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z| mrgv, mwZb I ivÿmx
Pwi‡Îi bvix Qvov Ab¨‡`i mwµqZv †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î e¨wZµg ÒmvZ fvB P¤úvÓ
M‡íi cviæj I ÒwKiYgvjvÓ M‡íi wKiYgvjv| hw`I gv‡K D×v‡i cviæ‡ji f‚wgKv mvgvb¨B| Z‡e
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
60
G‡Kev‡i e¨wZµgagx© wKiYgvjv wbqwZ‡K †`vlv‡ivc bv K‡i fvB‡`i D×v‡i ivRcy‡Îi †cvkv‡K
†ewi‡q c‡o| †hgb:
wKiYgvjv Kuvw`j bv, KvwUj bv, P‡ÿi Rj gywQj bv; DwVqv KvRjjZv‡K Lo •Lj w`j, MvQMvQvwji
†Mvovq Rj w`j, w`qv, ivRcy‡Îi †cvkvK cwiqv, gv‡_ gyKzU Z‡ivqvj,Ñ KvRjjZvi evQzi‡K, nwi‡Yi
Qvbv‡K Pzgy LvBqv P‡ÿi cjK †dwjqv wKiYgvjv gvqvcvnv‡oi D‡Ï‡k evwni nBj|29
wKiYgvjv GKw`‡K mywbcyY M„wnYx, Ab¨w`‡K exi †hv×v| †MvUv VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í cyiæl †hLv‡b
bvixi D×viKZ©v †mLv‡b jÿ jÿ ivRcy‡Îi ÎvYKZ©v wn‡m‡e Avwef©‚Z, ÔmvZ hy‡Mi ab¨ exiÕ30
wKiYgvjv| G‡ÿ‡Î MÖxg åvZ…؇qi "Hansel I Gratel" M‡íi Gratel Gi mv‡_ Zzjbxq wKiYgvjv|
GratelI mvnm I eyw× w`‡q nZ¨v K‡iwQj WvBwb‡`i|
ïfmËv/fvj/mr •ewk‡ó¨i bvixPwi‡Îi g‡a¨ wKiYgvjvB mwµq bvix| GQvov Avgiv Ggb bvix
Pwi‡Îi mÜvb cvB †h Zviv GZUvB wbw®Œq I AvÁven †h weevn Kiv ev bv Kivi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
ÿgZvI iv‡L bv| †hgb ÒNygšÍ cixÓ M‡í D×viKZ©v ivRcy·K A‡a©K ivRZ¡ I ivRKb¨v Dcnvi
†c‡Z †`wL, ÔivRv ej‡jb- Avgvi wK Av‡Q, wK w`e?- GB ivRKb¨v †Zvgvi nv‡Z w`jvg GB ivRZ¡
†Zvgv‡K w`jvg|Õ31
wKsev, ÔivRcy·K †h fv‡jv Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e, A‡a©K ivRZ¡ Avi ivRKb¨v Zv‡K
w`e|Õ32
A_ev ÔivRv wbqg Kwiqv‡Qb, †h †Kv‡bv †Rvov ivRcyÎ †Lv°m gvwi‡Z cvwi‡e, †Rvov cixi
g‡Zv †Rvov ivRKb¨v Avi Zuvnvi ivRZ¡ ZvnvivB cvB‡e|Õ33
ivRv ivRKb¨vi B”Qv Awb”Qvi K_v bv
Rvb‡Z †P‡q Dc‡XŠKb wn‡m‡e Zv‡K mu‡c w`‡”Qb A‡Pbv-ARvbv D×viKZ©v ivRcy·K| GiKg
D`vniY VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í we¯Íi| Z‡e ÒkxZ emšÍÓ M‡í ivRKb¨v‡K Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ n‡jI
¯^q¤^i mfvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
S. bvixi D”PvKv•ÿxmËv
c~‡e© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, mrgv, mZxb I ivÿmx Pwi‡Î g›` bvix/AïfmËvi mKj •ewkó¨ we`¨gvb|
D”PvKv•ÿxivI g›` bvix/AïfmËv wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ VvKzigvi Szwj‡Z| Giv nq KzrwmZ †jvfx, wbôzi
cÖK…wZi, wnsmyK Ges Ab¨ gvby‡li Rxe‡b ûgwK¯iƒc| Ac‡ii ÿwZmvabB G‡`i Rxe‡bi g~j
D‡Ïk¨| †hgb ÔmrgvÕ cÖvq me M‡íB wbôzi, wnsmyK cÖK…wZi| wb‡Pi K‡qKwU D`vni‡Y welqwU ¯úó:
K) cvUKvwU wZb †Q‡j wbqv my‡qvivbx ¸g‡i ¸g‡i Av¸‡b cywoqv Ni K‡i| gb-fiv R¡vjv,
†cU-fiv wnsmv,Ñ Avcbvi †Q‡j‡`i _v‡j cuvP cigvbœ AóiÜb, wN‡q PcPc cÂe¨Äb
mvRvBqv †`b; kxZ-em‡šÍi cv‡Z Avjyb Av‡Zj KoKov fvZ momov Pvj kv‡Ki Dci
QvB‡qi Zvj †dwjqv w`qv Pwjqv hvb|34
L) ivÿmx-ivbxi g‡b Kvj, ivÿmx-ivbxi wR‡f jvj| ivÿmx wK Zvnv †`wL‡Z cv‡i?Ñ K‡e
mwZ‡bi †Q‡ji KwP KwP nvo-gvs‡mi †Svj A¤j iuvwaqv LvB‡e;Ñ Zv †c‡Ui yóz †Q‡j
mwZb-cy‡Zi mv_ Qv‡o bv| iv‡M ivÿmxi uv‡Z-`uv‡Z Ko&&Ko&& cuvP civY mi&&mi&|35
(M) ivÿmx ewjj,
ÒhvI I‡i myZvk•L, evZv‡m Kwi fi,
hg-hgybvi ivR¨-†k‡l cvkveZxi Ni!
VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi cÖwZK…wZ
61
GB wjLb w`I wbqv cvkveZxi VuvB,
mvZ †Q‡ji Z‡i Avgvi mvZ Kb¨v PvB|
wicy Awi hvq, myZv, wPwe‡q Lv‡e Zv‡i,
mwZ‡bi cyZ †hb cvkv Avb‡Z bv‡i|Ó36
g~jZ Mí¸‡jv‡Z mwZb we‡Øl †_‡K mwZb cyÎKb¨v‡`i cÖwZ we‡Øl mÂvwiZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| we‡Ø‡l
AÜ mrgvi g~j mwµqZv mr †Q‡j †g‡q‡`i Awbó mvab Kiv| MÖxg åvZ…؇qi †dqvwi †U‡ji 'Snow
white', 'Cinderlla', 'Gretel' †K †`wL mrgv‡`i Pÿzk~j n‡Z| VvKzgvÕi Szwji mv‡_ †dqvwi †U‡ji
G cÖeYZv Awfbœ|
D”PvKv•ÿx bvix‡KI †`Lv hvq g›` •ewk‡ó¨i bvixPwi‡Î cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z| ÒKuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjvÓ
M‡í KuvKbgvjv cÖZviYv K‡i `vmx †_‡K ivwb n‡q‡Q| ÒcvZvj-Kb¨v gwYgvjvÓ M‡í gwYgvjvi
mijZvi my‡hv‡M Zv‡K ew›` K‡i‡Q †cu‡Pvi gv| ÒwKiYgvjvÓ M‡í †QvU‡ev‡bi my‡L eo `yB‡evb
Ôwnsmvq R¡wjqv R¡wjqv g‡i|Õ37
†jvf Avi wnsmvq AÜ ÒbxjKgj Avi jvjKgjÓ M‡íi ivÿmx
ivbx‡K †`wL Avcb †Q‡j‡K †L‡q †dj‡Z| †hgb Ôivbx †`wLj, c„w_ex Dwëqv‡QÑ †c‡Ui †Q‡j kÎæ
nBqv‡Q| ivbx g‡bi Av¸‡b Ávb-w`kv nvivBqv Avcbvi †Q‡j‡K gyogyo Kwiqv wPevBqv LvBj!Õ38
cÖvq
me M‡íB g›` •ewk‡ó¨i bvixPwi‡Îi wkKvi mij¯^fvev bvixiv| Zv‡`i Pµv‡šÍB Kvwnwb‡Z †ivgvÂKi
cwiw¯’wZi m„wó n‡q NUbv G‡Mv‡Z _v‡K Ges Kvwnwbi mgvwß N‡U Zv‡`i cÖvqwðË wKsev g„Zz¨‡Z|
T. Ab¨vb¨
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eywo, ivÿm-†Lv°m ivR‡Z¡i Avqx-ivÿmx, †cu‡Pvi gv BZ¨vw` Pwi‡Îi mÜvb cvB| †`L‡Z KzrwmZ
n‡jI Giv ÿgZvai| Giv ivÿmx-cÖavb wKsev WvBwb¯^fv‡ei| Z‡e bvwZ-bvZwbi cÖwZ Zv‡`i
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K) cÖwZev`x PwiÎ †bB|
L) ivRKv‡h© bvix AskMÖnY †`Lv hvq bv|
M) `ytmvnwmK †Kvb Kv‡R AskMÖnY †`Lv hvq bv|
N) Kb¨v mšÍv‡bi cÖwZ AvKv•ÿvi cÖKvk †`Lv hvq bv|
O) `yRbB cyiæ‡li Aaxb, ek¨Zv MÖnYKvix I wbqwš¿Z|
P) bvixPwiθ‡jv‡K ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ cÖksmv, mngwg©Zv I mg‡e`bv cÖKv‡ki wPÎ Abycw ’Z|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
62
Q) cyiæ‡li mv‡_ mgvb Zv‡j KvR K‡i hv‡”Q Ggb cÖwZ”Qwe ïf/Aïf Dfq Pwi‡Î Abycw ’Z|
R) fvM¨ cwieZ©‡b wbR¯ cÖ‡Póvi Afve; mwµq/AïfmËvi Pwiθ‡jv‡K †`Lv hvq wb‡Ri fvM¨
cwieZ©‡bi †P‡q A‡b¨i aŸsm mva‡b wewfbœ A‡jŠwKK kw³gËv cÖKvk Ki‡Z BZ¨vw`|
Dcmsnvi
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eqwm cvVK _vK‡jI g~jZ wkïivB Gi g~j cvVK| ZvB‡Zv Avkv M‡½vcva¨vq (1925-1987) gšÍe¨
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Kwiqv Avwm‡Z‡Q|39
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Beast" I "Mulan" Gi K_v ejv hvq| †hLv‡b bZzbfv‡e bvixi BwZevPK w`K AšÍfz©³ K‡i wPwÎZ
n‡q‡Q| ZvB wkïmvwn‡Z¨i `„wó‡KvY w`‡q wePvi Ki‡j VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi BwZevPK `„wófw½
ms‡hvR‡bi welqwU fvev †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î bvixPwi‡Îi HwZn¨MZ, wPivqZ g~j Av‡e`b eRvq
†i‡L eZ©gv‡b bvixi Ae¯’vb I mgv‡R Zvi ¯’vb, gh©v`v I Ae`vb ms‡hvRb n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k
GB ai‡bi aviv GL‡bv ïiæ bv n‡jI wkïmvwnwZ¨K, g‡bvweÁvbx wKsev gvbevwaKviKgx©‡`i †PZbvq
welqwU wb‡q fvebv ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k: 1 iwdKDjøvn Lvb, AvL¨vbZË¡ I PwiÎvqY (XvKv: Pviæwjwc cÖKvkb, 2011), c„. 78
2 Donald Haase, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales, Volume 3, 'Fairy Tale',
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008), p. 322-323
VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi cÖwZK…wZ
63
3 Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh©, evsjvi †jvKmvwnZ¨, 1g LÐ (KjKvZv: 5g ms., 2004), c„. 401
4 ghnviæj Bmjvg, †dvK‡jvi: cwiwPwZ I cVb-cvVb (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, cÖ_g cyb©gy ªY, 1993), c„. 33
5 wek¦wRr †Nvl m¤úv., VvKzigvÕi Szwj, `wÿYviÄb wgÎ-gRyg`vi, kZ evwl©K ms. (XvKv: Aemi cÖKvk, lô gy`ªY,
2018), c„. GKzk (Gici †_‡K ïay M‡íi bvg e¨eüZ n‡e)
6 eiæYKzgvi PµeZx, †jvKms¯‹…wZi mvZKvnb (XvKv: wek¦mvwnZ¨feb, 2009), c„. 92
7 Av‡Zvqvi ingvb, ÒiƒcK_vi †`k cwiPqÓ, †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i K_v (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1984), c„. 1
8 J.M. Sokolov, Russian Folklore, p. 403, D×…Z, Avkivd wmwÏKx, Òf‚wgKvÓ, wK‡kviM‡Äi †jvKKvwnbx, (XvKv:
evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1965), c„. 21
9 Av‡Zvqvi ingvb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 4
10 •PZvwj `Ë (m¤úv. I fvlvšÍi), gbymswnZv (KjKvZv: becÎ cÖKvkb, 2008), c„. 417|
11 wKiYgvjv, c„. 71
12 KuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjv, c„. 30
13 KjveZx ivRKb¨v, c„. 9
14 NygšÍ cix, c„. 24
15 kxZ emšÍ, c„. 48
16 bxjKgj Avi jvjKgj, c„. 81
17 myLy Avi `yLy, c„. 135
18 myLy Avi `yLy, c„. 137
19 Jack Zipes (Translation and Introduction), The Complete Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (New
York : Bantam, 1992), p. 286
20 KjveZx ivRKb¨v, c„. 5
21 kxZ emšÍ, c„. 40
22 mvZfvB P¤úv, c„. 37
23 KuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjv, c„. 31
24 wKiYgvjv, c„. 61
25 Z‡`e
26 Z‡`e
27 KjveZx ivRKb¨v, c„. 12
28 KjveZx ivRKb¨v, c„. 20
29 wKiYgvjv, c„. 69
30 wKiYgvjv, c„. 71
31 NygšÍ cix, c„. 27
32 cvZvjKb¨v gwYgvjv, c„. 104
33 bxjKgj Avi jvjKgj, c„. 81
34 kxZ emšÍ, c„. 41
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
64
35
bxjKgj Avi jvjKgj, c„. 77
36 WvwjgKzgvi, c„. 94
37 wKiYgvjv, c„. 59
38 bxjKgj Avi jvjKgj, c„. 80
39 Avkv M‡½veva¨vq, evsjv wkï mvwn‡Z¨i µgweKvk (KjKvZv: wW, Gg, jvB‡eªix, 1368), c„. 15
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
knx` Kv`ixi KweZvq ˆbtm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv
W. †gv. myRv D`-†`Šjv
Abstract: Shahid Quadri (1942-2016) is one of those who have enriched poetry of
Bangladesh in the ege of fifty. Though born in West Bengal, he starts living in
Bangladesh after the partition in 1947. When he was only fourteen, one of his poems was
published in Buddhadeb Bassues magazine ‘Kabita’. Though he continued writing
poems, he left his native land for London in 1978. Later he started living in America
parmanently various experience in his life have influenced his decision to leave his
country and his life in a foreign country. A total of five volumes of poetry has been
published before and after his death. Though love, romance, and city life are some of his
main themes, the representation of trials and tribulatoins of daily life in his poetry has got
a dissonent dimention. Also his sense of alienation, loneliness and his consciousness of
death have often become the subject matter in his poetry. Indeed the awarness of death
and loneliness is one of his main concerns. How and how much this consciousness has
been reflected in his poetry is discussed in this essay.
1.
evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq huv‡`i Ae`vb me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq knx` Kv`ix Zuv‡`i
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Ôknx` Kv`ix R‡b¥‡Qb 1942 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ KjKvZvq|Õ1
d‡j Zuvi Rxe‡bi
•kkeKvj †K‡U‡Q KjKvZv‡ZB| Ô1947 mv‡ji †`kfv‡Mi d‡j wb‡Ri Rb¥f~wg †Q‡o DØv ‘ n‡q
XvKvq Av‡mb|Õ2
wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †gavex I cÖw_Zhkv Kwe‡`i GKRb| evsjv‡`‡ki
KweZvq wZwb ¯^Zš¿ GK Kve¨‡eva wb‡q Avwef©~Z nb| knx` Kv`ix †h †Kvb welq †_‡K wel‡qi
Mfx‡i Abvqv‡m cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb hv Zuvi KweZvi g‡a¨ D¾¡j n‡q Av‡Q| ÔZuvi KweZv
cvVK‡K Awfbe GK wfbœ RM‡Zi mÜvb †`q|Õ3 evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq wbixÿvcÖeY Kwe wn‡m‡e wZwb
GKwU gvBjdjK uvo Kiv‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| knx` Kv`ix cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki Kwe| Z‡e wefvM-
cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq cÂv‡ki `k‡K KweZvPP©v ïiæ Ki‡jI Zuvi cÖ_g KweZvi eB cvV‡Ki
nv‡Z †cuŠ‡Q lv‡Ui `k‡KiI †kl w`‡K| g~jZ ÔcÂvk-DËi KweZvq AvaywbKZv I bvMwiK
Rxeb‡ev‡ai ms‡hvM NwU‡q knx` Kv`ixi AvZ¥cÖKvk|Õ4
`xN© mgq a‡i wZwb mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb,
wKš‘ wj‡L‡Qb gvÎ cuvPwU Kve¨MÖš’| me wgwj‡q Zuvi KweZvi msL¨v `yÕ‡kvi g‡Zv| RxeÏkvq Kwei
PviwU Kve¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Ges g„Zz¨i ci cÖKvwkZ nq Zuvi cÂg Kve¨| Z‡e cÖKvwkZ cÖwZwU
Kv‡e¨i g‡a¨B GKUv `xN© weiwZ cwijwÿZ nq| knx` Kv`ixi cÖ_g Kve¨ ÔDËivwaKviÕ cÖKvwkZ nq
1967 mv‡j| Gici 1974 mv‡j Ô†Zvgv‡K Awfev`b wcÖqZgvÕ, 1978 mv‡j Ô†Kv_vI †Kv‡bv µ›`b
†bBÕ Ges `xN©w`b ci 2009 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq ÔAvgvi Pz¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ| Kwei g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi
KweZvi cvÐzwjwc msMÖn K‡i Ô†Mva~wji MvbÕ bv‡g me©‡kl Kve¨wU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2017 mv‡j| gvÎ
c‡bi eQi eq‡m knx` Kv`ix KweZv wjL‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jI PzqvËi eQ‡ii Rxe‡b GZ Kg †jLv
cÖKv‡ki †cQ‡b †h KviYwU cwi®‹vi n‡q D‡V‡Q †mwU n‡jv covi †P‡q †jLv‡K wZwb KL‡bvB eo K‡i
†`‡Lbwb| GKRb LuvwU I RvZ Kwei RvqMv †_‡K hv wKQz KweZvi wel‡q cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb Zvi
meUzKzB cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q mgvbfv‡e mgv`„Z n‡q‡Q| Kwei †jLv‡jwLi ¯^íZv cÖm‡½ KwecZœxi mvÿ¨ :
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, evsjv wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
66
Avi `kUv gvby‡li g‡ZvB mvaviY gvbyl wZwb| Kwe knx` Kv`ix, Avwg †hUv evievi †`‡LwQ, A‡bK
†ewk covïbvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Zb| †jLvi PvB‡ZI covUv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Zb †ewk| me mgq bZzb wKQz Avbvi
†Póv Ki‡Zb| ej‡Zb, meB †Zv †jLv n‡q †M‡Q, bZzb wKQz Kiv †ek KwVb| GLb hw` bZzb †Kvb dg©
Avbv hvq, Zvn‡j †mUv †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| wZwb weÁvbgb¯‹ wQ‡jb ; ej‡Zb, weÁv‡b hw` bZzb wKQz
Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv Avgiv Zvi mv‡_ bZzb wKQz cve| GQvov bZzb welqe¯‘ Avbv Lye
KwVb| Pwe©ZPe©Y K‡i jvf †bB|5
cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi hviv K…Zx wbg©vZv Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ knx` Kv`ix wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg|
†Kvb †Kvb mgv‡jvPK Zuv‡K lv‡Ui `k‡Ki Kwe wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q e‡jb Ôlv‡Ui `k‡Ki Kwe‡`i
g‡a¨ knx` Kv`ixB GKgvÎ e¨wZµg huvi KweZv cÖ_g ¯^vZš¿ m~PK n‡q D‡VwQj| lv‡Ui KweZvi
wbtm½ I ¯^vZš¿ m~PK avivwUi ZKgvI Zuv‡K w`‡q †`qv hvq|Õ6
knx` Kv`ix evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi
avivq Ggb GK weijcÖR Kwe whwb Rxe‡bi my`xN© mgq a‡i B”QvK…Z we‡`kf~wg‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb wb‡R‡K me wKQz †_‡K Avov‡j ivL‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †h Kve¨-KweZv wZwb cvV‡Ki Rb¨
Dcnvi wn‡m‡e wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb Zv Zuv‡K KL‡bvB cvV‡Ki †_‡K Avovj n‡Z †`qwb| eis Zuvi Gme
Kve¨-KweZv evievi Zuv‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Q ; g‡b K‡i w`‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k I evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi
fye‡b Kwei K‡Zv †ewk cÖ‡qvRb| wb‡R‡K wZwb hZB mewKQz †_‡K Avovj Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb ZZB
Kwe-cÖwZfv¸‡Y wZwb D¾¡j n‡q D‡V‡Qb| Ôknx` Kv`ix me©‡Zvfv‡e GKRb LuvwU Kwe| knx` Kv`ix
Ggb Kwe‡`i `‡j hviv AZ¨šÍ Kg wj‡Lb wKš‘ Zuv‡`i cÖwZwU iPbvB mgvbfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|Õ7
Aí
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GKvi c‡ÿB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
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Avbw›`Z-Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb Ggb A‡bK welq i‡q‡Q hv knx` Kv`ixi hvZbviI KviY n‡q
D‡VwQj| Kwei †PZbv RM‡Z GK ai‡bi •btm½¨‡ev‡ai D‡`ªK K‡i‡Q, Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv Zuv‡K
g„Zz¨‡PZbvq fvweZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| g„Zz¨‡PZbv I •btm½¨‡eva evsjv KweZvi †ÿ‡Î `xN© HwZ‡n¨i
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KweZvi g‡a¨ AmsL¨ RvqMvq g„Zz¨‡PZbvi cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| wØavnxb-wbtm‡¼v‡P iex›`ªbv‡_i K‡É
D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q ÔgiY‡i, Zzû gg k¨vg mgvb|Õ8
ïay ZvB bq, iex›`ªbv_ g„Zz¨‡K wN‡i Av‡iv
e‡j‡QbÑ Ôg„Zz¨ AÁvZ †gvi AvwR Zvi Z‡i/ ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y wknwiqv Kuvwc‡ZwQ W‡i|/ ... GZ fv‡jvevwm
e‡j n‡q‡Q cÖZ¨q/ g„Zz¨‡i Avwg fv‡jvevwme wbðq|Õ9
Gici bRiæ‡ji KweZv‡Z bvbvfv‡e
•btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| iex›`ªbv‡_i ci w·ki evsjv KweZvq G jÿY me‡P‡q
†ewk MvpZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Rxebvb›` `vk, weòz †` †_‡K ïiæ K‡i w·ki cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K KweB Zuv‡`i
KweZvi g‡a¨ G cÖm½‡K evievi wb‡q G‡m‡Qb| GgbwK Kv‡iv Kv‡iv KweZvq •btm½¨‡eva I
g„Zz¨‡PZbv cÖm½ GZ †ewk †h Zuv‡`i‡K •btm½¨ †PZbvi Kwe wn‡m‡eB ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq kvgmyi ivngvb, Aveyj nvmvbmn A‡b‡Ki KweZv‡ZB GB †PZbv my¯úó n‡q
I‡V| ZvQvov wek¦mvwn‡Z¨i LvZbvgv †jLK Igi •Lqvg, Rb wgëb, DBwjqvg †k·cxqi, GwjqU
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i A‡b‡Ki †jLvq •bivk¨-•btm½¨ I g„Zz¨‡PZbvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| knx` Kv`ix GKB c_
AbymiY K‡i Kwe wn‡m‡e †m fve-†PZbv AvZ¥¯’ K‡i‡Qb| d‡j Zuvi KweZvi eo GKwU Ask Ry‡o
•btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
knx` Kv`ixi KweZvq •btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv
67
2.
knx` Kv`ix wj‡L‡Qb Kg, wKš‘ KweZvi Rb¨ Zuvi AvZ¥wb‡e`b cÖksmv‡hvM¨| Kwei ms‡e`bkxj
Awfe¨w³ Zxÿèfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi †K¬` I Aeÿq Ges GKvKx‡Z¡i
hš¿Yv Zuvi KweZvi g‡a¨ •btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbvi weKvk I we¯Í…wZ NwU‡q‡Q| ÔZuvi AwaKvsk
KweZvi DcRxe¨ welqmg~‡n ¯^‡`k-msjMœ †_‡KI †hb wZwb wb‡R‡K †f‡e‡QbÑÔwbtm½, DØv ‘,
AbvZ¥xq GK/ Auvavi Uv‡b‡j †hb f~Zjevmxi g‡Zv|Õ10
cvkvcvwk `uvbv †eu‡awQj gvby‡li cÖwZ Awek¦vm
I Av¯’vnxbZv| `xN© mgq we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb Ki‡j †mLvbKvi gvbyl‡`i cÖwZI Zuvi Av¯’vi msKU •Zwi
nq| d‡j ü`‡qi i³ÿiY wb‡q wZwb e‡jbÔKvD‡K wek¦vm †bB Avi weiƒc we‡`‡k|Õ11
KweRxe‡bi G‡Kev‡i m~Pbvj‡MœB knx` Kv`ixi •btm½¨ Rxeb‡eva ¯úó n‡q I‡V| cÖ_g Kv‡e¨i cÖ_g
KweZv Òe„wó e„wóÓi G‡Kev‡i †k‡li ¯ÍeKwU n‡Z cv‡i Zvi AZz¨¾¡j „óvšÍ| Kwe GLv‡b wbtm½ m`¨
bZzb †bŠKvi g‡Zv wb‡R‡K Kíbv K‡i GKvKx cwiågY K‡ib Avcb cwie„‡Ë| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi fvebv :
GBÿ‡Y Auvavi kn‡i cÖfz, el©vq we`y¨‡Z
bMœcv‡q †Quov cvrjy‡b GKvKx
nvIqvq cv‡ji g‡Zv kv‡U©i †fZ‡i
SKS‡K, m`¨ bZzb †bŠ‡Kvi g‡Zv GKgvÎ Avwg,
Avgvi wbtm‡½ Z_v wech©¯Í i³gvs‡m
b~‡ni DÏvg ivMx MiM‡i jvj AvZ¥v R¡‡j
wKš‘ mvov †bB RbcÖvYxi A_P
R‡jv”Q¡v‡m wbtk¦v‡mi ¯^i, evZv‡m wPrKvi,
†Kvb AvMÖ‡n m¤úbœ n‡q, †Kvb kn‡ii w`‡K
R‡ji Avn¬v‡` Avwg GKv †f‡m hv‡ev?12
knx` Kv`ixi cÖ_g Kv‡e¨i cÖ_g KweZvi g‡Zv G Kv‡e¨i bvg KweZv ÒDËivwaKviÓ-G Zuvi nZvkv,
•btm½¨ I AmnvqZ¡ aiv c‡o| cÖwZw`‡bi Rxeb avi‡Yi Møvwb I cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡ki K_v e¨³ n‡q‡Q
Zuvi KweZvq| G †ÿ‡Î e¨w³g‡bi cwiPh©v A‡cÿv Rxebhvc‡bi msKUB eo n‡q D‡V‡Q| GLv‡b
Kwei †Kvb wØav †bB, mskq †bB| mij I ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e nZvkv cÖKvk K‡i wZwb e‡jb :
R‡b¥B KuyK‡o †MwQ gvZ…Riv †_‡K †b‡gÑ
†mvbvwj wcw”Qj †cU Avgv‡K DM&‡i w`‡jv †hb
`xcnxb j¨v¤ú‡cv‡÷i bx‡P, mš¿ Í kn‡i
wbgw¾Z mewKQz iæ×Pÿz †mB eø vK-AvD‡U Auvav‡i|
... ... ... ...
ÑGBg‡Zv Rxe‡bi mv‡_ P‡j KvbvgvwQ †Ljv
Ges Avgv‡K wb¯‹c`©K, wbw¯Œq, bT_©K
KÕ‡i iv‡L; c„w_ex‡Z wbtk‡ã Nbvq Kvj‡ejv!
Avi Avwg ïay Auvavi wbtm½ d¬¨v‡U i³v³ Revi g‡Zv
wec`-ms‡KZ †R¡‡j GK‡Rvov g~j¨nxb †Pv‡L
c‡o AvwQ gvSiv‡Z K¤úgvb K¤úv‡mi g‡Zv|13
knx` Kv`ix kn‡ii Av‡jv nvIqvq †e‡o IVv gvbyl| KjKvZv I XvKv `ywU kn‡i Zuvi •kke-•K‡kvi
I †hŠe‡bi w`b¸‡jv AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi wPšÍv I KweZvi fvlvq ga¨weË bvMwiK Rxe‡bi my¯úó
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
68
Qvc i‡q‡Q| Rxebfi wZwb gvby‡li m‡½ †gjv‡gkv K‡i‡Qb| gvby‡li m‡½ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©
wewbg©v‡Y wZwb wQ‡jb A‡bK †ewk D`vi I AvšÍwiK| wKš‘ gvby‡li m‡½ M‡o IVv A‡bK m¤úK©B
KL‡bv KL‡bv Kwei Avkvf‡½i KviY n‡q‡Q| Kwe hv‡`i‡K wek¦vm K‡i‡Qb †m me gvby‡li †KD
†KD Zuvi wek¦v‡mi RvqMvq dvUj awi‡q‡Qb| d‡j GK ai‡bi Awek¦vm Kwei g‡a¨ `uvbv †eu‡a I‡V|
cÖ_g Kve¨ cÖKv‡ki GK `k‡Ki g‡a¨ Kwe ¯^‡`k †_‡K cvwo Rgvb we‡`kf~wg‡Z| `xN©w`b we‡`‡k
Ae¯’vb Kivi d‡j we‡`kB GKmgq Kwei Kv‡Q ¯^‡`‡ki g‡Zv n‡q I‡V| GLv‡bI Kwe A‡b‡Ki
m‡½ wg‡k‡Qb wKš‘ †KDB Kwei Av ’vi RvqMvwU mgybœZ ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| 2009 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔAvgvi
Pz¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ Kv‡e¨ Kwei G Av¯’vnxbZvi K_v A‡bK †ewk ¯úó n‡q DV‡Z †`Lv hvq| G
Kv‡e¨i AwaKvsk KweZvq knx` Kv`ixi nZvkv‡eva I •btm½¨‡PZbv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q D‡V‡Q|
we‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z Ae¯’vbiZ KvZi Kwei KÚaŸwb‡Z †f‡m I‡V:
†n †gN, †n cyÄ cyÄ †gN| ZzwgI VKv‡e bvwK
†n wbiæ‡ÏkMvgx ?
KvD‡K wek¦vm †bB Avi GB weiƒc we‡`‡k|
Zey ewj : hw` cv‡iv,
†n bw›`Z †gN Zzwg †b‡g G‡mv
Nb I wbweo n‡q KiæYv avivq †b‡g G‡mv
kÖve‡Y kÖve‡Y Zzwg, †n eÜz ¯úw›`Z K‡i `vI
GB Adzivb cievm|14
Acwi‡gq B”Qvkw³ I AvKv•ÿv knx` Kv`ix‡K Rxe‡bi wewPÎ c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i‡Q| d‡j
cÖwZwbqZ wZwb bZzb gvby‡li ms¯úk© †c‡q‡Qbhv Kwe‡K A‡b¨i cÖwZ wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Drmvn
hywM‡q‡Q| Kwe hv‡K wek¦vm K‡i‡Qb wZwbB Zuvi K‡ói KviY n‡q‡Qb| Ny‡baiv mgvRe¨e¯’v Kwei
wek¦vm¯’‡j m„wó K‡i‡Q dvUj| d‡j wbf©iZvi kw³ I mvnm nvwi‡q A‡bKUv wbiej¤ gvby‡l cwiYZ
n‡qwQ‡jb Kwe| wbiæ‡ÏkMvgx wbtm½ †g‡Ni g‡Zv my`~i ciev‡mI Kwe‡K GKB cwiw ’wZi m¤§yLxb
n‡Z n‡q‡Q| ZvB GK ai‡bi gvbm-cxov wb‡q †gN‡KI Kwe eÜy wn‡m‡e Kíbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| G
†hb Kwei nZvkvi ¯^ZtùzZ© cÖKvk| wKš‘ Kwe GB nZvkv‡K jvjb bv K‡i wewQ‡q w`‡Z Pvb
eKzjZjvq| †mLv‡b Ô†mvbvwj Rwii g‡Zv †RvbvwKiv b·v †R¡‡j †`‡eÕ15
ÑGB AvZ¥wek¦vm cÖKvk K‡i
Òbk¦i †R¨vr¯œvÓ bvgK KweZvq knx` Kv`ixi Dw³ :
†R¨vr¯œvq weeªZ evMv‡bi dzj¸wj, AdzišÍ
nvIqvq Avðh© Avwe®‹vi K‡i wb‡q
†Pv‡Li welv` Avwg e`‡j wbÕ Avi nZvkv‡i
wbtk‡ã wewQ‡q ivwL eKzjZjvq
†mLv‡b GKvKx iv‡Î, eviv›`vi cv‡k
†mvbvwj Rwii g‡Zv †RvbvwKiv b·v †R¡‡j †`‡e,
UjUj Ki‡e †Kej GB bÿ‡Îi Av‡jv-R¡jv Rj
Aáivi Iô †_‡K L‡m-cov Pz¤^‡bi g‡Zv
Z…òv †bfv‡bvi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z mRj
GB AvU‡cŠ‡i cyKz‡iB
kvgyK mvRv‡e Zvi AvRxeb cÖZxwÿZ cvo|16
knx` Kv`ixi KweZvq •btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv
69
wbwj©ßZv I wbtm½Zv knx` Kv`ixi Rxe‡bi I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖavb •ewkó¨|Õ17
Pvwiw`‡Ki gy³ cwi‡e‡ki
g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡iI knx` Kv`ix‡K GK ai‡bi `xN©k¦vm cÖKvk Ki‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q| `xN©w`‡bi cievmx
Rxe‡b wZwb evievi †`‡ki K_v ¯§iY K‡i‡Qb| †`‡ki m‡½ Zuvi AvcvZ ~iZ¡ NU‡jI ¯^‡`k I
ü`q-f~‡Mv‡ji g‡a¨ †h Awew”Qbœ m¤úK©, Zv gyn~‡Z© gyn~‡Z© Abyfe K‡i‡Qb| RbvKxY© Av‡gwiKvi
AmsL¨ gvby‡li wf‡o †_‡KI wb‡R‡K Kwe AÜKvi GK f~Zjevmx wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i‡Qb :
mycÖPzi wegy³ nvIqvq †Kb Z‡e Kók¦vm ?
†Kb GB ¯^‡`k-msjMœ Avwg, wbtm½, DØv¯‘,
RbZvi Avwj½‡b AcÖwZf, AcÖ¯‘Z, AbvZ¥xq GKv,
Auvavi Uv‡b‡j †hb f~-Zjevmxi g‡Zv, †hb
m`¨ D‡V -Avmv wKgvKvi wefxwlKv wb`viæY !18
knx` Kv`ix AvÇvevR Kwe wn‡m‡e me©vwaK L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Qb| wZwb AvÇvi †Luv‡R Ny‡i‡QbÑ c_
†_‡K c‡_| wKš‘ gvby‡li AvZ¥‡Kw› ªK g‡bvfve I bvMwiK Rxe‡bi e¨¯ÍZv Zuvi AvÇvi c_‡K
msKzwPZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| d‡j GK ai‡bi wbtm½Zv †eva K‡i‡Qb Kwe| DÌvb-cZ‡b fiv ÔGK AšÍnxb
bÿÎwenxb hvÎvÕ19 Kwei Rxebc‡_i hvÎv| Kwei GKvKx wbtm½ Rxeb Zuvi Kv‡Q GK mgq fvix
n‡q I‡V| `xN©w`‡bi †¯”Qv cievm knx` Kv`ix‡K K‡i Zz‡j fvivµvšÍ| Rxe‡bi †cÖg-cÖxwZ, gvqv-
ggZv, ag©-gZv`k© mewKQz Zuvi Kv‡Q ¯^vfvweKZv nviv‡bvi g‡Zv g‡b nq| `xN© cÖevm Rxe‡bi ci
ÔAvgvi Pz¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ bvgK Kv‡e¨ ZvB wZwb wj‡L‡Qb :
†cÖg †_‡K A‡cÖ‡g
ag© †_‡K ag©vÜZvq
cÖMwZ †_‡K cÖwZwµqvi ga¨hyMxq Ave‡Z©
Pz¤^b †_‡K Pz¤^bnxbZvq
Rxe‡bi Icv‡i †Kvb AšÍnxb Kwd‡b
GB †h wbe©vmb
Avgvi Kvg¨ bq Avi,
†Kvb wbe©vmbB Kvg¨ bq Avi|20
•btm½¨cxwoZ gvbyl KL‡bv RvMÖZ nq gvbweK m¤¢vebv I `vwqZ¡‡PZbvq| wbtm½Zvi me©MÖvmx AÜKvi
†_‡K wb‡R‡K gy³ K‡i gvbyl msjMœ n‡Z Pvq e„nËi Rbgvb‡mi m‡½|Õ21
knx` Kv`ix GB e„‡Ëi
evB‡i bb| gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖZ¨vkv I cÖvwßi Uvbv‡cv‡ob knx` Kv`ixi †PZbv‡jv‡K evievi NyicvK
†L‡q‡Q| d‡j ü`‡qi †e`bv‡eva cÖwZwew¤^Z n‡q‡Q KweZvi g‡a¨ w`‡q| DbœZ †`‡ki DbœZ cwi‡e‡k
emevm ïiæ K‡iI wZwb Rxe‡bi nZvkv‡eva I •btm½ †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j †¯”Qvq
cievm Kwei Kv‡Q GK mgq n‡q I‡V wbe©vm‡bi g‡Zv| Z‡e wZwb †Kb `xN©w`b hver wbtm½ mgq
AwZevwnZ Ki‡jb; Avi †KbBev we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb Ki‡jb ZviI ¯^xKv‡ivw³ w`‡q‡Qb ÒZvB GB `xN©
cievmÓ bvgK KweZvq :
`y UzK‡iv iæwU wKsev jvj gvbweK fiv
Ges bÿÎKzwPi gZb wKQz je‡bi KYv
w`M‡šÍi kvšÍ `vIqvq Avgv‡K PvIwb Zzwg w`‡ZÑ
ZvB GB `xN© cievm|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
70
Rxeb‡K k¦vc`msKzj K‡i Zz‡j‡Qv
Ges Avgvi cÖwZwU c`‡ÿ‡ci Ici
†Zvgv‡`i ZvK-Kiv e›`y‡Ki bj|
†Sv‡c Sv‡o mixm„‡ci gZb ey‡K
wbivc` wbf…Z KzwVi LuyR‡Z n‡q‡Q Avgv‡KÑ
ZvB GB `xN© cievm|22
Z‡e `xN©w`b ciev‡m _vKvi ci knx` Kv`ixi N‡i †div I wbR †`‡k †divi AvKv•ÿv cÖej n‡q
I‡V| Zuvi G AvKv•ÿv ¯úó n‡q I‡V ÔAvgvi Pz¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ Kv‡e¨i †kl KweZv Òwbiæ‡Ïk
hvÎvÓq| wbtm½ GKvKx Rxeb †_‡K Kwei N‡i †divi cÖej AvMÖn GLv‡b wfbœ GKwU gvÎv †c‡q‡Q :
Avgvi g‡Zv åvg¨gvb GK wenŸj gvbyl
N‡ii w`‡KB
wdi‡Z PvB‡e
nu¨v, GUvB me‡P‡q my¯’
mnR Ges ¯vfvweK|
Avgvi wbR¯ N‡i cÖwZwôZ n‡ev e‡jB
Avwg wbtk‡ã †ewi‡q c‡owQjvg GK`v
Avgvi AvRb¥-†Pbv M„n”Qvqv †_‡KÑ
Avgvi cÖ_g •K‡kv‡ii †iŠ ªK‡iv¾¡j †fv‡i|23
Kwei †mB wbtm½‡PZbv me‡P‡q hvZbvwgwkÖZ n‡q I‡V ZLbB hLb wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvgvi Muv wKsev
kni wKsev evwo wKQzB GL‡bv Luy‡R †cjvg bv|Õ24
knx` Kv`ix GB nZvkv I AcÖvwßi g~‡j wQj
hyMhš¿Yv| Rxeb‡K Av‡eób K‡i _vKv cÖwZK~j I wegyL cwi‡ek Kwe‡K cÖejfv‡e AvµvšÍ K‡i‡Q|
mgmvgwqK Rxe‡bi ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z wM‡q KweZvq wZwb evievi †`wL‡q‡Qb Aw ÍZ¡ msK‡Ui
my¯úó Qvc| e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b knx` Kv`ix †h wek¦vm, ms¯‹vi I g~j¨‡eva‡K aviY K‡i KweZv wjL‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb, ü`‡qi AZ…ß AvZ©¯i Zvi mewKQz Qvwc‡q evievi •bivk¨-wbtm½Zv I †e`bvi K_v cÖKv‡k
eva¨ K‡i‡Q| d‡j •btm½¨‡eva n‡q‡Q knx` Kv`ixi KweZvi Ab¨Zg welq|
3.
Ab¨ me cÖvwYi g‡Zv gvby‡li Rxe‡bI g„Zz¨ AcÖwZ‡iva¨ I wbg©g GK mZ¨ NUbv| GB wbôzi mZ¨
KL‡bv Kv‡iv Rxe‡b AvKw¯§Kfv‡e Av‡m, Avevi KL‡bvev †ivM-Riv-eva©K¨ gvbyl‡K Bw½Z †`q g„Zz¨
Avmbœ| AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk ZvB e‡j‡Qb ÔKLb giY
Av‡m †K ev Rv‡b/Kvjx`‡n KLb †h So Kg‡ji bvj fv‡O|Õ25
knx` Kv`ixi cÖ_g Kve¨
ÒDËivwaKviÓ †_‡KB Zuvi •btm½¨cxovi g‡Zv g„Zz¨‡PZbvi my¯úó cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi
GB Pig mZ¨‡K Kwe Gwo‡q hvbwb| g„Zz¨‡PZbv cÖm½ knx` Kv`ix bvbvfv‡e Zuvi KweZvq wb‡q
G‡m‡Qb| Rxeb-g„Zz¨i A‡bK evYx cÖKwUZ n‡q D‡V‡Q Zuvi KweZvi kãgvjvq| g~jZ g„Zz¨, weZ…òv,
k~b¨Zv Qwo‡q Av‡Q knx` Kv`ixi KweZvi we¯Í…Z cwimi Ry‡o| g„Zz¨wPšÍv Zuvi g‡a¨ A‡bK Av‡MB
`uvbv euv‡a Ges GK ai‡bi welYœZvi mÂvi K‡i| Z‡e knx` Kv`ixi Amy ’ nIqvi ci G cÖm½wU Zuvi
Kv‡Q wfbœiKg ¸iæZ¡en n‡q I‡V| wZwb `xN© mgq a‡i Amy¯’ wQ‡jb| Zuvi Rxebm~h©I A ÍwgZ n‡q‡Q
knx` Kv`ixi KweZvq •btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv
71
nvmcvZv‡ji †e‡W| g„Zz¨i c‡ii cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri fvebv¸‡jvi Kve¨iƒc w`‡q Òg„Zz¨i c‡iÓ
bvgK KweZvq wZwb †j‡Lb :
i‡q hvq H ¸j¥jZvq,
cwiZ¨³ nvIqvq-Iov‡bv †Kvb njy` cvZvq,
cyKzi cv‡oi ¸j¸‡j,
GK‡duvUv nšÍviK we‡l, hw` †KD Zv‡K cvb K‡i fz‡j,
A_ev myMwÜ †Kvb †Z‡ji wkwk‡Z,
gwnjvi Pz‡j,
†Mvc‡b jywK‡q _vwK †hb Zvi Ny‡gi wbkx‡_
AšÍZ wb‡`b c‡ÿ GKjv‡d †cwi‡q †`qvj
†cuŠ‡Q †h‡Z cvwi †hb Avgvi Ke‡i Avwg RjšÍ †kqvj
mšÍc©‡Y bv‡K kuy‡K ivwÎi wbtkã gLg‡j
Avgvi UvUKv ke †d‡i †hb AvgviB `L‡j
weNœnxb, i³gvsm nvo‡Mvo †P‡Ucy‡U meB LvIqv nq
wb‡RB euvPv‡Z †hb cvwi I‡n, wb‡RB †bnvr
e¨w³MZ cwiPq||26
knx` Kv`ixi g„Zz¨‡PZbv me‡P‡q Zvrch©c~Y© n‡q cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zuvi ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ
Kv‡e¨i Ò¯^‡cœ-`yt¯‡cœ GKw`bÓ bvgK KweZvq| Kwei wb‡Ri g„Zz¨ wb‡q fvebv †hgb G KweZvq aiv
c‡o, †Zgwb GLv‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zuvi `xN©w`‡bi Awfgvb-AwfÁZvwgwkÖZ †eva I Dcjwä|
g„Zz¨wPšÍvi cÖKvk Ki‡Z wM‡q knx` Kv`ix KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨½-we`ªƒ‡ci AvkÖq wb‡q‡Qb; wj‡L‡Qb e¨½
KweZv| wb‡Ri g„Zz¨i ci mZx_©, wcÖqRb‡`i f~wgKv †Kgb n‡e Zv Kíbv K‡i Kwe wj‡L‡Qb :
Avgvi g„Zz¨i msev` †c‡q Avgvi ïfvbya¨vqxiv †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Qb
kn‡ii cÖL¨vZ KeiLvbvq,
cyivbv cëb †_‡K cv‡q †n‡U iIqvbv w`‡q‡Qb
wZbRb ZiæY Kwe
†gvnv¤§`cyi †_‡K G‡m‡Qb Pkgv-†Pv‡L
weij‡Kk yÕRb mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK,
cÖvq cÖwZwU •`wbK cwÎKv cvwV‡q‡Qb
Amvgvb¨ wPÎKí wkKvwi
†ek K‡qKRb K¨v‡givg¨vb,
gvB‡µv‡dvb nv‡Z ZiæY I †cÖŠp mvsevw`Kiv
msMÖn Ki‡Qb
Avgvi AKvjg„Zz¨ I weij mvwnZ¨Kg© m¤^‡Ü
Avgvi mZx_©‡`i
bv-QuyB cvwb bv-QuyB gvQ ai‡bi
gšÍe¨|27
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
72
knx` Kv`ixi Rxe‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU NUbv n‡”Q ¯^‡`k, mgvR I gvby‡li Kv‡Q †_‡K wew”Qbœ
nIqv| Gme wKQz †_‡K †h we‡”Q` Zv Zuv‡K A‡bK †ewk GKv I wbtm½ K‡i Zz‡jwQj| gvby‡li
Rxe‡b †h †Kvb we‡”Q`-e¨eav‡bi g‡a¨B †e`bv Av‡Q| GB †e`bv‡eva Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Rxeb‡K K‡i
†Zv‡j Av‡eMvµvšÍ| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z knx` Kv`ix‡K K‡Vvi g‡b n‡jI wZwb wQ‡jb †Kvgj cÖK…wZi
gvbyl| d‡j Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU we‡”Q` Zuv‡K AvcøyZ K‡i‡Q| GgbwK GK GKwU we‡”Q` Zuvi †PZbvi
RM‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Q g„Zz¨i g‡ZvB k~b¨Zv| Rxe‡bi `xN© mgq AwZµg K‡i kvixwiK mgm¨v-Riv Zuv‡K
welYœ K‡i‡Q| ZvB me we‡”Q‡`i g‡a¨B Kwe g„Zz¨i c~e©vfvm cvb :
`¨v‡Lv, fq Avwg cvB
†Kbbv BwZnv‡mi AÜKv‡i nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z
AvR Avwg RivMÖ¯Í
e›`x GK we‡`wk eviv›`vq|
nu¨v, we‡”Q` Zv hZ ÿYKvjxbB †nvK
Zv‡K Avwg fq cvB|
me we‡”Q‡`i g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q g„Zz¨i ¯v`|28
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weKwkZ nq wewPÎ Awfavq| hvi Kvi‡Y AšÍtmvik~b¨ c„w_exi weeªZ civ Í GK gvby‡li g‡Zv wZwb
KweZvq aŸwbZ K‡ib :
eRª-we`y¨r-weøRv‡W©i Zvov LvIqv
civ Í gvby‡li g‡Zv
wd‡K Avwg
wbR¯ wee‡i
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GB weeªZ we‡k¦i w`‡K ZvwK‡q _vwK
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jZvZš‘gq cÖv‡Yi DÌvb|29
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knx` Kv`ixi KweZvq •btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv
73
Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki gvs‡mi Mfx‡i
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bvMwiK‡ev‡ai cvkvcvwk Ab¨ A‡bK welqB Zuvi KweZvi Aej¤^b n‡q D‡V‡Q| knx` Kv`ixi
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Z_¨wb‡ ©k:
1. Rybvb bvwkZ, ÒAšÍi½ I gvayh©gq Kwee¨w³Z¡Ó, kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb m¤úvw`Z, ÔAwfev`b knx` Kv`ixÕ, evsjv
GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 2016 c„. 77
2. W. AviRyg›` Aviv evb y, Òknx` Kv`ixi KweZv : ¯^wbwg©Z ¯^Zš¿ ¯^iÓ, ÔmvwnwZ¨KxÕ, 48Zg msL¨v, evsjv wefvM,
ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, c„. 102
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
74
3. iZbZby †Nvl, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨Õ, A¼zi cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2014, c„.51
4. knx` BKevj, Òknx` Kv`ixi KweZvq bvMwiK †PZbvÓ, mvBdzj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z Ô•`wbK hyMvšÍiÕ, XvKv, 2
†m‡Þ¤^i 2016, c„. 14
5. kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb m¤úvw`Z, ÔAwfev`b knx` Kv`ixÕ, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 2016, c„. 113
6. evqZzjøvn Kv‡`ix, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki lv‡Ui `k‡Ki KweZv: welq I cÖKiYÕ, behyM cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2009, c„.43
7. †ejvj †PŠayix, Òknx`wenxb XvKvÓ, bCg wbRvg m¤úvw`Z. Ô•`wbK evsjv‡`k cÖwZw`bÕ, XvKv, 2 †m‡Þ¤i, 2016, c„. 5
8. iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, ÒgiYÓ, ÔfvbywmsnVvKy‡ii c`vejxÕ, AwRZKzgvi ¸n I Aveyj Kv‡kg †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z ÔmÂwqZvÕ,
wmwU jvB‡eªix, XvKv, 1969, c„. 1
9. H, Òg„Zz¨Ó, Ô•b‡e`¨Õ,c~‡e©v³, c„. 418
10. w`jviv nvwdR, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq e¨w³ I mgvRÕ, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 2002, c„. 212
11. knx` Kv`ix, ÒcÖev‡mi cO&wZgvjvÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, Aemi cÖKvkbx, XvKv, Z…Zxq gy`ªY, A‡±vei
2016, c„. 46
12. H, Òe„wó e„wóÓ, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, knx` Kv`ixi KweZv, mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, lô gy`ªY, 2016, c„. 11
13. H, ÒDËivwaKviÓ, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 23
14. H, ÒcÖev‡mi cO&wZgvjvÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 47
15. H, Òbk¦i †R¨vr¯œvqÓ, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 19
16. Z‡`e
17. w`jviv nvwdR, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq e¨w³ I mgvRÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 103
18. knx` Kv`ix, ÒbcysmK m‡šÍi Dw³Ó, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 14
19. H, Òwbiæ‡Ïk hvÎvÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 62
20. H, Ò†Kv‡bv wbe©vmbB Kvg¨ bq AviÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 37
21. wek¦wRr †Nvl, evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨, AvRKvj cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2009, c„. 51
22. knx` Kv`ix, ÒZvB GB `xN© cievmÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 25
23. H, Òwbiæ‡Ïk hvÎvÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 62
24. Z‡`e
25. Rxebvb›` `vk, Ò†Zvgvi ey‡Ki †_‡K GKw`bÓ, Ôiƒcmx evsjvÕ, Qvjvg †nv‡mb Lvb m¤úvw`Z, Rxebvb›` `v‡ki
cÖKvwkZ-AcÖKvwkZ KweZvmgMÖ, †RvbvKx cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2007, c„. 134
26. knx` Kv`ix, Òg„Zz¨i c‡iÓ, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 20
27. H, Ò¯^‡cœ-`yt¯^‡cœ GKw`bÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 31
28. H, ÒA‡cÿv KiwQÓ, Ô†Mva~wji MvbÕ, cÖ_gv cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2017, c„. 17
29. H, ÒnšÍvi‡Ki cÖwZÓ, Ô†Mva~wji MvbÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 41
30. H, Òg„Zz¨Ó, Ô†Mva~wji MvbÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 44
31. H, ÒMvQ, cv_i, mgy`ªÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 35
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
`wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvq Bmjv‡gi we¯Ív‡i ¯’vbxq kvmKe‡M©i f‚wgKv : GKwU
ch©v‡jvPbv
W. BgwZqvR Avn‡g`
Abstract: In the seventh and eighth centuries, the spread of Islam began in
Southeast Asia during the early stages of the arrival and spread of Islam in the
Arab World. But Islam did not come in this rigion through any political
influence or any military expedition from Arabia, Persia, North Africa, Middle
East, Crentral Asia or India. The preaching and spread of Islam in South-East
Asia was started by the Muslim Merchants. They were mainly Arab, Gujarati,
Tamil and Bengali. Through their efforts, Islam spread to Sumatra, Java and
other places in South-East Asia. In the thirteenth century, a small number of
Muslim Settlements and Port-States were established there. However, local
Muslim rulers played an important role in the spreading of Islam in this region.
In this case, the name of Malacca State can be specifically mentioned. In
addition, Moreover, the environment created after the fall of Malacca in the
hands of the Portuguese in the sixteenth century played an important role in the
rapid spread and strengthening of Islam in Southeast Asia.
f~wgKv
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c~e© Gwkqv K_vwUi m‡PZb D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| cieZ©x GKkZ eQi bvgwUi e¨envi cÖvq AcÖPwjZ
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1 Rni †mb, `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi BwZnvm, KjKvZv : cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯ÍK cl©`, 1985, c„. 1-2|
2 myiv evKviv, AvqvZ 275|
3 †gkKvZ kixd (1-11 LÐ GK‡Î), †mv‡jgvwbqv eyK nvDm, evsjvevRvi, XvKv, nvw`m bs 2654|
4 `¨v Uªv‡fjm Ae gv‡K©v †cv‡jv, Abyev` †mvnive mygb, 2q gy`ªY, XvKv: w`e¨ cÖKvk, 2016, c„„. 222-223 (cieZ©x‡Z
`¨v Uªv‡fjm Ae gv‡K©v †cv‡jv iƒ‡c DwjøwLZ); P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambtion, Bernard Lewis, The
Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1970, p.125
(cieZ©x‡Z The Cambridge History of Islam iƒ‡c DwjøwLZ)| 5 T. W. Arnold, The Preaching of Islam, 2nd ed. (London : Constable & Company Ltd., 1913, p. 271.
6 Ibid, p. 274.
7 `¨v Uªv‡fjm Ae gv‡K©v †cv‡jv, c„„. 222|
8 D. G. E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia, New York : Macmillan & Co Ltd, 1964, p. 191.
9 T. W. Arnold, op. cit., p. 280.
10 The Cambridge History of Islam, p. 125.
11 T. W. Arnold, op. cit., p. 274.
12 Brian Harrison, South-East Asia, A short History, New York : ST Martin’s Press, 1967, p. 52.
13 `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvq Bmjvi we Ív‡i ewYK‡`i f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© we ÍvwiZfv‡e Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb , BgwZqvR Avn‡g`, `wÿY-
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23-36|
14 Uªv‡fjm Ae Be‡b eZzZv, c„. 224|
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ivRKb¨v‡K weevn Kivq gvRvcvwnZ ivRvI AvZ¥xqZvi m~‡Î gvjv°vi Dci DËivwaKvi `vex K‡ib|
16 Rni †mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 14, 85|
17 D. G. E. Hall, op. cit p. 196.
18 Ibid, Jon F Cady, South East Asia- Its Historical Development, 2nd Indian Reprint, Delhi : Surjeet
Publications, 2006, p.158-159; Rni †mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 86| 19
H mg‡q wZbwU e›`i wek¦L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQj : wgm‡ii Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv, Px‡bi K¨v›Ub Ges `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi
gvjv°v|
20 D. G. E. Hall, op. cit., pp. 198-199.
21 Ibid, p. 201.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
Av`k© bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv: cÖm½ ivRkvnx gnvbMi
W. gy. Lwjjyi ingvb
Abstract: The city of Rajshahi occupies a unique place in the history of the socio-
economic and educational development of Bangladesh. This city has undergone
transition for years together since the early modern period especially from the days of the
British rule in the Indian sub- continent. But the city has to face a number of problems
and challenges from the very inception in the trend of its transition. The present paper is a
humble attempt to find out those problems and challenges it had to face in the past and is
still facing today towards making the city life useful and comfortable in all aspects of
urban social life. At the same time, some suggestions have also been put forward for
overcoming the problems and challenges towards making it a modern peaceful city in the
history of Bangladesh in general and Northern Bangladesh in particular.
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ciMbvi Aw ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq bv| ciMbvwU cÖvPxb n‡j Aek¨B AvBb-B-AvKeix‡Z D‡jøL _vKvi K_v|
Ab¨w`‡K gywk©`Kzjx Lv‡bi ivR¯^ e‡›`ve‡¯Í c~‡e©i e„nr ciMbv¸‡jv‡K †f‡O †h 1660wU ciMbv Kiv
n‡qwQj Zvi me¸‡jvi bvgI GK‡Î cvIqv hvq bv| myZivs wiqvR-Dm-mvjvwZb Gi 65 bs wUKvq
DwjøwLZ Ges KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I cieZ©x‡Z wbwLjbv_ iv‡qi cwi‡ewkZ GKwU ciMbvi bvg
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
88
wQj ÔivRkvnxÕ Z_¨wU KZUv mwVK I hyw³wbf©i Zv cÖvgvY¨ Z‡_¨i Afv‡e ejv `y¯‥i| †Kbbv Zuviv
†KDB Zuv‡`i G g‡Zi mc‡ÿ Dchy³ Z_¨vw` ev cÖvß Drm cÖ`vb K‡ibwb| Avevi ivRkvnxi mswÿß
BwZnvm MÖ‡š’i †jLK Kvjxbv_ †P․ayix WweøD wWweøD nv›Uv‡ii †`qv cÙv b`xi `wÿ‡Y ÔwbR PvKjv
ivRkvnxÕ bv‡g GKwU f~-fvM ivRkvnx cÖ‡`‡ki AšÍM©Z wQj Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i H PvKjvi bv‡g
Bs‡iR Avg‡j ivRkvnx †Rjvi bvgKiY n‡q‡Q e‡j Abygvb K‡ib Ges e‡jb ÔGÿ‡Y gywk©`vev` I
exif~g †Rjvq ivRkvnx bv‡g ciMYv „ó nqÕ|28
Z‡e Kvjxbv_ †P․ayixI ivRkvnx ciMbv bv‡gi
Z_¨wfwËK †Kvb Dr‡mi D‡jøL K‡ibwb| GLv‡b nv›Uvi cÖ`Ë ÔwbR PvKjv ivRkvnxÕ29
Z_¨wUI
Lyem¤¢eZ ivRkvnx PvKjv bvgKi‡Yi aviYv •Zwi‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q e‡j AbywgZ nq|
A_©vr Z_¨ „‡ó g‡b nq, ivRkvnx GKwU eo PvKjv hvi cÙv b`xi `wÿY fvM (ivRavbx gywk©`vev‡`i
wbKU¯’) ÔwbR PvKjv ivRkvnxÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ|
ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖ_g evRvi wQj †evqvwjqv evRvi hv mv‡neMÄ evRvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwUi Ae¯’vb
wQj eZ©gvb AvjycwÆi `wÿ‡Y| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b evRviwU AvR cÙv b`x M‡f© wejyß|30
mv‡neMÄ evRvi
cÙvM‡f© wejxb n‡q †M‡j gywó‡gq wKQz e¨emvqx eZ©gvb eo KzwVi DËi A‡j †`vKvb-cvU ewm‡q
GK bZzb evRvi cÖwZôv K‡ib hv eZ©gvb mv‡ne evRvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| Ebwesk kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K
Gg. †RW. †Kv¤úvwbi (†g`bxcyi Rwg`vwi †Kv¤úvwb) g¨v‡bRvi wg. Aw÷b ¯’vqx evRvi wbg©v‡Y GwM‡q
Av‡mb Ges cvKv `vjvb I ZrmsjMœ wU‡bi QvDwbhy³ wKQz †`vKvb emvi e¨e¯’v K‡i Gi bvgKiY
K‡ib Ô†Kv¤úvwbi mv‡ne evRviÕ| wKš‘ knievmx Aw÷b mv‡n‡ei G bvgKiY m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c mv`‡i MÖnY
bv K‡i Ô†Kv¤úvwbÕ kãwU Zz‡j w`‡q †Kej Ômv‡ne evRviÕ bvgKiY K‡ib hv eZ©gv‡bI cÖPwjZ
i‡q‡Q|31
Ab¨w`‡K Bs‡iR mv‡ne KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ G mv‡ne evRv‡ii wecix‡Z Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwb
we‡ivax ivRkvnx †Rjvi Rwg`viiv we‡klZ bv‡Uvi, cywVqv I w`NvcvwZqvi ivbxiv ¯’vbxq †ikgcwƇZ
mv‡ne evRv‡ii Abyiƒc Av‡iKwU evRvi cÖwZôv K‡ib hv Ôivbx evRviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|32
G evRvi
cÖwZôvq cywVqvi ivbx kir my›`ix I †ngšÍKzgvixi Ae`vb D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ïay evRvi cÖwZôvB bq eis
ivRkvnx kn‡ii mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b cywVqv, bv‡Uvi, w`NvcwZqv, `yejnvwU, ewjnvi I Kvwkgcy‡ii
Rwg`vi‡`i Ae`vb we‡klfv‡e ¯§iYxq| g~jZ ZuvivB Z`vbxšÍb Bs‡iR kvmK †Mvôxi mv‡_ †_‡K
ivRkvnx kn‡ii `ªæZ Dbœq‡b Avw_©K mnvqZvmn mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
Av`©k bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖwZeÜKZv
GKwU †`k, GKwU AÂj, GKwU mgvR ev cwievi GgbwK †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi mdjZvi `vicÖv‡šÍ
†cu․Qv‡Z PvB‡j cÖwZ c`‡ÿ‡c Zvi cÖwZeÜZv Avm‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| †m mKj evav-wecwË `ywif~Z
K‡iB Zv‡K GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e| Av`k© bMi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ivRkvnxi mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK, e‡iY¨ I
mvaviY Rb‡Mvôxi gva¨‡g †h mKj Kvh©µg Pj‡Q †hgb: iv ÍvNvU, wkÿv-e¨e¯’v, eR© I cqwb®‥vkb,
Lvj ev b ©gv cwi®‥vi cwi”QbœZv hvbRU wbimb cÖf…wZ| M‡elYv †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ we‡kølY Ki‡j G
mZ¨ D`&NvwUZ nq †h, Dchy©³ Kvh©µg¸‡jv myôzfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z hZUzKz ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi
f~wgKv ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb wQj, Zv ivL‡Z mÿg nqwb| wKš‘ †Kb mÿg nqwb ev n‡”Q bv A_ev Dbœq‡bi
cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv wK wK †m m¤ú‡K© Rvbv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| G Aa¨v‡q M‡elYv A‡ji wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii
RbM‡bi gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ Gi cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n wPýZ K‡i Zv mviYx I wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv
n‡jv:
Av`k© bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv: cÖm½ ivRkvnx gnvbMi
89
mviwY-1
evavi KviYmg~n DËi`vZvi msL¨v kZKiv nvi
A_©‣bwZK 10 Rb 10%
RbM‡Yi AmZ©KZv/ mvgvwRK AmZ©KZv 20 Rb 20%
ivR‣bwZK 60 Rb 60%
mivmwi wbqš¿Y/ c„ô‡cvlKZvi Afve 10 Rb 10%
‡gvU 100 Rb 100%
wPÎ: 1
Dchy©³ mviwY- 1 I wPÎ -1 Gi gva¨‡g †`Lv hv‡”Q ivRkvnx‡K Av`k© bMi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj
c ÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv AÎ M‡elYv A‡ji 100 Rb wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi Dci
Rwic K‡i 10Rb e¨w³ e‡j‡Qb A_©‣bwZK mgm¨vi K_v, 20 Rb gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb RbM‡bi
m‡PZbZvi Afve, 60 Rb e‡j‡Qb ivR‣bwZK mgm¨vi K_v Ges 10 Rb e‡j‡Qb cÖkvmwbK
c`‡ÿ‡ci KviY| Z‡e D‡jøL¨ †h, bM‡ii AwaKvsk bvMwiK g‡b K‡iY ivR‣bwZK w`K †_‡KB bMi
Dbœq‡b †ekx evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q|
ivRkvnx‡K Av`k© bMi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb I Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvwi GgbwK
mgv‡Ri mKj ͇ii Rb‡Mvôxi †Póv ev AvšÍwiKZvi †Kvb ÎæwU bvB| Gi ciI †h mKj mgm¨vi
Kvi‡Y G gnvbMixi bvMwiK mgvR cÖwZwbqZB weo¤^bvi wkKvi n‡”Qb Zv gvV ch©v‡q Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g
mviwY I wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
90
mviwY- 2
cÖavb mgm¨vmg~n DËi`vZvi msL¨v kZKiv nvi
A‡Uv PvwjZ hvwš¿K mgm¨v 50 Rb 50%
cvwb wb®‥vkb mgm¨v 05 Rb 05%
AveR©bv e¨e¯’vcbv mgm¨v 10 Rb 10%
†Rvi c~e©K dzUcvZ `Lj 20 Rb 20%
gkv-gvwQi mgm¨v 10 Rb 10%
cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v 05 Rb 05%
†gvU 100 Rb 100%
wPÎ: 2
Dchy©³ mviwY- 2 I wPÎ - 2 Gi gva¨‡g †`Lv hv‡”Q ivRkvnx‡K Av`k© bMi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj
cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv AÎ M‡elYv A‡ji 100 Rb mKj ¯Í‡ii RbM‡bi gZvg‡Zi Dci
Rwic K‡iA‡Uv PvwjZ hvwš¿K mgm¨vi K_v 50 Rb, cvwb wb®‥vkb mgm¨v 05 Rb, AveR©bv e¨e¯’vcbv
mgm¨v 10 Rb, †Rvi c~e©K dzUcvZ `L‡ji Awf‡hvM G‡b‡Sb 20 Rb. gkv-gvwQi mgm¨v 10 Rb
Ges cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨i K_v 05 Rb e‡j‡Qb|
A‡Uv PvwjZ hvwš¿K mgm¨v: cÖvPxbKv‡j wek¦ Ry‡o mf¨Zv M‡o D‡V b`x I mgy`ª‡Kw›`ªK| Kv‡ji
weeZ©‡b moK c_ I †ijc‡_i Dbœq‡Y mo‡Ki cv‡kI †i‡ji av‡iI M‡o D‡V‡Q mf¨Zvi wb`k©b|
†h ivóª I Zvi RbMY hZ †ekx m‡PZb I AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj †m ivóª I m‡PZb mgvR cwi‡ewóZ
Av`k© bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv: cÖm½ ivRkvnx gnvbMi
91
AÂjwU ZZ †ekx mg„×| GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKvi cÖkvmK, cÖkvmb hš¿, AvB‡bi h_v_© cÖ‡qvM I AvBb
m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi h_v_© Ávbmn wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i AÎ GjvKvi †m․›`h©¨| hv †Kvb GKK
wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| wbf©i K‡i mvwe©K wel‡qi Dci Ges Zv GKw`‡bbq `xN© w`‡b weKwkZ
nq|
ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖvY‡K›`ª mv‡ne evRv‡i A‡Uv PvwjZ hvben‡bi m„ó hvb‡Rv‡Ui wPÎ|
ivRkvnx gnvbMix c„w_exi Ab¨Zg GKwU †QvÆ gnvbMix| †h gnvbMix‡Z kn‡ii GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K
Aci cÖv‡šÍ hvevi Rb¨ †Kvb ev‡mi e¨e¯’v †bB| GKgvÎ A‡Uvwi·vi gva¨‡g kn‡ii GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K
Aci cÖv‡šÍ RbMY‡K †h‡Z nq| wKš‘ wK cwigvY A‡Uv GB kn‡ii Rb¨ h‡_ó Zvi mwVK cwigvc Kiv
Kómva¨| Z‡e ev Íe wPÎ hw` jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Zvn‡j ¯úó n‡q DV‡e †h cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq wظY ev
Zvi †P‡qI †ekx A‡Uv ivRkvnxi ivRc‡_ Pj‡Q| Gi PvjKiv cÖwkÿY wenxb| cÖwkÿY bv _vKvi
Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i AwaKvs‡ki UªvwdK AvBb m¤ú‡K© aviYv †bB| cvkvcvwk A‡Uvwi·vi AvKvi AvK…wZ
ÎæwUhy³ nevi Kvi‡Y cÖvqkB bvbv iKg yN©Ubv N‡U P‡j‡Q| GRb¨ hvÎx-mvaviY‡KI †cvnv‡Z n‡”Q
`y‡f©vM| hv Rwi‡c 50% †jvKB Gi wec‡ÿ AwfgZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| KviY kn‡ii †m․›`h© bó Ki‡Q
G hvbenbwU|
fvov Kg nevi d‡j kn‡ii GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b PjvP‡ji †ÿ‡Î GKw`‡K †hgb myweav m„wó
K‡i‡Q Aciw`‡K msL¨vwaK¨Zvi Kvi‡Y kn‡i hvbR‡UiI KviY n‡q‡Q| Z‡e kni‡K `~lYgy³ ivL‡Z
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
92
A‡Uvwi·v †hgb GKw`‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q, Aciw`‡K A‡Uvwi·v Avgv‡`i AZ¨šÍ g~j¨evb
we`y¨rI †kvlY Ki‡Q AweiZ| ZvB A‡Uvwi·vi msL¨v Kgv‡bv GLb mg‡qi Awbevh© `vex|
cvwb wb®‹vkb mgm¨v: ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡Z bvbv cÖKvi mgm¨v‡K mvg‡b †i‡L 100 Rb wewfbœ †ckvi
Rbkw³i gZvgZ wb‡q kZKiv 05 Rb e¨w³ cvwb wb®‥vkb mgm¨vi K_v e‡j‡Qb| hv GB mgm¨v‡K
gnvbMixi Rb¨ AwaKvskB e¨w³ GUv †g․wjK †Kvb mgm¨v bq e‡j gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|
AveR©bv e¨e¯ ’vcbv mgm¨v: ivRkvnx wmwUK‡c©v‡ikb GB kni‡K AveR©bv I `~lYgy³ Kivi Rb¨
bvbvwea c`‡ÿc I Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q hv „k¨gvb| Gi ciI kZKiv 10 fvM RbMb g‡b K‡ib
GB e¨e¯’vcbv AviI AvaywbK n‡j GB gnvbMix GKwU Av`k© bM‡ii †ÿ‡Î GK avc GwM‡q †hZ|
GgbwK GmKj AveR©bv¸‡jv w`‡q •eÁvwbK c×wZ Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g mvi •Zix K‡i †`‡ki Av_©-
mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e e‡j A‡b‡K wek¦vm K‡ib|
ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖavb mo‡K Amvay e¨emvqx‡`i iwÿZ BU-†Lvqv-evwj
†Rvic ~e©K dzUcvZ `Lj: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb GB AÂjwU GKwU AvaywbK bM‡i iæcvšÍwiZ Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖavb iv Ívi `yÕav‡i mvaviY RbM‡Yi PjvP‡ji Rb¨ dzUcvZ ev miæ iv Ív •Zix Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wKš‘ †m iv Ívi av‡ii e¨emvqxMY Zv‡`i wbR¯ gvjvgvj †mB dzUcvZ ev miæ iv Ívi Dci †i‡L
cwi‡ek ~wlZ Ki‡Q hv mvaviY RbM‡Yi PjvPj Ges iv Ív cvivcv‡i weNœ m„wó Ki‡Q| cÖavb iv Ívi
†Kvb duvKv RvqMv _vK‡j cÖkvm‡bi bv‡Ki WMvq Amvay e¨emvqxMY †cwk kw³ I ivR‣bwZK cÖfve
LvwU‡q †mLv‡b BU-evjy-†Lvqv †i‡L e¨emv evwYR¨ K‡i hv‡”Q| d‡j bvbv ai‡bi yN©Ubv, cwi‡ek
`ylY GgbwK g„Zz¨i NUbvI N‡U hv‡”Q| Rwi‡c kZKiv 20 fvM RbmvaviY Gi Zxeª we‡ivaxZv K‡i
cÖkvmb‡K AviI hy‡Mvc‡hvMx c`‡ÿc †bqvi Rb¨ civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
Av`k© bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv: cÖm½ ivRkvnx gnvbMi
93
ivRkvnx kn‡ii mv‡ne evRvi A‣eafv‡e `LjK…ZdzUcvZ
gkv-gvwQi I cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi gkv wbab Kg©m~wP AÎ A‡j
emevmiZ Rb‡Mvôxi Zzjbvq h‡_ó bq| d‡j GB cÖkvmb gkv wbab Kg©m~wP‡ZI mdjZv e‡q Avb‡Z
cvi‡Qbv| G‡ÿ‡Î kZKiv 10 fvM wmwUevwmB g‡b K‡ib ivRkvnx GKwU Av`k© bM‡i iæcvšÍ‡ii
†ÿ‡Î gkv-gvwQ Ges 05 fvM g‡b K‡ib cwi‡ekMZ Kvi‡bB GwU m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|
DËi‡Yi Dcvq
GKwU bMi ev AÂj‡K AvaywbK ev Av`k© GjvKvq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j bvbvwea Dcvq Aej¤b Ki‡Z
nq| Gi g‡a¨ RbM‡bi gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ †g․wjK welq¸‡jv mviYx - 5.3 I wP‡Îi- 5.3 gva¨‡g
wjwce× Kiv n‡jv:
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
94
mviYx: 3
mgvav‡bi welq DËi`vZvi msL¨v kZKiv nvi %
A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevnb cwiwgZ ivLv 40 Rb 40%
ivR‣bwZK cÖfve gy³ ivLv 30 Rb 30%
RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv e„w×i †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK
Kg©m~wP MÖnY 20 Rb 20%
cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏ 10 Rb 10%
†gvU 100 Rb 100%
wPÎ: 3
ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡K Av`k© bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î AÎ A‡ji 100 R‡bi gZvg‡Zi Dci Rwic
K‡i †g․wjK 4wU w`K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î 40 fvMB RbMY g‡b K‡ib A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevnb
wbqš¿Y Ki‡ZB n‡e| 30 fvM RbMY g‡b K‡ib ivR‣bwZK cÖfvegy³ Qvov †Kvb AÂjB Dbœq‡bi
`vicÖv‡šÍ †cu․Qv‡Z cvi‡e bv| Kv‡RB `jgZ wbwe©‡kl mKj‡KB G‡ÿ‡Î GKgZ n‡Z n‡e| 20 fvM
Rb‡Mvôx g‡b K‡ib RbMY‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cÖkvm‡bi cÿ †_‡K e¨vcK
Kg©m~wP MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g GgbwK †mwgbvi wm‡¤úvwRqv‡gi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv e„w×i D‡`¨vM
wb‡Z n‡e| 10 fvM RbMY Pvq cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏ| GKwU AÂj‡K Av`k© bM‡i iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
PvB‡j †m GjvKvq miKvi ev cÖkvm‡bi cÿ †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏ Ges mw`”Qv Qvov †Kvbfv‡eB
m¤¢e bq|
Av`k© bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv: cÖm½ ivRkvnx gnvbMi
95
Dc‡iv³ †g․wjK welq¸‡jvQvovI wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jvi w`‡K bRi ivL‡j ªæZ ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡K
GKwU Av`k© bMix‡Z DwbœZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
1| A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevnb cwiwgZ ivLv|
2| ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡K GKwU Av`k© bMix‡Z cwiYZ Kivi ¯^v‡_© mKj cÖKvi ivR‣bwZK cÖfve
gy³ ivLv|
3| RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv e„w×i †ÿ‡Î †mwgbvi-wm‡¤úvwRqvg, wjd‡jU, †cv÷vwis, cÖ‡qvR‡b
gvBwKsmn e¨vcK Kg©m~wP MÖnY|
4| ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡K GKwU Av`k© bMix‡Z cwiYZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏ|
5| A‣eafv‡e `LjK…Z dzUcvZ ev miæ iv Ív¸wj cybiæ×v‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b åvg¨gvb wUg ev Av`vj‡Zi
gva¨‡g †m¸‡jvi wggvsmv Kiv|
6| cyivZb A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevn‡bi jvB‡mÝ evwZj K‡i bZzbfv‡e ivRkvnx bM‡ii Pvwn`vbyhvqx
A‡Uv hvbevn‡bi jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb|
7| A‡Uv WªvBfvi‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g WªvBwfs jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb|
8| ivRkvnxi cÖvY‡K›`ª mv‡ne evRv‡ii cÖavb moK¸‡jv‡Z A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevnb cÖ‡e‡ki AbygwZ
bv †`qv|
9| kn‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †gvo †hgb: †ij‡÷kb †gvo, †ij‡MU, eY©vjx, j²xcyi, mv‡ne evRvi cÖf…wZ
¯’v‡b Kvi-gvB‡µv PvwjZ Ifvi weªR wbg©vY Kiv †M‡j kn‡ii †m․›`h©e„w×mn hvbRU Kgv‡bv
m¤¢e n‡e|
10| åvg¨gvb e¨emvqx ev nKvim‡`i Rb¨ GKwU nKvi gv‡K©U wbg©vY K‡i mv‡ne evRvimn kn‡ii
¸iæZ¡c~Y© GjvKv †_‡K nKvim gy³ K‡i kn‡ii †m․›`h© e„w× Kiv hv‡e|
11| ivRkvnx kn‡ii `LjK…Z miKvwi m¤úwË Rei `Ljgy³ K‡i Zv Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ we‡bv`b
†K›`ª ev kwcsgj wbg©vY K‡i †m¸‡jv ¯í g~‡j¨ †eKvi hyeK‡`i Kv‡Q n ÍvšÍi Ki‡j †m mKj
m¤úwË †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqbmn ivRkvnx GKwU Av`k© I cwi”Qbœ bMix‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ
n‡Z mn‡hvwMZv jvf Ki‡e|
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13| Ni-evwo ev †`vKvb cvU wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î miKvwi wewa-weavb †g‡bB h_v‡hv_ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
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96
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AvaywbK bMivq‡bi gvÎvi w`K w`‡q evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i wb¤œ bMivwqZ †`kmg~‡ni GKwU| Av`k© bMi
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1 †gvt Avbmvi Avjx Lvb, †cŠimfv g¨vby‡qj (XvKv: evsjv‡`k j eyK †Kv¤úvwb, 2000), c„. 404-405|
2 KzšÍjv jv‡nox `Ë, f‚‡Mvj wPšÍvi weKvk (KwjKvZv: w` Iqvì© †cÖm cÖvB‡fU. wjwg‡UW, 1999), c„. 39-40|
3 Z‡`e, c„. 45|
4 †K. gD`y` Bjvnx I •mq` iwdKyj Avjg iægx, bMi f~‡Mvj : mv¤úªwZK aviv (XvKv : †Wëv eyK&m, 2005), c„. 27;
Avãyjøvn dviæK, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm (XvKv: XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Mªš’ ms¯’v, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 1983), c„.
210|
5 KvRx gviædv, bMi f‚‡Mvj I bMi cwiKíbv (XvKv: myR‡bmy cÖKvkbx, 2002), c„. 10-11|
Av`k© bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv: cÖm½ ivRkvnx gnvbMi
97
6 Fazal Karim, "The Role of Municipal Administration", M.A. Husain Khan (ed.), Problems of
Municipal Administration (Dacca: National Institute of public Administration, 1967), pp. 48-50;
quoted M.K.U. Molla, "Growth and Development of Rajshahi Municipal Town", S.A. Akanda (ed.),
The District of Rajshahi: Its Past and Present (Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies, 1983), pp.
135-138; Abdul Latif, "Growth and Development of Kotchandpur as a Municipal Town, 1883-1947",
Unpublished M. Phil Thesis (Rajshahi: The Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University,
1985), p. 5-15; Avey Zvnv, RbmsL¨v I Rbc` f~‡Mvj (ivRkvnx : ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq cÖKvkK, 2002), c„. 7-
10| 7 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ (e¸ov: KvRx cÖKvkbx, 1965 wLª.), c„. 103-105|
8 Ge‡b †Mvjvg mvgv`, ivRkvnxi BwZe„Ë (ivRkvnx: cÖxwZ cÖKvkbx, 1999 wLª.), c„. 29|
9 eøKg¨vb G ai‡bi gZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Ôkvnx ivRvÕ A_©vr wn›`y ivRvi gymjgvb wmsnvm‡b Awa‡ivnb hv
†Kej ivRv Ks‡mi (ivRv M‡Yk) ivRZ¡Kvj‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i| ivRv M‡Yk †M․‡oi gymwjg kvmbKZ©v‡K DrLvZ K‡i
wmsnvmb `Lj Ki‡j cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z ivRkvnx bv‡gi D™¢e n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i| `ªóe¨: KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq,
ev½vjvi BwZnvm (bevex Avgj), 2q ms¯‥iY (KwjKvZv: 1315 e½vã), c„. 65, (cv`UxKv-1)|
10 Lvb evnv`yi Ave`yj nvwKg m¤úvw`Z, evsjv wek¦‡Kvl, PZz_© LÐ (XvKv: bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb, 1976), c„. 249|
11 wg. †efvwiR G ai‡bi gZ †cvlY K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, ivRkvnx bvg A‡cÿvK…Z AvaywbK| AvBb-B-AvKeix-†Z
ivRkvnx ciMbvi bvg †bB| cÖvPxb ivRkvnx ciMbv fvMxi_xi cwðg cv‡k¦© ivRv Ks‡mi (ivRv M‡Y‡ki) ivR¨ n‡Z
eû`~‡i| myZivs ivRv M‡Yk bq eis exif~‡gi ÔivRvÕ Dcvwaavix gymwjg ivRM‡Yi bvg n‡Z ivRkvnx bv‡gi D™¢e
NU‡Z cv‡i| `ªóe¨: wegjvPiY •g‡Îq,cywVqv ivResk (KwjKvZv: c¨vwim AvU© †cÖm, 1357 e½vã), c„. 297|
12 KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq eøKg¨vb I †efvwi‡Ri gZvgZ LÐb K‡i e‡jb, gnvivR gvbwmsn AvMgn‡bi bvg ivRgnj
w`‡q GLv‡b ivRavbx I `yM©vw` ¯’vcb K‡ib| cÖvPxb ivRkvnx ciMbv ivRgn‡ji AbwZ`~‡i Aew¯’Z nIqvq Ôkvnx
ivRvÕ gvbwms‡ni bv‡gB ivRkvnx bv‡gi DrcwË n‡Z cv‡i| `ªóe¨: wegjvPiY •g‡Îq, c~‡e©v³, c„. 296-297| Kvjx
cÖmbœ evey e‡j‡Qb †h, ivRkvnxi bvg ivRv gvbwmsn KZ…©K cÖ`Ë| wKš‘ evsjvi †Kvb BwZnv‡m Zvi †Kvb mg_©b ev
D‡jøL †bB| `ªóe¨: KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 7|
13 K‡qKwU ciMbvi mgwó ev GKxf~Z †Rjv n‡jv PvKjv| GwU GKwU ivR¯^ BDwbU|
14 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 5; Md. Moksudur Rahman, ‘General Administration of Rajshahi
District in Historical Perspective’, The District of Rajshahi Its Past And Present, (ed.)
S.A., Akanda, p. 113. 15
KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 5; Md. Moksudur Rahman, op.cit., p. 113.
16 Md. Moksudur Rahman, op.cit., p. 114.
17 Kvjxbv_ †P․ayix, ivRkvnxi mswÿß BwZnvm (KwjKvZv: ¯‥zj eyK †cÖm, 1901), c„. 107|
18 Ave`yj Kwig, gywk©`Kzjx Lvb I Zuvi hyM, (e½vbyev`) †gvKv‡Ïmyi ingvb (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1989), c„. 85;
Md. Moksudur Rahman, op.cit., p. 114; Ge‡b †Mvjvg mvgv`, c~‡e©v³, c„. 2| 19
KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 6| 20
Ge‡b †Mvjvg mvgv`, c~‡e©v³, c„. 2| 21
we¯ÍvwiZ, †Mvjvg ûmvBb mjxg, evsjvi BwZnvm, AvKeiDÏxb Abyw`Z (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1974), c„. 200| 22
†Mvjvg ûmvBb mjxg, wiqvR-Dm-mvjvwZb (e½vbyev`), kÖxivgcÖvY ¸ß m¤úvw`Z (XvKv: w`e¨cÖKvk, 2005), c„.
167|
23 H, cv`UxKv- 65, c„. 246|
24 wegjvPiY •g‡Îq, c~‡e©v³, c„. 297|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
98
25
†gvt gvneyeyi ingvb m¤úvw`Z, W. KvRx †gvt †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb, ÒivRkvnx kni I Zvi bvgKiY: GKwU
ch©v‡jvPbvÓ, ivRkvnx gnvbMi : AZxZ I eZ©gvb (ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq: AvBweGm, 2012 wLª.), c„. 65|
26 wbwLjbv_ ivq, gywk© vev` Kvwnbx (KwjKvZv: 131 bs KY©Iqvwjm ÷ªxU, 1309 e½vã), c„. 389|
27 wbwLjbv_ ivq, gywk© vev` Kvwnbx (KwjKvZv: 9 G¨v›Uwb evMvb †jb, 1978), c„. 12|
28 Kvjxbv_ †P․ayix, c~‡e©v³, c„. 2-3; Kvjxbv_ †P․ayixi MÖš’wU 1901, wbwLjbv_ ivq iwPZ gywk© vev‡`i BwZnvm MÖš’wU
1902 Ges KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi MÖš’wU 1908 m‡b cÖKvwkZ weavq ciMbvi bvg ivRkvnx Z_¨wU m¤¢eZ Kvjxbv_
†P․ayixi MÖ‡š’B cÖ_g ms‡hvwRZ nq, wKš‘ †mLv‡b Z‡_¨i Drm †`qv nqwb| 29
W.W. Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal, Districts of Rajshahi and Bogra, Vol.- VIII (ondon:
Trubner and Co. 1876), p. 20. 30
gyn¤§` Avãym mvgv`, c~‡e©v³, c„. 96| 31
H, c„. 97| 32
H, c„. 97-98|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb
†gv: iweDj Bmjvg
Abstract: Algeria was colonized by the French from 1830 and had been an integral part
of France since the end of the 19th Century. From the beginning the continuing
colonization led to fierce resistance by local rulers and the population. The most
important resistance leader was emir (Commander) Abdelkader (Add al-Qadir), who
managed for some time to maintain control over much of Algeria. Abdelkader forces
were, however, defeated by overwhelming French military force. Even before Abd-al-
Qadir entered the scene, Ahmad Bey had extended his authority over much of the Beylik
of Constantine and blocked French expansion there until 1837. Rebellions occurred
regularly in Kabylia, including the uprising led by Sheikh Mokrani in 1871. In the
Southern Shara, Tuareg forces, too, resisted the French army, which was unable to
control the desert regions until the Tuareg were defeated in 1902. Nationalism began to
spread in Algeria during the first decades of 20th century. The colonial policies led to the
growth of nationalism in Algeria. But the aim of this paper is to analysis the primary
resistance movement how influenced after the establishment of Nationalist movement of
the Algeria.
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†f‡½ c‡o Ges cieZ©x 150 eQ‡i mgMÖ DËi Avwd«Kvi DcK~jxq f~-L‡Û †ivgvb kvmb we¯Ívi jvf
K‡i|5 wLªóc~e© wØZxq kZvãx‡Z ïiæ‡Z ¯vbxq Awaevmx‡`i Kv‡Q GwU bvggvÎ †ivgvb kvm‡bi hyM
divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb
101
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| wLªóxq lô kZvãx Avieiv DËi-Avwd«Kvq AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi ci mgMÖ AÂj
†_‡K †ivgvb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
divwm AbycÖ‡ek Ges Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva
wLªóxq lô kZvãx‡Z Avieiv DËi-Avwd«Kvq AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡j †ivgvb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
DgvBqv Lwjdv gyqvweqvi kvmbg‡j IKvev web bvwdi †bZ…‡Z¡ 670 mv‡j Avj‡Rwiqvq gymwjg
AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| `xN©w`b DgvBqv, Aveevmxq, AvMjvwe, dv‡Zwg I gyqvwnw`b‡`i Øviv kvwmZ
nevi ci Avj‡Rwiqv 1553 mv‡j ZzwK© kvm‡bi Aax‡b Av‡m| AvaywbK hy‡Mi ïiæ †_‡K Avj‡Rwiqvq
divwm Dcwb‡ek ¯vc‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| Dwbk kZ‡K Jcwb‡ewkK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq d«vÝ 1830 mv‡j
DËi-Avwd«Kvi †`k Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj K‡i| DËi-Avwd«Kvq divwm‡`i wZbwU Jcwb‡e‡ki g‡a¨
Avj‡Rwiqv wQj me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges me©e„nr Dcwb‡ek| GLv‡b cÖvq 132 eQi Zv‡`i kvmb Pvjy
ivL‡Z mÿg nq| G `xN© mg‡q Avj‡Rwiqv divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i Øviv mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK,
A_©‣bwZK †kvlY eÂbvi cvkvcvwki bvMwiK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ wQj| 1830 mv‡j d«vÝ
Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj Ki‡jI 1919 mv‡j G‡m AvjwRqvm©, Iivb Ges Kb÷¨v›UvBb bvgK wZbwU wefv‡M
fvM K‡i G‡K †K› ªxq divwm kvm‡bi AvIZvfz³ K‡i|6 e¯‧Z G‡`‡k divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb
cÖwZwôZ nq ch©vqµ‡g Ges av‡c av‡c|
1830-1962 mgqKv‡j Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb‡K 4wU ch©v‡q ev ¯Í‡i fvM Kiv hvq|
ch©vq¸‡jv n‡jv:
1| divwm‡`i AbycÖ‡ek Ges Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva hyM: 1830-1870
2| divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvax‡b Avj‡Rwiqv: 1870-1930
3| Avj‡Rwiq RvZxqZvev‡`i DÌvb: 1930-1954
4| hy× I ¯^vaxbZv AR©b: 1954-1962
eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Dc©hy³ PviwU ch©v‡qi g‡a¨ ïaygvÎ cÖ_g ch©vqwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi cÖqvm i‡q‡Q|
divwm‡`i AbycÖ‡ek
wLªóxq †Zi kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© evBRv›UvBb mv¤ªv‡Ri GKwU ÿz`ª Ask Rq K‡i cyivZb †mjRyK iv‡R¨i
aŸsmve‡k‡li Dci Avbv‡Zvwjqv A‡j Dmgvbxq ZywK©Mb wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ GKwU ivR¨ M‡o Zzj‡Z
mg_© nq| µgvš‡q Gwkqv I BD‡iv‡ci GK weivU A‡ji Dci KZ…©Z¡ ¯vc‡bi ci ZywK© kvmKMY
DËi Avwd«Kvi gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi w`‡K „wó w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
Avwd«Kvi ivR¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avj‡Rwiqv me©cÖ_g Dmgvbxq ‣mb¨‡`i Avµg‡Yi m¤§yLxb nq| 1517
mv‡j Dmgvbxq †mbvcwZ Lv‡qi-Avj-w`b eviev‡ivmv Ges Zvi fvB AviæR (Aruj) wgki Rq K‡i
Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡k ZywK© mv¤ªv‡R¨i cÖ_g NuvwU ¯vcb K‡ib|7 1518 mv‡j Lv‡qi-Avj-w`‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡
Dmgvbxq evwnbx Avj‡Rwiqv AwaKvi K‡i|8 Zvi G mvd‡j¨ Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji miKvi mš‧ó n‡q
Zv‡K ivRKxq Ô†ejvi‡eÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡i Ges Avj‡Rwiqvi kvmbe¨e¯v bZzb K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi
`vwqZ¡ Zv‡K †`qv nq| wKš‧, `wÿY BD‡iv‡ci KvQvKvwQ Ges ZywK© mv¤ªv‡R¨i ivRavbx I Bmjvg
a‡g©i g~j‡K› ª †_‡K eû`~‡i Aew¯Z nevi d‡j GLv‡b Bmjv‡gi HwZn¨ wPiKvjB ~e©j wQj| ZvQvov
evievi I BD‡ivcxq †Mvôxi cÖvavb¨ cÖ_g †_‡KB Gme ivR¨‡K ZywK© mv¤ªv‡R¨i g~jbxwZi cwie‡Z©
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
102
GKwU ¯^Zš¿ bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| hvi d‡j cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©vMY ZywK© myjZv‡bi Øviv
g‡bvbxZ n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cÖvq ¯^vaxb kvm‡Ki g‡ZvB Gme AÂj kvmb Ki‡Zb| cÖwZ eQi
Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡j wbw ©ó cwigvY ivR¯^ cÖ`vb Qvov myjZv‡bi mv‡_ Zv‡`i we‡kl †Kvb m¤úK© wQj bv|
m‡Zi kZ‡K Dmgvbxq myjZvb‡`i kw³ n«vm †c‡Z ïiæ Ki‡j Avwd«Kvi DËi-cwðg w`‡K Aew¯Z
cÖ‡`k¸‡jv vbxq cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ AwaKZi ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Kivi Rb¨ m‡Pó n‡q
D‡V| cvkv, †`, †e, cÖf…wZ Awfavhy³ cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©vMY ax‡i ax‡i ¯vaxb ivR¨ M‡o Zzj‡Z
cÖqvmx nb| Dmgvbxq mv¤ªv‡R¨i e¨_©Zv ev `~e©jZvi my‡hv‡M ~ieZ©x A‡ji kvm‡Kiv †hgb we‡ ªvn
K‡i wVK †Zgwb Gme AvÂwjK kvmK‡`i A_©‣bwZK I mvgwiK `~e©jZvi Kvi‡Y BD‡ivcxq kw³ai
†`k¸‡jv GLv‡b cÖf~Z¡ Kivi my‡hvM cvq|
Avie f‚-L‡Ûi g‡a¨ DËi Avwd«Kvi †`k¸wjB cÖ_g Dmgvbxq‡`i nvZQvov n‡q hvq| Avj‡RwiqvB
cÖ_g Avie ivóª, hviv Dmgvbxq mv¤ªvR¨ †_‡K wew”Qbœ nq| NUbvwU N‡U 1830 mv‡j| Jcwb‡ewkK
kw³ d«vÝ G mgq Avj‡Rwiqv‡K `Lj K‡i †bq| Z‡e d«vÝ KZ…©K Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj Kivi cðv‡Z
†ek wKQz KviY wQj| Ae¯vbMZ Kvi‡Y cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB DËi Avwd«Kvi evievi ivR¨¸‡jvi Av‡qi
cÖavb Drm wQj Rj`my¨Zv| Rj`my¨Zvi G cÖkœ wb‡qB BD‡iv‡ci ivóª ‡jvi mv‡_ Avj‡Rwiqvi
we‡iv‡ai m~ÎcvZ N‡U| Rj`my¨‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× BD‡ivcxq ivóª ‡jv cÖ_gw`‡K wbw ©ó †Kvb
e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| BD‡ivcxqiv G mgq wbw ©ó cwigvY A_© †`Iqvi k‡Z© Rj`my¨‡`i nvZ
†_‡K evwYwR¨K Ges hvÎxevnx RvnvR¸‡jv wbivc` ivLvi †Póv K‡i| wKš‧ µgvMZfv‡e Rj`my¨`j
Pzw³i kZ© f½ K‡i jyÉbKv‡R wjß n‡Z wØav‡eva K‡iwb| Kvjµ‡g BD‡ivcxq †`kmg~n Rj`my¨‡`i
nv‡Z GZUvB bv‡Rnvj n‡Z _v‡K †h, wf‡qbv Ks‡MÖ‡mi ci Zviv Rj`my¨‡`i weiæ‡× c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi
wm×všÍ †bq| cieZ©x‡Z Bs‡iR †b․-†mbvcwZ jW© G·gvD‡_i (Lord Exmouth) †bZ…‡Z¡ 1816
mv‡j DËi Avwd«Kv DcK~j Ae‡iva K‡i| Gi d‡j w·cvjx I wZDwbwmqv Rj`my¨Zv Z¨vM Ki‡Z
eva¨ nq|9 wKš‧ Avj‡Rwiqv Zv gvb‡Z A¯xKvi Kivq Bs‡iR †b․evwnbx Avj‡Rwiqvi DcK~‡j †Kvb
weiwZ QvovB bq N›Uv †evgvel©Y K‡i|10
d‡j Avj‡Rwiqv 3000 BD‡ivcxq ew›` Ges `my¨e„wË †Q‡o
†`qvi K_v †NvlYv K‡i| HwZnvwmKfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq kw³¸‡jvi Zzjbvq m‡Zi kZK n‡Z
d«v‡Ýi mv‡_ Avj‡Rwiqvi Nwbô I e¨vcK evwYwR¨K m¤úK© we`¨gvb wQj| d‡j 1816 mv‡j divwmiv
weªwUk‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ Rj`my¨‡`i weiæ‡× †h Awfhvb Zv‡Z Ask MÖnY K‡iwb|11
1829 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS mg‡q Avj‡Rwiqvi Rj`my¨‡`i ZrciZv Avevi e„w× cvq| B‡Zvg‡a¨
Bsj¨vÛ, d«vÝ Ges BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡ki Jcwb‡ewkK mv¤ªvR¨ ¯vc‡bi ¯ú„nvI e„w× cvq| 1830
mv‡ji RyjvB wecø‡ei ci `kg Pvj©m d«v‡Ýi wmsnvmb Z¨vM K‡ib| Zuvi ¯jvwfwl³ nb jyB wdwjc|
d«v‡Ýi wPivPwiZ cÖ_v Abyhvqx wdwjcI RvZxq †M․ie e„w×i w`‡K „wó w`‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| DËi
Avwd«Kvi evievi ivR¨¸‡jvi Drcv‡Z d«vÝ `xN©Kvj ch©šÍ AZ¨šÍ weeªZ wQj| myZivs G ivR¨¸‡jv‡K
`gb Kivi Rb¨ d«vÝ †Mvc‡b cÖ¯‧wZ ïiæ K‡i| Avj‡RwiqvB wQj Zv‡`i cÖ_g I cÖavb jÿ¨| Z‡e
Avj‡Rwiqvi Af¨šÍix NUbvewj Zuv‡K G e¨vcv‡i AMÖmi n‡Z my‡hvM †`q| Avj‡Rwiq Rj`my¨‡`i
Dc ªe f~ga¨mvMi A‡j A¯vfvweK e„w× cvIqvq Zviv wbwe©Pv‡i †h †Kvb †`‡ki evwYwR¨K I
hvwÎevnx RvnvR jyÚb ïiæ K‡i| divwm miKvi Rj`my¨‡`i `gb Kivi Rb¨ GK weivU •mb¨evwnbx
DËi Avwd«Kvq cvVvevi wm×všÍ †bq| Z‡e Rj`my¨ `gb Kivi bv‡g Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj KivB wQj
Zv‡`i g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨| d«v‡Ýi Avj‡Rwiqvq AbycÖ‡e‡ki cðv‡Z GwU wQj GKwU KviY|
divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb
103
d«vÝ Zvi Af¨šÍixY ivR‣bwZK NUbvcÖev‡ni Kvi‡YI Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj Ki‡Z Pvq| 1826 mv‡j
d«v‡Ý Livi Kvi‡Y K…wli Drcv`b `viæYfv‡e e¨vnZ nq| hvi d‡j 1827 mv‡j d«v‡Ý Zxeª A_©‣bwZK
msKU †`Lv †`q| wVK †m eQ‡ii wW‡m¤i gv‡m `kg Pvj©m †P¤^vi Ad †WcywUm †f‡½ w`‡q bZzb
wbe©vP‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡ib| wKš‧ Zuvi G wm×všÍ G‡Kev‡iB mwVK wQj bv| G NUbvq iÿYkxj `j
msL¨vMwiôZv nvivq| Gi cwie‡Z© msm‡` D`vicšx ivRZš¿xiv wecyj msL¨K Avmb jvf K‡i|
ivRZš¿x‡`i Pv‡c ivRv `kg Pvj©m Zvi iÿYkxj cÖavbgš¿x wf‡j‡j‡K c`Pz¨Z Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| Zuvi
¯jvwfwl³ nb D`vicšx wf‡Kv‡gU wW gvwU©MbvK (Vicomate de Martignac)|12
gvwU©MbvK `vwqZ¡ †bqvi ci †ek wKQz KzL¨vZ cÖwZwµqvkxj ivRZš¿x‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© miKvwi c` †_‡K
AcmviY K‡ib| wKš‧ gvwU©MbvK Lye †ekx wKQz Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡jb| GKw`‡K DMÖ ivRZš¿x‡`i Pvc,
Ab¨w`‡K Pig D`vicšx‡`i Pvc Zuvi KvR Kivi c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| cwiw¯wZi my‡hvM wb‡q
`kg Pvj©m gvwU©MbvK‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡i DMÖ ivRZš¿x wcÖÝ Ry‡jm wW cwjMbvK‡K (Prince Julel de
polignac) Zuvi cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM K‡ib|13
cwjMbv‡Ki iÿYkxj I cÖwZwµqvkxj wPšÍv-‡PZbvi
AwaKvix wQ‡jb| 1830 mv‡ji emšÍKv‡j †P¤vi Ad †WcywUm Gi AwaKvsk m`m¨ cwjMbv‡Ki
weiæ‡× Ae¯vb †bb| bZzb cÖR‡b¥i †ivg¨vw›UK †jLKivI `kg Pvj©m I cwjMbv‡Ki Rbwe‡ivax
bxwZi weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi n‡q D‡Vb| cÖL¨vZ divwm mvwnwZ¨K wf±i û‡Mv (Victor Hugo) Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg |
cÖwZK~j cwiw¯wZ mvgvj †`qvi Rb¨ `kg Pvj©m d«v‡Ýi evB‡ii AÂj AwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi
g‡bv‡hvM Ab¨w`K wb‡q hvevi †Póv K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i, †ejwRqvg I jy‡·gevM©‡K w`‡q Dmgvbxq
mv¤ªvR¨ aŸsm Ges BD‡iv‡ci gvbwP·K cybwe©b¨vm Kivi GK cwiKíbv ivwkqvi wbKU †ck K‡ib|
ivwkqv G mgq MÖxK mgm¨v wb‡q e¨¯Í _vKvq G cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© AvMÖn †`Lvqwb| Ab¨w`‡K cwjMbvK
(Polignace) Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj K‡i we‡ivax`j‡K ¯Íä Kivi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| cwiKíbv Abyhvqx
1830 mv‡ji 13 Ryb 36000 •m‡b¨i GK wekvj evwnbx Avj‡Rwiqvi AeZiY K‡i Ges cÖv_wgK
hy‡× ûmvBb cvkvi •mb¨`j civwRZ n‡j 5 RyjvB AvjwRqvm© kn‡ii cZb N‡U|
Z‡e wb‡¤œv³ KviYwU wQj LyeB Avk¦h©RbK| Rvbv hvq †h, `yÕRb Avj‡Rwiq e¨emvqx R¨vKe evKix
(Jacob Bakri) Ges eymbK© (Bushnaq) 1793 Ges 1798 mv‡j divwm †mbvevwnbxi Kv‡Q Mg
mieivn Ki‡Zb, hvi g~j¨ wQj Avwk jÿ d«v‡¼i †ewk|14
wKš‧ µgvMZfv‡e Mg mievin Ae¨vnZ
ivL‡jI wek eQ‡iiI AwaK mgqKvj ch©šÍ Gi g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kiv nqwb| 1819 mv‡j Avj‡Rwiqv I
d«vÝ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ G g‡g© GK Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq †h, †mB Acwi‡kvwaZ g~j¨ wKw ͇Z cwi‡kva Kiv
n‡e Ges Pzw³ Abyhvqx 1820-21 mvj n‡Z wKw Í cÖ`vb ïiæ nq| wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨ d«vÝ G Pzw³ Agvb¨
K‡i| GiB avivevwnKZvq Avj‡Rwiqvi kvmK Ô†`Õ ûmvBb cvkv, divwm m¤ªvU `kg Pvj©‡mi mg‡q
D³ g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kivi e¨vcv‡i GKwU cÎ wj‡Lb wKš‧ Gi †Kvb m yËi d«v‡Ýi cÿ †_‡K †`qv
nqwb|15
c‡Îi †Kvb DËi bv w`‡jI 1827 mv‡ji 29 GwcÖ‡j Avj‡Rwiqvi kvmK Ô†`Õ ûmvBb Ges
divwm ÔKbmvjÕ Pierre Deval Gi g‡a¨ G e¨vcv‡i GKwU •eVK AbywôZ nq| G •eV‡K divwm
e¨emvqx‡`i GKwU cÖwZwbwa `jI Dcw¯Z wQ‡jb| Dfq c‡ÿi g‡a¨ Pzw³i kZ© wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi GK
ch©v‡q DËß evK¨ wewbgq ïiæ nq|16
Gi c‡iI d«vÝ Dfq ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ msNwUZ G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
e¨vcv‡i †Kvb c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡iwb, eis wbwj©ß _v‡K| d«v‡Ýi GiKg f‚wgKvi Kvi‡Y ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB
Ô†`Õ ivMvwšZ nb Ges wgwUs PjvKvjxb mg‡q Zvi nv‡Z _vKv cvLv Kbmv‡ji gy‡Li Dci Qz‡o
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
104
gv‡ib| djkÖæwZ‡Z, 1827 mv‡j Avj‡Rwiqvi Ô†`Õ KZ…©K divwm Kbmv‡ji Acgv‡bi cÖwZ‡kva ev
Acgv‡bi mgvavbK‡í divwm m¤ªvU `kg Pvj©m 1830 mv‡ji 14 Ryb GKwU †b․eni Avj‡Rwiqvq
cvVvb| Gi cvkvcvwk Avj‡Rwiqvq wb‡qvwRZ ZzwK© kvmK‡K GKwU PigcÎ †cÖiY K‡ib, hv wQj
wb¤œiƒc: Ò†h‡nZy divwm Kbmvj‡K cvLv w`‡q AvNvZ Kivi gva¨‡g Zvi gh©v`vnvbx Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges
Zv‡K P~ovšÍfv‡e Acgvb Kiv n‡q‡Q, hvi d‡j Zuvi ÿwZc~iY eve` Ges RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx
h_vwewnZ c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| Avi Zv n‡jv; Ò†`Õi Dcw wZ‡Z Avj‡Rwiqvi Kmev bvgK e›`‡i
divwm cZvKv D‡Ëvjb KiZ: Ô†`Õ divwm RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q ÿgv PvB‡eb Ges GKkZ evi mk¯¿ mvjvg
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|17
wKš‧, weªwUk Kbmv‡ji Drmv‡n Ô‡`Õ Zv Ki‡Z A¯xK„wZ Rvbvb| G NUbv‡K †K› ª
K‡i divwm miKvi 1828 mv‡ji 16 Ryb Avj‡Rwiqvi mgy`ª e›`i †NivI Kivi Rb¨ divwm
†mbvevwnbx‡K wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i|18
ïay ZvB bq, 1830 mvj n‡Z wbqwgZ Avj‡Rwiqvq AvµgY ïiæ
Kiv nq| 1830 mv‡ji 14 Ryb, AvjwRqvm© kni †_‡K 21 wK.wg `~‡i mgy`ªZxieZx© kni wmÕw` wdiƒh
(Sidi Ferruch) G 37,607 Rb divwm ‣mb¨ AeZiY K‡i|19
mgMÖ Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm
•mb¨evwnbx AeZiY Kivi ci 1830 mv‡ji 5 RyjvB †ek wKQz kni `Lj K‡i Ges e„nËg kni
Zzj~b (Toulon) `Lj Kivi Rb¨ 35,000 c`vwZK ‣mb¨ Ges 600 RvnvR cÖ¯‧Z ivLv nq|20
Giƒc
cwiw¯wZ‡Z Ô‡`Õ divwm evwnbx‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ 7,000 †Rwbmvwi •mb¨, DcmvMixq AÂj
Kb÷¨v›UvBb (Constantine) Ges Iivb (Oran) n‡Z 19,000 ‣mb¨evwnbx Ges DcRvZxq Kvwejv
†Mv‡Îi 17,000 †jvK‡K †mLv‡b cvVvb|21
wKš‧ divwmiv †mLv‡b kw³kvjx Ae¯vb jvf Kivq AvjwRq©vm `Lj Kivi ûgwK †`q Ges wZb
mßv‡ni g‡a¨ ivRavbx `Lj K‡i †bq| wewfbœ NUbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z 1830 mv‡ji 5 RyjvB, Ô†`Õ
AvZ¥mgc©‡bi Pzw³c‡Î ¯vÿi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| d«vÝ kÎæi kw³ wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ eywj`v (Blida)
bvgK RvqMvi 50 wK:wg: `wÿ‡Y GKwU kw³kvjx NuvwU ¯vcb K‡i| GLvb †_‡K Zviv wewfbœ RvqMvq
AZwKZ© nvgjv cwiPvjbv K‡i| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ ¯v‡b wKQz msL¨K wiqvmvZ ev
ciMvbv vwcZ nq Ges G¸‡jv‡K civ Í Kiv divwm evwnbxi Rb¨ Kó`vqK n‡q uvovq| G my‡hv‡M
mvB‡q¨v` gynwqÏxb Avj nvmvbx (Sayed Muhyi Al-Din Hasani) d«v‡Ýi weiæ‡× wRnv‡`i WvK
†`b|22
Zvcic‡iI d«vÝ yÕeQ‡ii g‡a¨ AvjwRqvm© Gi cvkeZ©x wZbwU kni Iivb (Oran) Gi cwðgvsk
Ges eb (Bone) Gi cwðgvÂjxq cÖ‡`k‡K divwm Jcwb‡e‡ki AšÍfz©³ Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva
divwm AvµgY †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q Avj‡Rwiq kvmK Ô†eÕ ûmvBb divwm‡`i mv‡_
ÔK¨vwcPz‡jkbÕ23
Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb Ges Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm kvmb †g‡b †bb| wKš‧
¯vbxq RbMY Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb‡K †g‡b †bqwb|
divwmiv mgy`ªZxieZx© GjvKv¸‡jv mn‡R `Lj Ki‡Z mÿg n‡jI cÖZ¨šÍ AÂj¸‡jv‡Z Zviv Zxeª
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L c‡o| G cÖwZ‡iva¸‡jv‡K cÖvq `yBhy‡MiI †ekx mgq a‡i divwm evwnbx‡K †gvKvwejv
Ki‡Z nq|
divwm `Lj`vwi‡Z¡i ïiæ‡ZB Avj‡Rwiq RbMY wb‡R‡`i AvZœiÿv‡_© wewfbœ msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j|
1830 mv‡ji 23 RyjvB †Kc g¨vwU‡dv (Cape Matifou) Gi wbKUeZ©x †Z‡gbU‡d․m
divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb
105
(Tementfous) G DcRvZxq †bZ…e„›` Ges gyivweZ †Mvôx GK civgk©mfvq wgwjZ nb| †mLv‡b
Zviv Avj‡Rwiqvi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖwZ‡iva msMÖvg ïiæ Kivi wm×všÍ †bb|24
Ab¨w`‡K Avie evievi RbMY Avw`g A ¿-k ¿ wb‡q †`k‡K iÿvi Rb¨ GwM‡q Av‡m| divwm‡`i
cÖv_wgK fv‡e cÖwZ‡iva Kivi †ÿ‡Î Avie evievi‡`i cvkvcvwk DcRvZxq †Mvθ‡jvI mwµq f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| 1830 mv‡j Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm †h `Lj`vwiZ¡ 1871 mvj ch©šÍ Zv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
wKš‧, G `Lj`vwi‡Z¡i cÖ_g †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ divwm evwnbx‡K ¯vbxq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva I mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi
gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq|25
Avj‡Rwiqvq Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi ïiæ‡Z yÕwU cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb wQj LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ‡h
Av‡›`vjb¸‡jv ¯vbxq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Af~Zc~e© mvov RvMvq, hvi GKwU cwiPvwjZ nq Avgxi Avãyj
Kvw`‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡| Avi Ab¨wU Avãyj Kvw`i `„k¨c‡U AvmviI c~‡e© Kb÷¨v›UvB‡b Dmgvbxq‡`i
me©‡kl Ô†eÕ Avng` Gi †bZ…‡Z¡| Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi ïiæ †_‡KB Dmgvbxq‡`i
me©‡kl Ô†eÕ Avng` Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Jcwb‡ewkK‡`i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| AbycÖ‡e‡ki
ïiæ †_‡KB divwm mv¤ªvR¨ev`xiv m¤úªmviY bxwZi ekeZx© n‡q cÖZ¨šÍ A‡j wb‡R‡`i AvwacZ¨
we¯Ívi Ki‡Z _v‡K| G m¤úªmviYev`‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ Avng` wZRvbœx (Ahmed Tijanni)
GKwU msMVb •Zix K‡ib| †h msMV‡bi bvg wQj ÒTijanniya Brotherhood”| G msMVbwUi
gva¨‡g Avj‡Rwiqvi gvwU‡Z divwm m¤úªmviYev‡`i we‡ivwaZv K‡i|26
Avng` Ô†eÕ Gi cÖwZ‡iva
†gvKvwejv K‡iB divwmiv Avj‡Rwiqvi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z _v‡K|
divwm kvm‡bi weiæ‡× Kb÷¨v›UvB‡b Avng` †e †h cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib, Zv 1837 mvj
ch©šÍ ejer wQj| mve-mvnvivi kw³kvjx DcRvwZi †Mvôx †eb Nvbv (Ben Ghana) Ges ZywK© evev-
gv‡qi JimRvZ mšÍvb wQ‡jb Avng` Ô†eÕ web gynv¤§` kwid (Ahmed Bey Ben Mohamed
Sherif)| BwZnv‡m nvRx Avng` bv‡gI cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| 1784 mv‡j Kb÷¨v›UvBb G Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| hyeK Ae¯vq wZwb nReªZ cvjb K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z †gvnv¤§` Avjx cvkvi kvmbvg‡j wgk‡i
hvb Ges †mLv‡b vqxfv‡e †_‡K hvevi wmÜvšÍ †bb| divwm `Lj`vwi‡Z¡i ïiæ‡Z wZwb Avj‡Rwiqvq
wd‡i Av‡mb Ges Kb÷¨v›UvBb G AbywôZ Saoueli27
Gi hy‡× AwbqwgZ evwnbxi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e
hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ib|28
GKmgq divwm evwnbx eb (Bone) `Lj Ges mgy`ª e›`i¸‡jvi Dci GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi
D‡`¨vM ‡bq| wKš‧ GLv‡bI Zviv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§ywLb nb| G D‡Ï‡k¨ divwm KZ…©cÿ Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g GKwU mg‡SvZvq †c․Qv‡bvi †Póv Pvjvq| wKš‧ Zviv e¨_© nq| G‡Z D‡ËwRZ n‡q divwm
†mbvcÖavb KvD›U K¬z‡Rj (Count Clauzel) 1836 mv‡j wØZxqev‡ii gZ DËi Avwd«Kvq GKwU
evwnbx cvVvb| G evwnbx 8700 Rb •mb¨ wb‡q MwVZ wQj| c~e©vÂjxq cÖwZ‡iva `gb Ges Avng`
Ô†eÕ Gi ivRavbx `Lj KivB wQj G evwnbxi g~j D‡Ïk¨| wKš‧ AcÖZzj im`, kvixwiK Amy¯Zv,
b‡f¤‡ii AwZel©Y Ges hvÎvc‡_ DcRvwZ‡`i cÖwZ‡iva cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y divwm evwnbx Kb÷¨v›UBb
`Lj Kivi †h cÖwµqv Zv e¨_© n‡q hvq| Avng` Ô†eÕ Gi evwnbx divwm evwnbx‡K Zvi m`i `dZ‡ii
mvg‡b †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i †`q| G Avµg‡Y divwm evwnbxi cÖvq 100 Rb m`m¨ wbnZ nq| G
weRq Avn‡g` Ô†eÕ Gi Rxe‡b GKwU ¯§iYxq NUbv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|29
wKš‧ wZwbI †ekx w`b divwm
evwnwb‡K †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
106
cieZ©x‡Z Avj‡Rwiqvq Jcwb‡ewkK‡`i weiæ‡× k³ cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb cwðg Avj‡Rwiqvi
Avgxi Avãyj Kvw`i| Avj‡Rwiq‡`i wbKU wZwb wQ‡jb RvZxq ÔexiÕ| 1832 mv‡j gvwnw`b
(Mahieddin) DcRvwZiv Zv‡K wb‡R‡`i myjZvb wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i| divwm AvµgY‡K euvav
†`qvi Rb¨ wZwb Avj‡Rwiqvb miKvi‡K msMwVZ K‡ib| cwðg Avj‡Rwiqv †_‡K Zvi cÖwZ‡iva
Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| G Av‡›`vjb‡K mdj Kivi Rb¨ wZwb DcRvwZ‡`i cvkvcvwk Ava¨vwZ¥K †PZbvq
wek^vmx A_©vr mydx mvaK I †Mvov Bmjvg a‡g© wek^vmx †jvKRb‡K Jcwb‡ewkK‡`i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva
M‡o †Zvjvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb|30
divwm‡`i †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ Avãyj Kvw`i DcRvZxq m`m¨‡`i wb‡q GKwU kw³kvjx evwnbxI
MVb K‡ib| Avãyj Kvw`i Avj‡Rwiqv‡K GKwU AvaywbK gymwjg iv‡óª cwibZ Kivi cwiKíbvI K‡ib
Ges Gi ivRavbx n‡e †U‡jg‡mb (Tlemcen) ZvI wba©viY K‡ib|
31
Avgxi Avãyj Kvw`i gynwqÏxb ûmvBwbi †`Lv‡bv Av‡›`vj‡bi avivevwnKZv Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| wewfbœ
¯v‡b cÖwZ‡iva msMÖvg †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z wM‡q e¨_©Zvi cwiPq †`q divwm evwnbx| G‡Z eva¨ n‡q
divwm KZ…©cÿ yÕ`yÕevi Avgxi Avãyj Kvw`‡ii mv‡_ mwÜ K‡i| hvi cÖ_gwU ¯^vÿwiZ nq 1837
mv‡ji 20 †g Uvdbv‡Z (Tafna)| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨KeviB divwmiv mwÜi kZ© f½ K‡i Ges bZzb K‡i
hy× euvavq| wKš‧ m¤úªmviYev`x Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ Avãyj Kvw`‡ii kw³e„wׇZ DwØMœ n‡q D‡V|
djkÖæwZ‡Z mgMÖ Avj‡Rwiqvq Avãyj Kvw`‡ii evwnbxi mv‡_ divwm evwnbx mk¯¿ msMÖv‡g AeZ©xY
nq|32
1840 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Avgxi Avãyj Kvw`i cwðgv‡j Ges †K›`ªxq Avj‡Rwiqvi mgMÖ DcRvZxq
†Mvôx‡K GKB cZvKvZ‡j wb‡q Avm‡Z mÿg nb| †`‡ki m¼UKvjxb mg‡q Avãyj Kvw`i Zvi
†hvM¨Zv I Kg©KzkjZvi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K GK kw³kvjx Ae¯v‡b wb‡q †h‡Z mÿg nb| G mgq wZwb
ÿgZvi wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Kvw`‡ii Ae¯vb we‡ePbv K‡i divwm KZ©„cÿ Avj‡Rwiqvi Af¨šÍ‡i
Ae¯vb kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ `jZ¨vMx eûmsL¨K DcRvZxq †jvKRb‡K wewfbœ iKg my‡hvM-myweav
†`qvi wewbg‡q wb‡R‡`i c‡ÿ wb‡q Avm‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z Jcwb‡ewkK‡`i kw³ e„w× cvq| G mgq
Avgxi Avãyj Kvw`‡ii evwnbx wKQzUv AvZ¥iÿvg~jK bxwZ MÖnY K‡i| Kvw`‡ii weiæ‡× divwm evwnbxi
†bZ…Z¡ †`b †Rbv‡ij _gvm ievU© eywRq~ (General Thomas Rebort Bugeaud)| A‡bK
HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z, Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm kvm‡bi cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv n‡jb eywRq~| Avãyj Kvw`‡ii weiæ‡×
wZwb me©vZœK hy‡×i †NvlYv †`b| wewfbœ MÖvg aŸsm, wecyj msL¨K ‣m‡b¨i mgv‡ek NwU‡q gvKomvi
Rv‡ji gZ ‣mb¨`j web¨ Í KiY, cïicvj nZ¨v K‡i Avj‡Rwiqvq GK fxwZKi cwiw¯wZi m„wó
K‡ib| †h mg Í DcRvwZq †bZv Avwgi‡K wbqwgZ mg_©b w`‡q hv‡”Qb Zv‡`i‡K †jvf †`wL‡q
wb‡R‡`i c‡ÿ wb‡q Avmvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib|33
DËi Avwd«Kvi Ab¨ A‡ji Zzjbvq Avj‡Rwiqv
mg„×kvjx nIqvq GLv‡bB me‡P‡q †ekx BD‡ivcxqKiY n‡q‡Q|
1830 †_‡K 1840 mv‡ji g‡a¨ divwmiv GLv‡b cÖwZwôZ nevi ci abx wewb‡qvMKvixiv G A‡ji
De©i RvqMv¸‡jv µq K‡i †bq| Avj‡Rwiqv‡Z BD‡ivcxq Jcwb‡ewkK‡`i g‡a¨ divwm, BZvwjq,
†¯úwbk, g‡ëR I †µv‡qwkqvbiv wQ‡jb D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G‡`i g‡a¨ †¯úwbk Pvlx‡`i Avj‡Rwiqvi
cwðgv‡j, BZvwjqvb, g‡ëR Ges †µv‡qwkq Pvlx I †R‡j‡`i c~e©v‡j cÖwZwôZ Kiv nq|
Jcwb‡ewkKiv ¯^vqËkvm‡bi †ewkifvM myweav AR©b K‡i| Pvl‡hvM¨ f~wgi `yB Z…Zxqvsk BD‡ivcxq
Jcwb‡ewkK‡`i gvwjKvbvq P‡j hvq| Avj‡Rwiqvq Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖwZôvi e¨vcv‡i m¤ªvU jyBm
divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb
107
wdwjc Lye †ekx AvMÖnx wQ‡jb bv| wKš‧ 1840 mv‡j G‡m wZwb Zvi gZ cwieZ©b Ges mgMÖ AÂj
`Lj Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib|34
divwmiv Zv‡`i wgkb mdj Ki‡Z wM‡q Lye wb`©q cÖK…wZi Awfhvb Pvjvq Ges Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ
‣elg¨g~jK bxwZ Abymib K‡i| divwm‡`i GiKg wbôyi AvPi‡Yi weiæ‡× Avãyj Kvw`i exiZ¡c~Y©
cÖwZ‡iva M‡o ‡Zv‡jb| wZwb divwm `Lj`vi I nvbv`vi evwnbxi m‡½ 1832 †_‡K 1847 mvj ch©šÍ
`xN© 15 eQi msN‡l© wjß wQ‡jb| wKš‧ †kl ch©šÍ kw³kvjx Ges AvaywbK divwm evwnbxi Kv‡Q
civwRZ nb| 1847 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m wZwb divwm evwnbxi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib| Rxe‡bi 50
eQiB Avãyj Kvw`i hy×msMÖv‡g e¨q K‡ib Ges Gi g‡a¨ 36 eQi wZwb KvivMvi ev wbe©vm‡b wQ‡jb|
Avgxi Avãyj Kvw`i Ges Avng` Ô†eÕ Gi gZ divwm we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b Gmgq Avey Rvqqvb, Avey
gvRx, jvjvdvwZgvn I †gvKivwb eyqvgvgv bv‡g K‡qKRb AvÂwjK kvmK I †MvÎcwZ GwM‡q Av‡mb|
Z‡e mvsMVwbK ~e©jZv I mgšqnxbZvi Kvi‡Y G ch©v‡qi †h cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb Zv Lye †ekx
mdjZv e‡q Av‡bwb| wKš‧ `xN©‡gqv`x Av‡›`vj‡bi †ÿÎ cÖ¯‧Z Ki‡Z G Av‡›`vjb¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| evsjvq ¯vbxq cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb †hgb- dwKi- mbœvmx we‡`ªvn, wZZygx‡ii
we‡`ªvn, K…lK we‡ ªvn, bxj we‡`ªvn Ges wmcvnx we‡ ªvn, weªwUk we‡ivax RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi
†ÿ‡Î cÖ¯‧Z K‡iwQj, wVK 1830 mvj †_‡K 1871 mvj ch©šÍ Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cwiPvwjZ we‡ ªvn¸‡jv
divwm we‡ivax RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iwQj| Avj‡Rwiq RbMY wewfbœ
cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡jI wkÿvq AbMÖmiZvi Kvi‡Y RvZxqZvev‡`i mv‡_ hy³ wewfbœ
welq †hgb weeZ©b, Dbœqb, ‣¯^iZš¿, MYZš¿, ¯^vaxbZv, mvg¨, cðv`c`Zv I ag©wbi‡cÿZv BZ¨vw`
wel‡q †Zgb m‡PZb wQj bv|35
wKš‧ Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i Øviv Zviv †h, †kvwlZ, ewÂZ, jvwÃZ I
nqivwbi wkKvi n‡”Q, GUv Zviv Abyfe Ki‡Z mÿg nq Ges G †_‡KB Zv‡`i g‡a¨ `Lj`vi kw³i
weiæ‡× A¯¿avi‡bi gvbwmKZv •Zwi nq|
1847 mv‡j Avwgi Avãyj Kvw`‡ii civRq Ges c‡ii eQi Avng` †e Gi AvZ¥mgc©b
Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb‡K KwVb cixÿvi m¤§yLxb K‡i †`q| Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ d«vÝ G
ch©v‡q G‡m mgMÖ Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU †K․kj MÖnY K‡i|36
cÖ_g ch©v‡q divwmiv
Avj‡Rwiqvi cÖavb kni¸‡jv `Lj I cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ„¯vbxq‡`i `gb Kivi †K․kj MÖnY
K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i Ô†eÕ Gi mg_©K †Mvôx I AwfRvZ m¤úª`v‡qi †jvKR‡bi Dci wbh©vZb Pvjvq|
wØZxq ch©v‡q divwm Jcwb‡ewkK †Mvôx mgZj f~wg, Af¨šÍixY †QvU kni Ges Avie DcRvwZi
†jvKRb hviv mywdev‡` wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Zv‡`i‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi †K․kj †bq| me©‡kl cvnvox AÂj,
giæf~wg AÂj I giæ`¨vbmg~n Ges hviv gvnv`xi †bZ…‡Z¡ msMwVZ‡`i `gb Kivi †K․kj MÖnY
K‡i|37
divwm KZ…©cÿ Gme K~U‡K․kj MÖnY Kivi d‡j 1845 mv‡j G cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Avj‡Rwiq RbM‡Yi
g‡a¨ GK Av‡eMgq we‡õviY N‡U| RbM‡Yi G †ÿvf wPwjd DcZ¨Kvi (Chelif Valley) Dˇi
Aew¯Z `vibv cvnvox AÂj †_‡K ïiæ nq| µgvš‡q Zv `wÿY Iqv‡iwmm (Ouarsensis), wUUvwi
(Titteri), Kvwejvn (Kabylia) Ges mvnviv‡j Qwo‡q c‡o| wKsKZ©e¨weg~p eywRqy `yB eQi a‡i
wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kivi ci G AÂj¸‡jvi Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mÿg nb|38
G mgq Avj‡Rwiqvi `wÿYv‡j ªæZB Avi GKwU Av‡›`vjb we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| Avey Rvqqvb Gi
†bZ…‡Z¡ G Av‡›`vjb myiwÿZ I‡qwmm (Oasis), wemiv (Biskra) Gi `wÿY-cwðgv‡ji Rxevb
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
108
(Ziban) G Qwo‡q c‡o| Jcwb‡ewkK evwnbx Rvqqvb Gi Kvh©µ‡g AvZw¼Z n‡q Zuv‡K †MÖdZvi
Kivi Rb¨ Awfhvb Pvjvq| wKš‧ G‡Z Zuviv mdj n‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j Rvqqvb Gi L¨vwZ mgMÖ
Avj‡Rwiqvq Qwo‡q c‡o| cieZ©x‡Z divwm KZ©„cÿ Zuv‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ 1849 mv‡ji RyjvB
gv‡m †QvU AvKv‡ii GKwU evwnbx cvVvq| G evwnbxI P~ovšÍ ÿwZi m¤§yLxb nq| G mgq mgMÖ Rxevb
(Ziban), †nvWbv (Hodna) Ges AvDim (Aures) Gi RbMY Rvqqvb Gi mg_©‡b Zvi cv‡k G‡m
`vovq| G ch©v‡q G‡m divwmiv †Kv‡bv Qvo w`‡Z ivwR wQj bv| 1849 mv‡ji civR‡qi cÖwZ‡kva
†bqvi Rb¨ Kb÷¨v›UvBb Gi KgvÛvi †Rbv‡ij GK wekvj evwnbx wb‡q I‡qwmmG Dcw¯Z nb| 52
w`b Aeiæ× _vKvi ci I‡qwmm Gi cZb N‡U| AvZ¼ m„wó Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Avey Rvqqvb mn cÖvq 800
Rb wbixn MÖvgevmx‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| kn‡ii mg Í ¯vcbv ¸wo‡q †`qv nq Ges 10 nvRv‡iiI AwaK
cvg MvQ †K‡U †djv nq| Avey Rvqqvb Avj‡Rwiq‡`i g‡a¨ †h †`kvZ¥‡ev‡ai exR ecb K‡ib, Zv
cieZ©xKv‡ji RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg •Zwi K‡i| Avey Rvqhvb Gi cÖwZ‡iva cÖqvm `gb
Kiv n‡jI G ch©v‡q Av‡iv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb msMwVZ nq I¨vqviMjv‡Z
(Ouargla)| G Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…‡Z¡ †`b kixd gynv¤§` Be‡b Ave`yjøvn| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ G Av‡›`vjb
cÖvq 1855 mvj ch©šÍ ¯vqx n‡qwQj|39
wewfbœ ¯v‡b cÖwZ‡iva m‡Ë¡I 1850 mvj bvMv` ïaygvÎ mvnvivi DËi Ges Kvwejvni c~e©vÂj Qvov
mg Í Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| divwm evwnbx H AÂj¸‡jv `Lj Kivi †Póv Ki‡j
GLv‡bI Zviv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L c‡o| G cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †bZ…Z¡ †`b ingvwbqv eªv`viûW (Rahmaniyya
Brothrhood) I Avey evMjv (Bagla)| 1854 mv‡ji hy‡× Avey evMjv g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j cÖwZ‡iva
Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j †bZ„‡Z¡ Av‡mb gyivweZ †bÎx jvjv dvwZgv (Lalla Fatima)|40
wewQbœfv‡e Gme cÖwZiva PjvKv‡j ievU© eywRq~i (Bugeaud) cwiKíbvq †Rbv‡ij AvigvÛ wjiq
(General Armand Leroy) Ges gvk©vj R¨vKzm jyBm ibWb (Marshal Jacques Louis
Randon) cÖwZ‡ivaKvix‡`i `g‡b b„ksm AvµgY cwiPvjbv K‡ib| divwm evwnbx G AÂj¸‡jvi
A_©bxwZi g~j PvwjKvkw³ RjcvB I Wzgyi MvQ¸‡jvi g~‡jvrcvUb K‡i| GKB mv‡_ MÖvgevmx‡`i Dci
Zxeª wbh©vZb Pvjvq| Gme Kvh©µg MÖnY Kivi d‡j 1857 mv‡j GLv‡b divwm AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ
nq| cve©Z¨Â‡j cÖkvmwbK I mvgwiK AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Kivi ci divwm KZ…©cÿ †Uj, mve-mvnviv
Ges DËivÂjxq giæf~wg GjvKvq AvbyôvwbKfv‡e AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv K‡i|41
Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi kvmbvg‡j Avj‡Rwiq cÖwZ‡iva
Avgxi Avãyj Kvw`i AvZ¥mgc©Y Kivi ci divwm KZ…cÿ Avj‡Rwiqvi Dci m¤ú~Y© wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi
†Póv Pvjvq| 1848 mv‡j d«v‡Ý wØZxq wecøe msNwVZ nevi ci wØZxq cÖRvZvwš¿K miKvi ÿgZvq
Av‡ivnY K‡i Ges Zviv Avj‡Rwiqv‡K d«v‡Ýi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i| Gici
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1896 †_‡K
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D”Pnv‡i Kiv‡ivc Ges gymjgvb‡`i Rwg †e`Lj n‡q hvevi ci ¯vbxq RbMY ÿzä n‡jI Zv‡`i †h
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ax‡i wewfbœ A‡j divwm Jcwb‡ewkK I Avj‡Rwiq‡`i g‡a¨ kÎæZv e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i
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A_©‣bwZK Ges mvgvwRKfv‡e m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ~‡i mwi‡q iv‡L|46
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Z…Zxqvsk gymjgvb‡`i wb‡q MwVZ wQj|50
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AwaKnv‡i Kiv‡ivc Kiv nq Ges Zv Av`vq Kivi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq BD‡ivcxq‡`i nv‡Z| 1881 mv‡j
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ixwZbxwZ I Gi evwm›`vMY eywRqy (Bugeaud)-Gi mgq n‡Z †ek K‡qKwU ch©vq AwZµg K‡i Ges
cÖwZwU ch©v‡q Zviv m¤ú~Y© wfbœ ai‡bi kvmb c×wZi m¤§yLxb nq| wØZxq cÖRvZ‡š¿i (1848-52 wLª.)
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ewnivMZ evwm›`v‡`i ZË¡veav‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb| 1870 mv‡j divwm Awfevmxiv ivRKg©Pvix‡`i †`k
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1. The Encyclopedia Americana VoL.1 (USA: Americana Corporation, 1958), P.565.
2. ÔevieviÕ b„‡Mvôxi GKwU ÿz`ªZg kvLvi bvg ÔZzqv‡iMÕ| mvnvivi wekvj GjvKv Ry‡o G‡`i we¯Í…wZ| Z‡e wjweqvi
`wÿY-cwðgvÂj, Avj‡Rwiqvi `wÿYvÂj, bvBRvi, gvwj Ges eviwKbv dv‡mv‡Z G‡`i emevm me‡P‡q †ekx|
HwZn¨MZfv‡e Zzqv‡iMiv hvhvei Ges †gl cvjb Zv‡`i cÖavb †ckv| ag©xqfv‡e Zzqv‡iMiv Bmjvg a‡g© wek¦vm|
we ÍvwiZ †`Lyb, https://en.m.wikipedia. org/wiki/Tuareg-people.
3. The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol.1. Op. Cit., P. 568.
4. bywgw`qv iv‡R¨i ivRv wQ‡jb gvwmwbmv| wZwb AmvaviY `ÿZv m¤úbœ kvmK I †hv×v wQ‡jb| gvwmwbmv RvZxqZvev‡`
wek¦vmx GKRb ivRv wQ‡jb| wjwfi weeiY Abyhvqx gvwmwbmv †ivgvb Ges wdwbwkq wbwe©‡k‡l mKj we‡`wk‡K
ej‡Zb †h, Avwd«Kv Avwd«Kxq‡`i Rb¨| G †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, gvwmwbmvi ¯^cœ wQj GKwU e„nr bywg`xq mv¤ªvR¨
cÖwZôv Kiv|
5. G.Gd.Gg. kvgmyi ingvb, cÖvPxb c„w_ex, c~e© I cwðg Gwkqv Ges Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki mf¨Zv (RqcyyinvU: hyMevbx
ÿz`ªvqb Ad‡mU wcÖ›Uvm© GÛ Kw¤úDUvim, 2002), c„. 549|
divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I Avj‡Rwiq‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb
113
6. G.we.Gg †nv‡mb, ga¨cÖv‡P¨i BwZnvm A‡Uvgvb mv¤ªvR¨ †_‡K RvwZmËv ivóª (XvKv: evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix
Kwgkb, 2011), c„. 289|
7. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period (London:
Combridge Univesity Press, 1987), P. 150
8. John Ruedy, Modern Algeria, The Origins and Development of a Nation (Bloomingtion:
Indiana University Press, 1st edition 1992, Second edition, 2005), P. 17.
9. gynv¤§` Avjx AvmMi Lvb, AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm, (1789-1919) (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1983), c„. 188|
10. John Ruedy, Op.cit., P.45.
11. Ibid, P.45.
12. Ibid, P.47.
13. Ibid, P.47.
14. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, Op. Cit., P. 249.
15. Bmjvgx wek¦ †Kvl, 3q LÛ, (XvKvt BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, 1987), c„. 124|
16. John P. Entelis, Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized, Part-2 (Coloroda: West-view
Press, 1986), P.23.
17. William Spencer, Algiers in the Age of the corsairs (Norman: University of Oklahoma
Press, 1976), PP. 149-150.
18. Jamil M. Abun Nasr, Op. Cit., P. 250.
19. John P. Entelis, Op. Cit., P.23.
20. Edward Behr, The Algerian Problem (London: W.W.Norton, 1962), P.17.
21. Helen Chapin Metz, Algeria a Country Study (USA: Library of Congress, 1994), P. 23.
22. Jamil M. Abun Nasr, Op. Cit., P. 253.
23. K¨vwcPz‡jb kãwU j¨vwUb Capitula (A_© Aa¨vq) †_‡K G‡m‡Q, hvi A_© `dvK…Z welqe¯‧, we‡kl myweavcÖvß nIqv
ev kZ©vaxbPzw³ ev AvZ¥mgc©‡bi Pzw³cÎ| BD‡ivcxq‡`i mv‡_ Dmgvbxq‡`i m¤ú‡K©i GKwU w`K Ô`dvK…Z welqe¯‧Õ
nIqvq Zv G bv‡g AwfwnZ| G `dv g~jZt cÖviw¤¢K ch©v‡q BZvjxq‡`i b¨vq evwYwR¨K †ÿ‡Î my‡hvM-myweavi Rb¨B
G‡RÛvfz³ Kiv n‡qwQj| Z‡e K¨vwcPz‡jkb cÖ_v me©cÖ_g †P․Ï Ges c‡bi kZ‡K BZvjxq ewYK‡`i (we‡kl K‡i
†fwbm Ges †R‡bvqvi e¨emvqx) Rb¨ Pvjy n‡jI Zv †lvj kZ‡K d«vÝ, Bsj¨vÛ, ivwkqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq‡`i
†ejvqI cÖ‡hvR¨ nq|
24. John Ruedy, Op. Cit., P. 55.
25. Ibid, P.55.
26. S.M. Imamuddin, A Modern History of the Middle East and North Africa, Vol. II (Dhaka:
Najmah Sons, 1970), p. 305.
27. AvjwRqvm© kn‡i Aew¯Z GKwU †c․imfvi bvg Saoueli. divwm evwnbx Avj‡Rwiqvq AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi ci 1830
mv‡ji 18 Ryb †_‡K 19 Ryb ch©šÍ 1 w`‡bi Rb¨ GLv‡b divwm evwnbx Ges ¯vbxq evwnbxi g‡a¨ GKwU cÖwZ‡iva hy×
msMwVZ nq| Saoueli-‡Z G cÖwZ‡iva hy× msMwVZ nq e‡j BwZnv‡m GwU Saoueli hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ| divwm
evwnbx G AÂjwU `Lj Kivi ci †mLv‡b GKwU AvkÖg cÖwZôv K‡i| †mB AvkÖ‡g 100 R‡bi g‡Zv mbœ¨vmx Ae¯vb
Ki‡Zv|
28. John Ruedy, Op. Cit., P. 55.
29. Ibid, P.57.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
114
30. John P. Entelis. Op. Cit., P. 25.
31. Ibid, P.25.
32. Ibid, P.26
33. Ibid, P. 26.
34. Joan Gillespie, Algeria, Rebellion and Revolution (New York: Frederick A. Praeger
Publisher, 1960), P.6.
35. †gvt dv‡qK D¾gvb, ÒDËi Avwd«Kvi RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi cÖmvi: cÎ-cwÎKvi f~wgKvÓ Rajshahi University
Journal of Arts and Law, Vol-35, 2007, c„. 111|
36. John Ruedy, Op. Cit., P. 66.
37. Ibid, P.67.
38. Ibid, P.67.
39. Ibid, P.67.
40. Ibid, P.68.
41. Ibid, P.68.
42. John P. Entelis, Op. Cit., P.24.
43. S.M. Imamuddin, Op. Cit., P.306.
44. John P. Entelis, Op. Cit., P.29.
45. John Ruedy, Op. Cit., p. 78
46. Ibid, P.31.
47. Joan Gillespie, Op. Cit., p.19
48. Ibid, P.32
49. G. we. Gg †nv‡mb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 289
50. John P. Entelis, Op. Cit., P. 32.
51. S.M. Imamuddin, Vol. II. Op. Cit., P. 307.
52. John Ruedy, Op. Cit., P. 68.
53. mwdDÏxb †Rvqvi`vi, AvaywbK ga¨cÖvP¨, 1g LÛ (XvKvt evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2000), c„. 116|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
Democratization in The Middle East: The case of Iraq
Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque
Abstract : Democratization can not be expected to take place smoothly and calmly in a
country like Iraq. Democracy in Iraq must be built primarily by Iraqis in response to
specific Iraqi conditions and needs and after that to a standard frame. This paper will
discuss various factors relating to democratization, a details explanation of their
deficiency in Iraq, the present condition these factors and some broad suggestions on how
to overcome the existing challenges. However, this would be a great challenge and is
expected that every party will put the oil question as a priority in their economic
programme.
Introduction
The term Middle East denotes the following 20 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt,
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, the Palestinian
Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and
Yemen. The second definition I need to make is democratization which is not
possible in a sentence. However, following Teorell, ―democratization implies the
process through which countries become democratic. But this of course begs the
question what is meant by democracy.‖1 Building upon concepts developed by Robert
A. Dahl and Joseph Schumpeter, I will adopt the following definition: a political
system is considered to be democratic when ―its most powerful collective decision
makers are selected through free, fair and interim elections in which candidates freely
compete for votes and in which virtually all the adult population is eligible to vote.
[...] It also implies the existence of those civil and political freedoms to speak,
publish, assemble, and organize that are necessary to political debate and the conduct
of electoral campaigns‖.2
Democracy has been on the agenda in the Arab world for several decades, most
particularly in the 1960s and 1970s when it was propagated by progressive and
secular national opposition movements and parties – only to find no support in the
West which, during the cold war, could only conceive of one enemy, the Communists
or Socialists.3 When the Islamists turned against their former sponsors and masters,
democracy suddenly became the buzzword in the Western corridors of power, from
whence it aimed more at foes than at friends in the Middle East. However, the
creation of a Western style democracy, i.e. one man – and woman! – one vote in the
Middle East, might lead to political structures different from the malleable and
compliant ones favoured by the West. The long decades of despotism, corruption, and
nepotism made it very likely that such a democracy would produce what the West
now despised and feared most of all, an Islamist anti-Western nationalist regime.
Professor, Department of Islamic History & Culture, University of Rajshahi.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
116
Nevertheless the majority of Arabs (61 percent according to World Values Survey in
five Arab countries, Algeria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Morocco) favour
democracy over other political systems, which is a higher percentage than that found
in 16 European countries and by far exceeds the figures in the US, Canada, Australia,
and New Zealand. Yet it is the West that wants to export democracy to the Arab
world in general and to the Middle East in particular, be it the American ―Broader
Middle East and North Africa Initiative‖ or the Danish ―Wider Middle East
Initiative‖. Both initiatives were inspired by the attacks on New York and
Washington on September 11, 2001 but are not designed in such a way as to fulfill
the democratic aspirations of the Arab peoples.4
One of the mistakes of the West has been a tendency to consider the Arab world a
static entity that should be pushed– by military or economic means – towards
democracy. And one of the mistakes of the Arab world has been to blame everything
on others, be it the US, the West in general, or Israel in particular. The essays in this
book transcend both of these erroneous views and deal instead with both the external
and the internal forces that are impeding or promoting democracy in the Arab world.
The new Western mantra demanding democracy has often been met with multiple
accusations of double standards: ―Why in Iraq and not in Saudi Arabia?‖; ―Why
should Syria comply with the UN resolutions and not Israel?‖ and ―Why is the latter
allowed to have weapons of mass destruction and not the Arab countries?‖ Often
raised yet never answered, these questions are on every Arab citizen‘s mind, and no
plan for democracy and no amount of money can do away with them; at the end of
the day they will have to be answered adequately and justly.
Neither the process of democratization nor that of modernization can be expected to
be carried out unproblematically in a country like Iraq, as it is in the politically hot
area and oil-rich region of the Middle East. Add to that the inhospitable, unnatural
and unfavourable external environment that has existed since World War 1. The
importance of establishing democracy in the Middle East has exceeded the internal
evolutionary process that pushes the society to express its needs for freedom and
human rights. Today, that process emerges largely as a globalization spill-over and is
associated with international efforts to achieve peace and fight terrorism, rather than
responding to local expectations and inspirations. However, one cannot deny that
favourable changes in the external environment provide a great opportunity and a
dynamic ignition to the process of democratization. But one could ask, if this process
could take place smoothly and calmly. There are many reasons unfortunately that
point towards a negative answer. This paper discuss the factors relating
democratization, their existence and violence in Iraq.
Factors relating to Democratization
The definition of democratization that has been given in introduction section can be
recalled. However, democracy in general is the mechanism and method of
governance, organisation and management, the right to partake in it, the right to
disagree, and the acceptance of other people‘s views. This entails the accumulative
Democratization in The Middle East: The case of Iraq
117
effects of adopting pluralism, diversity and transfer of power. Therefore, various
internal and external factors are strongly related to democratization which may vary
from region to region. Some most important factors are - Democracy and security,
state‘s internal demographical determinants, internal and external political factors,
social factors, economical factors and so on.
Democratization is more likely to emerge in affluent and especially educated
societies. Economic development and education are also key factors determining the
intensity of democratic reforms.5 Also developed economy should be evenly
distributed. The country should be caring about its internal resources.
Democratization could be meaningful indeed, if a country has a civilized society.
Young generation should have enough job opportunities. There should not be any
gender difference at any stage of social and economical section. Political stability is
another requirement for democratization. The country should have good relation with
neighbor countries. All these factors are interrelated and can ensure the
democratization.
This paper will next try to explain the factors behind the democratization deficiency
in Iraq and to provide some broad suggestions on how to overcome existing
challenges.
The existence of these factors in Iraq
Democracy is to take root in Iraq. It must be built primarily by Iraqis in response to
specific Iraqi conditions and needs. Regarding the democracy and security, however,
this should not offset the strong will of the Iraqis to go forward with the process.
Shortly before the elections a survey about the willingness of the Iraqi people to build
democracy in spite of the occupation was conducted by the Iraqi ministry of planning,
the UNDP and FAFO (the Norwegian labor union‘s research institute) with around
3,300 Iraqi people. They were asked a few important questions about their standard of
living and about their future aspirations. The survey showed that 75 percent of the
sample is very interested in elections, considering it their key to building a new
future. Despite the fact that they were 80 percent Arabs, 15 percent Kurds, and 5
percent from other communities– and despite their being Muslims, Christians or from
other religions, religion proved not to have any impact or effect on the percentage of
responses to the survey. People also linked the fulfillment of the election result with
the security situation, revealing that the priority of the Iraqis is to regain a steady and
secure life, which is the most important events in building democracy, and not the
other way round where people see democracy as an approach to achieving security.
The war on Iraq followed by the occupation has in fact exposed the deep and multi-
dimensional economic, social, political and cultural crisis of this country which has
been inherited from the past and to which many people, including historians and
sociologists, attribute the country‘s deficiency in modernization and democratization.6
One of the key mistakes committed by the West is its inability to distinguish between
the state and the power system. The same mistake was committed in Iraq when the
US dismantled the state institutions. Iraq is today one of the poorest countries in the
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
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region in spite of the fact that, because of its natural resources, it used to be one of the
richest and most industrialised countries in the Middle East. The oil sector totally
dominates Iraq‘s economy constituting 74 percent of its GDP, and the country
depends entirely on oil export for financing investment and consumption
expenditures. Oil exports provide more than 93 percent of government revenues and
98 percent of foreign currency earnings. Another main challenge is the necessity of
changing the role of the state in Iraq, making way for a pluralisation of the political
system and a transition from a centralised planned economy towards market
economy. In the past the distinctive characteristic of the Iraqi economy was the
excessive role of the state and the weakness of the private sector.
Recent times, in spite of the occupation and whatever was related to that, we
witnessed the establishment of 4,000 Iraqi NGOs, ten percent of whom are women
NGOs, which is an encouraging step towards building a civil society.
The Violence [Violation]
Furthermore, external actors– particularly the United States and to some degree
Europe– are seeking influence on the political landscape of the Middle East, based on
the notion that promoting democracy is the key to stability and prosperity in the
region. However, these efforts are mistrusted by large sections of the Arab public,
particularly in the wake of the US-led invasion of Iraq. Therefore the question is
whether the approach represented by the West is appropriate and, if not, what
alternatives are available. Islamists– that have also been preoccupied with identity,
unity and authenticity rather than democratization. Where these movements have
seized state power, state-building has often taken an authoritarian form. Hinnebusch
argues that the international context is of utmost importance and– because of the pro-
American policy of several Arab states– this has mainly been an impediment to
democratization, because it deprives the rulers of the national legitimacy which would
allow them to risk democratization.7
Strong dependence on oil
After more than five decades of efforts to modernise Iraq, the country still lags not
only behind the advanced Western countries but almost every country in the region
and the developing countries, except the least developed poor countries. This is so in
spite of the fact that Iraq used to be one of the richest middle-income countries in the
region in the 1970s because of its natural resources. Iraq is also distinguished by a
great balance between its area, its population and its natural resources, and in addition
Iraq owns the world‘s second largest oil reserves. Consequently, the total budget of
the government is completely dependent on oil revenues. Although Americans after
the occupation are handling this sector, it finances the budget which was about $18
billion for the year 2004, and is estimated to rise to $23, $31 and $32 billion for the
following years until 2007.8 Also the rationing system of food is totally dependent on
oil revenues. The dependence on oil is a major weak point in the Iraqi economy.
Democratization in The Middle East: The case of Iraq
119
The exclusive role of the state
Another main lack is the necessity of changing the role of the state in Iraq, because
the building of a democracy needs two major changes in the structure of the Iraqi
political and economic system. The political one is the transition from national
unification to pluralisation of the political system. The economic one is the transition
from a centralized planned economy towards market economy. These two challenges
are difficult and it will be a long process. As regards the economic transformation,
one should point out the distinctive characteristic of the Iraqi economy, or the Iraqi
system, which is the excessive role of the state and the weakness of the private sector.
This situation is a consequence of a state-managed economic development during the
last half century. Due to the former governments‘ adaptation of a socialist model for
development, and the militarization of the economy and the society, it is difficult to
reform this structure and to privatise and liberalise the economy. The dominance of
the state in the economic life of the Iraqi society has pushed the balance of power in
favour of the state and against society. The public sector is over-represented in the
economy– a fact that has caused inefficiency. Many small- and medium-sized
enterprises have weakened over the last thirty years and due to its extensive weakness
the private sector has limited its role in the economic development, increasing the
lack of diversification in the economy. It is impossible to start a privatisation process
now since Iraq does not have a private sector of small- and medium-sized enterprises
that are strong enough to withstand the competition from other foreign investors.
Most of the industrial sector, i.e. around 84 percent, is dependent on the public sector
administration, despite the fact that privatisation was a priority for the economic
reform programme when it started in 2003. Because the Iraqi private sector is
extremely weak and – being under socialism for 35 years – a capitalist class is lacking
and it will take some time to establish a healthy ground for a national private sector to
grow.
Lack of modernization
1) Socio-economic indicators explain important lack of democratization. Disparities
and social inequalities are widespread in a broad range of fields covering health,
education, as well as public and social services for the low income groups, i.e.
internally displaced persons, refugees, single parent-households (11 percent) and
vulnerable groups across the country. More than 50 percent of the population of Iraq
being under 24 years of age, Iraqi youth is nevertheless alienated due to violence and
limited access to education, training and career prospects. Iraq suffers from extensive
unemployment– 33 percent ranging from 40 to 50 percent– and deep poverty among
more than 28 percent of the population in some areas of Iraq, despite the fact that the
oil-for-food-programme includes the ration-food-basket providing basic needs for the
people.9
2) The illiteracy rate is high and it is higher among women (41 percent) and
schoolchildren expressing gender inequalities, and there is a high level of
unemployment among women.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
120
3) There are highly skewed patterns of income distribution with a small rich minority
while the rest of the population is trapped in various degrees of poverty; all of it as a
result of a biased allocation of resources and waste of resources because of the
militarisation of the economy.
4) Shia and Sunni extremists will retain the capacity to attack the government and
Iraqi civilians. If these groups begin receiving significant new foreign support—from
Iran on the Shia side or from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states on the Sunni side—
the likelihood of ethno-sectarian violence increases. There is a belief that "Kurds and
Sunnis are unlikely to accept Shi‗ite control, no matter how democratically achieved."
5) There are regional disparities too, some governorates are poor and others are in
fact richer but cannot depend on their resources because of the centralised system and
centralised resource-allocation in Iraq. As it happens, the richest governorates Basra,
Kirkuk and Amara have almost all the oil of Iraq and at the same time they are the
poorest governorates in the country.
6) Distorted patterns of urbanisation. The major outcome of such a situation is the
absence of citizenship, the phenomena that establishes the rights and duties of each
individual in the society and the relation between the citizen and the state. Such an
understanding is crucial to Democracy. Like most Arab Countries the rural population
in Iraq remains quite high (30 percent). However, rapid urbanisation was the result
not of large-scale industrialisation but rather of migration of an impoverished rural
population to the cities. As urban centres resemble rural areas in terms of cultural
values, attitudes, and educational levels, they cannot be seen as a phenomenon of
modernization; rather they represent the displacement of traditional societies (tribal
relations) into urban conglomerates. Moreover, the pattern of state intervention and
political rule has created a vertical environment where the upper and lower circuits
become disintegrated on the basis of segregation in income and access to resources,
social capital and public services.
7) Deteriorating infrastructure. Although the whole economy is depending on oil, this
sector is in need of a major rehabilitation of its infrastructure to regain its pre-1991
capacity when it produced around 3.5 million barrels a day. Some estimates assume
that it will need around $18 billion to increase from 2.5 million barrels a day– the
current capacity– to 3.5 or 3.6. All other areas of the infrastructure are also suffering,
including electricity, water, telecommunication, transportation, and so on. In the light
of this dangerous and worsening reality reconstruction programmes and the
implementation of economic reforms face major challenges and there is little progress
in executing these programmes; indeed the whole reconstruction process is facing real
delays and is moving more slowly than expected. Slow economic progress and
increased insecurity have contributed to a state of frustration among the population
which, if continued, could threaten the chances of success not only for those
programmes but also for building democracy in the country.
Democratization in The Middle East: The case of Iraq
121
Political and social challenges
The first challenge is of course the occupation itself. Although the occupation has the
stated aim of building democracy in Iraq it is in itself a challenge to democracy. This
is due to the Bush administration‘s adoption of a very ambitious agenda for the
political transformation of Iraq and the region as a whole. According to their
declarations they wanted “Iraq free of weapons of mass destruction and ties to
terrorism and moreover led by a broadly based representative government hereby
taking the first steps towards democracy‖.10
This means that we are facing a long term
mission for the Americans in the region. It is therefore unrealistic to think of ending
the occupation in this transitional or provisional period as a precondition to building
democracy, bearing in mind the Palestinian experience and other lessons from
history. The main challenge to the Iraqis now is how to deal with the dilemma of
democracy-building within the current occupation of Iraq!! It is therefore not
surprising that people in Iraq still recall memories and lessons drawn from the British
occupation of Iraq 1917-1932, and believe that there are many contextual similarities
between Iraq now and then. During the British era in Iraq which lasted for more than
four decades, Iraqis became familiar with their first exercise of democracy building
when, due to the absence of strong governmental institutions, politics were highly
personalised during the monarchy era (with the Iraqi kings, Faysal I and II, installed
by the British). Both the Crown and the British sought to influence the outcome of
parliamentary elections in order to secure positions for their preferred candidates.
Moreover, many of those who served in parliament did so out of a desire for personal
gain, not out of a commitment to public service. Thus democracy eventually became
discredited in the eyes of many Iraqis because of political corruption, British
meddling, and the government‘s failure to respond to their needs. It is worthwhile
remembering that although external and internal forces are pushing towards building
democracy, Iraqis in post-Saddam Iraq are likely to view US actions as an external
factor pushing for democracy seen through the lens of their country‘s experience
during the British era, ending with frustration and the whole process being
discredited. Hence the occupation will create a tension which simultaneously will
pose obstacles for the achievement of democracy. There might be cases that are easier
to handle than the Iraqi one but the result of a strong state was always a weak society.
And that is what we mean by the priority of the Iraqis to have their civil-society
institutions built as soon as possible and as strong as possible to get on the track of
democratization of the country.11
Of course the social and economic factors which we
have already mentioned– the existence of large scale poverty, poor electricity supply,
poor health conditions and large income disparity– are in, and of, themselves
impeding the building of a civil society and democratization of the country. Another
challenge is gender-inequality inherited from the last twenty years. Since Iraq went
through wars with its neighbours, women have been the victims of the economic and
social policies that the regime undertook during the wars, and the following 13 years
of economic sanctions. This situation is pushing women‘s interests away from
political life and therefore discouraging half the population from participating
actively and not only through elections. Some social indicators show yet another
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
122
discouraging picture. During the Saddam Hussein period there were no parties, no
NGOs, no civil society institutions. A precondition for building democracy is of
course the existence of such institutions. The excessive tendency to establish parties
and social or political institutions is a healthy phenomenon in itself and it is needed
within this transitional period.
Suggestions
In order to find a way out of these challenges we can suggest a few ideas.12
Firstly,
major support should be given on all levels inside and outside Iraq to the building of a
human capital through education and training, including technical and scientific
education, and through the encouragement of a spirit of enquiry inside the educational
institutions in order to form a new way of thinking and a free mind. Secondly, the
income disparities should be reduced through a process of development geared to job
creation. This requires seriously building a new private sector in Iraq encouraging the
establishment of private organisations. Thirdly, closing gender gaps will be necessary
in trying to solve the development problems and to increase political participation.
These goals are best achieved through a culturally sensitive strategy including
progressive reading of Iraqi resources themselves. Encouraging a culture of dialogue,
tolerance and accommodation is essential both for democracy and for development,
of which the country is desperately in need. This can be achieved through supporting
the educational and cultural institutions in the country, and encouraging the
development of civil society is particularly important for the consolidation of
democracy once it has been established. Fourthly, after being isolated for the last 25
years, the Iraqi economy needs to be reintegrated into the global economy and it
should again be a productive part of the international economy insofar as it is the
second largest oil country in the region after Saudi Arabia.
Those are the steps to be taken or suggestions to be discussed on the internal level.
On the international level, Iraq is part of the Middle East which is the hottest region
in the world now, so it is possible that the success of the democratization of Iraq is
related to resolving the regional conflict as well as the encouragement of regional
economic cooperation which is another very important factor, just as important as the
political factor. The processes of creating larger markets and reducing regional
conflicts are all related to a regional economic cooperation built on the historical,
geographical, and cultural aspects of the Arab region.
Conclusion
The best description of the evolving Iraqi democracy is that it descended like a
parachute. It was clear that democracy could not be acquired simply through words or
slogans. There are several objective conditions that need to be satisfied, whether
relating to the system, the conduct or the programme. They all complement each
other, culminating in processes like identifying the options, taking the decisions and
assisting the regular transfer of power. History offers a number of lessons for the first
steps toward establishing a functioning democracy:
Democratization in The Middle East: The case of Iraq
123
1) If democracy is to take root, it must be built primarily by Iraqis in response to
specific Iraqi conditions and needs.
2) The establishment of democratic structures alone is insufficient to produce
democratic processes or outcomes. The Iraqis must also create civil society
institutions and strengthen basic freedoms, which are essential preconditions for
building democracy. Furthermore, significant efforts must be devoted to preventing
corruption by fostering transparency, accountability, and the rule of law.
Every Iraqi, woman or man, old or young, wish that the occupation would end and
wish that the American forces– and they say American forces not multinational
forces– would leave. But the problem is that without democracy it will be a very long
and difficult mission to end the occupation. Through building democracy through
elections better politicians to the national assembly could be brought, because on the
9th of April 2003 it was started in a vacuum as they did not have any political party.
So building political parties, or having a political life, or working to establish this
political culture within the people is a new experience in itself and a long term
process. The question of how Iraq will get control of its major wealth, oil, is a
political question. If they are going to accept American control of oil fields, oil
extraction and oil export, we will be unable to control their oil. This problem, like the
one of privatisation, has been deferred to be dealt with by the new government which
will emerge, after the creation of the constitution. It is not possible for a provisional
or a transitional government to deal with this for it is the right of the people to decide
how to deal with this problem. This would be a great challenge and is expected that
every party will put the oil question as a priority in their economic programme, oil
and privatisation.
Notes & References
1 Teorell, Jan (2008), Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World
1972-2002, Department of Political Science, Lund University, p 27.
2 Elisabeth Larsson (2009), Democratization in the Middle East- A Comparative Case Study, p 4.
3 Birgitte Rahbek, (ed.), Democratization in the Middle East: Dilemmas and Perspectives, Aarhus
University Press, 2005.
4 Ibid.
5 Elias Papaioannou and Gregorios Siourounis, ―Economic and social factors driving the third wave of
democratization‖, Journal of Comparative Economics, Volume 36, Issue 3, September 2008, pp
365–387.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
124
6 Amal Shlash, ―Democratisation in future Iraq‖, Democratisation in the Middle East: Dilemmas and
perspectives, Aarhus University Press.
7 Birgitte Rahbek, op.cit, p9.
8 Amal Shlash, op.cit.
9 For details see‖Iraq‘s National Development Strategy (2005-2007)‖ ISRB, Ministry of Planning and
Development Cooperation, Iraq September 2004.
10 Micheal Eisenstadt and Eric Mathewson (ed.), US policy in post-Saddam Iraq, lessons from the
British Experience,The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2003, p. 68.
11 ―Inherent Socio-economic problems precluded the development of a strong middle class‖. And
―Under the Ba‘ath regime the structural problems of the past have been magnified, and new
problems have been introduced. The middle class has all but disappeared‖. Ibit. P.24.
12 Birgitte Rahbek, op.cit.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
wkÿvbMix ivRkvnx : BwZnvmwfwËK we‡kølY
W. gvndzRyi ingvb AvL›`
Abstract: Rajshahi is renowned as an education city among the divisional towns of
Bangladesh. Here there is an extension of primary education or elementary lesson
including the various enriched branches of secondary, higher secondary and higher
learning. All the branches relating to general education, commercial education, technical
and science education, medical science, engineering and even madrasha education are
very prosperous here is this city. Though all these branches of learning are available in
other towns, but those of Rajshahi do have some different features. Special mention may
be made in connection with learners' accommodation facility, minimum livelihood cost,
jam-free conveyance facility, hospitality and over all the pleasant learning environs and
all these have made it an attractive education city. Carrying all the qualities, Rajshahi did
have its high glorious past. Its continuous trend relating to the spread of education over
the years is also appreciable. In the distant past, under the administration of the Pala-Sena
dynasties or Sultanate - Mughal and Nawab periods, the reports of this tradition are
available in Rajshahi region. It also bears the testimony of its glorious history of
education during the British and post-British modern period. The architects who secretly
played their role towards the development of education here in Rajshahi are connected
with different sections like the ruling class, local educated patrons, teachers- intellectuals,
writers - journalists - litterateurs and common peoples. Rajshahi has earned its reputation
as an education city as a result of the earnest efforts of all sections of people cited above.
The present paper is a humble attempt to highlight the suitability and features of Rajshahi
town as an education city over the years under study.
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ai‡bi AvbyK~j¨B cvqwb| Ewbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© evsjvi cðvrc` gymjgvb‡`i‡K nZvkv-eÂbv
Ges aŸs‡mi nvZ †_‡K i¶vK‡í KvR ïiæ K‡ib mgvRKgx© gbxlx beve Avãyj jwZd|9 wZwb 1863
mv‡j Ôgnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iix †mvmvBwUÕ ¯vcb K‡ib|10
1874 mv‡j beve Avãyj jwZd gnwmb dv‡Ûi
UvKv euvwP‡q ivRkvnx, XvKv I PÆMÖv‡g gv`ivmv ¯vcb K‡ib| Gi mv‡_ gymjgvb wk¶K wb‡qv‡MiI
e¨e¯v nq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© gymjgvb mgv‡Ri ÎvYKZ©vi Ab¨Zg Avi GKRb †bZv wQ‡jb
•mq` Avwgi Avjx|11
wk¶vi gkvj nv‡Z wb‡q gymjgvb mgv‡Ri AvaywbKxKi‡Y eªZx nb wZwbI|
e„wUk kvwmZ evsjvq e„wUk‡`i GK‡PvLv bxwZi Kvi‡Y ivRkvnx kn‡i gymjgvbiv wkÿv-ms¯‥„wZi
†ÿ‡Î A‡bKvs‡k wcwQ‡q co‡jI evn¨Z e„wUk Avg‡jB ivRkvnx‡Z wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi AMÖhvÎv ïiæ nq|
`xN© e„wUk kvmbvg‡j GZ`v‡ji mvgvwRK †bZ…Z¡ we‡klZ Rwg`vi‡`i A_©vbyK‚‡j¨ †ekwKQz
wkÿvcÖwZôvb M‡o I‡V| cÖwZôvb¸‡jv µgvš‡q ZrKvjxb c~e©evsjvi wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi weKv‡k Abb¨
f‚wgKv ivL‡Z mÿg nq|12
g~jZ wkÿvbMix ivRkvnxi ïfhvÎv ïiæ nq e„wUk kvmbc‡e©B|
cZz©wMR, Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvbx wKsev e„wUkiv e¨emvwqK D‡Ï‡k¨ Avm‡jI ivRkw³ `Lj Ges wLª÷vb
a‡g©i cÖPvi Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQj| †m m~‡Î ivRkvnx‡ZI wLª÷vbag© cÖPv‡ii myweavi Rb¨
wgkbvixMY Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ wk¶v we¯Ív‡ii cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡ib| 1862 mv‡j Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K
†ifv‡iÛ wenvixjvj wms ivRkvnxi Ôivgcyi †evqvwjqvÕq G‡m kn‡ii eyjbcyi †g․Rvq GKwU
wgkb‡K›`ª †Lv‡jb| †mLv‡b evsjvmn Bs‡iwR fvlvq wk¶v †`qv n‡Zv| cieZ©x `yB eQ‡ii g‡a¨B
A‡bK¸‡jv cvVkvjvmn GKwU DbœZgv‡bi we`¨vjq, wLª÷vb DcvmbvM„n Ges wgkbvix‡`i Rb¨ evmM„n
wbg©vY Kiv nq| Gici e„nËi ivRkvnxi Rwg`viMY wb‡R‡`imn cÖRv I Kg©PvixM‡Yi mšÍvb‡`i
cov‡jLvi myweavi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”Pwe`¨vjq cÖwZôv ïiæ K‡ib| 1825 mv‡j ivRkvnx
†Rjvi m`i `ßi bv‡Uvi †_‡K ivRkvnx kn‡i ¯vbvšÍwiZ nq| mKj cÖKvi cÖkvmwbK `ßimn
†d․R`vwi I w`Iqvbx Av`vjZ ivRkvnxi cÙvi ZxieZ©x kªxivgcyi †g․Rvq ¯vwcZ nq| e„nËi
ivRkvnxi †QvU eo cÖvq mKj Rwg`vi, †RvZ`vi, wk¶vwe`, AvBbRxwe, e¨emvqx, wkíxmn bvbv
ai‡bi †ckvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ gvby‡liv wewfbœ ¯vb †_‡K G‡m ivRkvnx kn‡i emwZ ¯vcb K‡ib| †m
mg‡q ivRkvnx kn‡ii bvg wQj †evqvwjqv| kªxivgcyi †g․Rvq bZzb cÖkvmwbK febmn Av`vjZ wbwg©Z
wkÿvbMix ivRkvnx : BwZnvmwfwËK we‡kølY
129
nevi d‡j kn‡ii bvgKiY Kiv nq Ôivgcyi †evqvwjqvÕ| BD‡ivcxqvb‡`i A‡b‡KB cwievimn emevm
Ki‡Zb Ôivgcyi †evqvwjqvÕ bv‡gi ivRkvnx kn‡i| Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i Rb¨ Bs‡iwR wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb wQj| G mKj Kvi‡Y †evqvwjqvq m`i `ßi ¯vc‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_B MfY©i †Rbv‡ij jW©
DBwjqvg †ew›Us‡qi mnvqZvq 1828 mv‡j eZ©gvb K‡jwR‡qU ¯‥zj †_‡K †`o gvBj `w¶Y-cwð‡g
Ô†evqvwjqv Bswjk ¯‥zjÕ bv‡g GKwU †emiKvwi Bs‡iwR we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq|13
1828 †_‡K 1836
mvj ch©šÍ kn‡ii `vbkxj e¨emvqx, Rwg`vi Ges ivRkvnx‡Z e¨emvqiZ Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvbxi Avw_©K
mnvqZv I Aby`v‡b ¯‥zjwU cwiPvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K| 1836 mv‡ji 10 Ryb †evqvwjqv Bswjk ¯‥zjwU †Rjv
¯‥zj wn‡m‡e miKvwi gh©v`v jvf K‡i| cÖL¨vZ wk¶vwe` mvi`v cÖmv` emy ¯‥zjwUi cÖavb wk¶K wn‡m‡e
wb‡qvMcÖvß nb| 1872 mv‡j yejvnvwUi Rwg`vi ivRv nibv_ ivq ivRkvnx‡Z GKwU K‡jR cÖwZôvi
Rb¨ evwl©K cuvP nvRvi UvKv Av‡qi m¤úwË ZrKvjxb evsjv miKvi‡K cÖ`vb K‡ib| 1873 mv‡j
†evqvwjqv miKvwi Bswjk ¯‥z‡j GKRb gymwjg QvÎmn QqRb QvÎ wb‡q Gd.G K¬vk Pvjyi ga¨w`‡q
K‡j‡Ri Kg©KvÐ ïiæ nq| †evqvwjqv Bswjk ¯‥z‡ji ZrKvjxb cÖavb wk¶K ni‡Mvwe›` †mb ivRkvnx
K‡j‡Ri cÖ_g Aa¨¶ wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ K‡ib|14
AwP‡iB ¯‥zjwU K‡jR †mKkbmn KjKvZv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aby‡gv`b jvf K‡i| K‡jR cÖwZôvi cÖv_wgKc‡e© Lvb evnv yi ikx` Avjx Lvb †P․ayix
K‡jR dv‡Û D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY A_© cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| 1877 mv‡j †evqvwjqv nvB ¯‥z‡ji bvg
cwieZ©b n‡q bZzb bvgKiY nq ÔK‡jwR‡qU ¯‥zjÕ| ivRkvnx G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi cÖwZôvZv Ges ZrKvjxb
mfvcwZ w`NvcwZqvi ivRv cÖg_bv_ ivq evnv`yi ivRkvnx K‡j‡R wWwM&ª †Kvm© †Lvjvi D‡Ï‡k¨
G‡mvwm‡qk‡bi gva¨‡g †`o jÿ UvKv GKKvjxb `vb K‡ib| 1877 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m ZrKvjxb
miKvi KZ…©K ivRkvnx K‡jR AbygwZ jvf K‡i Ges 1878 mv‡j K‡j‡R we.G K¬vk †Lvjv †Lvjvi
cvkvcvwk K‡jRwU cÖ_g †kÖwYi K‡j‡R DbœxZ n‡q ÔivRkvnx K‡jRÕ bv‡g AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i|15
Ab¨w`‡K GKB e¨e¯vax‡b _vKvi d‡j ¯‥zj As‡ki bvgKiY Kiv nq ÔivRkvnx K‡jwR‡qU ¯‥zjÕ|
†evqvwjqv Bswjk ¯‥zj, cieZ©xKv‡ji †Rjv¯‥zj Ges me©‡kl K‡jwR‡qU ¯‥yj cÖwZôv jvf Kivi ci
†_‡K ivRkvnx kn‡ii †M․ie I gh©v`v e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| ¯^”Qj gvby‡liv Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i Bs‡iwR
wk¶vq wkw¶Z Kivi ZvwM` Abyfe K‡ib| e„nËi ivRkvnxi Rwg`vi, †RvZ`vi, e¨emvqxmn Ab¨vb¨
†ckvi ¯^”Qj e¨w³iv GB kn‡i emwZ ¯vcb K‡ib| mšÍvb‡`i wk¶vi mnR my‡hvM MÖnY KivB wQj
G‡`i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| ivRkvnx K‡jR cÖwZôv jv‡fi ci D”Pwk¶vi my‡hvM m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| wewfbœ
¯‥z‡j wkÿvjvf †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv D”Pwkÿv‡_© ivRkvnx K‡j‡R fwZ©i Rb¨ knigywL n‡Z _v‡K| Gici
Ôivgcyi †evqvwjqvÕq G‡K G‡K AmsL¨ wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o DV‡Z ïiæ K‡i| 1847 mv‡j `wi ª
evjK‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ ivq †jvKbv_ •gÎ evnv`yi A‣eZwbKfv‡e ÔBs‡iwR evsjv ¯‥zjÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
1862-1921 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GwU Ôga¨ Bs‡iwR ¯‥zjÕ Ges 1921 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi ÔBswjk nvB¯‥z‡jÕ
cwiYZ nq|16
G ¯‥zjwUB eZ©gv‡b Ô†jvKbv_ D”P we`¨vjqÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡ji
†klv‡a© ivRkvnx A‡ji cÖv_wgK wkÿv we¯Ív‡i we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i ÔivRmvnx cÖv_wgK wkÿK
mwgwZÕ| 1923 mv‡j MwVZ G mwgwZi cÖvYcyiæl wQ‡jb ivRkvnx ¸iæ †Uªwbs ¯‥z‡ji cÖavb wkÿK evey
wb¤§©j P› ª †mb¸ß| ¸iæ †Uªwbs ¯‥z‡jB Gi Awdwmqvj Kg©KvÐ cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| cÖv_wgK wkÿv we¯Ív‡i
msMVbwUi f‚wgKv Ges wkÿK‡`i `vex-`vIqv RwoZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y AíKv‡ji g‡a¨B Z`vbxšÍb
ivRkvnx †Rjvi wewfbœ gnKzgv I _vbv ch©v‡q Gi kvLv ¯vwcZ nq| 1940 mv‡ji g‡a¨B ivRkvnxi
wewfbœ ¯v‡b G mwgwZi 50wU kvLv cÖwZwôZ nq|17
G mwgwZ cieZx©Kv‡j ÔwbwLj e½ cÖvBgvix wkÿK
mwgwZÕi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
130
1852 mv‡j jv‡LivR m¤úwË ev‡Rqv‡ßi gva¨‡g gmwR`wfwËK wkÿvcÖwZôvbmg~n eÜ n‡q †M‡j
GKw`‡K †hgb HwZn¨avivi wkÿve¨e¯v eÜ n‡q hvq †Zgwb gymjgvb wkï‡`i cÖv_wgK wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î
e¨vcK k~b¨Zvi m„wó nq| G mgq f‚‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq bv‡g R‣bK ¯‥zj Bb &m‡cK&Ui ¸iægnvkq‡`i
†Uªwbs cÖ`vb K‡i cÖv_wgK wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ Ôf‚‡`e cvVkvjvÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib| mgv‡Ri wb¤œ¯Í‡i
wkÿvwe¯Ív‡i G cvVkvjvi h‡_ó f‚wgKv wQj|18
Z‡e Ôf‚‡`e cvVkvjvÕq gymjgvb‡`i wkÿvi †Kvb
my‡hvM wQj bv|
w`NvcwZqvi Rwg`vi ivRv cÖmbœbv_ iv‡qi mn‡hvwMZvq 1868 mv‡j ivRkvnx kn‡i evwjKv‡`i Rb¨
GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq| 1928 mv‡j GwU D”P we`¨vj‡q DbœxZ n‡q 1960 mv‡j
miKvwiKiY Kiv nq| ivRkvnx‡Z bvix wk¶vi cÖmv‡i G ÔwcGb evwjKv D”P we`¨vj‡qiÕ f~wgKv
AMÖMY¨| 1898 mv‡ji 12 RyjvB AbyKzj PµeZx© I my`k©b PµeZ©xi cÖ‡Póvq ivRkvnx cvewjK
jvB‡eªix cÖv½‡Y ÔivRkvnx GKv‡WgxÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| 1929 mv‡j ¯‥zjwU †KvjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„K
¯vqx Aby‡gv`b jvf K‡i| G mgq LvRywiqvi Rwg`vi RxešÍxbv_ Luv Ges Áv‡b›`ªbv_ Luv G ¯‥z‡j
Avw_©K Aby`vb w`‡q Zv‡`i evevi bvg hy³ K‡i ÔivRkvnx †fvjvbv_ GKv‡WgxÕ bvgKiY K‡ib|
cieZx©‡Z 1935 mv‡j Rwg`vi åvZ…Øq †iwRw÷ªK…Z `jxjg~‡j we`¨vjq cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡fvi AbyKzj
PµeZx©i DËivwaKviM‡Yi Dci Ac©Y Ki‡j Zviv AbyKzj PµeZx©i wcZvi bvg hy³ K‡i ¯‥z‡ji bvg
†`b ÔivRkvnx †fvjvbv_ we‡k¦k¦i GKv‡WgxÕ| c‡i 1939 mv‡j wn›`y kãwU †hvM K‡i bvgKiY Kiv
nq ÔivRkvnx †fvjvbv_ we‡k¦k¦i wn› y GKv‡WgxÕ|19
¯‥zjwU ivRkvnxi wkÿv m¤úªmvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q|
ivRkvnx Av`vj‡Zi AvBbRxwe L›`Kvi IqvwmDÏxb nv‡Zg Lvb GjvKvq wbR evmfe‡b 1868 mv‡j
GKwU Bs‡iwR cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖwZôv K‡ib| GLv‡b gymwjg †g‡qivmn me a‡g©i †g‡q‡`i wkÿvi
my‡hvM _vK‡jI c‡i GwU wgkbvix Wv. †Wvbvì gwim‡bi ZË¡veav‡b ¯‥zjwU wLª÷vb wgkbvix‡`i nv‡Z
P‡j hvq Ges bvg aviY K‡i Ôwgkb evwjKv we`¨vjqÕ| 1958 mvj ch©šÍ ¯‥zjwU Pvjy wQj| 1874
mv‡j nvRx gyn¤§` gnmxb wk¶v Znwe‡ji mnvqZvq Ô`i‡m wbRvwgqv wmwbqi gv`ivmvÕ cÖwZwôZ nq|
1914 mv‡j GwU ÔwbD w¯‥g gv`ivmvÕ Ges 1930 mv‡j evsjv miKv‡ii bZzb KvwiKzjvg Abyqvqx
gv`ivmvwUi bvgKiY Kiv nq ÔivRkvnx nvB gv`ivmvÕ| miKvwi nvB gv`ivmv bvg Aÿzbœ †i‡L 1960
mv‡j GwU‡K miKvwi nvB¯‥z‡j cwiYZ Kiv nq| Z‡e cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki ‡j GKRb wewmGm
wkÿvK¨vWvi‡K `vwqZ¡ w`‡q c~e©cÖPwjZ Aa¨ÿ c` envj ivLv n‡q‡Q| GwU eZ©gv‡b nvB¯‥z‡ji
cvV¨µg Pvjy †i‡L ivRkvnxi wkÿv we¯Ív‡i f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q| ivRkvnxi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvPxb wk¶v
cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 1865 mv‡j ÔivRkvnx †Uªwbs ¯‥zj, 1868 mv‡j Ôwd‡gj bg©vj ¯‥yjÕ 1898 mv‡j
ÔWvqgÛ Rywejx BÛvw÷ªqvj ¯‥yj, 1906-7 mv‡j Ôms¯‥…Z K‡jR, 1927 mv‡j ÔivRkvnx evwjKv D”P
we`¨vjq, 1931 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ ÔivRkvnx g~K I ewai we`¨vjqÕ Ab¨Zg| GQvov ivRkvnx kn‡ii
nwiPiY •g‡ÎqÕi evwo‡Z 1929 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi ÔnwiPiY wkï we`¨vjqÕ Pvjy n‡jI cieZx©‡Z
w`NvcwZqvi Kzgvi †ngšÍ Kzgvi ivq ¯‥z‡ji eZ©gvb febwU µq K‡i we`¨vjqwU ¯vbvšÍic~e©K bvgKiY
K‡ib ÔmvweÎx wkÿv we`¨vjqÕ|20
eZ©gv‡b GwU ÔmvweÎx evwjKv D”P we`¨vjqÕ bv‡g wkÿv Kvh©µg
Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| e„wUk Avg‡j cÖwZwôZ G me wkÿvcÖwZôvb evsjvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb wkÿv‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e
Ávb weZi‡Y mdj f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
e„wUk we`v‡qi mgqKv‡j A_©vr cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb nevi ciciB g~jZ ivRkvnx‡Z D”Pwkÿvmn eûgywL
wkÿvi Øvi Db¥y³ nq| be¨wkwÿZ RbgÐjx Ges beRvMÖZ ¯^vaxbZvi AvKv•Lv ivRkvnx AÂj‡K
wkÿvbMix ivRkvnx : BwZnvmwfwËK we‡kølY
131
wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi cv`cxV wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| bvix wkÿvi welqwUI ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbvq wb‡q Avmv
nq| G mgq cÖwZwôwZ nq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz ¯‥zj, K‡jR, gv`ivm| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cvkvcvwk
†ekwKQz evwjKv we`¨vjq, gwnjv K‡jR I gwnjv gv`ivmv cÖwZôviI D‡`¨vM Kiv nq|21
1947 mv‡j
ivRkvnx gymwjg D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1947 mv‡j wifviwfD nvB¯‥zj, 1952 mv‡j ivRkvnx †KvU© GKv‡Wgx,
1955 mv‡j miKvwi wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR, 1957 mv‡j ivRkvnx miKvwi wmwU K‡jR, 1957 mv‡j
`viæm mvjvg gv`ivmv, 1958 mv‡j ivRkvnx †gwWK¨vj K‡jR, 1959 mv‡j nvwg`cyi bI`vcvov
cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq, 1959 mv‡j knx` gvgyb gvngy` cywjk jvBbm ¯‥zj A¨vÛ K‡jR, 1960 mv‡j
j¶xcyi D”P evwjKv we`¨vjq, 1962 mv‡j ivRkvnx miKvwi gwnjv K‡jR, 1962 mv‡j cÖv_wgK
wk¶v cÖwk¶Y BÝwUwUDU, 1964 mv‡j ivRkvnx •bk D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1966 mv‡j ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
¯‥zj, 1966 mv‡j ivRkvnx †nvwgIc¨vw_K †gwWK¨vj K‡jR I nvmcvZvj, 1967 mv‡j wm‡ivBj
miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq, 1967 mv‡j ivRkvnx miKvwi evwjKv (†n‡jbvev`) D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1969 mv‡j
Mft j¨ve‡iUwi nvB ¯‥zj, 1969 mv‡j ivRkvnx m¨v‡UjvBU UvDb nvB¯‥zj, 1969 mv‡j kvn gL yg
gnvwe`¨vjq, 1970 mv‡j ivRkvnx AvBb K‡jR cÖwZwôZ n‡j wkÿv †ÿ‡Î bZzb m¤¢vebv RvMÖZ
nq|22
1963 mv‡j ZrKvwjb cvwK¯Ívb miKvi KZ©„K 16 jÿ UvKv e¨‡q ÔivRkvnx cwj‡UKwbK
BÝwUwUDUÕ ¯vwcZ nq| Gi cÖwZôvZv Aa¨ÿ wQ‡jb †gv. e`iæj û`v| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZôvbwU‡Z 8wU
wefvM Pvjy Av‡Q| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|23
1953 mv‡j
ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi ci D³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Awa‡b 1962 mv‡j cÖ‡K․kj gnvwe`¨vjq
cÖwZôvi Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq| 1986 mv‡ji 12 gvP© gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZi Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g H eQ‡ii 1
RyjvB †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡K․kj gnvwe`¨vj‡qi mv‡_ ivRkvnx cÖ‡K․kj gnvwe`¨vjq‡KI weAvBwU‡Z
(evsjv‡`k Bb÷wUwUDU Ae †UK‡bvjwR) iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq|24
2003 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤i cÖwZôvbwU
ivRkvnx cÖ‡K․kj I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq (iæ‡qU) wn‡m‡e hvÎv ïiæ n‡j ivRkvnxi wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi
Dbœq‡b bZzb w`M‡šÍi m„wó K‡i|
†ikgwk‡íi DbœwZi Rb¨ ivRkvnx †Rjv †ev‡W©i D‡`¨v‡M †jvKbv_ D”Pwe`¨vjq msjMœ iv Ívi c~e©cv‡k¦©
1898 mv‡j †Rjvi cÖ_g wkí mswkøó AvaywbK GKwU †ikgwkí welqK wk¶v cÖwZôvb ¯vwcZ nq|
¯‥zjwU wbg©v‡Y Avw_©Kfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb ivRkvnxi wewfbœ A‡ji Rwg`vie„›`| cÖL¨vZ
HwZnvwmK A¶q Kzgvi •g‡Îq cÖwZôvbwUi m~Pbvj‡Mœ m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cvkvcvwk cuvP
ermiKvj GLv‡b Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b M‡elYvjä Drcvw`Z †ikg ¸wU †cvKvi exR fviZ,
Rvcvb, BUvjx I Bsj¨v‡Û cvVv‡bv n‡Zv| wesk kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K †ikg wk‡íi AebwZ NU‡j
cÖwZôvbwUi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv K‡g Av‡m| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j ¯‥zjwUi aiY e`‡j †d‡j 1955 mvj †_‡K
BwÄwbqvwis GÛ mv‡f© ¯‥zj wn‡m‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| 1947 mv‡j fvi‡Zi cwðge½ †_‡K
†ikg wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ wKQy msL¨K D”Pgv‡bi KvwiMi ivRkvnx‡Z Av‡mb| bevMZ KvwiMiMY‡K †K›`ª
K‡i kn‡ii wk‡ivBj gnjøvq 1962 mv‡j †ikg KviLvbv Ges †ikg M‡elYv I cÖwk¶Y BÝwUwUDU
M‡o †Zv‡jb| †ikg KviLvbvwU eZ©gv‡b eÜ _vK‡jI Ô†ikg M‡elYv I cÖwk¶Y BÝwUwUDUÕ Gi
Kvh©µg Pvjy i‡q‡Q| ÔivRkvnx K¨v‡WU K‡jRÕ mvi`v cywjk GKv‡Wgxi wbKUeZ©x †gv³vicyi bvgK
†g․Rvq †gvU 120 GKi f~wgi Dci Aew¯Z| 1964 wLªóv‡ã ÔAvBqye K¨v‡WU K‡jRÕ bv‡g
DËiv‡ji GKgvÎ K¨v‡WU K‡jRwU ¯vwcZ nq| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci ÔivRkvnx K¨v‡WU
K‡jRÕ bvgKiY Kiv nq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
132
e„wUk mg‡qi †kl w`‡KI ivRkvnx‡Z wPwKrmv welqK †Kvb wk¶v cÖwZôvb wQj bv| 1949 mv‡j
G¨vW‡fv‡KU gv`vi eLk, ivRkvnx cvewjK †nj_-Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK Avãyj ReŸvi, ivRkvnx
†Rjv g¨vwR‡óªU Avãyj gwR`mn ivRkvnxi `vbkxj e¨w³M‡Yi Avw_©K mnvqZvq wZb j¶ UvKv e¨‡q
GKwU †emiKvwi Ô†gwWK¨vj ¯‥zjÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| cÖ_gve¯vq e‡i› ª Rv`yN‡ii `w¶Y w`‡K Aew¯Z
gymwjg K¬v‡ei N‡i A_©vr eZ©gv‡b wU, we, wK¬wbK fe‡b ¯‥z‡ji Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| 1955 mv‡j ¯‥zjwU
miKvwiKi‡Yi c~e© ch©šÍ ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri mvZ b¤^i M¨vjvix nvRx †gvnv¤§` †gvnmxb feb I m`i
nvmcvZv‡ji GKwU K‡¶ ¯‥z‡ji K¬vm P‡j‡Q| 1958 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤i gv‡m gvby‡li wPwKrmv †mev
Ges wPwKrmv weÁvbwe`¨v m¤úªmvi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë ¯‥zjwU ÔivRkvnx †gwWK¨vj K‡j‡RÕ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| †j.
K‡Y©j Wv. wMqvm DwÏb Avn‡g` Gi cÖ_g Aa¨ÿ wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| ivRkvnx †gwWK¨vj
K‡jR cÖwZôvi †bc‡_¨ I cÖKv‡k¨ †jd‡Ub¨v›U K‡Y©j eyinvbDÏx‡bi Ae`vbI wPi¯§iYxq|25
ÔivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjqÕ cÖwZôvi cÖviw¤¢K Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ N‡UwQj 18 A‡±vei 1950 wLª÷v‡ã|
ZrKvjxb ivRkvnx miKvwi K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶ W. BrivZ †nv‡mb Ry‡eix me© cÖ_g ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
cÖwZôvi wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib| welqwU‡K Zvr¶wYKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib gv`vi eLk|
AwP‡iB ivRkvnxi wewkó bvMwiK‡`i wb‡q KwgwU MVb K‡i miKv‡ii `„wó AvKl©Y Kiv nq| ZrKvjxb
gyL¨gš¿x byiæj Avgxb I ¯^v¯¨gš¿x nvweeyjøvn evnvi 1952 mv‡j ivRkvnx md‡i G‡j welqwU‡K
¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Dc vcb Kiv nq| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1953 mv‡ji 1 RyjvB ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
cÖwZwôZ nq Ges 1953 mv‡ji 6 RyjvB W. BrivZ †nv‡mb Ry‡eix‡K ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g
fvBm P¨v‡Ýji wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq|26
wkÿvbMix ivRkvnxi cÖavbZg wkÿvcÖwZôvb
wn‡m‡e †M․i‡ei mv‡_ f‚wgKv †i‡L hv‡”Q cÖwZôvbwU|
1971 mv‡j gnvb gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq Avgv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv| Db¥y³ nq wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi AevwiZ
my‡hvM| ZLb †_‡K cÖwZwôZ n‡Z _v‡K bZzb bZzb wkÿvcÖwZôvb| 1972 mv‡j knx` bvRgyj nK
evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, 1975 mv‡j AMÖYx ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, 1977 ivRkvnx Bmjvgx wkÿv I M‡elYv
†K›`ª g‡Wj ¯‥zj, 1978 mv‡j AvjwnKgvn gymwjg GKv‡Wgx, 1978 mv‡j ivRkvnx PviæKviæ
gnvwe`¨vjq, 1979 mv‡j ivRkvnx gwnjv dvwRj gv`ivmv, 1979 mv‡j ivRkvnx miKvix kvwiwiK
wkÿv K‡jR, 1980 mv‡j ivYxevRvi D”P evwjKv we`¨vjq, 1980 mv‡j kvn gvL`yg nvB ¯‥zj, 1981
mv‡j wgR©vcyi gmwR` wgkb GKv‡Wgx, 1982 mv‡j gmwR` wgkb ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, 1985 mv‡j
m~h©KYv D”P we`¨vjq, 1985 mv‡j wm‡ivBj K‡jvbx D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1983 mv‡j g`xbvZzj Djyg Kvwgj
gv`ivmv, 1986 mv‡j ivRkvnx K¨v›Ub‡g›U †evW© D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1998 mv‡j ivRkvnx gwnjv
cwj‡UKwbK¨vj Bbw÷wUDU, 2006 mv‡j ivRkvnx g‡Wj ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jRmn †ekwKQz ¯‥zj, K‡jR,
gv`ivmv, KIgx I nvwdwRqv gv`ivmv cÖwZwôZ nq|27
Gme wkÿvcÖwZôvb‡K wN‡i c~e©evsjv we‡klZ
DËi I `wÿYe‡½i gvby‡li Kv‡Q wkÿv‡K› ª wn‡m‡e ivRkvnx ¯xK…wZ jvf K‡i|
wk¶vbMix ivRkvnx MV‡b wk¶K I wkÿvbyivMx e¨w³eM©
ÔwkÿvbMix ivRkvnxÕ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î f‚wgKv cvj‡b wkÿKgÐjx Ges wkÿvbyivMx‡`i we‡kl f‚wgKv
i‡q‡Q| ivRkvnxi HwZn¨evnx I cÖvPxb wk¶v cÖwZôvb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Aaybv cÖwZwôZ wkÿv
wb‡KZb¸‡jv L¨vwZgvb wk¶Ke„›` KZ©„K cvV`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| AwZcÖvPxb cvVkvjv I cÖv_wgK
we`¨vj‡qi gnvb wk¶Ke„‡›`i A‡b‡Ki bvg BwZnv‡mi cvZvq cvIqv hv‡e bv| Z ycwi †nv‡mbxM‡Äi
Kvjv cwÐZ, †kL cvovi f~lY cwÐZ, †kLcvovi Zvwibx evey cwÐZ, Kvw`iM‡Äi e`i cwÐZ,
wmiækvcvov cvVkvjvi Av‡°j cwÐZ, †efv‡iÛ wenvixjvj wms, Wv. †Wvbvì gwimb, Wv. ievU© gwimb,
wkÿvbMix ivRkvnx : BwZnvmwfwËK we‡kølY
133
†nv‡mb Avjx cwÐZ, †gvnv¤§` Bqvwmb Avjx cwÐZ cÖg~‡Li bvg wewfbœm~‡Î cvIqv hvq| G me
L¨vwZgvb wkÿK ivRkvnx A‡ji wkÿvi wfZ iPbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ ivRkvnx‡Z gva¨wgK wkÿviI Dbœqb mvwaZ nq| G ch©v‡q D”P
we`¨vj‡qi cÖvPxbc‡e©i L¨vwZgvb hk¯x wk¶Ke„‡›`i ga¨Kvi we‡kl e¨w³MY n‡”QbÑ mvi`v cÖmv`
emy, ni‡Mvwe›` †mb, Lvbevnv`yi AvnQvbDjøvn, †gvnv¤§` Lwjjyi ingvb, bwjbx †gvnb f`ª, Kve¨Zx_©
KvjvPuv` PµeZ©x, Bqvwmb Avjx, gbx›`ª †gvnb PµeZ©x, gynv¤§` Bgivb Avjx, †gvnv¤§` evnv`yi Avjx
miKvi, gynv¤§` BRnviæj nK, hv`e cwÐZ, my`k©b PµeZ©x, AbyK‚j P› ª PµeZ©x, †gvnv¤§` Avãyj
gyB¾, †g․jfx kvgmyÏxb Avng`, †g․jfx ekxiDwÏb Avn‡g`, wiqvRDwÏb Avn‡g`, AvLZviæ‡bœmv
Lvbg, †gvnv¤§` ingZDjøvn, †Mvôwenvix gRyg`vi, †hv‡MkP›`ª †P․ayix, byignj LvZzb, wPšÍvniY
e¨vbvR©x, †gvnv¤§` AvjvDÏxb cÖg~L| D”Pwkÿvi Øvi Db¥y³Ki‡Y wkÿvwe`M‡Yi f‚wgKv Abe`¨|
ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx K‡jR, ivRkvnx cÖ‡K․kj I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx †gwW‡Kj
K‡jRmn wewfbœ †emiKvix wek¦we`¨vjqmg~‡n Aa¨vcbviZ wkÿKe„›` ivRkvnx‡K wkÿvbMix wn‡m‡e
M‡o Zzj‡Z we‡klfv‡e Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| Zuviv GKw`‡K †hgb wkÿvwe¯Ív‡i f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb
Ab¨w`‡K M‡elYv I m„Rbkxj †jLv‡jwLi gva¨‡g wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi weKv‡k KvR K‡i‡Qb|28
G cwim‡i
mKj wkÿ‡Ki bvg D‡jøL Kiv `ytmva¨ e¨vcvi| Gu‡`i mwµq mn‡hvwMZvq ivRkvnx A‡ji wkÿv-
ms¯‥…wZ I wkí-mvwnZ¨PP©v we‡klfv‡e AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i|
wkÿvbMix ivRkvnxi QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Avevmb I AvevwmKZv
wkÿvi cwi‡ek m„wói †ÿ‡Î QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Avevm‡bi welqwU AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| cvj Avg‡j †mvgcyi
wenv‡ii wkÿK-wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ AvevwmKZv c×wZ Pvjy wQj| GL‡bv †mLvbKvi ¯vcwZ¨K •ewk‡ó¨
eySv hvq †h cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ AvevwmKfv‡e wkÿv_x©‡`i _vKv-LvIqvi e¨e¯v wQj| †mb Avg‡ji
wkÿve¨e¯v‡ZI ¸iæ-wk‡l¨i wkÿvc×wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| cieZx©‡Z Bmjvg cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii cÖv_wgK
c‡e© AvDwjqv wKiv‡gi LvbKv wKsev gmwR` †_‡KB Bmjvg wkÿvi meK cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv| myjZvbx
I †gvMj Avg‡j gmwR`wfwËK wkÿvi cvkvcvwk †h me gv`ivmv cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv‡ZI
AvevwmKZvi e¨e¯v wQj| Z‡e gymwjg mgv‡R wkÿv m¤úªmvi‡Y jwRs ev RvqwMi gv÷vi ivLvi
gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i †jLvcovi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv n‡Zv| bevex Avg‡ji †k‡l e„wUk kvmbvgj GgbwK
cvwK¯Ívb Avgj †cwi‡q ¯^vaxb mve©‡f․g evsjv‡`‡ki beŸB `k‡Ki †kl mgq ch©šÍ RvqMxi ev jwRs
gv÷vi ivLvi welqwU Lye cÖPwjZ wQj| ivRkvnxi `iMvcvov, †n‡Zg Luvmn kn‡ii bvbv †kÖwY‡ckvi
gvbyl Qv·`i jwRs †i‡L †jLvcovi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| wkÿvcÖwZôvb Qwo‡q covq jwRs c×wZ
gd¯j GjvKv¸‡jv‡ZI †ek RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, weAvBwU Z_v iæ‡qU, †gwW‡Kj
K‡jRmn wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi cvk©¦eZx© GjvKv¸‡jv jwRs‡qi Rb¨ †ek cÖwm× n‡q I‡V| m”Qj
cwiev‡ii cvkvcvwk Am”Qj, †L‡U LvIqv, gyw` †`vKvb`vi, KmvB, GgbwK †QvULv‡Uv mewR
e¨emvqxI evwo‡Z wb‡R‡`i †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i †jLvcovi Rb¨ jwRs gv÷vi †i‡L‡Qb| Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii
mv‡_ †_‡K †jLvcov wk‡L A‡b‡KB A‡bK eo eo c‡` Avmxb n‡q‡Qb| G ai‡bi Kg©Kv‡Ði
†cÖwÿ‡Z AwZw_civqY wn‡m‡e ivRkvnxevmxi mybvg A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB Qwo‡q Av‡Q| ivRkvnxi
wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi weKvk Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i ivRkvnxgywL nevi †ÿ‡Î G AwZw_civqYZv we‡kl f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i‡Q| we‡klK‡i jwRs ev RvqMxi gv÷vi wn‡m‡e ~‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i _vKv-LvIqvi mye¨e¯v
Ki‡Z ivRkvnxi vbxq Rbmvavi‡Yi cÖksmbxq f‚wgKv D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
134
ÔI‡q÷wgwb÷vi †nv‡÷jÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ febwUB ivRkvnx‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ_g AvevwmK feb| 1927
mv‡j †cÖmweUvwiqvb wgkbvixMY kn‡ii kÖxivgcyi gnjøvq my›`i GKwU cvKv e„nr AvKv‡ii feb wbg©vY
K‡ib| †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K D”Pwk¶v jv‡fi Rb¨ Avmv mKj a‡g©i I e‡Y©i wk¶v_©xM‡Yi
_vKvi Rb¨ GB †nv‡÷j wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| GLvbKvi Aa¨¶ wQ‡jb wgkbvix WMjvm BDqvU©| Zuvi ¯¿x
wg‡mm BDqvU© wQ‡jb GKRb cÖwkw¶Z bvm©| 1949 mv‡j wLªóvb wgkbvix nvmcvZvjwU eyjbcyi †_‡K
¯vbvšÍwiZ n‡q DwjøwLZ I‡q÷wgwb÷vi †nv‡÷‡j P‡j Av‡m| Gi d‡j †nv‡÷jwUi bvg cwiewZ©Z
n‡q ÔwLª÷vb wgkb nvmcvZvjÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
D”Pwk¶vi †¶‡Î ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôv wQj GB GjvKvi Rb¨ gvBj djK| cywVqvi ivbx †ngšÍ
Kzgvix ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri wn› y Qv·`i AvevwmK myweavi Rb¨ GKwU †nv‡÷j wbg©vY K‡ib| gymwjg
wKsev Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤^x wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ †Kvb †nv‡÷‡ji e¨ve¯v wQjbv| Lvb evnv`yi AvnQvbDjøvn
1904 mvj †_‡K ivRkvnx K‡jwR‡qU ¯‥z‡ji cÖavb wk¶‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Dcgnv‡`‡ki G
cÖL¨vZ wk¶vwe‡`i HKvwšÍK cÖ‡Póvi d‡j 1909 mv‡j ivRkvnx K‡jR PZ¡‡i gymwjg Qv·`i _vKvi
Rb¨ Ôdzjvi †gvnv‡gWvb †nv‡÷jÕ wbwg©Z nq| GQvovI ¯vbxq MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³e‡M©i A‡b‡KB ivRkvnx
K‡j‡Ri wkÿv_x©‡`i _vKv-LvIqvi myweav cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ bv‡Uv‡ii Lvb †P․ayix Rwg`vi
cwievi ivRkvnx kn‡ii †nZg Luv GjvKvq Zuv‡`i cvwievwiK evm vb Ô†P․a yix jRÕ G cÖvq wekRb
Qv‡Îi _vKv-LvIqvi e¨e¯v K‡ib| Z`vbxšÍb cðvrc` gymjgvb mgv‡Ri wkÿvi Dbœq‡b Zv‡`i GB
Drmvn wQj †cÖiYv`vqK| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi ciciB GLv‡b QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i AvevwmKZvi
Rb¨ nj wbg©vY ïiæ nq| †mB †cÖÿvc‡U B‡Zvg‡a¨ ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q Qv·`i Rb¨ 11wU Ges
QvÎx‡`i AvevwmKZvi Rb¨ 6wU AvevwmK nj wbwg©Z nq| GKB avivq iæ‡qU, ivRkvnx †gwW‡Kj
K‡jR, ivRkvnx K‡jRmn AwaKvsk K‡j‡RB QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ AvevwmKfv‡e _vKvi e¨e¯v i‡q‡Q|
GgbwK gv`ivmv wkÿvi †ÿ‡ÎI AvevwmKZvi e¨e¯v A‡bK fv‡jv| we‡klK‡i g`xbvZzj Djyg Kvwgj
gv`ivmv, `viæm mvjvg Kvwgj gv`ivmv, ivRkvnx gwnjv gv`ivmvmn AwaKvsk Avwjqv, KIgx Ges
nvwdwRqv gv`ivmvq AvevwmK e¨e¯vcbv i‡q‡Q|29
AvevwmKZvi myweavi Kvi‡Y `~i`~iv‡šÍi wkÿv_x©iv
ivRkvnx‡Z wkÿvMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avm‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q _v‡K|
AvevwmKZvi Av‡iK c×wZ n‡”Q e¨w³ D‡`¨v‡M †gm e¨e¯vcbv| ivRkvnx‡K wkÿvbMix wn‡m‡e M‡o
Zzj‡Z G ai‡bi AvevwmK e¨e¯vcbv we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| ivRkvnx kn‡ii wkÿvbyivMx
e¨w³MY QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i _vKv-LvIqvi myweav‡_© wkÿvi cwi‡ekevÜe †gm •Zwi I e¨e¯vcbvi AvÄvg
w`‡q _v‡Kb| mvaviYfv‡e d¨vwgwj evwofvovi †P‡q †gmfvovq A_©‣bwZK jvf †ewk| Z‡e
e¨e¯vcbvi Rb¨ evwoIqvjv‡`i‡K GKUz †ewk ZË¡veavb Ki‡Z nq| Z`ycwi G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb
Zviv A_©‣bwZKfv‡e jvfevb n‡q _v‡Kb Ab¨w`‡K e„nËifv‡e wkÿvi Dbœq‡b QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ GwU
GKwU †mevg~jK Kg©I m¤úvw`Z n‡q _v‡K| †QvULv‡Uv cwim‡i wb‡R‡`i evmvevwo‡Z Ae¯v‡bi
cvkvcvwk QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i AvevwmKZv cÖ`v‡bi †hgb bwRi i‡q‡Q †Zgwb ïaygvÎ QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i
AvevwmKZvi Rb¨B †QvUeo feb •ZwiiI `„óvšÍ †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv| g~jZ evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nevi
ciB G †gm e¨e¯vcbv RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V| wb‡Ri evmv-evwoi `yÕGKUv Kÿ fvov †`qv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
wbg©vY n‡Z _v‡K eo eo QvÎ-QvÎx wbevm| G¸‡jv G‡KKwU wkÿvcÖwZôv‡b M‡o IVv AvevwmK n‡ji
g‡Zv| evwYwR¨KwfwˇZB G ai‡bi †gmmg~n M‡o I‡V‡Q| ivRkvnx kn‡ii AwK©W, AviGBP
wkÿvfeb, ¯^cœP~uov, dvBf ÷vi QvÎxwbevm, ev_dvkb cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK eo eo QvÎ-
QvÎx wbevm| GQvovI cvov-gnjøvq AmsL¨ evwo wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i AvevwmKZvi Rb¨|
wkÿvbMix ivRkvnx : BwZnvmwfwËK we‡kølY
135
GgbwK G †gm e¨e¯vcbv‡K Av‡iv myMwVZ Kivi R‡b¨ cvov-gnjøvq †gm gvwjK mwgwZI MwVZ
n‡q‡Q|30
m‡e©vcwi G me †g‡m _vKv-LvIqvi e¨e¯vcbv A‡bKvs‡kB mnRjf¨ nevi Kvi‡Y ~‡ii
wkÿv_x©iv Aewjjvq P‡j Avm‡Z cv‡ib ivRkvnxi †h †Kvb wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b| ivRkvnx‡K wkÿvbMix‡Z
iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z AvevwmK myweav GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q|
wkÿv m¤úªmvi‡Y msMVb-†jLK-mvwnwZ¨K-ms¯‹…wZKgx©
ivRkvnx‡K wkÿvbMixi gh©v`vq Awfwl³Ki‡Y wkí-mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‥…wZ A½‡bi cy‡ivave¨w³‡`i
Ae`vb‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i †`Lvi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB| Zuviv wewfbœ cÖwZôvb •Zwi K‡i ivRkvnxi wkí-
ms¯‥…wZi weKv‡k f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb| ivRkvnxi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msMVbmg~n n‡”QÑ ivRkvnx
G‡mvwm‡qkb, ivRkvnx mvaviY MÖšvMvi, e‡i› ª M‡elYv hv yNi, †nwi‡UR ivRkvnx, ivRkvnx mvwnZ¨
gRwjk, w`kvix mvwnZ¨ gRwjk, KwZcq mvwnZ¨ †Mvôx, KweZv mviw_, becÖevn mvwnZ¨ †Mvôx, ¯ú›`b
mvwnZ¨-mvs¯‥…wZK msm`, evsjv mvwnwZ¨Kx, cÖZ¨q ms¯‥…wZ cwil`, Awbe©vY mvwnZ¨ I mvs¯‥…wZK
msm`, wngvPj mvwnZ¨-mvs¯‥…wZK †Mvôx, D‡Øj mvwnZ¨ †Mvôx, D™¢vm mvs¯‥…wZK †Mvôx, Avãyj nvB
mvwnZ¨-ms¯‥…wZ msm`, e‡i›`ª GKv‡Wgx, aªæe mvwnZ¨ †Mvôx, Avw`evmx Kve¨ wkí wb‡KZb, iweevmixq
mvwnZ¨ msm`, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯^bb, kãvqb, AvÇv, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq †jLK †dvivg,
m›`xcb mvwnZ¨ cwil`, ivRkvnx mvwnZ¨ cwil`, ivRkvnx †jwLKv msN, cwiPq ms¯‥…wZ msm`,
ivRkvnx †jLK cwil`, gy³ mvwnZ¨ mgv‡ek, KweKzÄ, aªæe mvwnZ¨ †Mvôx cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|31
G
me cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †Kvb †KvbwU eZ©gv‡b wbw¯…q| M‡elYv, wkí-mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‥…wZi we¯Ív‡i
cÖksmbxq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb A‡b‡KB| G †ÿ‡Î cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡ wn‡m‡e A‡b‡Ki bvg evsjv‡`‡ki
mxgvbv †cwi‡q †cu․‡Q †M‡Q AvšÍ©RvwZK cwigЇj| A‡b‡K Avevi ivRkvnxi A½‡b †ek cwiwPZ|
Ggb e¨w³I Av‡Qb hv‡`i bvg nq‡Zv ivRkvnxi ¯vbxq AwaevmxivI Lye‡ewk Rv‡bb bv| wKš‧ Zviv
wkí-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‥…wZi PP©v K‡i ivRkvnx‡K Av‡jvwKZ K‡i‡Qb; GwM‡q wb‡q †M‡Qb wkÿvbMix
wn‡m‡e ivRkvnx‡K| Zv‡`i mK‡ji bvg ¯^ícwim‡i D‡jøL Kiv Kómva¨ •ewK|32
wkÿvbMix wn‡m‡e
ivRkvnxi Dbœq‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjbKvix‡`i †jLK-M‡elK‡`i Ab¨Zg e¨w³M‡Yi K‡qKRb
n‡”QbÑ wgR©v †gvnv¤§` BDmd Avjx, Aÿq Kzgvi •g‡Îq, igvcÖmv` P›`, byiæj Bmjvg cv‡Uvqvwi,
Avãyi iv¾vK †P․ayix, •mq` †i`Iqvbyi ingvb, Kvgvj †jvnvbx, AvwRR wgwmi, Kvwjbv_ †P․ayix, m¨vi
h ybv_ miKvi, nvRx jvj †gvnv¤§` mi`vi, gxi byiæj Bmjvg, †gvm‡jg Avjx wek¦vm, D Ív` mydx
gv÷vi, Kwe e‡›` Avjx wgqv, D Ív` nwic` `vm, I Ív` †gvRv‡¤§j †nv‡mb, ingZzjøvn ev½vjx, †jLK
I wkÿvwe` kwdDÏxb mi`vi, mvsevw`K I mvwnwZ¨K gynv¤§` Avãym mvgv`, fvlv‣mwbK Aa¨vcK
gynv¤§` GKivgyj nK cÖgyL|
cvVcwi‡ek •Zwi I mvaviY RbM‡Yi ggZ¡‡eva
kvwšÍi kni ivRkvnx| AvaywbKKv‡j wek¦Rwi‡cI Ggb K_v D‡V G‡m‡Q| GUv †hgb eZ©gvb mg‡qi
†ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ †Zgwb A‡bK Av‡MI ivRkvnxi e¨vcv‡i Ggb gšÍe¨ cvIqv †h‡Zv| we‡kl K‡i
ivRkvnxi Rxeb-RxweKv AZ¨šÍ gši| GLvbKvi gvbyl AZ¨šÍ mijZvi Ave‡n cwiPvwjZ| wb‡R
wkÿvi Av‡jv‡Z D™¢vwmZ n‡Z cv‡iwb Ggb mvaviY gvbylI wkÿv Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i e¨vcv‡i AZ¨šÍ
ggZ¡‡ev‡a D¾xweZ| `~i`~ivšÍ †_‡K AvMZ wkÿv_x©‡`i fv‡jvevmvi mv‡_B MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb
GLvbKvi mvaviY gvbyl| we‡kl K‡i ¯‥zj, K‡jR, gv`ivmvmn D”PZi wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi cvV-cwi‡ek
†hgb Ab¨vb¨ v‡bi †P‡q my›`i †Zgwb hvbRUgy³ cwi”Qbœ kni cvV-cwi‡ek‡K Av‡iv BwZevPK K‡i
Zz‡j‡Q| cÖwZwU †gm gvwjKB Zv‡`i AvevwmK ¯vbUzKz‡Z cvV-cwi‡ek my›`i ivLvi e¨vcv‡i hZœevb|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
136
A‡í Zzó ivRkvnxevmx| AvwZ‡_qZv, c‡ivcKvi, ggZ¡‡eva Ges mijZvq ivRkvnxi mvaviY gvby‡li
L¨vwZ †`ke¨vcx mgv`„Z| jwRs gv÷vi, †gm eW©vi wKsev †h †Kvb ai‡bi QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i cÖwZ †ek
mnvbyf‚wZkxj GLvbKvi gvbyl| †L‡U LvIqv gvbyl¸‡jv, we‡klZ wiKkvIqvjv, †QvULv‡Uv gyw`
†`vKvb`vi, Pv ÷j wKsev †QvULv‡Uv †nv‡Uj gvwj‡Ki Kv‡Q QvÎ-QvÎxiv mšÍvbZzj¨| †h Kvi‡Y QvÎ-
QvÎxivI G me †kÖwY-†ckvi †jvKRb‡K ÔgvgvÕ e‡j m‡¤vab K‡i _v‡K|33
Ab¨w`‡K †g‡mi Kv‡Ri
gwnjv wKsev evmvi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mswkøó gwnjv‡`i‡K Ab¨vb¨ ¯v‡b eyqv e‡j m‡¤^vab Kiv n‡jI
ivRkvnx‡Z Zv‡`i‡K gv‡qi gh©v`vq ÔLvjvÕ e‡j WvKv n‡q _v‡K| LvjvivI wb‡Ri mšÍv‡bi g‡Zv
Av`i-h‡ZœB ivLvi †Póv K‡i _v‡Kb †gm‡evW©vi wKsev QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i| †¯œ‡ni Kvi‡Y mšÍv‡bi eqmx
QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K A‡b‡KB †eUv wKsev †ewU e‡j m‡¤vab K‡i _v‡Kb| G me Wv‡Ki g‡a¨ fxlY
AvšÍwiKZv Ges ggZ¡‡ev‡ai ¯úk© _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, ivRkvnxi DwjøwLZ wk¶v cÖwZôvbmg~n e¨ZxZ e„wUk mgq †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cvwK Ívb
Avgj ch©šÍ AmsL¨ wk¶v †K›`ª ivRkvnx kn‡i cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k ¯vaxbZv jv‡fi c‡iI GB
avivevwnKZv Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| ivRkvnx kn‡i wKsev kni mwbœwnZ GjvKvq GLb Aewa D‡jøL Kivi
g‡Zv †Kvb wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡Vwb| wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB DËiv‡ji cÖavb bMix
AvR‡Ki ivRkvnx cÖwZôv †c‡q‡Q| wk¶v cÖwZôvbmg~n eÜ _vK‡j kniwU A‡bKUvB Rbgvbenxb
†Kvjvnjk~b¨ Rbc‡` cwiYZ nq| GLvbKvi A_©bxwZi g~j PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q wk¶vcÖwZôvb, GLvbKvi
wk¶v_©x wk¶K I mswkøó gvby‡liv| ivRkvnx gnvbMixi fvov evwoi cÖvq Pwjøk kZvs‡k mvgwqKfv‡e
emevm Ki‡Qb cÖvq j¶vwaK QvÎ-QvÎx, wk¶K Ges wk¶v mswkøó e¨w³iv| evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨ †Kvb
kni ev bM‡i G RvZxq Ae¯v cwijw¶Z nq bv| wkÿvi AevwiZ my‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †hgb ivRkvnx
G‡`‡ki gvby‡li Kv‡Q wk¶vbMix wn‡m‡e ¯‡M․i‡e cÖwZwôZ| †mBmv‡_ GLvbKvi Rxeb hvc‡bi e¨q-
m~PK evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ ¯v‡bi †P‡q mvkÖqx| ZvQvov A‡bK wkÿvcÖwZôvb _vKvi Kvi‡Y cÖPzi wkwÿZ
Rbkw³ cvIqv hvq, hviv cvU©UvBg PvKwi mÜvbx| G wkwÿZ hye‡kÖwY‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ivRkvnx‡Z
AvBwUwfwËK wkí ¯vcb GLb mg‡qi `vex| cvkvcvwk cÖPwjZ wkÿvi mv‡_ mv‡_ GLv‡b
Kg©ms¯vbwfwËK wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖwZôvI cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o‡Q| G welq¸‡jv bR‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z
cvi‡j ivRkvnxB n‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯xK…Z wkÿvbMix|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 wf¶z myLx Avb›`, evsjv‡`k †eŠ× wenvi I wf¶z Rxeb (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1995), c„: 151|
2 A.K.M Yaqub Ali, “The Educational System in British Bengal”, Research Journal, vol. I, Rajshahi
University, P. 210. 3 `x‡bk P›`ª †mb, esjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (†KvjKvZv: `vk¸ß GÛ mÝ, 1365 e½vã), c„: 73-74|
4 W. G, †K, Gg, BqvKze Avjx: ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg, (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, 1992), c„.|
5 Dr. A.K.M Ayyub Ali, History of Traditional Islamic Education in Bangladesh, (Dhaka: Islamic
Foundation Bangladesh), P. 12. 6 Ibid, P. 13.
wkÿvbMix ivRkvnx : BwZnvmwfwËK we‡kølY
137
7 Willam Adam, Report on the State of Education in Bengal, A. N. Basu edited (Calcutta: University
of Calcutta, 1941), P. XIII. 8 Pradip Kumar Lahiri, Bengali Muslim Thought (1818-1947), (Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi and Company,
1991), P. 7. 9 beve Avãyj jwZd 1828 mv‡j dwi`cyi †Rjvi †evqvjgvix _vbvi AšÍM©Z ivRvcyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Avãyj
jwZd KwjKvZv gv`ivmvq we`¨v wk¶v Avi¤¢ K‡ib Ges Rywbqi ¯‥jvikxc cix¶vq cvk K‡ib| [`ª: W. IqvwKj
Avn‡g`, Dwbk kZ‡K evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i wPšÍv I †PZbvi aviYv, (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1983) c„: 84|
10 Gg. G. iwng, evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i BwZnvm (1757-1947), (XvKv: Avng` cvewjwks nvDm, 1989), c„: 123|
11 Z‡`e, c„: 95-100| D‡jøL¨, cÖvKe„wUk Avgj A_©vr cvj, †mb Ges gymwjg cÖkvm‡bi we‡klZ myjZvbx I †gvMj
Avg‡j ivRkvnx gnvbMixi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó †Kvb wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi weeiY cvIqv KóKi| Z‡e e„nËi ivRkvnx Z_v e‡i›`ª
AÂj wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi †ÿ‡Î eûKvj c~e© †_‡KB †ek mg„× wQj- GK_v wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq| G †ÿ‡Î kvmK‡`i
c„ô‡cvlKZvi welqwUI †ek ¸iæ‡Z¡i `vwe iv‡L|
12 Avwidzj nK Kzgvi, ÔcÖ¯Ívebv: wkÿvbMix ivRkvnxÕ, e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi, AMÖhvÎvi 3 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU
K‡c©v‡ikb, 2011), c„. 175|
13 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, (XvKv: cÖ.we, 1965), c„. 108|
14 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb, †gv. †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb, ivRkvnx kn‡i wkÿvi Dbœq‡b Rwg`vi‡`i Ae`vb, ivRkvnx
gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 694-711|
15 ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb, W. †gv. gbRyi Kvw`i, ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri AZxZ
BwZnvm, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„.
637-644
16 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, Z‡`e, c„. 113-14|
17 W. †gv. Av‡bvqviæj Bmjvg, wekkZ‡Ki w·ki `k‡K ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖv_wgK wkÿK mwgwZi Kvh©µg, ivRkvnx
gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 579-80|
18 W. mvewibv Avbvg, ivRkvnx gnbMix‡Z cÖv_wgK wkÿvi we¯Ívi, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ,
ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012, c„. 591|
19 Z‡`e, c„. 601|
20 Z‡`e, c„. 603|
21 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb, †gv. Qv‡e` Avjx, 1971-c~e© ivRkvnx kn‡i bvix wkÿvi Dbœqb, ivRkvnx gnbMix:
AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 659-672; bvRbxb †eMg,
evsjv‡`‡k bvix wkÿv : ivRkvnx gnvbMixi D”PwkwÿZ gwnjv‡`i Dci GKwU mgxÿv, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I
eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 673-82|
22 W. mvab Kzgvi wek¦vm, ivRkvnx gnvbMixi gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv : AZxZ I eZ©gvb, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I
eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 598-600|
23 ÔivRkvnx cwj‡UKwbK BÝwUwUDUÕ evwl©Kx, 2009, c„. 20-21|
24 †gv. †Mvjvg gyiZRv, cvewjK wi‡jkb Awdmvi, iæ‡qU, ÒivRkvnx cÖ‡K․kj I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZ‡e`bÓ
ivRkvnx, c„. 1-2|
25 W. mvab Kzgvi wek¦vm, ivRkvnx gnvbMixi gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv : AZxZ I eZ©gvb, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I
eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, c„. 631-632|
26 W. †gv. gvneyei ingvb, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU
Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 645-48|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
138
27
W. mvab Kzgvi wek¦vm, ivRkvnx gnvbMixi gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv : AZxZ I eZ©gvb, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I
eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, c„. 598-636|
28 wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZ I M‡elYv m¤úªvi‡Y we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wkÿKM‡Yi g‡a¨ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj
nK, W. ghnviæj Bmjvg, W. KvRx Avãyj gvbœvb, W. Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj, W. gy Ívdv b~i-Dj Bmjvg, W. mybxj
Kzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq, Kwe AvZvDi ingvb, cÖ‡dmi W. †Mvjvg mvKjv‡qb, Aa¨vcK gynv¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, cÖ‡dmi W.
Ave`yi inxg †Lv›`Kvi, cÖ‡dmi W. gyn¤§` gwRiDÏxb wgqv, cÖ‡dmi W. wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx, cÖ‡dmi W. Avjx
Av‡bvqvi, cÖ‡dmi W. G. Avi. gwjøK, W. †gvnv¤§` †Mvjvg im~j, W. †kL †Mvjvg gKmy` wnjvjx, Aa¨vcK GmGg
Ave`yj jwZd, cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm GweGg †nv‡mb, cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm W. G †K Gg BqvKze Avjx, cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm
AiæY Kzgvi emvK, cÖ‡dmi W. gyL‡jmyi ingvb, cÖ‡dmi Ge‡b †Mvjvg mvgv`, cÖ‡dmi W. mvjvnDwÏb Avng`,
cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm W. G†KGg AvRnviæj Bmjvg, cÖ‡dmi W. ikx`yj Avjg, K_vwkíx nvmvb AvwRRyj nK, †kL
AvZvDi ingvb cÖgyL| GQvovI bvg D‡jøL bv Kiv A‡b‡KB wkí-ms¯‥…wZ I wkÿv-M‡elYvq Abb¨ f‚wgKv cvj‡bi
gva¨‡g ivRkvnx‡K wkÿvbMix wn‡m‡e cÖwZôvq mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb| we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`LybÑ my‡Lb g‡Lvcva¨vq,
ÒivRkvnxi mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨ : AZxZ I eZ©gvbÓ e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi, AMÖhvÎvi 3 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU
K‡c©v‡ikb, 2011), c„. 193-216|
29 G cÖe‡Üi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ M‡elK ivRkvnxi wewfbœ AvevwmKZvi my‡hvM-myweav cwi`k©b K‡i‡Qb|
30 G cÖe‡Üi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ M‡elK ivRkvnx kn‡ii wewfbœ †g‡m m‡iRwgb cwi`k©b K‡i‡Qb|
31 G cÖe‡Üi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ M‡elK G me msMVb I cÖwZôv‡bi AwaKvskB m‡iRwgb ågY K‡i‡Qb|
32 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`LybÑ W. ZwmKzj Bmjvg ivRv, Òe‡i›`ªf‚wgi cÖvY‡K›`ª ivRkvnx‡Z fvlv Av‡›`vjbÓ e‡i‡›`ªi
evwZNi, AMÖhvÎvi 3 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, 2011), c„. 73; Kvgiæj evnvi Avwid, ÒivRkvnxi
mvwnZ¨PP©v : AZxZ I eZ©gvbÓ e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi, AMÖhvÎvi 5 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, 2013), c„.
367-383|
33 gv‡qi fvB gvgv| G Wv‡Ki g‡a¨ GKUv ggZ¡‡eva Av‡Q| Z‡e B‡Zvc~‡e© G WvKwU Lye Av`y‡i _vK‡jI B`vwbs †KD
†KD AcQ›` K‡ib| GgbwK †Kvb †Kvb †`vKv‡b †jLvI _v‡K ÔwcøR, gvgv ej‡eb bvÕ| ZeyI gvgv WvK G‡Kev‡i
†_‡g †bB|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg©: ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb
W. †gv: mvwR`yj nK
Abstract: Ahmad Shawqi is famous Egyptian poet and writer who pioneered the modern
Arabic literary movement. He is considered to be one of the most important Arabian
poets in the 20th Century. His literary production is highly rich and developed. He did not
leave any section of poetry without writing in it with excellence and quality. He wrote the
poetry in the field of description, pride, philosophy, praise or lament. Shawqi even wrote
simplified children's poetry which included wisdom, love and humanity. Shawqi's poem
was distinguished by its particular music which was felt by the recipient through, its
letters, structure and rhyme. Shawqi’s contribution to modern Arabic literature is
tremendous. He contributed immensely to the development of dramatic poetry in modern
Arabic literature. In regards of literary production, Shawqi excelled all his
contemporaries and on the basis of the support of Arabian poets he was crowned by the
Egyptian government Amir al-Shu’araa (The Prince of Poets) in recognition of his
considerable contributions to the literary field. He is the only poet in the modern Arabic
literature who was granted this great title. This article is about Ahmad Shawqi and his
work in Arabic literature.
f~wgKv
Avngv` kvIKx AvaywbK Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i GKRb cÖwZfvevb Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K| Zuvi Kve¨PP©v I
mvwnZ¨K‡g©i gva¨‡g Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ GK †mvbvjx Aa¨vq hy³ nq| wZwb MÖxK I Avie Kve¨ cÖwZfv
Rb¥ m~‡ÎB cÖvß nb| Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ Kwe‡`i iPbv wZwb Mfxifv‡e Aa¨qb K‡ib| K¬vwmK¨vj
Aviex Kve¨, we‡kl K‡i AveŸvmxq hy‡Mi Kve¨ Aa¨qb I PP©vi d‡j Zuvi AwfÁZvi fvÐvi mg„× nq|
G QvovI wewfbœ †`k ågY I wewfbœ RvwZi wk¶v-ms¯‥…wZi mv‡_ cwiPq Zuvi AwfÁZv I fve-
Kíbv¸‡jv‡K weKwkZ K‡i| wZwb Aviex mvwnZ¨‡K †hgb mg„× K‡ib †Zgwb wek¦ mvwnZ¨ `iev‡i
Aviex fvlvi gh©v`v‡K mgybœZ K‡ib| wZwb AmsL¨ KweZv, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ Ges wkï mvwnZ¨
iPbv K‡ib| ïay ZvB bq, wZwb cvðv‡Z¨i Kve¨ixwZi Av`‡j Aviex Kve¨v½‡b bvU¨Kv‡e¨i aviv
ms‡hvRb K‡ib| w`b w`b Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ kvLvq Zuvi cÖwZfvi ¯^vÿi my¯úó n‡q D‡V| Aí
mg‡qi g‡a¨B Zuvi L¨vwZ I mybvg Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o Ges wgmimn Avie we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj Kwe
mvwnwZ¨‡Ki mg_©‡b wgmixq miKvi Zuv‡K Kwe m¤ªvU (The Prince of Poets) Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡i| GwU
Aviex Kve¨ RM‡Z Zuvi m‡ev©”P gh©v`vi AKzÉ ¯^xK…wZ| Av‡jvP¨ cÖeÜwU‡Z Avngv` kvIKxi
mvwnZ¨K‡g©i ch©v‡jvPbvc~e©K g~j¨vqb Zz‡j aiv n‡e|
Avngv` kvIKxi cwiPq
wgmixq Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi cy‡iv bvg Avngv` kvIKx †eM, wcZvi bvg Avjx †eM I `v`vi bvg
Avngv` kvIKx †eM|1 Kwe‡K Zuvi `v`vi bv‡g bvgKiY Kiv nq| wZwb †L`xf BmgvCj cvkvi
kvmbvg‡j 1868 mv‡j wgm‡ii Kvq‡iv kn‡ii GK AwfRvZ cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|2 wKš‘
`yf©vM¨µ‡g wZwb gvZ…‡¯œn †ekx w`b jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| Zuvi R‡b¥i gvÎ wZb eQi ci Zuvi gvZv
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, Aviex wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
140
g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j Zuvi gvZvgn Zuv‡K †`Lvïbvi ØvwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| ZrKvjxb mg‡q wZwb BmgvCj
cvkvi ivRcÖvmv‡`i cwiPvwiKv wQ‡jb| d‡j Kwe ivRcÖvmv‡`i Avb›`gyLi cwi‡e‡k †e‡o D‡Vb|3
kvIKx Pvi eQi eqm †_‡K g³‡e (cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq) hvZvqZ ïiæ K‡ib Ges gvÎ c‡bi eQi
eq‡mi g‡a¨ gva¨wgK wkÿv mgvß K‡ib| AZtci 1885 mv‡j AvBb K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡j A_©‣bwZK
mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y AvBb wel‡q †jLv cov Kiv Zuvi c‡ÿ KóKi n‡q D‡V| d‡j wZwb ªæZ PvKzix jv‡fi
Avkvq †mLvbKvi Abyev` wefv‡M yB eQi Aa¨qb K‡i wWMÖx jvf K‡ib| Abyev` wefv‡M Aa¨qbKv‡j
Aviex mvwnZ¨ wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK kvqL gynv¤§v` emq~bxi mv‡_ Zuvi mym¤úK© M‡o D‡V| G mgq Zuvi
g‡a¨ cÖMvp Kve¨vbyivM m„wó nq Ges ZLb †_‡KB wZwb wewfbœ wel‡q KweZv iPbv K‡ib|4 AvBb
K‡j‡Ri †jLvcov †k‡l miKvix A_©vq‡b wZwb AvBb wel‡q D”PZi wWMÖx AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ 1887 mv‡j
d«vÝ MgY K‡ib Ges †jLvcov †k‡l 1891 mv‡j wgm‡i wd‡i G‡m ivRcÖvmv‡` PvKzix MÖnY K‡ib|
Gfv‡e wZwb Zuvi Rxe‡bi wekwU eQi ivRcÖvmv‡`i †mevq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| G mgq¸‡jv‡Z Kwei
mv‡_ RbM‡Yi †Zgb †Kvb †hvMv‡hvM wQj bv|5
1914 mv‡j cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïiæ n‡j e„wUk KZ©„cÿ Kwe‡K †`k Z¨v‡Mi wb‡ ©k †`q| d‡j Kwe 1914
mvj †_‡K hy× mgvwß ch©šÍ `xN© mgq †¯ú‡b KvUvb| GB mg‡q Zuvi g‡a¨ Rb¥f~wg wgm‡ii cÖwZ cÖMvp
AbyivM I fvjevmvi m„wó nq| Zvui g‡a¨ Zxeªfv‡e †`k‡cÖg †R‡M D‡V| d‡j wZwb wgm‡ii BwZnvm,
†m․›`h©¨ I HwZn¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i eû KweZv iPbv K‡ib| 1919 mv‡j †`‡k wd‡i Avmvi ci wZwb
wgm‡ii ivR‣bwZK Ae¯’vq weivU cwieZ©b †`L‡Z cvb| d‡j wZwb ivRcÖvmv‡`i cwie‡Z© RbM‡Yi
KvZv‡i mvwgj nb Ges RvwZi Avkv-AvKv•ÿv I Zv‡`i †g․wjK mgm¨vejx KweZvq Zz‡j a‡ib|6
1927 mv‡j Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’ kvIKxqvZ (الشىقـياخ) Gi wØZxq gy`ªY Dcj‡ÿ Kvq‡ivi kvnx A‡civ
nvD‡R GK weivU m¤^a©bv mfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| GLv‡b wgmimn Avie we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj †`‡ki
wewkó Kwe mvwnwZ¨KMY Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| mfvq Dcw¯’Z mK‡ji me© m¤§wZµ‡g wgmixq miKvi
kvIKx‡K Kwe m¤ªvU ( |wLZv‡e f~wlZ K‡ib (أميـس الشعـساء7 GwU Aviex Kve¨ RM‡Z Zuvi m‡e©v”P
gh©v`vi AKzÉ ¯xK…wZ|
Kwe Avngv` kvIKx G gnvb wLZv‡e f~wlZ nIqvi ci †_‡K Av‡iv bZzb D‡`¨v‡g Kve¨PP©v ïiæ
K‡ib| wZwb cvðv‡Z¨i Kve¨ixwZi Av`‡j bZzb Kve¨cÖvmv` wbg©v‡bi cÖ‡Póvq wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ
K‡ib| G cÖ‡Póvi Ask wn‡m‡e wZwb Aviex Kve¨v½‡b bvU¨Kve¨ ms‡hvRb K‡ib| Rxe‡bi †kl K‡qK
eQi wZwb G bZzb avivi w`‡K GKvšÍfv‡e g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l 1932 mv‡ji 13 A‡±vei Kwe
Avngv` kvIKx wgm‡i BwšÍKvj K‡ib|8 Zvui g„Zy¨‡Z wgmimn †MvUv Avie RM‡Z †kv‡Ki Qvqv c‡o
hvq Ges wewfbœ Avie Kwe Zuvi †kvK Mvu_v iPbv K‡ib|
Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg©
Avngv` kvIKx weij cÖwZfvevb GK e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi G cÖwZfv †Lv`v cÖ`Ë nIqvq wZwb AwZ mn‡R
Zuvi g‡bi Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ my›`ifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| wZwb ïay AvaywbK hy‡Mi GKRb
weL¨vZ KweB bb; eis GKRb L¨vwZgvb mvwnwZ¨KI e‡U| wZwb Zuvi Kve¨ iPbv Øviv †hgbfv‡e
Aviex Kve¨‡K wek¦ mvwnZ¨ `iev‡i Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb, †Zgbfv‡e Zuvi mvwnZ¨Kg© Øviv Aviex fvlv‡K
mg„× K‡i‡Qb| mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZwU A½‡bB Zuvi mdj c`PviYv wQj| wZwb AmsL¨ KweZv, Dcb¨vm,
bvUK, cÖeÜ Ges wkï mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡ib| wb‡gœ Zuvi mvwnZ¨K‡g©i weeiY Zz‡j aiv nj|
Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg©: ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb
141
Kve¨ mvwnZ¨
AvaywbK Aviex Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ Avngv` kvIKx GKwU D¾¡j bÿÎ| wZwb Aviex Kv‡e¨i nvwi‡q hvIqv
†M․ie‡K cybivq wdwi‡q G‡b‡Qb| Avie mvwnwZ¨K I mgv‡jvPKMY G wel‡q GKgZ †h, Aviex
Kv‡e¨i BwZnv‡m gyZvbveŸxi c‡i Avie we‡k¦ Avngv` kvIKxB GKRb cÖwZfvevb Kwe wn‡m‡e AvZ¥
cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, whwb bZzbfv‡e Aviex Kve¨‡K AvaywbKvqb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb mgvR, ag©, mvwnZ¨-
ms¯‥…wZ wb‡q eû KweZv iPbv K‡i‡‡Qb, mv‡_ mv‡_ wZwb ivRbxwZ, ¯^vaxbZv, †`kcÖg, RvZxqZvev`
BZ¨vw` welq Zuvi KweZvq Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi wekvj Kve¨fvÐvi‡K Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i GK Ag~j¨
m¤ú` wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| wb‡¤œ Zuvi Kve¨MÖ‡š’i cwiPq Zy‡j aiv n‡jv|
Avk kvIwKqvZ: Avngv` kvIKxi KweZvejxi e„n`vKvi msKjb MÖš’ n‡jv Avk kvIwKqvZ
|Zuvi `xIqvbwU Pvi L‡Ð wef³, cÖ_g LÐwU 1898 wLª÷v‡ã me©cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq |(الشىقـياخ)9 Zuvi
Rxe‡bi cÖ_g w`‡Ki cÖvq mKj KweZv G‡Z ¯’vb cvq| wZwb MÖ‡š’i ïiæ‡Z Kwe Ges Kv‡e¨i Dci
GKwU g~j¨evb f~wgKv ms‡hvRb K‡ib, †hLv‡b Kwe ü`‡qi gnZ¡ Ges Kwei †M․i‡ev¾¡j Ae`v‡bi
Dci `vk©wbK Awfe¨w³ mg„× GKwU g‡bvÁ Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|10
GwU wQj Zuvi mKj KweZvi
GKwU mgwšZ msKjb| G‡Z cÖksmvMxwZ, †kvKMuv_v, m½xZ, KvwnbxKve¨mn mgvR, ivRbxwZ Ges
wgm‡ii BwZnvm-HwZn¨ welqK KweZvejx mwbœ‡ewkZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z 1925 wLª÷v‡ã GwU cybtgyw`ªZ
n‡j cÖksmvMxwZmn AviI wKQz KweZv ev` w`‡q LÐwU‡K AviI gvwR©Z Kiv nq| LÐwUi ïiæ‡Z W.
gynv¤§v` ûmvqb nvqKvj11
(1880-1956) Gi GKwU f~wgKv ms‡hvwRZ nq, †hLv‡b Kwe Avngv`
kvIKxi KweZv, Kve¨ cÖwZfv, gb I gbxlv m¤ú‡K© g~j¨evb Av‡jvPbv Dc ’vwcZ nq|12
Avk
kvIwKqvZ Gi wØZxq LÐ me© cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1930 wLª÷v‡ã| G‡Z †cÖg Ges weeiYg~jK
KweZvejx ¯’vb cvq| G Qvov BwZnv‡mi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq, mgvR Ges ivR‣bwZK weeZ©‡bi wKQz
¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i iwPZ KweZvejx Ges cÖvPxb hy‡Mi Aviex `xIqvb¸‡jv‡K Aej¤b
K‡i iwPZ wKQz Kvmx`v G‡Z mwbœ‡ewkZ nq|13
1936 wLª÷v‡ã cÖKvwkZ nq Avk kvIwKqvZ Gi
Z…Zxq LÐ| G‡Z BwZnv‡mi wKQz L¨vwZgvb e¨w³ we‡kl K‡i wgm‡ii ag©, mgvR, ivRbxwZ Ges wk¶v-
mvs¯‥…wZK A½‡bi wKQz cÖwZfvevb e¨w³, AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb cÖgy‡Li ¯§„wZPvi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ Zuvi
†kvKMuv_vg~jK KweZv¸‡jv mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q|14
Avk kvIwKqvZ Gi PZz_© LÐwU me© cÖ_g 1943
wLª÷v‡ã cÖKvwkZ nq| G‡Z wewfbœ wel‡qi KweZv ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q, Z‡e †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wk¶vg~jK
KweZv me©vwaK D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wZwb Gme KweZvi gv‡S Rxeb Ges mgvR wewbg©v‡b wk¶vi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges G m¤ú‡K© Zuvi wPšÍv-†PZbv, fve-`k©‡bi K_v AZ¨šÍ my›`ifv‡e e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|15
`yqvjyj ÔAvive Iqv ÔDhvgvDj Bmjvg: Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm-HwZn¨ †K›`ªxK Kwe Avngv` kvIKx iwPZ
weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg `yqvjyj ÔAvive Iqv ÔDhvgvDj Bmjvg (دول العـسب وعـظماء الإصلام)| cuwPkwU
KweZvq Gi me© †gvU PiY msL¨v 1726 wU| G wekvj Kve¨mgy‡`ª AeMvnb Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, wZwb
wcÖq ivm~‡j Kvixg (mv.) mn Zuvi wewkó mvnvev‡q wKivg Ges Zuv‡`i Rxebv`k©¸‡jv KZUv
AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ Q‡›`i Rv yKix fvlvq evYxe× K‡i‡Qb| Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ Mfxi ggZ¡‡eva †_‡KB
Kwei GB Kve¨ m¤¢v‡ii Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g wek¦hy×Kvjxb mg‡q wZwb hLb †¯ú‡b wbe©vwmZ Rxeb
AwZevwnZ KiwQ‡jb, ZLb wZwb GB MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi GB Kve¨MÖš’‡K Bmjv‡gi †M․i‡ev¾¡j
BwZnv‡mi mvims‡¶c ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b wek¦bex gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi Rxeb BwZnvm, Zuvi
`vIqvZx Kvh©µg, hy×-weMÖn, bxwZ Av`k© †hgb ’vb †c‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Lyjvdv‡q ivwk`x‡bi BwZnvm-
HwZn¨ my›`ifv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| DgvBqv, AveŸvmx Ges dvwZgx mvgªv‡R¨i BwZnvmI GB MÖ‡š’
gh©v`vi mv‡_ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|16
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
142
wkï mvwnZ¨
wkïiv RvwZi fwel¨Z KY©ai| wkï‡`i weKv‡ki Rb¨ gbbkxj wkï mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Acwinvh©| Avngv` kvIKxi Kve¨wPšÍvq G welqwUI ev` c‡owb| wkï‡`i •bwZKZv, RvZxqZv‡eva I
gbbkxjZv RvwM‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ wZwb eû KweZv iPbv K‡ib, †h¸‡jv wkï mvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡e mevi wbKU
cwiwPZ| wkï‡`i Rb¨ iwPZ KweZv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv wkÿvg~jK ig¨KweZv| wewfbœ cï-cvwL
I cÖvYxi AvPvi-AvPiY Aej¤^‡b nvwm im wgwk‡q wkÿvg~jK †ek wKQz KweZv wZwb iPbv K‡ib, hv
Kve¨i‡mi cvkvcvwk c_wb‡ ©kbv I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zvrch© Øviv mg„×| G QvovI wZwb wkï‡`i wkÿv-`xÿv,
Dc‡`k, †`k‡cÖg BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q `xIqvbyj AvZdvj wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU MÖš’ msKjb K‡ib| Zuvi
iwPZ G Kve¨MÖš’wU wkï mvwn‡Z¨i Abb¨ wb`k©b|
`xIqvbyj AvZdvj: wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖKvwkZ my›`i GKwU Kve¨MÖš’ n‡jv w`Iqvbyj AvZdvj (ديىان
K‡je‡ii w`K †_‡K Lye eo bq, gvÎ `kwU KweZv G‡Z ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| Gi me©‡gvU PiY |(الأطفال
msL¨v 123 wU| KweZv¸‡jv‡K wZwb wkïwP‡Ëi ü`qMÖvnx Q›`iƒ‡c Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| KweZvi Q‡›`
Q‡›` wZwb Zv‡`i ü`‡q wcZv-gvZv, `v`v-`v`xmn eo‡`i cÖwZ kª×v‡eva, cï-cvLxi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva
Ges †`k gvZ…Kvi cÖwZ fvjevmv RvwM‡q †Zvjvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| MÖš’wUi †k‡l wZwb wkï‡`i Dc‡hvMx
K‡i Zv‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU RvZxq m½xZ Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb|17
bvU¨ mvwnZ¨
Avngv` kvIKx GKRb Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf Ki‡jI wZwb GKRb mdj bvU¨Kvi wQ‡jb| wZwb
bvU¨mvwnZ¨‡K Kvwe¨Kiƒ‡c Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Aviex bvU¨Kve¨ Zuvi cÖwZfvi Av‡iKwU D¾¡j ¯^vÿi|
AvaywbK Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ bvU¨Kv‡e¨i ms‡hvRb Zuvi me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb| Zuvi bvU¨Kve¨¸‡jv Aviex
mvwn‡Z¨i gvb‡K eû ¸‡Y e„w× K‡i‡Q Ges Gi gva¨‡g Aviex Kve¨PP©vq GKwU be w`M‡šÍi m~Pbv
n‡q‡Q| kvIKx bvU¨Kve¨ QvovI M`¨ bvUK iPbv K‡ib, Z‡e G †ÿ‡Î wZwb †ekx ~i AMÖmi nIqvi
my‡hvM cvbwb|
Kve¨ bvUK
Kwe Avngv` kvIKx me© cÖ_g mdjfv‡e Aviex Kve¨avivq bvUK ms‡hvRb K‡ib| hw`I Z uvi c~‡e©
Gi mvgvb¨ cÖ‡Póv P‡j‡Q, wKš‘ †m¸‡jv †Zgb cÖwmw× AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wZwb AZ¨šÍ mdjZvi
mv‡_ Aviex Kve¨ RM‡Zi GB ye©j As‡ki mg„w× mvab K‡ib| Aviex Kve¨ bvUK Zuvi Abe`¨ m„wó|
Rxe‡bi †kl Pvi eQ‡i wZwb QqwU Kve¨ bvUK iPbv K‡ib|18
wb‡gœ G¸‡jvi msw¶ß cwiPq Zz‡j aiv
nj:
gvmivÔD KvwjDevZiv: Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi Ab¨Zg GKwU bvU¨Kve¨ gvmivÔD KvwjDevZiv (مصسع
|wgmixq BwZnv‡mi cÖfvekvjx ivRKb¨v wK¬I‡cUªv‡K Dcjÿ K‡i bvU¨Kve¨wU iwPZ |(كليىتاذسا19
GwU
GKwU we‡qvMvšÍ bvU¨MxwZ| 1929 wLª÷v‡ã iwPZ Zuvi GB bvU¨Kve¨ Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m
me©cÖ_g †g․wjK Aviex bvU¨Kve¨iƒ‡c AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| kvIKx Zuvi bvU¨Kve¨wU PviwU cwi‡”Q‡`i
gva¨‡g mgvß K‡ib| cÖwZwU cwi‡”Q` GKwU Av‡iKwUi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| bvU¨Kve¨wU iPbvi †ÿ‡Î wZwb
wZbwU wel‡qi Dci we‡kl ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib, cÖ_gwU HwZnvwmK welqvejx, wØZxqwU †kKmwcq‡ii
A¨v›Uwb I wK¬I‡cUªv (Antony & Cleopatra) bvUK, Z…ZxqwU RvZxqZvev`x Abyf~wZ|20
wLª÷c~e© 30
A‡ãi w`‡K Av‡jKRvw› ªqv Ges Zvi wewfbœ DcK‡É msNwUZ NUbvejx G‡Z ¯’vb cvq| Gi g~j
cÖwZcv`¨ welq nj A¨v›Uwb I wK¬I‡cUªvi †cÖg Ges Zv‡`i gg©vwšÍK cwiYwZ| bvUKwU‡Z BwZnv‡mi
Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg©: ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb
143
aviv msi¶‡Y †jLK we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡ib| Z‡e PwiÎ wPÎvq‡b †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Kíbvi
Avkªq wb‡q‡Qb| bvU¨ wk‡íi wePv‡i GwU Kwei GKwU Abe`¨ Dcnvi| KweZvi Q‡›` NUbvi
avivevwnKZv, fve-Kíbvi my›`i web¨vm Ges cvwicvwk¦©K welq¸‡jvi Abycg wPÎvq‡bi Rb¨ GwU
AZzjbxq|21
gvRb~b jvqjv: Avngv` kvIKxi iwPZ wØZxq bvU¨Kve¨ gvRb~b jvqjv ( Z‡e LuvwU |(مجنىن ليل
Aviexq DcvL¨vb‡K Aej¤^b K‡i iwPZ GwU Zuvi cÖ_g bvU¨Kve¨| welqe¯‘i w`K †_‡K bvU¨Kve¨wU
we‡qvMvšÍ bvU¨MxwZi AšÍf©~³, 1931 wLª÷v‡ã GwU cÖ_g cÖKvk cvq|22
G‡Z cuvPwU cwi‡”Q` i‡q‡Q|
wKZveyj AvMvbx bvgK MÖ‡š’ gvRb~b‡K Dcj¶ K‡i GKwU Kvwnbx wea„Z n‡q‡Q, Kwe †m Kvwnbx‡KB
g~jZ bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb|23
bvUKwUi g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq nj jvqjvi Rb¨ gvRb~‡bi †cÖg, g‡bvweKviZ¡
Ges cwiYwZ‡Z gg©vwšÍK g„Zz¨| ejv n‡q _v‡K GwU DgvBqv hy‡Mi Kv‡qm bv‡g GK ZiæY Kwe I Zvi
PvPvZ †evb jvqjv Avj Avwgixi Agi †cÖgKvwnbx| G M‡íi DrcwË bR‡`i giæ A‡j| c‡i GwU
bR`, †nRvh Ges Zv‡q‡di MÖvg †_‡K MÖvgvšÍ‡i Qwo‡q c‡o| Kwe AZ¨šÍ ü`qMÖvnx K‡i GB
KvwnbxwU Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wgm‡ii ev`kvn dviæK‡K GwU Dcnvi †`b| c‡i Kvq‡iv kn‡i
me©cÖ_g GB bvU¨Kve¨wU gÂvwqZ nq|24
Kvgexh: Avngv` kvIKxi we‡qvMvšÍ bvU¨Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg n‡jv Kvgexh (قمثيز)| cvi‡m¨i mgªvU
Kvgexh Gi Kvwnbx Aej¤^b K‡i Kwe Avngv` kvIKx 1931 mv‡j bvU¨Kve¨wU iPbv K‡ib|25
wLª÷xq
lô kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K cvi‡m¨i mgªvU wQ‡jb Kvgexh| wZwb wgm‡ii mgªvU Avgvhx‡mi Kb¨v
wbdixZ‡K we‡qi cÖ¯Íve cvVvb, wKš‘ wbdixZ fxb‡`‡k we‡q Ki‡Z Am¤§wZ Ávcb K‡i| Kvgex‡hi
cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi m¤¢ve¨ fqven cwiYwZ Dcjwä K‡i wg‡mii c~e©eZ©x mgªvU Avevwiqv‡mi Kb¨v
wbwZZvm wb‡R‡K wbdixZ bvg aviY K‡i Kvgex‡hi ¯¿x wnmv‡e †mvc©` K‡i| cieZx©‡Z dvbxm bv‡g
wgmixq †mbvevwnbxi GK MÖxK †mbvcwZ GB we‡qi †Mvcb inm¨ Kvgex‡hi Kv‡Q duvm K‡i †`q| d‡j
Kvgexh AwMœkg©v n‡q wgmi AvµgY K‡ib Ges kn‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b exfrm aŸsmhÁ Pvjvb| wbdixZ
†Kvb Dcvq bv †c‡q AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i| G‡Z Kvgexh Av‡iv exfrm n‡q D‡Vb| wZwb wgmixq †Mv‡`eZv
Avexm‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| d‡j GK ch©v‡q wZwb gvbwmK fvimvg¨ nvwi‡q †d‡jb Ges AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib|
Gfv‡eB GB bvUKwUi hewbKvcvZ nq|26
ewY©Z KvwnbxwUB Av‡jvP¨ bvU¨Kv‡e¨i g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq,
hv wZbwU cwi‡”Q‡` mgvß n‡q‡Q| bvU¨Kve¨wUi gva¨‡g Kwe wgmixq RbM‡Yi g‡b RvZxqZv‡eva I
†`k‡cÖg RvwM‡q †Zvjvi †Póv K‡ib|27
ÔAvjx †eK Avj Kvexi: wgm‡ii HwZnvwmK welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ Avngv` kvIKxi Ab¨Zg GKwU
bvU¨Kve¨ n‡jv ÔAvjx †eK Avj Kvexi ( Kwe d«v‡Ý Ae¯’v‡bi mgq 1893 wLª÷v‡ã |(علي تك الكثيس
me©cÖ_g G bvU¨Kve¨wUi iPbvi Kv‡R g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib, wKš‘ wZwb Zv Amgvß †i‡L †`b| cieZx©‡Z
wZwb 1932 wLª÷v‡ã cwigvwR©Z K‡i GwU‡K bZzb Avw½‡K cÖKvk K‡ib| GwUI GKwU we‡qvMvšÍ
bvUK| 1770 wLª÷v‡ãi w`‡K wgm‡ii dzmZvZ, mv‡jwnq¨v, ÔDKv cÖf„wZ A‡j †h mKj HwZnvwmK
NUbv msNwUZ nq, ZviB Av‡jv‡K GB bvUKwU iwPZ nq| Gi g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq n‡jv, wgm‡ii
ZrKvjxb mgªvU Avjx †e‡Mi weiæ‡× we‡ ªvn Ges Zvi AšÍiv‡j GKwU †cÖ‡gi KíwPÎ| bvU¨Kve¨wU‡Z
HwZnvwmK NUbv web¨v‡mi cvkvcvwk KvíwbK †cÖg KvwnbxI wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q|28
Pwi‡Îi Dcw¯’wZ wKQzUv
ms‡KvwPZ K‡i bvU¨Kve¨wU‡K wZbwU cwi‡”Q‡` mgvß Kiv n‡q‡Q|29
kvIKx Zuvi G bvU¨Kv‡e¨
PgrKvi iPbv‣kjx Dc ’vcb K‡i‡Qb Ges bvU¨Kve¨wU wbg©v‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯v_©KZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb|30
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
144
ÔAvbZviv: cÖvPxb Avi‡ei HwZnvwmK Pwi·K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ kvIKxi Ab¨Zg bvU¨Kve¨ n‡jv
ÔAvbZviv (عنرسج)| GwU Avie¨ DcvL¨vb Aej¤^b K‡i iwPZ Zuvi wØZxq bvU¨Kve¨, Aviexq
DcvL¨v‡bi cÖ_g bvUK wQj gvRbyb jvqjv| ÔAvbZviv kvIKxi me©‡kl bvU¨Kve¨, hv Kwei g„Z yi ci
1932 mv‡j cÖKvk cvq| bvU¨Kve¨wUi g~j welq n‡jv, ÔAvbZviv Ges Zvi PvPvZ †evb ÔDejvi †cÖg
Kvwnbx| ÔAvbZviv wQj GKRb K…òKvq mvnmx ZiæY, †h ÔDejv‡K cÖPÛ fvjevmZ| †m Rxe‡b
mvnwmKZv I exi‡Z¡i A‡bK weij `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb K‡i| ÔDejvi wcZv Zvi exi‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ w`‡jI
K…òKvqZvi Kvi‡Y Z uvi mv‡_ †g‡qi we‡q w`‡Z m¤§Z nbwb| cieZx©‡Z ÔDejvi wcZv †g‡q‡K
Ab¨‡Î weevn w`‡Z †M‡j ÔAvbZviv AvµgY K‡i ÔDejv‡K wQwb‡q wb‡q Av‡m Ges Zv‡K we‡q
K‡i|31
kvIKx bvU¨Kve¨wUi g~j welqe ‘ wKZveyj AvMvbxmn mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ †_‡K msMÖn K‡i
Gi bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb|32
Kwe bvU¨Kve¨wU‡Z PwiÎ Dc¯’vc‡bi cvkcvwk nvm¨i‡mi ms‡hvRb K‡ib,
hv cvV‡Ki AvKl©Y e„wׇZ e¨vcK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Avm wmZ&Zz û`v: Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi GKgvÎ K‡gWxg~jK bvU¨Kve¨ Avm wmZ&Zz û`v (الضد هـدي)|
Kwei g„Zz¨i ci 1932 wLª÷v‡ã G bvU¨Kve¨wU cÖKvk cvq| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ bvU¨Kve¨¸‡jv HwZnvwmK
NUbv Aej¤^‡b iwPZ n‡jI G bvU¨Kve¨wU wgm‡ii mvgvwRK RxebwPÎ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| G‡Z wZwb
GKRb abeZx K…cYv gwnjvi Rxebv‡jL¨ A¼b K‡i‡Qb, †h wek¦vm KiZ A_© m¤ú`B gvby‡li Rxe‡b
me‡P‡q eo Aj¼vi, m¤ú‡`B gvby‡li myL| ZvB †m m¤ú‡`i cvnvo M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ wbišÍi cÖ‡Póv
Pvjvq| Ab¨w`‡K Pwj‡kvaŸ© eq‡mi AwaKvix n‡qI †m wb‡R‡K me©`v hyeZx wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z
PvBZ| †m bq Rb cyiæ‡li cvwY MÖnY K‡i hv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi fvjevmv Ges ü`¨Zv †c‡Z †P‡q‡Q,
wKš‘ †mB gwnjv Zv‡`i PwiÎ wb‡q Dcnvm KiZ Ges Zv‡`i‡K Zz”Q Kivi †Póv KiZ| wZwb GB
bvUKwUi iƒcKZvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri wKQz ÎæwUc~Y© w`K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb hv gvbe mgv‡R LyeB
AcÖZ¨vwkZ|33
bvU¨Kve¨wU wgm‡ii bvU¨g‡Â g¯’ Kiv nq| kvIKxi Ab¨vb¨ bvU¨Kve¨ mgv‡jvPbvi
m¤§yLxb n‡jI G bvU¨Kve¨wU mgv‡jvPbv †_‡K gy³ n‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q|34
msjvc I `„k¨¸‡jv LyeB
PgrKvifv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| G QvovI Kwe bvU¨Kve¨wU‡Z AZ¨šÍ mnR mvejxj fvlv e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb, hv cvVKe„‡›`i „wó AvKl©‡Y mnvqK n‡q‡Q|
M`¨ bvUK
Kwe Avngv` kvIKx Rxe‡bi †kl w`b¸‡jv‡Z G‡m bvU‡Ki cÖwZ AvMÖnx n‡q D‡Vb| g~jZ bvU¨Kv‡e¨i
cÖwZB wQj Zuvi cÖavb AvKl©Y| Z‡e wgmixq bvU¨Kvi‡`i bvU‡K AvÂwjK fvlvi e¨envi e„w× cvIqvq
wZwb mvay fvlvq M`¨ bvUK iPbv Kivi B”Qv †cvlY K‡ib| Z‡e wZwb GKwU gvÎ M`¨ bvUK Qvov
†Zgb †Kvb bvUK iPbv Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡ibwb| Zuvi GKgvÎ M`¨ bvUKwU n‡jv AvgxivZzj
Av›`vjym| GwU kvIKxi M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i me©‡kl wPý|
AvgxivZzj Av›`vjym: Avngv` kvIKx †¯ú‡b wbe©vm‡bi mg‡q AvgxivZzj Av›`vjym ( (أميسج الأندلش
bvUKwU iPbvi KvR ïiæ K‡ib, wKš‘ wZwb †m mgq Zv mgvß Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| cieZx©‡Z †`‡k wd‡i
Avmvi ci Rxe‡bi †kl w`b¸‡jv‡Z Zv mgvß Ki‡Z mÿg nb| bvUKwU 1932 mv‡j me© cÖ_g cÖKvk
cvq| †¯ú‡bi K‡W©vfv, †mwfj Ges gi‡°vi wKQz HwZnvwmK NUbv Aej¤^‡b GwU iwPZ nq| G‡Z `ywU
welq ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ Kwe GLv‡b †mwfj kvmK gyÔZvwg` Beb ÔAveŸv‡`i
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY AZtci ¶gZvPz¨wZ Ges wbe©vwmZ Rxe‡bi wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wØZxqZ GKwU
†cÖ‡gi NUbv‡K wZwb fvlv `vb K‡i‡Qb|35
Avi Zv n‡jv, kvmK gyÔZvwg` Beb ÔAveŸv‡`i Kb¨v
eymvqbv GKw`b cyiæl QÙ‡e‡k K‡W©vfv kn‡i †M‡j †mLv‡b GK ZiæY‡K wKQz eB wKb‡Z †`‡L †m
Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg©: ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb
145
Zvi mv‡_ K_v e‡j| QÙ‡e‡k ¯^í cwiP‡q eymvqbv hyeKwUi cÖwZ Abyi³ n‡q c‡o| cieZ©x‡Z
hyeKwUi †LuvR Lei wb‡q eymvqbv Rvb‡Z cv‡i †h, †mB ZiæYwU wewkó e¨emvqx Aveyj nvmv‡bi cyÎ
nvmm~b| Gici Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK Av‡jvPbv nq, Av‡jvPbvi GK ch©v‡q eymvqbv Zvi fvB‡qi nZ¨vi
cÖK…Z Lei Rvb‡Z cv‡i|36
Gw`‡K eymvqbvi wcZv gyÔZvwg` Beb AveŸv‡`i Rxe‡b ytL †b‡g Av‡m|
Zv‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z Kiv nq Ges Zvi cwievi‡K gi‡°v‡Z wbe©vmb †`qv nq| eymvqbv gi‡°vi GK
e¨w³i `vmx‡Z cwiYZ nq| nvmm~‡bi wcZv welqwU Rvb‡Z †c‡i eymvqbv‡K µq K‡i Zvi †Q‡ji
Kv‡Q wb‡q Av‡m, wKš‘ wcZvi m¤§wZ Qvov eymvqbv nvmm~b‡K we‡q Ki‡Z ivRx bv nIqvq Zviv mevB
eymvqbvi wcZvi Kv‡Q hvq Ges †mLv‡b Zv‡`i we‡q nq|37
bvUKwU‡Z cuvPwU cwi‡”Q` i‡q‡Q| kvIKx
bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ bv n‡jI wZwb bvUKwUi PwiÎMy‡jv my›`ifv‡e dzwU‡q †Zvjvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb,
we‡klK‡i bvUKwUi mgvcbx „k¨ PgrKvifv‡e wPÎvqb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| bvUK iPbvi †ÿ‡Î
Zuv‡K †kÖô bvU¨Kvi ejv bv †M‡jI ¯^v_©K bvU¨Kvi ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Dcb¨vm mvwnZ¨
Avngv` kvIKx ïa y GKRb Kwe ev bvU¨KviB wQ‡jb bv; eis wZwb GKRb weÁ Jcb¨vwmKI wQ‡jb|
Dcb¨vm mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi mdj wePiY †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| Z‡e Zuvi Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨i cÖfv‡e Zuvi iwPZ
Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨Kg© gvby‡li `„wói Avov‡j XvKv c‡o †M‡Q| Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i A‡bK M‡elK‡`i wbKU
Zuvi Dcb¨vm m¤ú‡K© ARvbv i‡q‡Q| A‡b‡Ki avibv Kwe Avngv` kvIKx ïay KweZvB iPbv K‡i‡Qb,
mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨vb¨ kvLv-cÖkvLv Z_v bvUK-Dcb¨vm wZwb iPbv K‡ibwb| kvIKx msµvšÍ G avibv fzj
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq, hLb Avgiv Zuvi iwPZ GKvwaK Dcb¨vm cÖKvwkZ Ae¯’vq †`L‡Z cvB| g~jZ
Zuvi cuvPwU HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv wZwb Rxe‡bi cÖ_g w`‡K iPbv K‡ib| wb‡¤œ †m¸‡jvi
weeiY Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
ÔAvhivDj wn›`: kvIKxi ÔAvhivDj wn›` ( ذزاء الهندـع ) GKwU weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm MÖš’| 1897 mv‡j
me©cÖ_g G MÖš’wU cÖKvwkZ nq|38
cÖvPxb wgm‡ii ivRv wØZxq ivgvwm‡mi fviZ weR‡qi HwZnvwmK
NUbv Ges Zuvi cyÎ Avkxg Gi mv‡_ fvi‡Zi ÿgZvcÖvß kvmbKZ©v `vnwb‡mi Kb¨v ÔAvhivi †cÖg‡K
†K›`ª K‡i GB Dcb¨vmwU iwPZ nq| Dcb¨vmwU‡Z wZbwU Aa¨vq i‡q‡Q, cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡q Avevi
K‡qKwU cwi‡”Q` i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q fvi‡Z msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, wØZxq
Aa¨v‡q gvbwdm (cÖvPxb wgm‡ii cÖ_g ivRavbx) kn‡i msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q,
Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q Zvqevn (dvivD hy‡Mi ivRavbx) kn‡i msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Dcb¨vmwU GKwU we‡qvMvšÍ Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwUi †kl `„‡k¨ Avkxg ÔAvhivi PvPv‡Zv fvB QviQvi
KZ©„K wbnZ nq Ges ÔAvhiv bxjb‡` Svc w`‡q AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i|39
G‡Z HwZnvwmK NUbv¸‡jvi
avivevwnKZvi mv‡_ Z uvi fve-Kíbv Ges Av‡e‡Mi mswgkªY N‡U‡Q| PwiÎ wPÎvqb Ges cwi‡ek
cwicvwk¦©KZvi †h eY©bv wZwb w`‡q‡Qb Zv AwZ PgrKvi|40
jvw`qvm: Avngv` kvIKx wgm‡ii cÖvPxb BwZnvm-HwZn¨ wb‡q wZwb †h mg Í KweZv, bvUK, Dcb¨vm
iPbv K‡i‡Qb, jvw`qvm (لادياس) Dcb¨vmwU †m avivevwnKZviB GKwU Ask|41
Dcb¨vmwU‡Z kvIKx
MÖxK ivRv eyjwKivZ Gi Kb¨v jvw`qvm I wgmixq •mb¨ nvgvm Gi †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Qb| Dciš‘ wØZxq evmgvwZ‡Ki cieZ©x wgmixq dvivD (mgªvU) Avevwiqv‡mi kvmbvg‡j wgm‡ii
wPÎ A¼b Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|42
G Dcb¨vmwU 1898 mv‡j me©cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq|43
eZ©gv‡b
Kvq‡ivi gyAvmmvmvZz wn›`vex wjZ Zvjxg Iqvm mvKvdvn cÖKvkbx 2012 mv‡j Dcb¨vmwU cÖKvk
K‡i| Dcb¨vmwU yÕwU Aa¨v‡q wef³, cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q MÖx‡K msNwUZ NUbvejx‡K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
146
Ges wØZxq Aa¨v‡q wgm‡i msNwUZ NUbvejx‡K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| jvw`qvm GKwU wgjbvZ¥K
Dcb¨vm| jvw`qv‡mi wcZv Zuvi Kb¨vi weev‡ni e¨vcv‡i cv‡Îi Rb¨ wKQz kZ© cÖ`vb K‡i, †h¸‡jv
nvgvm c~iY Ki‡Z mÿg nq| d‡j Dcb¨v‡mi mgvcbx „‡k¨ jvw`qvm I nvgv‡mi weevn Drme †`L‡Z
cvIqv hvq|44
kvIKx AZ¨šÍ hZœmnKv‡i Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib Ges HwZnvwmK NUbvejxi weeiY
Zz‡j a‡ib| GwU Zuvi ¯v_©K Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e cvVK gn‡j L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i|
`vj Iqv ZxBgvb: RR© Bewim KZ…©K iwPZ Iqvi`vZz wgmi Dcb¨vmwUi Av‡jv‡K Avngv` kvIKx `vj
Iqv ZxBgvb ( (دل وذيمان Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib|45
G Dcb¨vmwU g~jZ jvw`qvm Dcb¨v‡mi
Aewkóvsk| kvIKx 1899 wLª÷vã †_‡K ’vbxq cwÎKvq Dcb¨vmwU wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡ib I 1900
wLª÷v‡ã Zv mgvß K‡ib| Dcb¨vmwU cy¯ÍK AvKv‡i Kwei RxeÏkvq cÖKvwkZ nqwb; ies Zv `xN© w`b
AcÖKvwkZ _v‡K|46
Dcb¨vmwU‡Z cqwÎkwU cwi‡”Q` Av‡Q| Dcb¨vmwU‡Z kvIKx cÖvPxb wgm‡ii
ÿgZvP¨yZ ivRv Avewiqv‡mi Kb¨v `vj (bvZxZvm) Gi mv‡_ cÖvmv` cÖnix ZxBgv‡bi †cÖ‡gi NUbv
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|47
GwU GKwU we‡qvMvZ¥K Dcb¨vm| cvim¨ m¤ªvU Kvgexh ZrKvjxb wgmixq m¤ªvU
Avgvhxm Gi Kb¨v‡K weev‡ni cÖ¯Íve cvVvb| Avgvhxm Kb¨v Kvgex‡hi G cÖ¯Ív‡e ivwR bv nIqvq
Avevwiqv‡mi Kb¨v `vj‡K Kvgex‡hi Rb¨ wba©viY Kiv nq| †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv iÿv‡_© `vj Zvi †cÖg‡K
DrmM© K‡i cvim¨ m¤ªvU Kvgexh‡K weevn K‡i| MÖxK †mbvcwZ dvwb‡mi Pµv‡šÍi Kvi‡Y cvim¨ m¤ªvU
Kvgexh welqwU eyS‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j wZwb wgmi `Lj Ki‡Z Avm‡j wgmixq •mb¨ evwnbxi mv‡_ hy×
msNwUZ nq, hy‡× `vj I ZxBgvb wbnZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z KvgexhI AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| kvIKx G
Dcb¨v‡m ÿgZv `LjKvix wgmixq m¤ªvU Avgvhxm Gi kvmbvg‡j wgm‡i MÖxK‡`i cÖfve I wgm‡ii
mvwe©K Ae¯’v Zz‡j a‡ib Ges †`k iÿv‡_© `vj †h Ae`vb †i‡LwQj, Zv my¯úófv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
Dcb¨vmwU wgm‡ii RvZxq RvMi‡Y AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
IivKvZzj Avm&: Avngv` kvIKx iwPZ Dcb¨v‡mi g‡a¨ IivKvZzj Avm (وزقح الآس) & GKwU cÖwm×
Dcb¨vm| 1905 wLª÷v‡ã kvIKx Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib|48
Bmjvg c~e© cÖvPxb cvim¨ mgªvU mve~‡ii
kvmbvg‡ji GKwU weL¨vZ NUbv‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i GwU iwPZ nq|49
Biv‡K Aew¯’Z nv`i50
A‡ji
ivRv hxhvb cvim¨ mgªvU mve~i KZ©„K Aeiæ× nb| GgZve¯’vq hxhv‡bi Kb¨v bv`xiv mve~‡ii †cÖ‡g
c‡o hvq| d‡j wcZvi K_v Agvb¨ K‡i I †`‡ki cÖwZ wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i Zvi mv‡_ weevn e܇b
Ave× nq| we‡qi ci †m cybivq Zvi †QvU fvB Avi`vkx‡ii †cÖ‡g c‡o, wKš‘ †m Zvi †cÖ‡gi cÖ¯Íve
cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i| bv`xiv Gi cÖwZ‡kva †bqvi Rb¨ Avi`vkx‡ii weiæ‡× loh‡š¿i gva¨‡g mve~‡ii wbKU
Awf‡hvM Dc ’vcb K‡i| d‡j mve~i Zv‡K nZ¨vi Avmvgx wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í K‡ib| Dcb¨v‡mi †kl
`„‡k¨ bv`xivi lohš¿ cÖKvk cvq Ges †m †`vlx mve¨¯Í nq| m¤ªvU mve~i bv`xivi Aciva mn¨ Ki‡Z
bv †c‡i Zv‡K nZ¨vi wb‡`©k †`b|51
kvIKx `kwU cwi‡”Q‡` Dcb¨vmwUi Mí mgvß K‡ib| Avie
RbM‡Yi gv‡S G Dcb¨vmwU e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i| PwiÎ wPÎvqb, Kvwnbx web¨vm Ges fve-
Kíbvi my›`i cÖKvk GB Dcb¨vmwU‡K h‡_ó mv_©K K‡i‡Q|52
kvqZvby webZvDi: webZvDi cÖvPxb wgm‡ii GKRb cÖwm× Kwe| kvqZvby webZvDi (شيطان تنراؤوز) Gi A_© n‡jv webZvD‡ii •`Z¨| (Avieiv g‡b KiZ cÖ‡Z¨K Kwe‡`i wbKU GKwU K‡i •`Z¨ _v‡K,
†h KweZvi K_v¸‡jv Zvi g‡b †X‡j †`q|) Dcb¨vmwU 1901 mv‡j me©cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq|53
GwU
c‡biwU cwi‡”Q` wb‡q MwVZ| Dcb¨vmwU‡Z †`Lv‡bv nq †h, webZvD‡ii •`Z¨ I kvIKxi •`Z¨ cvwLi
iƒc wb‡q GKwU ’v‡b wgwjZ nIqvi ci G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ cwiPq nq| cieZx©‡Z Zv‡`i G
Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg©: ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb
147
AvjvcPvwiZv `xN© w`b a‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K| g~jZ G yÕwU cvwLi Av‡jvPbv‡K †K› ª K‡i Dcb¨vmwU
iwPZ| kvIKx G Dcb¨v‡m cÖvPxb I AvaywbK wgm‡ii ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, •bwZK, mvs¯‥…wZK Ae¯’v
cvV‡Ki mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡ib| mv‡_ mv‡_ wZwb mgv‡R mvwnZ¨ I mvwnwZ¨K‡`i ¸iZ¡ Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
cÖeÜ mvwnZ¨
Avngv` kvIKx GKRb hyM m‡PZb e¨w³ wQ‡jb| mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK ØvwqZ¡‡eva Zv‡K mgvR,
ivóª, kvmbe¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© MYm‡PZbZv M‡o Zzj‡Z DØy× K‡i| G MYm‡PZbZv wZwb kyay KweZv
Dcb¨v‡mi g‡a¨B mxgve× iv‡Lbwb; eis wZwb mgvR, ivóª, ivRbxwZ, †`k‡cÖg BZ¨vw` wel‡q cÖeÜ
iPbv K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi cÖe‡Ü Ggb DbœZ iPbv‣kjx I fvlv e¨envi K‡ib †h Zv Avie fvlvfvwl
†jvK‡`i wbKU mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU D¾¡j „óvšÍ n‡q i‡q‡Q| Zuvi cÖeܸ‡jv GKwU MÖ‡š’ msKjb Kiv
nq, hv AvmIqvKzh hvnve wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq|
AvmIqvKzh hvnve: Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi mvgvwRK cÖeܸ‡jvi msKjb MÖš’ n‡jv AvmIqvKzh hvnve
( |mv‡j msKjb MÖš’wU cÖKvwkZ nq 1932 |(أصىاق الرهة54
GB cÖeܸ‡jv‡Z AmsL¨ welq
mwbœ‡ewkZ nq| GB MÖš’wUi f~wgKvq Kwe kvIKx e‡jb, GwU cÖeÜ mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU w`MšÍ| GB MÖš’wUi
bvg Avjøvgv hvgvLkvixi AvZIqvKzh hvnve A_ev Aveyj dvivR B¯úvnvbxi AvZevKzh hvnve Gi gZ
n‡jI Gi wewfbœgyLx Kj¨v‡Yi K_v wPšÍv K‡i Gi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q AvmIqvKzh hvnve| G‡Z Zuvi
Rb¥f~wg wgmi, wgm‡ii ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg, my‡qR Lvj, wcivwgW cÖf„wZ wel‡q A‡bK cÖeÜ i‡q‡Q|
GQvov G‡Z Zuvi e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv wk¶Yxq welq Ges AwfÁZvi eY©bv i‡q‡Q|55
Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg© g~j¨vqb
Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi iPbvmg‡MÖi wekvjZv †`‡LB mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z Zuvi gh©v`v Dcjwä Kiv hvq| wZwb
AvaywbK hy‡Mi Avie Kwe m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ GKRb †kªô Kwe| mvwn‡Z¨ wZwb †hgb Avie ixwZ-HwZn¨
†g‡b P‡j‡Qb †Zgwb welqe ‘ wba©viY, fve-fvlv Ges Kíbv web¨v‡m AvaywbKZvi my¯úó cÖevn m„wó
K‡i‡Qb| AwaKš‘ Aviex Kve¨v½‡b wZwb bvU¨aviv‡K mg„× Ges mycÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi kw³kvjx
eY©bvixwZ, mvejxj I MwZkxj fvlvi d‡j Aviex KweZv AvaywbK we‡k¦ DbœZ I mg„× Kve¨v½b
wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i mgv‡jvPKMY G wel‡q cÖvq GKgZ †h, Kwe Avngv`
kvIKx Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i †M․i‡ev¾¡j BwZnv‡m nvRvi eQ‡ii †kªô mšÍvb| Kwe gyZvbveŸxi c‡i Aviex
Kve¨ RM‡Z †h ïY¨Zvi m„wó n‡qwQj mg‡qi e¨eav‡b Kwe kvIKxi Rb¥ †mB ïY¨Zv‡K eûjvs‡k c~Y©
K‡i †`q|56
gvbyl mgv‡jvPbvi E‡aŸ© bq, ZvB Kwe mgªvU Avngv` kvIKxI mgv‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb| AveŸvm
gvng~` Avj Av°v`, BmgvCj gvhnve, gvng~` Avj Avmgvi, gv‡hbx cÖgyL cwÐZeM© Avngv` kvIKxi
Kwe mË¡v wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb Ges Zuvi wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|57
Z_vwc
Avngv` kvIKx hyM †kªô Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K| mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZwU A½‡bB wQj Zuvi mdj c`PviYv| wZwb
Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ K¬vwmK¨vj avivi mv‡_ AvaywbK avivi mgšq mvab K‡i Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i †M․i‡ev¾¡j
BwZnvm‡K †hgb mgwngvq my‡MÖvw_Z K‡i‡Qb, †Zgwb wek¦ mvwn‡Z¨i `iev‡i Aviex mvwnZ¨‡K gh©v`vi
Avm‡b AwawôZ K‡i‡Qb|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
148
Avngv` kvIKx GKRb AbymÜvb wcÖq Kwe| wZwb wgmimn Avie we‡k¦i BwZnvm-HwZn¨ wb‡q †hgb
M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb, †m¸‡jv‡K AwZ h‡Zœ Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨i welqe¯‘ evwb‡q‡Qb, †Zgwb iPbv‣kjx
wba©vi‡YI wZwb cÖvPxb Avie Kwe‡`i HwZn¨ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| cÖksmvMxwZ, †kvKMuv_v, †cÖgMuv_v
BZ¨vw`‡Z wZwb h‡_ó ¯v_©KZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb|58
Zuvi KweZvi fvlv AZ¨šÍ mnR-mij, cÖvÄj I
mvejxj, AwaKš‘ Zv kÖæwZgayi I ü`qMÖvnx| GQvov my›`i wPÎKí, my² Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ, MxwZgqZv I
Q‡›`i myjwjZ SsKvi cÖf…wZ Zuvi KweZv‡K Acwi‡gq gvayh© `vb K‡i‡Q| wZwb k㸇jv‡K Ggbfv‡e
G‡Ki ci GK my›`i I Awfbe c×wZ‡Z mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡ib †h, g‡b nq wZwb GKwU myD”P myig¨
cÖvmv` wbg©vb K‡i‡Qb| kã Pq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zuvi AwfiæwP eviæ`xi AwfiæwPi cÖvq KvQvKvwQ Ges
nvwd‡hi AwfiæwPi †P‡q wKQzUv DbœZ|59
G †ÿ‡Î Avgiv kvIKx‡K ev½vjx Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii
mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi| kvIKxi KweZvi Q›` I my‡ii Ac~e© jvwjZ¨ Zuvi mgKvjxb Kwe‡`i †P‡q
A‡bKLvwb gbgy»Ki I AvKl©Yxq| G Rb¨ Zuvi A‡bK KweZv mgKvjxb cÖwm× MvqK I MvwqKv‡`i
wbKU mgv`i jvf Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| ZrKvjxb wgm‡ii RbwcÖq MvqK Avãyj Iqvnve I cÖwm× KÚwkíx
D‡¤§ Kzjmyg Zuvi KweZvq myi Ges KÚ cÖ`vb K‡ib| ïay kã I Q›`B bq, fv‡ei w`K †_‡KI kvIKx
A‡bK mgKvjxb Kwe‡`i †P‡q GwM‡q i‡q‡Qb| wZwb wewfbœ Dcgv I iƒcKvj¼vi Øviv KweZvi †kvfv
ea©b K‡ib|60
Avngv` kvIKxi Kve¨cÖwZfv I mvwnZ¨PP©v ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j G K_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, wZwb
AvaywbK Aviex Kv‡e¨i c¯ͤ¢ (gvngy` mvgx eviæ`x, BmgvCj meix, Avngv` kvIKx, nvwdh
Beivnxg, Ljxj gyZivb) Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg Kwe| Zuvi Abb¨ mvaviY Kve¨PP©v I Abycg mvwnZ¨K‡g©i
d‡j AvaywbK Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ GK †i‡bmuvi Afz¨`q nq Ges Aviex Kv‡e¨ mywPZ nq GK bZzb aviv|
Zuvi AvaywbKvqb Aviex Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨ GK bZyb cÖv‡Yi mÂvi K‡i| Zuvi DbœZ fveaviv, AvaywbK
welqe ‘i AeZviYv, AvKl©Yxq iPbv‣kjx, RbM‡Yi gv‡S RvZxq †PZbvi RvMiY BZ¨vw` wel‡qi
Rb¨ AwaKvsk mgv‡jvPK G K_vi ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib †h, Avngv` kvIKx AvaywbK Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i
GK we¯§qKi cÖwZfv I †kÖô Kwe|
Dcmsnvi
Avngv` kvIKx AvaywbK hy‡Mi GKRb wgmixq Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K| wZwb Bmjvgx wkÿv MÖn‡Yi
cvkvcvwk cvðvZ¨ wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM cvb Ges BD‡ivcxq mvwnZ¨-ms¯‥…wZi Dci Mfxi Ávb AR©b
K‡ib| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i mgq wZwb †¯ú‡b wbev©wmZ nb Ges `xN© mgq †mLv‡b Ae¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g
Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i bvbv w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nb| hy× mgvwßi ci wZwb †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb Ges
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZwU A½‡b wePiY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| cÖvPxb wgmi, BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi ~j©f BwZnvm-
HwZn¨ wZwb Luy‡R †ei K‡ib| Bs‡iRx Ges divmx mvwnZ¨ wZwb Mfxifv‡e Aa¨qb K‡ib| GB
Aa¨emvq Avi AbymÜv‡bi welq¸‡jv‡K wZwb Zuvi mvwn‡Z¨i mvgMÖx K‡ib| DbœZ fveaviv I my›`i
KvVv‡gv Zuvi mvwnZ¨‡K †kªô‡Z¡i gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg© ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j cÖZxqgvb
nq †h, wZwb AmvaviY cvwЇZ¨i AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi `yj©f cÖwZfvi gva¨‡g Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i
weKv‡k †ek wKQz hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib, hv Aviex fvlv I mvwnZ¨‡K wek¦ mvwnZ¨ `iev‡i
¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z weivU f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Aviex Kv‡e¨i AvaywbKvqb I Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi e¨vcK
Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb Avie fvlvfvwl †jvKRbmn mKj mvwnZ¨‡cÖgx‡`i wbKU ¯^ibxq n‡q _vK‡eb|
Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg©: ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb
149
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj Rxj, Z„Zxq ms¯‥iY, 1988 wLª.), c„. 273; LvqiæÏxb
Avh whivKjx, Avj AvÔjvg, 1g LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj Bjg wjjgvjvqxb, cÂg ms¯‥iY, 2002 wLª.), c„. 136; Dgvi
wihv Kvnnvjv, gyÔRvgyj gyqvwjødxb, 1g LÐ (•eiæZ: gyqvmmvmvZzi wimvjvn, ms: we:, 1993 wLª.), c„. 153|
2. Avngv` Avj nvwkgx, RvIqvwniæj Av`ve, 2q LÐ (•eiæZ: gyAvmmvZZz ZvwiwLj Avivex, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, Zv: we:), c„.
255; Dgvi dvi&iƒL, Avngv` kvIKx Avgxiæk ïÔAviv wdj Avmwij nv`xQ (•eiæZ: gvKZvevZz gvqgvbvn, wØZxq
ms¯‥iY, 1950 wLª.), c„. 5|
3. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 273|
4. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj Avmwij nv`xQ (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid, Øv`k ms¯‥iY, 1953 wLª.), c„. 13|
5. BDmyd ÔAvZv Zzivqdx, Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Avngv` kvIKx: nvqvZzû Iqv wkÔiæû (ÔAv¤§vb: Avj Avnwjqv wjb bvkwi
IqvZ ZvIwhÔ, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 2009 wLª.), c„. 12|
6. nvbœv Avj dvL~ix, Avj Rvwg wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex-Avj Av`veyj nv`xQ (•eiæZ: `viæj Rxj, ms: we:, 1995
wLª.), c„. 438-439; W. Avng` Avjx, AvaywbK Aviex Kv‡e¨i BwZnvm, 1g LÐ (PÆMÖvg: Avj AvwKe cÖKvkbx, cÖ_g
ms¯‥iY, 2004 wLª.), c„. 169|
7. Dgvi dviiƒL, Avngv` kvIKx Avgxiæk ïÔAviv wdj Avmwij nv`xQ c„. 7; Avngv` Avj BmKvb`vix I Ab¨vb¨, Avj
gydvm&mvj wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex (•eiæZ: Bn&BqvDj Dj~g, ms: we:, 1994 wLª.), c„. 571; nvbœv Avj dvL~ix,
Avj Rvwg wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex-Avj Av`veyj nv`xQ, c„. 439.
8. gynv¤§v` BDmyd †Kv‡Kb, AvÔjvgyb bvQi Iqvk& wkÔi wdj Avmwij Avivex Avj nv`xQ, 1g LÐ (gv`ªvR: nvwdhv nvDm,
ms: we:, 1980 wLª.), c„. 280|
9. W. Avng` Avjx, AvaywbK Aviex Kv‡e¨i BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 170|
10. Avngv` KvweŸk, ZvwiLyk wkÔwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ (•eiæZ: `viæj Rxj, ms: we:, 1871 wLª.), c„. 75|
11. gynv¤§` ûmvqb nvqKvj: gynv¤§` ûmvqb nvqKvj (1888-1956) GKRb wgmixq Kwe, †jLK, Jcb¨vwmK, BwZnvmwe`
Ges ivRbxwZwe`| wZwb 1888 mv‡j wgm‡i Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Kvq‡iv‡Z †µwWf j ¯‥y‡j AvBb Aa¨qb K‡ib
Ges 1909 mv‡j G cÖwZôvb †_‡K mœvZK wWMÖx jvf K‡ib| AZ:ci wZwb 1912 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi mi‡evb wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K W±‡iU wWMÖx jvf K‡ib| wZwb Avn‡g` jyrdx Avj mvC‡`i Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb| G QvovI wZwb wZwb †kL
†gvnv¤§` Ave`yn, Kvwmg Avwgb I Ab¨vb¨ wgmixq ivRbxwZwe` Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb| wZwb 1945 mv‡j Avie jx‡Mi
PvU©v‡i ¯^v¶wiZ †m․w` Avie‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib Ges RvwZms‡Ni GKvwaKevi wgmixq cÖwZwbwa`‡ji †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb
K‡ib| wZwb `k©b, BwZnvm I mvwnZ¨ welq wb‡q †hgb KvR K‡ib, †Zgwb wZwb GKB mg‡q AvaywbK wgm‡i
Rbmvavi‡Yi ivR‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib Ges ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖv‡g Ask MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 8
wW‡m¤^i, 1956 mv‡j 68 eQi eq‡m wgm‡ii Kvq‡iv kn‡i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
`ªóe¨: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal (jM Bb ZvwiL: 25-02-2019
wLª.)
12. Avngv` kvIKx, Avk kvIwKqvZ, 1g LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj KzZze Avj Bjwgq¨vn, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 2001 wLª.), f~wgKv
Ask|
13. Avngv` KvweŸk, ZvwiLyk wkÔwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ, c„. 75|
14. Z‡`e|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
150
15
. nvbœv Avj dvL~ix, Avj Rvwg wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex-Avj Av`veyj nv`xQ (•eiæZ: `viæj Rxj, ms: we:, 1995
wLª.), c„. 441|
16. gynv¤§v` BDmyd †Kv‡Kb, AvÔjvgyb bvQi Iqvk& wkÔi wdj Avmwij Avivex Avj nv`xQ, 1g LÐ, c„. 290|
17. Avngv` kvIKx, Avk kvIwKqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 197|
18. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 316|
19. wK¬I‡cUªvi Rxebv‡jL¨‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i AmsL¨ Kvwnbx, KweZv, bvUK Ges Dcb¨vm iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GKwU cwimsL¨vb
g‡Z †Kej d«v‡ÝB c‡biwU bvUK iwPZ nq| Bs‡iRx‡Z cÖvq QqwU, BUvjx fvlvq PviwU| GQvov we‡k¦i AviI Ab¨vb¨
fvlvq GB Kvwnbx‡K Aej¤^b K‡i bvUK iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi gvmivÔD KvwjDevZiv bvU¨Kve¨wU G
avivevwnKZviB GKwU Ask Ges G RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨ Aviex fvlvi gyLcÎ|
`ªóe¨: W. Avngv` nvqKvj, Avj-Av`veyj Kvmvmx Iqvj gvmivnx wd wgmi (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid, PZz_© ms¯‥iY,
1983 wLª.), c„. 308|
20. BDmyd ÔAvZv Zzivqdx, Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Avngv` kvIKx: nvqvZzû Iqv wkÔiæû, c„. 56|
21. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 317-327|
22. Avngv` KvweŸk, ZvwiLyk wkÔwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ, c„. 84|
23. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj ÔAvmwij nv`xQ, c„. 227|
24. W. Avngv` nvqKvj, Avj Av`veyj Kvmvmx Iqvj gvmivnx wd wgmi, c„. 327-337|
25. W. Avãyj gvRx` Avj ûi, Avngv` kvIKx: Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Iqv bvMvwgj jvnwb Iqvj wMbv (‣eiæZ: `viæj KzZzeyj
Bjwgq¨vn, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 1992 wLª.), c„. 187|
26. gynv¤§v` BDmyd †Kv‡Kb, AvÔjvgyb bvQi Iqvk& wkÔi wdj Avmwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ, 1g LÐ, c„. 288; eyZiæm
Avj-ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 337-340|
27. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj Avmwij nv`xQ, c„. 202|
28. ÔDgvi Av`& `vm~Kx, Avj gvmivwnqv (Kvq‡iv: `viæj wdKi Avj ÔAvivex, ms: we:, 1998 wLª.), c„. 44; W. gynv¤§v`
BDmyd bvRg, Avj gvmivwnqvZz wdj Av`vwej ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ (•eiæZ: `viy mvw`i, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 1999 wLª.),
c„. 302-309|
29. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj ÔAvmwij nv`xQ, c„. 215|
30. Z‡`e|
31. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 344-346; W. Avngv` nvqKvj, Avj Av`veyj Kvmvmx Iqvj
gvmivnx wd wgmi, c„. 337|
32. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvÔwqiæj Avmwij nv`xQ, c„. 247|
33. W. Avãyj gvRx` Avj ûi, Avngv` kvIKx: Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Iqv bvMvwgj jvnwb Iqvj wMbv, c„. 188|
34. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj Avmwij nv`xQ, c„. 247|
35. W. Avãyj gvRx` Avj ûi, Avngv` kvIKx: Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Iqv bvMvwgj jvnwb Iqvj wMbv, c„. 187|
36. Avngv` kvIKx, AvgxivZzj Av›`vjym (Kvq‡iv: gvZevqvn `viæj KzZze Avj wgmwiq¨vn, ms: we:, 1932 wLª.), c„. 157;
eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 342-344|
Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg©: ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb
151
37
. W. Avngv` nvqKvj, Avj Av`veyj Kvmvmx Iqvj gvmivnx wd wgmi, c„. 347-358|
38. W. gynv¤§v` dRjyi ingvb, Avie gbxlv (XvKv: wiqv` cÖKvkbx, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, 2012 wLª.), c„. 92|
39. AvQxj Avãyj Iqvnve, Avngv` kvIKx: w`ivmvZzb wd AvÔgvwjwni wiIqvq¨vn (wdwjw¯Íb: Avb bvRvn RvZxq
wek¦we`¨vjq, gvóvm© w_wmm, 2010 wLª.) c„. 37|
40. nvbœv Avj dvL~ix, Avj Rvwg wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex Avj Av`veyj nv`xQ, c„. 441|
41. ªóe¨: Avngv` kvIKx, jvw`qvm, Kvq‡iv: gyAvmmvmvZz wn›`vex wjZ Zvjxg IqvQ wQKvdvn, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 2012 wLª.|
42. Avngv` KvweŸk, ZvwiLyk wkÔwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ, c„. 76|
43. W. gynv¤§v` dRjyi ingvb, Avie gbxlv, c„. 92|
44. AvQxj Avãyj Iqvnve, Avngv` kvIKx: w`ivmvZzb wd AvÔgvwjwni wiIqvq¨vn, c„. 43|
45. Z‡`e, c„. 51|
46. gynv¤§v` mveix Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi AcÖKwkZ iPbv¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Avk kvIwKqvZzj gvRûjvn wk‡ivbv‡g
GKwU MÖš’ cÖKvk K‡ib| wZwb †m MÖ‡š’ G Dcb¨v‡mi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
`ªóe¨: AvQxj Avãyj Iqvnve, Avngv` kvIKx: w`ivmvZzb wd AvÔgvwjwni wiIqvq¨vn, c„. 51|
47. ªóe¨: Avngv` kvIKx, `vj Iqv ZxBgvb, Kvq‡iv: Avj gvRwjmyj AvÔjv wjb bvki, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 2007 wLª.|
48. AvQxj Avãyj Iqvnve, Avngv` kvIKx: w`ivmvZzb wd AvÔgvwjwni wiIqvq¨vn, c„. 60|
49. W. Avng` Avjx, AvaywbK Aviex Kv‡e¨i BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 171|
50. nv`i: Biv‡Ki wbbvIqv cÖ‡`‡ki Ges Avj Kv‡ib A‡ji GKwU cÖvPxb kni| evsjv fvlvq G AÂj‡K nvÎv Aviex
fvlvq الحضس Ges Bs‡iRx fvlvq Hadr ejv nq| bvgwU cÖvPxb cyuw_‡Z cvIqv hvq Ges GUv cvi‡m¨i Lvfviv‡bi
cÖ‡`k wQ‡jv| kniwU evM`v‡`i 290 wKwg (180 gv) DËi-cwð‡g Ges gï‡ji 110 wKwg (68 gv) `w¶Y-cwð‡g
Aew¯’Z| nv`i (nvÎv) m¤¢eZ Z…Zxq ev wØZxq wLª÷c~e©v‡ã †m‡jwK mv¤ªvR¨ KZ©…K wbwg©Z nq| cieZ©x‡Z cvw_©qvb
mv¤ªvR¨ GUv `Lj K‡i †bq| cÖ_g I wØZxq kZvãx‡Z GUv ag© I e¨emvi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e weKwkZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z
kniwU m¤¢eZ cÖ_g Avie mv¤ªv‡R¨i ivRavbx n‡q D‡V| nv`i †_‡K kvwmZ AÂj Avie ivR¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ cvq, hv
Avie ivRcyÎ KZ©…K cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| nv`i AwP‡iB GKwU myiw¶Z `yM© kn‡i cwiYZ nq Ges †ivgvb mvgv‡R¨i
evievi Kiv AvµgY iæ‡L w`‡Z _v‡K| wØZxq cvw_©qvb hy‡× kniwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jv| 238 wLª÷v‡ã
nvÎv kvnivhyi hy‡× Bivbx‡`i civwRZ K‡i, wKš‘ 241 wLª÷v‡ã Bivwb mvmvwbq m¤ªvU cÖ_g kvcy‡ii Kv‡Q civwRZ
nq| HwZn¨gqx Mí¸‡jv‡Z nv`i A‡ji cZb m¤ú‡K© ejv nq Avie ivRvi Kb¨v bvw`iv wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i kniwU
kvcyy‡ii nv‡Z Zy‡j †`q| MíwU‡Z ejv nq, kvcyi nv`i A‡ji ivRv‡K nZ¨v K‡i bvw`iv †K weevn K‡i, wKš‘
cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡KI nZ¨v K‡i|
`ªóe¨: https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/nvÎv (jM Bb ZvwiL: 25-02-2019 wLª.)
51. AvQxj Avãyj Iqvnve, Avngv` kvIKx: w`ivmvZzb wd AvÔgvwjwni wiIqvq¨vn, c„. 62|
52. Z‡`e, c„. 63-64|
53. Z‡`e, c„. 65|
54. W. Avng` Avjx, AvaywbK Aviex Kv‡e¨i BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 171|
55. ÔDgvi `vm~Kx, bvkAvZzb bvQi Avj nv`xQ Iqv ZvZvDqviæû (Kvq‡iv: `viæj wdKi Avj ÔAvivex, ms: we:, 2007
wLª.), c„. 131-132|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
152
56
. W. gvng~` kIKZ I W. ivRv C`, gyKvIqvgvZzk& wkÔwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ Iqvj gyÔqvwmi (Kvq‡iv: `viæj wdKi
Avj ÔAvivex, ms: we:, 1975 wLª.), c„. 131-132|
57. W. gynv¤§v` Avj KvZ&Zvex, Avm wmivD evqbvj Kv`xg Iqvj Rv`x` wdj Av`vwej ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ, 2q LÐ
(Kvq‡iv: `viæm mvKvdv, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 1982 wLª.), c„. 972; gynv¤§v` BDmyd †Kv‡Kb, AvÔjvgyb bvQi Iqvk& wkÔi
wdj Avmwij Avivex Avj nv`xQ, 1g LÐ, c„. 273-274|
58. Avngv` Avj BmKvb`vix I Ab¨vb¨, Avj gydvm&mvj wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex, c„. 576|
59. W. Avng` Avjx, AvaywbK Aviex Kv‡e¨i BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 174|
60. Z‡`e|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
W. †gvt gwZDi ingvb
Abstract: Al-Hadith is the second source of Islami shariah. Its place is just after the
Quran. Generally what Prophet Muhammad (Sm) did, said and asked people to do are
Hadith. However, the teachings and sayings of his Sahabi and Tabeyi are also called
Hadith. In this article, Hadith refers to the teachings/ sayings of the Prophet Muhammad
(Sm). The language of the Prophet was very lucid. His choice of words and style of
expression is very good and praiseworthy. He talked in simple language directly. He
avoided difficult words and reduntant things in his talk. He talked to people in a mild
tone with a smiling face. The prof of all those things is found in the Hadith. One must
have the language about rhetoric it one wants to understand the rhetoric of the Hadith. In
Arabic, this rhetoric is of two kinds: semantic and metaphorical. According to Arabic
metaphorical uses if language becomes metaphoric due to words it is called metaphor.
An Arabic metaphoric uses has some specific rules. This article attempts to analyze the
ornaments of language of Al-Hadith by referring to some important rules and their
applications in the Hadith.
f‚wgKv
Avj-nv`xQ k‡ãi A_© A‡bK e¨vcK Ges Gi cwiwaI A‡bK we¯Í…Z| GLv‡b nv`xQ ej‡Z GKKfv‡e
ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYx‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ivm~j (mv.) Gi fvlv wQj AZ¨šÍ wgwó I mygayi| wZwb
cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ K_v ej‡Zb bv| Aí K_vB †ekx fve cÖKvk Ki‡Zb; GRb¨ Zuv‡K
ÒRvIqvwgÔDj KvjvgÓ ejv n‡Zv| wZwb Avi‡ei ey‡K m‡ev©rK…ó fvlvq K_v ej‡Zb| hvi d‡j wZwb
wb‡R‡K Avdmvûj Avie e‡jI AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYx Lye PgrKvi I
AjsKvigq| Zuvi kãPqb wQj AwZ my›`i I mvejxj| ZvB ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYx ev Avj-nv`x‡Qi
kãvjsKvi m¤ú‡K© ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡j AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i fvlv AjsKvi m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
fvlv AjsKvi mvaviYZ `yÕfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| kãMZfv‡e Ges A_©MZfv‡e| k‡ãi w`K †_‡K fvlv
AjsKvic~Y© nIqv‡K AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i cwifvlvq المحضىاث اللفظت ev kãvjsKvi ejv nq| Aviex
AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ المحضىاث اللفظت Gi wKQz m~Î i‡q‡Q| †hgb الخصدر -سجؼ -الجىاش BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ m~‡Îi cwiPq Zz‡j a‡i nv`x‡Q †m¸‡jvi e¨envi ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü
Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv|
cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`xQ Gi e¨envi الجناش
Gi e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Aviex الجىاش |Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg m~Î الجىاش
fvlvi †m․›`h© dz‡U D‡V| G ch©v‡q الجىاش Gi cwiPq I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv|
mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, Aviex wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
154
Gi cwiPq الجناش
ش- ن –ج |مصدر Gi باب مفاغلت kãwU الجىاش G wZbwU Aviex g~j Aÿi †_‡K kãwUi DrcwË
N‡U‡Q| AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i w`K †_‡K kãwUi evsjv A_©: ev‡K¨i `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ wgj, †køl,
†kølvjsKvi, †kølevK¨|1 kãwUi †g․wjKZv I A_© m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q:
2شاوله واجحد مػه فى الجيط: جاوط جىاصا مجاوضت
Ò†m Zvi mgAvK…wZ aviY K‡i‡Q Ges mgRvZxq n‡q‡Q|Ó
G m¤ú‡K© AviI ejv n‡q‡Q:
: صا"أي يبىع الماء أو بػضه هحى " الػين"أي الباصرة و " الػين"حشابه اليلمخين فى اللفظ وله هحى : الجىاش فى البدؼ
3".صار"و
Òغلم البدؼ †Z جىاش n‡jv ev‡K¨i gv‡S kãMZ w`K †_‡K yÕwU kã c~Y©iƒ‡c wgj nIqv| †hgb: الػين
A_© Pÿz Avevi الػين A_© cvwbi SY©v| A_ev AvswkKfv‡e wgj nIqv †hgb: صا Ges صار kã|Ó
AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i cwifvlvq, Òwfbœ A_© wewkó GKB ai‡bi yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã e¨envi Kiv‡K جىاش
ejv nq|Ó4
:m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q الجىاش
5.حشابه اليلمخين فى اللفظ مؼ اخخلاف فى المػنى
ÒkãMZ w`K †_‡K yÕwU k‡ãi mv „k¨c~Y© nIqv Ges A_©MZ w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨ nIqv‡K جىاش ejv
nq|Ó
الجناش Gi cÖKvi
|½ev Ac~Y©v غير جام .ev c~Yv©½ 2 جام .g~jZ yÕcÖKvi 1 الجىاش
:m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q جام
ى ما اجفم فه اللفظان في أمىر أربػت هي: جام 6-هىع الحروف وشيلها وغددا و جرجبها: و
Òev‡K¨i gv‡S ywU k‡ã PviwU wel‡q wgj _vK‡j Zv‡K جام ejv nq| welq¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. ni‡di †kÖYx, 2. ni‡di AvK…wZ, 3. ni‡di msL¨v, 4. ni‡di web¨vm|Ó
†hgb: Avjøvni evYx,
تة اغو رو صو يو
و غوىاقبس وا ل مو
ىنو رسمقجوق ومق لم ضس
لو ق قت اغو ىمق لضس لق
ومو ج ىو و 7وو
Ò†hw`b wKqvgZ n‡e †mw`b Acivaxiv kc_ K‡i ej‡e †h, Zviv gyn~Z©Kv‡ji †ekx Ae¯’vb K‡i wb|Ó
ى ما اخخلف فه اللفظان في واحد م الأمىر الأربػت المخلدمت: غير جام 8-و
Ò†Kvb ev‡K¨ ywU k‡ãi gv‡S D‡jøwLZ PviwU wel‡qi †Kvb GKwU‡Z Awgj _vK‡j Zv‡K
Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
155
ejv nq|Ó غير جام
cÖKvk _v‡K †h, الجىاش غير جام †K الجىاش الىاكص I ejv nq| الجىاش الىاكص- Gi AviI wKQz cÖKvi
i‡q‡Q, Ae¯’vi Pvwn`vbymv‡i †m¸‡jvi cwiPq Zz‡j aiv n‡e|
Avj-nv`x‡Q الجناش Gi e¨envi
Gi e¨envi N‡U‡Q| G جىاش Gi msÁvi Av‡jv‡K nv`x‡Q A‡bK evK¨ cvIqv hvq, †h¸‡jv‡Z الجىاش
ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi Ggb wKQz Dw³ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv, hvi g‡a¨ جىاش Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, Òcvwb‡ZB cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb|Ó إهما الماء م الماء9
ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYxi G AskUzKz ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ev‡K¨i gv‡S الماء kãwU `yÕevi e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e ev‡K¨i gv‡S GKB kã `yÕevi e¨eüZ n‡jI kãwU `yevi c„_K `ywU A‡_© e¨eüZ
n‡h‡Q| †hgb ماء kãwU cÖ_gevi cvwb A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q, hvi Øviv cweÎZv AR©b Kiv hvq| Avi
wØZxq ماء Øviv ¯^vgx-¯¿xi wgj‡bi gva¨‡g †h exh© wbM©Z nq Zv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †hgb G m¤ú‡K© ejv
n‡q‡Q| ى المنى 10م الماء أي م أجل خروج الماء الدافم و
Òcvwb n‡Z A_©vr m‡e‡M öwjZ cvwb †ei nIqvi Kvi‡Y Avi Zv n‡jv exh©|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nvw`Qvs‡k GKB ev‡K¨ GKB kã `yÕevi e¨eüZ n‡q `ywU A_© cÖKvk Kivi d‡j nv`x‡Qi
gv‡S جىاش جام Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb:
11 الخل مػلىد في هىاصيها الخير الى ىم اللامت
ÒwKqvgZ ch©šÍ †Nvovi Kcv‡j Kj¨vY evuav i‡q‡Q|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi evK¨vskwU ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b e¨eüZ `yÕwU kã خل Ges Gi خير
gv‡S A‡bKvs‡k wgj i‡q‡Q| ïaygvÎ خل k‡ãi †k‡l Ges خير k‡ãi †k‡l ر Aÿ‡ii Awgj
i‡qQ| Z‡e kã `yÕwUi gv‡S h‡_ó wgj _vKv m‡Z¡I A_©MZ w`K †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Awgj i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv
|k‡ãi A_© Ak¦, †Nvov خل12
Avi خير k‡ãi A_© fvj, DËg, †kÖô BZ¨vw`|13
ZvB ivm~j (mv.) Gi
evYxi gv‡S AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i جىاش Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
Avjøvni ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, اجلىا الظلم فئن الظلم ظلماث ىم اللامت 14
ÒAZ¨vPvi Kiv †_‡K †eu‡P _v‡Kv, †Kbbv AZ¨vPvi wK¡qvgv‡Zi w`b AÜKv‡ii KviY n‡e|Ó
nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ evK¨vs‡k D‡jøwLZ الظلم Ges ظلماث kã yÕwUi gv‡S AvK…wZ I e‡Y©i msL¨vq Awgj
_vK‡jI g~jMZ w`K †L‡K kã `yÕwUi gv‡S wgj i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv kã `yÕwUi GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K
DrcwË N‡U‡Q| Z‡e kã yÕwUi gv‡S A_©MZ w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b الظلم A_© AZ¨vPvi,
Ryjyg, wbcxob, wbh©vZb BZ¨vw`|15
Avi ظلماث kãwU ظلمت Gi eûePb| hvi A_© AÜKvi, Auvavi,
wZwgi BZ¨vw`|16
GLv‡b AÜKvi e‡j wKqvgZ w`e‡mi KwVb wec`‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †hgb G
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
156
m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, 17وكل المراد بالظلماث الشدائد ÒAvi ejv n‡q‡Q الظلماث A_© KwVb wec`|Ó ZvB
kã ywU GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K DrcwË nIqv m‡Ë¡I A‡_©i w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b
|Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q جىاش
ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, 18م اصخفاد مالا فلا زوىة فه حتى حى غله الحى
Ò†h e¨w³ †Kvb ab-m¤ú‡`i gvwjK n‡e, GK eQi AwZevwnZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ G ab m¤ú‡` Zv‡K
hvKvZ w`‡Z n‡e bv|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`xQvs‡k D‡jøwLZ yÕwU kã Ges حى GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Z‡e GLv‡b حى
|hvi A_© AwZevwnZ n‡e, †kl n‡e فػل kãwU حى19
Avi أحىا GKePb , eûePb اصم kãwU حى
hvi A_© eQi, mvj, ermi|20
ZvB kã yÕwU DrcwËMZ w`K †_‡K GKBiKg n‡jI A‡_©i w`K †_‡K
cv_©K¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y nv`x‡Qi ev‡K¨i gv‡S جىاش Gi kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi e¨envi سجؼ
Gi g~j سجؼ |ev kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖKvi المحضىاث اللفظت Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i سجؼ
e¨envi †ÿÎ M`¨ mvwnZ¨| Z‡e c`¨ mvwn‡Z¨I Gi e¨envi jÿ Kiv hvq| nv`xQ‡K mvaviYZ M`¨
mvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡eB aiv nq| ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYx wn‡m‡e Gi mvwnwZ¨K gvb A‡bK DbœZ| nv`x‡Qi
A‡bK ¯’v‡b سجؼ Gi e¨envi cwijwÿZ nq| hvi gva¨‡g nv`x‡Qi gv‡S AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i kãvjsKvi
my›`ifv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q| G ch©v‡q سجؼ Gi cwiwPwZ Zz‡j a‡i nv`x‡Qi gv‡S Gi e¨envi ch©v‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv|
Gi cwiwPwZ سجع
e¨eüZ nq| Gi kvwãK A_© AšÍ¨wgjhy³ M`¨vsk, AšÍ¨wgjhy³ اسجاع kãwU GKePb, eûeP‡b سجؼ
evK¨|21
AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i cwifvlvq سجؼ n‡jv-
22.السجؼ جىافم الفاصلخين فى الحرف الأخير وافضله ماحضاوث فلر
Ò yÕwU ev‡K¨i †klvÿ‡i wgj nIqv‡K سجؼ ejv nq| Avi †kÖô سجؼ hvi mKj Aby‡”Q‡` wgj _v‡K|Ó
-my›`i I mv_©K nIqvi Rb¨ PviwU kZ© i‡q‡Q سجؼ
cÖ_gZ: ev‡K¨i cÖwZwU kã myMwVZ, my›`i Ges kÖæwZgayi n‡Z n‡e|
wØZxqZ: ev‡K¨i mKj kã m¤ú~Y©fv‡e A‡_©i Abyhvqx Ges AbyMvgx n‡Z n‡e| †Kvbiƒc Kg †ewk
n‡j Zv K…wÎg I AcQ›`bxq iƒ‡c MY¨ n‡e|
Z…ZxqZ: evK¨ MV‡bi mgq A_© n‡e g‡bvig I AvKl©Yxq, KLbB AcQ›`bxq n‡e bv|
PZz_©Z: cÖwZwU AšÍ wgjhy³ evK¨ †hb Ggb A_© cÖKvk K‡i hv wØZxq ev‡K¨i A‡_©i wecixZ nq,
KLbB wØiæ³ bv nq| Ab¨_vq AšÍ¨wgjhy³ kã e¨envi Ab_©K n‡q co‡e|23
Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
157
Gi cÖKvi سجع
AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ سجؼ Gi cÖKvi m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q-
ى غلى ثلاثت اضرب و مطرف مرصؼ، مخىاز: و
Òسجؼ wZb cÖKvi: مرصؼ، مخىاز، مطرفÓ
`yÕwU ev‡K¨i mKj k‡ã A_ev AwaKvsk k‡ã Ihb Ges AšÍ¨wgj Dfq w`K †_‡K wgj nIqv‡K السجؼ
-ejv nq| †hgb: nvixixi Dw³ المرصؼ لرع الأصماع بسواجر وغظه 24 فهى طبؼ الأسجاع بجىار لفظه و
`yÕwU ev‡K¨i †kl `yÕwU k‡ã Ihb Ges e‡Y© wgj nIqv‡K السجؼ المخىازي ejv nq| †hgb: Avjøvni
evYx- 25
ت ىغو
قف رو ر مس رق ا صق يهو فس
ت ىغو ضق ىو اب مس ىو
وووأ وو
Ò†m_vq _vK‡e DbœZ gh©v`v m¤úbœ kh¨v, cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡e cvbcvÎ|Ó
`yÕwU ev‡K¨i †kl yÕwU k‡ãi †k‡l Ih‡b wgj bv n‡q ïay e‡Y© wgj nIqv‡K السجؼ المطرف ejv nq|26
†hgb: Avjøvni evYx- 27
اارا
وك س وو
س سىنو جق رو
و جومو لا
قىوا ل مس
اارا ىو
و ومو أ
قى لو
ولودو خ
وك وو
Ò†Zvgv‡`i Kx n‡q‡Q †h, †Zvgiv Avjøvni †kÖôZ¡ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Pv”Q bv! A_P wZwbB †Zvgvw`M‡K
m„wó K‡i‡Qb ch©vqµ‡g|Ó
Avj-nv`x‡Q سجع Gi e¨envi
Gi e¨envi سجؼ Gi msÁvi Av‡jv‡K nv`x‡Qi gv‡S Ggb wKQz Dw³ cvIqv hvq| hvi gv‡S سجؼ
cwijwÿZ nq| سجؼ Gi cwiwPwZ Av‡jvPbv Kivi ci G ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi gv‡S سجؼ Gi e¨envi
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, م 28اللهم إها هجػل فى هحىرم و وػىذب م شرور
Ò†n Avjøvn! Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ Avcbvi cÖwZ Ac©Y KiwQ Ges Zv‡`i Awbó n‡Z †Zvgvi Kv‡Q AvkÖq
PvBwQ|Ó
ivm~j (mv.) Gi G evYx‡Z `yÕwU evK¨ i‡q‡Q اللهم إها هجػل فى هحىرم Ges م ¨evK | وػىذب م شرور
`yÕwUi †k‡li yÕwU kã هحىرم Ges م Gi gv‡S Ihb Ges †klvÿ‡i wgj i‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b شرور
nv`x‡Qi gv‡S AšÍ¨wg‡ji kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, 29ا أبا غمير ما فػل الىغير Ò†n Ave~ ÔDgvBi! †Zvgvi †QvU eyjeywjwUi wK nj?Ó
nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ evK¨vs‡k غمير Ges وغير kã `yÕwUi gv‡S Ihb Ges †kl e‡Y© wgj i‡q‡Q| ZvB
GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S سجؼ Gi AjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,
30اهه بيل حضبحت صدكت و بيل جىبيرة صدكت و بيل تهللت صدكت و بيل جحمدة صدكت
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
158
Òwbðq cÖ‡Z¨K Zvmexn m`vK¡vn, cÖ‡Z¨K ZvKexi m`vK¡vn, cÖ‡Z¨K Zvngx` m`vK¡vn, cÖ‡Z¨K Zvnjxj
m`vK¡vn|Ó
D‡jøwLZ nv`x‡Qi gv‡S PviwU evK¨ i‡q‡Q| evK¨ PviwUi cÖwZwU k‡ãi Ihb Ges †kl e‡Y© wgj
i‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi g‡a¨ AšÍ wg‡ji kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,
31أفشى الضلام وأ ػمىا الطػام و صلىا الأرحام وصلىا باللل و الىاش هام جدخل الجىت بضلام
Ò†Zvgiv ci¯úi mvjvg wewbgq Ki, ÿzavZ©‡K Lvevi `vI, AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡`i mv‡_ m`vPiY Ki,
ivw·ejvq †jvK‡`i Nygv‡bv Ae¯’vq bvgvh Av`vq Ki, Zvn‡j cÖkvšÍwP‡Ë Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi gv‡S †QvU †QvU ev‡K¨ Ihb Ges †kl e‡Y© wgj i‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b سجؼ Gi
kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,
32أن م البان سحرا وأن م الػلم جهلا وأن م الشػر حىما و أن م اللى غالا
Ò†Kvb †Kvb eY©bv hv yi gZ ü`qMÖvnx nq, †Kvb †Kvb Bjg AÁZvc~Y© nq, †Kvb †Kvb KweZv
wnKgZc~Y© nq Ges †Kvb †Kvb K_v †evSv n‡q `vuovq|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi As‡ki cÖwZ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b PviwU evK¨ i‡q‡Q, cÖwZwU ev‡K¨ k‡ãi
msL¨v GKB iKg e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi cÖwZwU ev‡K¨i †k‡l GKB wgj iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB
ejv hvq, GLv‡b سجؼ ev AšÍ¨wg‡ji AjsKvi AwZ PgrKvifv‡e cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi e¨envi التصدير
Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ الخصدر kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg m~Î| Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ M`¨ I c`¨ Dfq
†ÿ‡Î Gi e¨envi cwijwÿZ nq| Gi e¨env‡ii ga¨ w`‡q Aviex fvlvq k‡ãi †m․›`h© e„w× cvq|
Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ G‡K ردالعجس غلى الصدر e‡jI D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|33
nv`x‡Qi gv‡S A‡bK
ev‡K¨ الخصدر Gi e¨envi cvIqv hvq| G ch©v‡q الخصدر Gi cwiPq I nv`x‡Q Gi e¨envi m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
Gi cwiPq التصدير
ر- د –ص Aviex |مصدر Gi باب جفػل kãwU الخصدر g~j Aÿi †_‡K kãwUi DrcwË N‡U‡Q| Gi
kvwãK A_© ißvwb Kiv, †bZv evbv‡bv, mvg‡b emv‡bv|34
cvwifvwlK A‡_© الخصدر n‡jv:
لين م ذل فى أخر ارخى فى الىثر أن جػل أحد الرهىين فى أو الفلرة والأخر فى أ ، و فى الىظم أن جػل أحد الفر
35.البت فى أو صدر
Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
159
ÒM‡`¨ ev‡K¨i yÕwU g~j As‡ki g‡a¨ GKB RvZxq yÕwU k‡ãi GKwU‡K ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g Ges Ab¨wU‡K
ev‡K¨i †k‡l e¨envi Kiv| Avi c‡`¨ Q‡Îi صدر Gi g‡a¨ e¨eüZ kã‡K عجس Gi g‡a¨ cybivq
wb‡q Avmv| †hgb: Avjøvni evYx- ق 36 ا
وش
و ون ج
ومق أ حو
وق أ
ساشو وو ى لىس
و ش
و وج وو
ÒZzwg †jvKfq KiwQ‡j, A_P Avjøvn‡KB fq Kiv †Zvgvi c‡ÿ AwaKZi msMZ|Ó
Avgiv Gfv‡e ej‡Z cvwi †c․btcywbKZv ev GKRvZxq `yÕwU k‡ãi GKwU‡K ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g Ges
AciwU‡K ev‡K¨i †k‡l e¨envi Kiv‡K الخصدر ejv nq|
Avj-nv`x‡Q التصدير Gi e¨envi
nv`x‡Qi gv‡S ivm~j (mv.) Gi A‡bK Dw³ i‡q‡Q, †h ¸‡jv‡Z الخصدر Gi e¨envi jÿ Kiv hvq| G
ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi wKQz Dw³ Zz‡j a‡i †m ¸‡jvi gv‡S الخصدر Gi e¨envi ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
nv`x‡Qi gv‡S ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, GKRb e¨w³ Zvi †Q‡j‡K wb‡q ivm~j (mv.) Gi wbKU Dcw¯’Z n‡j
ivm~j (mv.) Zv‡K ej‡jb, Zzwg wK Zv‡K fv‡jvevm? †jvKwU Dˇi ej‡jb,
37 أحب الله هما أحبه ÒAvjøvn †Zvgv‡K fv‡jvevmyK †hgb Avwg Zv‡K fv‡jvevwm|Ó
nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ Dw³wU jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g احب kã i‡q‡Q Ges †k‡lI
kã yÕwUB Aviex GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K DrcwË N‡U‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b احب Ges احب |kã i‡q‡Q احب
nv`x‡Qi gv‡S †c․btcywbKZv ev الخصدر Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 38فاهظر م ؤلاء الرهب كا فىظرث
Ò†`‡Lv G Kv‡djv Kvi? AZci Avwg †`Ljvg|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi evK¨vs‡k †`Lv hvq, ev‡K¨i cÖ_g kãwU اهظر Ges †kl kãwU هظرث | yÕwU kãB
GKB Aviex g~j Aÿi †_‡K DrcwË N‡U‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S الخصدر Gi kãvjsKvi
cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, با وصػىد هما بدأ 39بدأ الاصلام غر
ÒBmjvg AcwiwPZ Ae ’vq ïiæ n‡q‡Q AwP‡iB †m Ae¯’vq wd‡i hv‡e †hfv‡e ïiæ n‡q‡Q|Ó
D‡jøwLZ nv`x‡Qi Dw³ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b بدأ kã Øviv evK¨ ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q Avevi بدأ kã
ØvivB evK¨ †kl Kiv n‡q‡Q| ev‡K¨i cÖ_g I †k‡l GKB kã e¨envi Kivi d‡j nv`x‡Qi gv‡S
|ev †c․btcywbKZvi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q الخصدر
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 40 ألا ولىم راع و ولىم مضئى غ رغخه Òmveavb! †Zvgiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB `vwqZ¡kxj Ges
†Zvgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Zvi `vqxZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv Kiv n‡e|Ó
nv`x‡Qi D‡jøwLZ ev‡K¨ †`Lv hvq, cÖ_‡g راع kã e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q Avevi †k‡lI رغخه kã e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dfq kã Aviex GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K Avmvi Kvi‡Y ev‡K¨i gv‡S الخصدر Gi
kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
160
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 41أدبنى ربي فأحض جأدبي ÒAvgvi cÖwZcvjK Avgv‡K KZ DËg wkóvPvi wkÿv
w`‡q‡Qb!Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi g‡a¨ cÖ_g Ges †kl kã GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K Avmvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b الخصدر ev
†c․btcywbKZvi AjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi e¨envi لسوم ما لا يلسم
Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| M`¨ I c`¨ Dfq †ÿ‡Î لسوم ما لا لسم
Gi e¨envi jÿ Kiv hvq| G ch©v‡q لسوم ما لا لسم Gi cwiwPwZ I nv`x‡Q Gi e¨envi m¤ú‡K©
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
cwiwPwZ لسوم ما لا يلسم
GKwU †h․wMK kã| Gi kvwãK A_© Abvek¨K †K Avek¨K Kiv| Gi cvwifvwlK لسوم ما لا لسم
cwiPq m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, 42لسوم ما لا لسم ى أن ؤحى كبل حرف الروي بما لط بلازم في الخلفت
Gi c~‡e© AšÍ¨wg‡ji Rb¨ Abvek¨K wKQz wb‡q Avmv‡K (h Aÿ‡i AšÍ¨wgj iÿv Kiv nq†) حرف الروي
AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i cwifvlvq لسوم ما لا لسم ejv nq| †hgb R‣bK Kwe e‡jb,
ا محركا بالىار وجه محبه مهلا فان مدامعي جطفه
43أحرق بها جضدي و ول جىارحي وأحرص غلى كلبي فاه فه
ÒI‡n Av¸‡b †cÖqmxi †Pnviv‡K `»Kvix! _v‡gv, Avgvi AkÖæ Zv wbe©vwcZ K‡i w`‡e| Zzwg Av¸‡b
Avgvi †`n I A½-cÖZ¨½ mg~n `» Ki, Z‡e Avgvi AšÍ‡ii cÖwZ Kiæbv Ki| KviY, Zv‡Z Zzwg
i‡qQ|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ KweZv csw³‡Z Kwe KweZvi Dfq As‡kB حرف الروي () Gi c~‡e© AwZwi³ ي I ف e„w×
K‡i‡Qb| hv Q›`wgj iÿvi Rb¨ Avek¨K wQj bv| d‡j GLv‡b KweZvi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi
kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
nv`x‡Q لسوم ما لا يلسم Gi e¨envi
nv`x‡Qi gv‡S A‡bK ’v‡b لسوم ما لا لسم Gi e¨envi jÿ Kiv hvq| G ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi yÕGKwU Dw³
D‡jøL K‡i ‡m¸‡jvi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi e¨envi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 44أ ػمىا الطػام و أفشىا الضلام جدخل الجىت بضلام
Ò†Zvgiv ÿzavZ©‡K Lvevi `vI, ci¯úi mvjvg wewbgq Ki, Zvn‡j cÖkvšÍwP‡Ë Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|Ó
nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ evK¨¸‡jvi gv‡S م Aÿi Øviv AšÍ¨wgj iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cÖwZwU ev‡K¨i †kl
k‡ãi †kl Aÿi م Gi c~‡e© الف wb‡q Avmv n‡q‡Q, hv AšÍ¨wgj iÿvi Rb¨ Avek¨K wQj bv| d‡j
GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi kãvjsKvi cªKvk †c‡q‡Q| ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,
Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
161
ولا أبالي ولى أن أولىم و أخرهم و حىم و مخىم و ر بىم و ابضىم اجخمػىا غلى أجلى كلب غبد م غبادي ما زاد
45ذل في مليي جىاح بػىضت
ÒAvwg G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb åæ‡ÿc Kwi bv| hw`I †Zvgv‡`i c~‡e©i I c‡ii, RxweZ I g„Z, wm³ I ï®‥
Z_v ¯^”Qj I A¯”Qj mK‡jB wg‡j Avgvi ev›`v‡`i g‡a¨ me©vwaK ZvKIqvi AwaKvix e¨w³i ü`‡qi
gZ n‡q hvq, ZeyI GKwU gkvi cvLvi mg-cwigvYI Avgvi ivR‡Z¡i kÖxe„w× NU‡e bv|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Q jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b cÖwZwU ev‡K¨ م Øviv AšÍ¨wgj iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e
cÖwZwU ev‡K¨i †kl k‡ãi †kl Aÿi م Gi c~‡e© ن Aÿi i‡q‡Q, hv AšÍ¨wgj iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
wQj bv| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 46م لم رحم صغيرها ولم ىكر هبيرها Ò†m Avgv‡`i mv‡_ †bB †h †QvU‡`i لط مىا
cÖwZ `qv K‡i bv Ges eo‡`i cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡i bv|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi cÖwZ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b yÕwU evK¨ i‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU ev‡K¨i †k‡l الف
Øviv AšÍ¨wgj iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖwZwU ev‡K¨i †kl k‡ãi †kl Aÿi الف Gi c~‡e© ن Aÿi
i‡q‡Q, hv AšÍ¨wgj iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wQj bv| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi
kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi e¨envi التوزيع
‡Aviex AjsKvi kv الخىزؼ ¿ kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg m~Î| الخىزؼ Gi gva¨‡g ev‡K¨i †m․›`‡h©i
weKvk N‡U| G ch©v‡q الخىزؼ cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
cwiwPwZ التوزيع
|k‡ãi kvwãK A_© eÈb, weZiY, wewj, cwi‡ekb, fvMKiY الخىزؼ47
AjsKvi kv‡ ¿i cwifvlvq
ej‡Z †Kvb ev‡K¨i cÖwZwU k‡ã wbw الخىزؼ ©ó †Kvb eY© wb‡q Avmv| G m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q,
48ى أن لتزم حرف في ول لفظ م الػبارة
Òالخىزؼ n‡jv ev‡K¨i cÖwZwU k‡ã †Kvb GKwU eY©‡K e¨envi Kiv|Ó
†hgb Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, 49فضىف حاصب حضابا ضيرا
ÒkxNªB Zvi wnmve mnRfv‡e †bqv n‡e|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ Avqv‡Zi gv‡S cÖwZwU k‡ãB صين e‡Y©i e¨envi jÿ Kiv hvq| ZvB GLv‡b الخىزؼ Gi
kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
nv`x‡Q التوزيع Gi e¨envi
Gi الخىزؼ Gi msÁvi Av‡jv‡K nv`x‡Qi gv‡S Ggb A‡bK evK¨ cvIqv hvq, †h ¸‡jvi gv‡S الخىزؼ
e¨envi cwijwÿZ nq| G ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi wKQz Dw³ Zz‡j a‡i †m¸‡jvi gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi e¨envi
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
162
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, أما مضلم هضا مضلما50
Ò†h †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³‡K Kvco civ‡e|Ó
nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ AskwU jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq| GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi cÖwZwU k‡ãi gv‡S ش eY©wU e¨eüZ
n‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, أما مضلم أ ػم مضلما51
Ò†h †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb gymwjg‡K LvIqv‡e|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`xQvs‡k jÿ Kiv hvq, GLv‡b cÖwZwU k‡ãi gv‡S م Aÿi e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b
ev‡K¨i gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, 52أما مضلم صلا مضلما
Ò†h †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³‡K cvb Kiv‡e|Ó
D‡jøwLZ nv`x‡Qi ev‡K¨i gv‡S ch©‡eÿb Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖwZwU g~j k‡ã ش Aÿ‡ii e¨envi
N‡U‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
ivm~j (mv.) AviI e‡jb, 53الظلم ظلماث ىم اللا مت
ÒAZ¨vPvi wK¡qvgv‡Zi w`b AÜKv‡ii KviY n‡e|Ó
DwjøwLZ nv`xQvs‡k †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b cÖwZwU k‡ã م Aÿi e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b ev‡K¨i gv‡S
|Gi kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q الخىزؼ
ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 54الراحمىن رحمهم الرحم ÒKiæYvKvixi cÖwZ Avjøvn KiæYv Ki‡eb|Ó
Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi ev‡K¨i cÖwZ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b cÖwZwU k‡ã ح Ges م Aÿi we`¨gvb
i‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Gfv‡e ivm~j (mv.) Gi cÖwZwU nv`x‡Qi cÖwZ Mfxi „wó w`‡q jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq,
cÖ‡Z¨KwU nv`x‡Q AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i †Kvb bv †Kvb m~‡Îi e¨envi N‡U‡Q| Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿
kãvjsKvi GKwU Ab¨Zg welq| nv`xQ kv¯¿ AwaK we¯Í…Z nIqvi Kvi‡Y GKwU cÖe‡Ü Avj-nv`x‡Qi
kãvjsKvi Av‡jvPbv Kiv m¤¢e bq| †m w`‡K jÿ †i‡L Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i kãvjsKv‡ii
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz we‡kl we‡kl m~‡Îi cwiPq Zz‡j a‡i D`vniY ¯^iƒc ivm~j (mv.) Gi wKQz Dw³i
gv‡S †m¸‡jvi e¨envi ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi gva¨‡g mswÿßvKv‡i Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU wPÎ
cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq, cvVK mgvR GLvb †_‡K Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv
†c‡Z mÿg n‡e|
Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
163
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 W. gynv¤§` dRjyi ingvb, AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb (XvKv: wiqv` cÖKvkbx, 2005 wLª.), c„. 312|
2 Avj-gybwR` (‣eiæZ, †jevbb: Avj-gvKZvevn Avk-kviwKq¨vn, 2003 wLª.), c„. 105|
3 Z‡`e|
4 Aa¨vcK †gvnv¤§` knx`yjøvn, Aviex Aj¼vi I Q›` cÖKiY (KwjKvZv: evYx gbwhj, 1976 wLª.), c„. f~wgKvsk|
5 Avngv` gy¯Ídv Avj-gvivMx, ÔDj~gyj evjvMvn (‣eiæZ: Avj-gvKZvevn Avj-Avmwiq¨vn, 2005 wLª.), c„. 297|
6 gy Ídv Avgxb I Avjx Avj-Rvwig, Avj-evjvMvn Avj-Iqvwhnvn (†`Ie›`: Avj-gvKZvevn AvZ-_vbyfx, 1991 wLª.),
c„.261|
7 m~iv Avi-iƒg: 55|
8 Avj-evjvMvn Avj-Iqvwhnvn c„. 261|
9 IqvwjDÏxb gynv¤§v` Beby ÔAvwãjøvn Avj-LvZxe AvZ-Zveixhx, wgkKvZyj gvmvexn (XvKv: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix,
Zv.we.), c„. 47|
10 wgkKvZyj gvmvexn, UxKv bs- 10, c„. 48|
11 Ave~ ÔCmv gynv¤§v` web ÔCmv AvZ-wZiwghx, mybvbyZ wZiwghx (•eiƒZ: `viæ BnBqvBZ ZzivQ Avj-ÔAvivex, Zv.we.),
LÐ 4_©, c„.173, nv`xQ bs-1636
12 AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb, c„. 381|
13 Z‡`e|
14 Aveyj ûmvBb gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR Avj-KzkvBix Avb-wbkvcyix, mnxn gymwjg (•eiƒZ: `viæ BnBqvBZ ZzivQ Avj-
ÔAvivex, Zv.we.), LÐ 4_©, c„. 1996, nv`xQ bs-2578|
15 AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb, c„. 549|
16 Z‡`e|
17 wgkKvZyj gvmvexn, UxKv bs- 9, c„. 434|
18 mybvbyZ wZiwghx, LÐ 3q, c„.26, nv`xQ bs- 632|
19 AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb, c„. 354|
20 Z‡`e, c„.323|
21 AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb, c„. 458|
22 Avj-evjvMvn Avj-Iqvwhnvn, c„. 269|
23 ÔDj~gyj evjvMvn, c„. 302|
24 Z‡`e, c„. 303|
25 m~iv Mvwkqvn: 13-14|
26 ÔDj~gyj evjvMvn, c„. 303|
27 m~iv b~n: 13-14|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
164
28
myjvqgvb Beby AvkÔAvQ Avey `vE` Avm-wmwR¯Ívbx, mybvby Avex `vE` (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdKi, Zv.we.), LÐ 1g, c„.
480, nv`xQ bs- 1537 |
29 gynv¤§v` Beby ÔAvwãjøvn Avj-LvZxe AvZ-Zveixhx, wgkKvZzj gvmvexn (•eiƒZ: Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 3q ms.
1985 wLª.), LÐ 3q, c„. 58, nv`xQ bs- 4884|
30 Avey ÔAvwãjøvn Avngv` Beby nvš^j Avk-kvBevbx, gymbv`y Avngv` Beby nvš^j (Kvq‡iv: gyqvmmvmvZz KziZzevn,
Zv.we.) LÐ 5g. c„.168, nv`xQ bs- 21520|
31 gynv¤§v` Beby Bqvhx` Avey ÔAvwãjøvn Avj-Kvhexbx, mybvby Bewb gvRvn ( •eiƒZ: `viæj wdKi, Zv.we.), LÐ 2q, c„.
1083, nv`xQ bs- 3251|
32 mybvby Avex `vE`, LÐ 2q, c„. 721, nv`xQ bs 5012|
33 RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn, c„. 327|
34 AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb, c„. 513|
35 bvmxd Avj-BqvwhRx Avj-jyebvbx, gvRg~ÔDj Av`e dx dzb~wbj Avie (•eiƒZ: Avj-gvZevÔAvn Avj D¤§vn, 1932
wLª.), c„. 166|
36 m~iv Avj Avnhve: 37|
37 Avey Avwãi ingvb Avngv` Beby ïÔAvBe Avb-bvmvqx, mybvbyb bvmvqx (•eiƒZ: `viæj gvÔwidvn 5g. ms. 1420wn.),
LÐ 4_©, c„. 322, nv`xQ bs- 1869|
38 Avey ÔAvwãjøvn gynv¤§v` Beby BmgvÔCj Avj-eyLvix, mnxnyj eyLvix (`viæ ZvDwKbœvRvn, 1g ms, 1422 wn.), LÐ 2q,
c„. 80, nv`xQ bs- 1287|
39 mnxn gymwjg, LÐ 1g, c„.130, nv`xQ bs- 232|
40 mnxnyj eyLvix ( `viæ ZvDwKbœvRvn 1g. ms. 1422 wn.), LÐ 2q, c„. 2611, nv`xQ bs- 6719|
41 Bgvg Beb ZvBwgqv, gvRg~ÔDj dvZvIqv, 18 LÐ, c„. 375|
42 gvRg~ÔDj Av`e dx dzb~wbj Avie, c„. 172|
43 RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn, c„. 326|
44 mybvby Bewb gvRvn, LÐ 2q, c„. 1083, nv`xQ bs- 3251 |
45 mybvbyZ wZiwghx, LÐ 4_©, c„. 656, nv`xQ bs- 2495|
46 wgkKvZyj gvmvexn, c„. 423|
47 AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb, c„. 279|
48 gvRg~ÔDj Av`e dx dzb~wbj Avie, c„. 172|
49 Avj-KziAvb, m~iv Avj-BbwkKvK, AvqvZ: 8|
50 wgkKvZzj gvmvexn, LÐ 1g, c„. 431, nv`xQ bs- 1913|
51 Z‡`e|
52 Z‡`e|
53 wgkKvZyj gvmvexn, c„. 434|
54 wgkKvZyj gvmvexn, c„. 423|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
gyLv`ivg Kwe‡`i Kv‡e¨ welq‰ewPΨ : GKwU we‡kølY
W. gynv. wejvj ûmvBb
Abstract: Literature is called the mirror of a society. The culture, values, norms and
behavioral pattern of a specific society are reflected through the literature of
contemporary litterateur. With the change of decade/with the passage of time, the
variation is seen both in the pace and nature of literature and also in the subject matter of
literature. In ancient period numerous Poet wrote their poetry in Arabic language. Among
their those who have gotten both the age of Ignorance and the Islamic era are called the
Mukhadram Poet. A few number among the Mukhadram poet extremely resisted in the
publicity and extention of Islam. In this situation, Prophet Mohammad (SM) Urged the
poet, believing in Islamic values, to Utilize their endowment for rejoining the opponent.
Among the poet who came forward Hassan ibn Sabit, K`ab ibn Juhair, Abdullah Ibn
Rawaha were worth sound. They were adorned as the “Shayerur Rasul”. The poetry of
ignorance era discusses the nobility, arrogance and the desire of revenge. On the other
hand the poetry of Islamic era discusses Tawhid, Risalah and Jihad. Beside this the
subject matter of the poetry of Mukhadram poet discusses the context of Allah and Rasul,
Taqwa. Magfirah, Battle and strife, Favour of jannah, condemnation and Indignation of
kufor. This paper aims at highlighting on the mukhadram poets and their
multidimensional themes.
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gvwjK (g„. 670wLª. /50wn.),ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv (g„. 629wLª./8wn.) cÖgyL mvnvex‡`i mvnvh¨
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167
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aivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Avngv` nvmvb Avh & hvBqvZ e‡jb- Rvwnjx I gyLv`ivg Kwe‡`i gv‡SÑ
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ivm~‡ji ‘wZ cÖf„wZ welq ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb|9 wb‡gœ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ welqe ‘ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
Avjøvn cÖm½
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¸Yvewj, ¶gZv I •ewk‡ó¨i weeiY cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| ywbqvi mKj cÖvYxi jvjb-cvjb I wiwh‡Ki
`vwqZ¡ GKgvÎ Avjøvni| wZwb †hgb ¶z`ª cÖvYx‡K †L‡Z †`b †Zgwb eo cÖvYxi AvnviI †hvMvb|
Avjøvn Avgv‡`i AwffveK| wZwb memgq Avgv‡`i Kj¨v‡Yi K_v wPšÍv K‡ib Ges AKj¨vY n‡Z
euvwP‡q iv‡Lb| Avjøvn‡K †`Lv hvq bv, wKš‘ Zuvi Aw ÍZ¡ Av‡Q| wZwb †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó ¯’v‡b mxgve× bb,
me© ’v‡b wZwb weivRgvb| ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv Zuvi KweZvq Avjøvni Aw ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb-
أ ابس ث اىبفشيب- ؽذد ثأ عذ الله حك10
.فق اعشػ سة اعيب- أ اعشػ فق ابء حك
[Avwg mv¶¨ w`w”Q, Avjøvni Iqv`v mZ¨, Kvwdi‡`i wVKvbv †`vhL, Avik wQj cvwbi Dci, Avi‡ki
Dci wQ‡jb we‡k¦i cÖwZcvjK|]
ivm~j cÖm½
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gvayh© `vb K‡i‡Q| KweZvq Zviv Bmjv‡gi eû wel‡qi eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ivm~j (mv.) Gi
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K‡i‡Q| ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi D”Q¡wmZ cÖksmvq mvnvex Kwe KvÕe wj‡L‡Qb-
عيف الله غيصبس - إ اشعي س يغزضبء ث
ثجط ىخ ب أعاصا- ف عصجخ لشيؼ لبي لبئ
ي امبء لاعد عبصي- صاا فبصاي أىبط لاوؾف 11
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
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Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv‡`i GKRb e‡jwQj; †Zvgiv g°v †_‡K g`xbvq m‡i hvI| ZvB Zviv
g`xbvi w`‡K m‡i c‡o| Z‡e hviv `ye©j Ges m¤§yL mg‡i eg©nxb, A ¿nxb Ges A‡k¦vcwi X‡j c‡o,
Zviv m‡i wb|]
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†_‡K Zuv‡K K‡i‡Qb †kÖô| Zuvi my›`i Pwi‡Îi Ggb †Kv‡bv w`K †bB hv ivm~j (mv.) Gi e¨w³‡Z¡
c~Y©Zv cvqwb| c„w_ex‡Z wZwbB GKgvÎ I AwØZxq e¨w³ hv‡K wN‡i my‡kvwfZ n‡q‡Q mKj cÖKvi
bv›`wbK †m․›`h¨vewj|ÔAvãyjøvn Beb ivIqvnv ivm~‡ji cÖksmvq e‡jb-
الله يع أب خب اجصش - إ رفشعذ فيه اخيش أعشف
ي احغبة فمذ أصس ث امذس- أذ اج يحش ؽفبعز
اجشيخ فضلا ب غيشع- يب اي بؽ الله فضى12
[Avwg Avcbvi gv‡S Kj¨vY AbymÜvb K‡iwQ I †c‡qwQ| Avjøvni kc_ G‡Z Avgvi Pÿz †Kv‡bv
wLqvbZ K‡iwb| Avcwb Ggb GKRb bex wePvi w`e‡m (wKqvg‡Zi w`b) †h e¨w³ Avcbvi mycvwik
†_‡K ewÂZ n‡e †m wbZvšÍB yf©vMv| †n nv‡k‡gi eskai wbðq Avjøvn RMrevmxi Dci †Zvgv‡`i‡K
Ggb †kÖôZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Qb, †h †kÖôZ¡ Ab¨ Avi KvD‡K †`qv nqwb|
Rxeb cÖm½
Rxeb cÖm‡½ ÔAvjx Beb Avex Zvwje-Gi welqe¯‘ wewPÎag©x| esk AnwgKv, gy‡L©i mvnPh©, hy‡Mi
wek¦vmNvZKZv, hyM-hš¿Yv, `ywbqvi †gvn, e܇Z¡i ixwZ-bxwZ BZ¨vw` wel‡qi K_v e‡j‡Qb| esk
AnwgKv †h Amvi I wfwËnxb †m K_v e‡j‡Qb Gfv‡e-
أث أد الأ حاء- ابط جخ ازثبي أوفبء
غزدعبد لأحغبة آثبء- إب أبد ابط أعيخ13
[AvKvi AvK…wZi w`K w`‡q mKj gvbyl mgKÿ, †Kbbv Zv‡`i wcZv Av`g (Av.) Ges gvZv nvIqv
(Av.)| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gv‡qiv gvbeRvwZi msiwÿZ Avavi, Avi wcZviv es‡ki Rb¨|]
Zuvi g‡Z Rxeb KZ¸wj wbtk¦v‡mi mgwa •e Avi wKQzB bq, cÖwZwU wbtk¦v‡mi G Rxe‡bi GKwU
g~j¨evb As‡ki cÖ¯’vb N‡U| †h wbtk¦vmwU P‡j hvq Zv Avi †Kv‡bv w`b wd‡i Av‡m bv| gvby‡li G
Rxeb AZ¨šÍ ÿY¯’vqx| GKwU dzUšÍ dz‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb GKwU dzj Zvi cvcox
†gjv‡Z †gjv‡ZB g„Zz¨i mv‡_ w`b ¸Y‡Z _v‡K, wVK †Zgwb gvby‡li Rxeb Av‡Q, GKUz c‡iB g„Zz¨i
†Kv‡j X‡j co‡Z cv‡i| Rxeb I g„Zz¨i gv‡S e¨eavb mvgvb¨, Avi g„Zy¨B n‡jv Avmj wVKvbv|
wb‡gœv³ KweZv Q‡Î Zuvi G wPšÍvaviv dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ع لي رصيش يزب- لذ وذ يزبفصشد حيب14
[Zzwg †Zv g„Zz¨ wQ‡j AZtci Rxeb †c‡j, GKUz c‡iB g„‡Z cwiYZ n‡e|]
wRnv‡`i †PZbv
wRnv` m¤ú‡K© gyLv`ivg KweMY eû Kve¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wRnv` †h Bmjv‡gi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq
†mwUi Zvrch© I e¨vL¨v Kv‡e¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Bmjvg we‡ivax mKj cÖKvi cÖwZKzj kw³i weiæ‡× gvj,
gyLv`ivg Kwe‡`i Kv‡e¨welq‣ewPΨ : GKwU we‡kølY
169
Rvb, eyw×-Ávb, cÖfve-cÖwZcwË Ges kw³ mvg_©¨ DrmM© Kivi †PZbv Kv‡e¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Aóg
wnRix m‡b gyZvi hy‡× ivm~j (mv.) wZbRb †mbvcwZi bvg †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb| hviv n‡jb- hvq`
Beb nvwiQ, Rvdi Beb Avwe Zvwje I ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvn| cÖ_g yBRb kvnv`vZ eiY Ki‡j
ÔAvãyjøvn Beb ivIqvnv Bmjv‡gi SvÐv nv‡Z Zz‡j wb‡q mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡jb| wRnv‡`i gq`v‡b GKwU
KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z Ki‡Z AMÖmi nb hvi wKQz Ask wbgœiƒc:
زض أ زىش- ألغذ يب فظ زضخ
ب أسان رىشي اجخ- إ أجت ابط ؽذا اشخ
أزإلاطفخ ف ؽ- لذ طبي ب لذ وذ طئ
زا حب اد لذ صيذ- يبفظ إلا رمز رر
إ رفع فعب ذيذ- ب ريذ فمذ أعطيذ15
[†n Avgvi cÖvY! Avwg Kmg K‡iwQ, Zzwg Aek¨B bvg‡e, Zzwg †¯^”Qvq bvg‡e A_ev bvg‡Z eva¨ Kiv
n‡e| gvby‡li wPrKvi I µ›`b aŸwb DwÌZ n‡”Q| †Zvgvi Kx n‡q‡Q †h, GLbI RvbœvZ‡K AeÁv
Ki‡Qv? †mB KZ w`b †_‡K bv GB Rvbœv‡Zi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i Avm‡Qv, cyiv‡bv dz‡Uv gk‡Ki GK we› y
cvwb Qvov †Zv Zzwg Avi wKQz bI| †n Avgvi cÖvY, AvR Zzwg wbnZ bv n‡jI GKw`b Zzwg gi‡e| GB
g„Zz¨i nv¤§vg GLv‡b DËß Kiv n‡”Q, Zzwg hv Kvgbv Ki‡Z GLb †Zvgv‡K ZvB †`qv n‡q‡Q| Zzwg
†Zvgvi m½x؇qi Kg©cš’v AbymiY Ki‡j wn`vqvZ cv‡e|
Dû` hy‡× gymjgvb‡`i mvgvb¨ fy‡ji Kvi‡Y †c․ËwjK `j ivm~‡ji (mv.) Dci AvµgY K‡i|
ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi cZvKvevnx gymÔAve Beb DgvBi wb‡Ri cÖvY DrmM© K‡i Zuv‡K i¶v K‡ib| Zuvi
kvnv`v‡Zi mv‡_ mv‡_ ÔAvjx (iv.) Bmjvgx cZvKv DÇxb K‡ib| my‡hvM †c‡q Ave~ mvÔ` Beb Zvjnv
Zuvi Dci Avµgb K‡i| wKš‘ ÔAvjxi cÖPÐ Avµg‡b Zvjnv wbnZ nb|16
hy× †k‡l ÔAvjx (iv.) dvwZgv (iv.) Gi Kv‡Q G‡m ej‡jb, dvwZgv! ZievwiwU iv‡Lv| AvR GwU w`‡q
Lye hy× K‡iwQ| AZ:ci wZwb KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡jb-
فغذ ثش عذيذ لاثئي- أفبط بن اغيف غيشري
شضبح سة ثبعجبد عي- عش مذ أثيذ ف صشأحذ17
[†n dvwZgv! G ZievwiwU iv‡Lv hv KL‡bv Kjw¼Z nqwb| Avi AvwgI fxiæ Kvcyiæl bB Ges bxP|
Avgvi Rxe‡bi Kmg! bex Avngv‡`i mvnvh¨v‡_© Ges ev›`vi mewKQz m¤ú‡K© ÁvZ cÖfyi mš‘wó weav‡b
Avwg GUv‡K e¨envi K‡i cyi‡bv K‡i †d‡jwQ|]
gymwjg knx‡`i ¯§iY
†kvKMv_v ev g„Zz¨ e¨w³i ¯§i‡Y Kve¨ iPbvq gyLv`ivg KweMY wQ‡jb LyeB `¶| wewfbœ mgq
gymjgvb‡`i‡K DØy× Kivi Rb¨ knx`‡`i Ae`v‡bi K_v Kve¨vKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Dû` hy‡×
gymwjg evwnbx g`xbv †_‡K hvÎvi mg‡q ivm~j (mv.) ÔQvwbq¨vZzj we`vÕ ch©šÍ AMÖmi n‡q Zv‡`i we`vq
Rvbvb| we`vq †ejv g`xbvevmxiv Zv‡`i‡K ejj: †Zvgiv wbivc‡` _v‡Kv Ges Kvwgqve n‡q wd‡i
G‡mv| ÔAvãyjøvn Beb ivIqvnv Kuv`‡Z jvM‡jb| †jv‡Kiv ejj: Kuv`vi wK Av‡Q? wZwb ej‡jb,
`ywbqvi gnveŸ‡Z Avwg Kuv`wQbv| knx` ¯§i‡Y Avgvi `yB bq‡b AkÖæwm³ n‡”Q| ivm~j (mv.) Gi PvPv
nvgRv (iv.) Dû` hy‡× knx` nIqvi ci ÔAvãyjøvn Beb ivIqvnv †kvKMv_v iPbv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb-
ب يغ اجىبء لا اعي- ثىذ عي حك ب ثىبب
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
170
أحضح راو اشج امزي- ع أعذ الإ غذاح لبا
بن لذ أصيت ث اشعي- أصيت اغ ث جيعب18
[Avgvi P¶zØq µ›`b K‡i‡Q, Avi Zuvi µ›`b Kiv DwPZ| KviY µ›`b I wejv‡ciB gyLv‡c¶x
Avmv`yj Bjv‡ni (nvgRv iv.) Dci hvi m¤‡Ü MZKvj ejvejx n‡q‡Q †h, nvgRv (iv.) wbnZ
n‡q‡Qb| G‡Z mKj gymwjg fvivµvšÍ n‡q‡Q Ges ivm~j (mv.) e¨w_Z n‡q‡Qb|]
gvMwdivZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv
gvMwdivZ A_© ¶gv cÖv_©bv Kiv, AbyZß nIqv| gyLv`ivg KweMY mviv Rxeb AbyZß n‡q‡Qb Ges
Avjøvni Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgvc©Y K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡`i cv‡ci mxgv †bB| Z‡e Avjøvni Kv‡Q ¶gvi `iRv‡Zv
Amxg| Zuvi `qv I AbyMÖn Qvov Avgv‡`i P~ovšÍ j‡¶¨ †cu․Qv‡bv hv‡ebv| ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv
Gme welq wb‡q wPwšÍZ _vK‡Zb| wZwb m~iv gviBqvg Gi 71 bs AvqvZ- †Zvgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Zv
(cyjwmivZ) AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv †Zvgvi ie- Gi Awbevh© wm×všÍ cvV K‡ib| AZtci wZwb
e‡jb, Avwg wK †mB cyjwmivZ cvi n‡Z cvi‡ev? †jv‡Kiv Zuv‡K mvšÍ¦bv w`‡q ejj: Avjøvn †Zvgv‡K
ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi mv‡_ Avevi wgwjZ Ki‡eb| ZLb wZwb ¯^iwPZ GKwU KweZv Ave„wË K‡ib|
KweZvwUi K‡qKwU ‡køvK wbgœiƒc:
ضشثخ راد فشع رمزف اضثذا- ى أعأي اشح غفشح
ثحشثخ رفز الأحؾبء اىجذا- أطعخ ثيذ حشا جضح
أسؽذ الله غبص لذ سؽذا- حز يمبي إرا شا ع جذث19
[Z‡e Avwg ingv‡bi Kv‡Q gvMwdivZ Kvgbv Kwi, Avi Kvgbv Kwi Awmi AšÍi‡f`x GKwU AvNvZ
A_ev KwjRv I bvwo‡Z †cu․‡Q hvq wbhvi Ggb GKwU †LuvPv| Avgvi Ke‡ii cvk w`‡q AwZµgKvix
†hb e‡j- nvq Avjøvn, †m KZ fv‡jv †hv×v I MvRx wQj|]
ZvKIqv m¤ú‡K©
gyLv`ivg KweMY ZvKIqvi ‣ewkó¨, ¸Yvewj I ZvKIqv AR©‡bi wewfbœ cš’v m¤ú‡K© A‡bK KweZv
iPbv K‡i‡Qb| ZvKIqv Avjøvni fq, DrK…ó cv‡_q mÂq Ges Avjøvnfxiæ †jv‡Ki Rb¨ i‡q‡Q
Avjøvni Kv‡Q weivU QvIqve| ZvKIqv m¤úbœ gvbyl Avjøvni Kv‡Q MÖnYxq| †hUv AR©b Kiv KwVb|
Zviv wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, `ywbqvi weË-‣efe I ¶Y¯’vqx myL-m‡¤¢v‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖK…Z †Kv‡bv †m․fvM¨ †bB|
Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi ci Avj ûZvqAv (iv.) GKRb fv‡jv I cwi”Qbœ gymjgvb n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| ZvKIqv
m¤ú‡K© wZwb Gfv‡e KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡jb-
ى ازم اغعيذ- غذ أس اغعبدح جع بي
عجذ الله لأ رم ضيذ- رم الله خيش اضاد رخشا20
[ab m¤ú` mÂq Kiv‡K Avwg †Kv‡bv †m․fvM¨ e‡j g‡b Kwi bv eis Avjøvn‡K †h fq K‡i †mB
†m․fvM¨evb| Avjøvni fq DrK…ó cv‡_q I mÂq Ges Avjøvn fxiæ †jv‡Ki Rb¨ i‡q‡Q Avjøvni Kv‡Q
weivU QvIqve|]
Avi‡ki eY©bv
gyLv`ivg KweMY Avi‡ki wewfbœ eY©bv w`‡q KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avik gnvb iveŸyj Avjvwg‡bi
GK gnvb m„wó| †hwU GKwU we®§qKi hv gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ wKqvgZ ch©šÍ wPšÍvi †LvivK| mßg
Avmgv‡bi Dci gnvb Avjøvni ZvÔAvjvi Avik, KziQx Aew¯’Z| nv`x‡mi eY©bvbyhvqx Avik KziQx
gyLv`ivg Kwe‡`i Kv‡e¨welq‣ewPΨ : GKwU we‡kølY
171
GZ wekvj †h, Zv mgMÖ AvKvk I Rgxb‡K cwi‡ewóZ K‡i †i‡L‡Q| ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv
Avi‡ki eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb-
فق اعشػ سة اعيب- إ اعشػ فق ابء حبف
لائىخ إلا غيب- رح لائىخ وشا21
[wbðq Avik cvwbi Dci cÖ`w¶Z| Avi Avi‡ki Dci i‡q‡Qb Avgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK| Avi Zv enb
K‡i Av‡Qb m¤§vwbZ I Avjøvni •bKU¨kxj wdwikZviv| Avjøvni wdwikZviv †k¦Z-ïå wPý wewkó|]
Kzdzixi cÖwZ wb›`v I wa°vi
gyLv`ivg Kwe‡`i welq‣ewP‡Î¨i g‡a¨ wb›`v I wa°vi wQj GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Zviv cÖwZc¶‡K
wb›`v Ki‡Z wØav‡eva Ki‡Zv bv| Kwe nvmmv‡bi wb›`vev‡`i g‡a¨ ïay MvwjB _vK‡Zv bv, Zv‡Z
_vK‡Zv cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZy¨Ëi| Zuvi ÷vBjwU wQj AwZ PgrKvi| KzivBk‡`i wb›`vi iwPZ Zuvi KweZv-
وإي اغمت ذ اعب- اؽذ أ ه لشيؼ22
[Avwg Rvwb †h †Zvgvi AvZ¥xqZv Kzivqk‡`i m‡½ Av‡Q| Z‡e Zv G iKg †hgb DU-kve‡Ki mv‡_ DU
cvLxi Qvbvi mv „k¨ n‡q _v‡K|]
ZvQvov Ave~ mywdqvb Bebyj nv‡iQ wQ‡jb ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi PvPv‡Zv I `ya fvB| Bmjvgc~e© mg‡q
ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi mv‡_ Zvi LyeB fve wQj| beyIqvZ cÖvwßi ci Zuvi mv‡_ `ykgwb ïiæ nq| wZwb
wQ‡jb GKRb Kwe| ivm~j (mv.) I gymjgvb‡`i wb›`vi Rev‡e KweZv iPbv Ki‡Z Drmvn w`‡q‡Qb|
Ave~ mywdqv‡bi wb›`vq nvmmvb (iv.) Gi KweZv-
عذ الله ف ران اجضاء- جد حذا فأججزع
أي الله ؽيز افبء- جد جبسوب ثشا حيفب23
[Zzwg gynv¤§v‡`i wb›`v K‡i‡Qv Avwg Zuvi c¶ †_‡K Reve w`‡qwQ| Avi Gi cÖwZ`vb i‡q‡Q Avjøvni
Kv‡Q| Zzwg wb›`v K‡i‡Qv GKRb cweÎ cyb¨evb I mZ¨cš’x e¨w³i| whwb Avjøvni cig wek¦vmx Ges
Aw½Kvi cvjb Kiv hvi ¯fve|]
Dcmsnvi
†gvUK_v gyLv`ivg Kwe‡`i KweZvPP©v ZrKvjxb Avi‡e LyeB cÖwm× wQj| Zuv‡`i fvlv wQj weï×|
KweZvi eY©bvfw½ I •ewPΨ Kve¨aviv‡K h‡_ó cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| welq‣ewP‡Î¨ Zuviv Avgyj cwieZ©b
mvab Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| esk †M․ie, †MvÎxq AnwgKv, wnsmv we‡Øl †hLv‡b wQj KweZvi g~j
DcRxe¨, †mLv‡b Rvbœv‡Zi eY©bv, myL kvwšÍi eY©bv, ¶gv cÖv_©bv, bvhv‡Zi c‡_i g‡Zv welq •ewPΨ‡K
mvg‡b G‡b bZzb avivi Rb¥ w`‡qwQ‡jb| d‡j gyLv`ivg hy‡Mi KweZv¸‡jv LyeB DbœZ gv‡bi hv mgMÖ
Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i AmvaviY m„wó wn‡m‡e aiv nq|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 W. •mq` gvngy`yj nvmvb, Avie RvwZi BwZnvm (XvKv: †bv‡ej cvewjwks nvDm, 1986), c„. 20|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
172
2 Beb ÔAve` ivween, Avj-ÔBK`yj dvix`, 3q LÐ (Kvq‡iv: jvRbvZzZ ZvÔjxd, 1965wn.), c„. 116|
3 Av.Z.g gyQ‡jn DÏxb, Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1982wLª.), c„. 155|
4 W. †gvnv¤§` BmgvBj †P․ayix, cÖvPxb Aviwe KweZv; BwZnvm I msKjb (PÆMÖvg: Avngvw`qv wcÖw›Us †cÖm,
2015wLª.), c„. 25|
5 Avngv` nvmvb Avh hvBqvZ, ZvixLyj Av`vwej Avivex (cÖKvkbvj‡qi bvg I ZvwiL wenxb), c„. 64-65|
6 BDmyd Avj-Kvbavjyex, nvqvZzm mvnvev (w`gvkK: `viæj Kvjvg, 1983wLª.), c„. 20|
7 W. kvIKx `vqd, AvZ& ZvZvIDiæ IqvZ ZvR`x`y wdk wkÔwij ÔDgvfx (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid 2008wLª.),
c„. 16-17|
8 Avngv` nvmvb Avh hvBqvZ, c„. 79|
9 cÖvPxb Aviex KweZv; BwZnvm I msKjb, c„. 22|
10 Ave`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, Av` `xIqvb (•eiƒZ: `viæj Dj~g, 1982 wLª.), c„. 92|
11 W±i gynv¤§` Ave`yj gvey`, Avmnv‡e ivm~‡ji Kve¨ cÖwZfv (XvKv: Avnmvb cvewj‡Kkb, 2003 wLª.), c„. 123|
12 xIqvby ÔAve yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, m¤úv bv: W. Iqvwj` wKmve (†m․w` Avie: `viæj Dj~g, 1982wLª.), c„. 153|
13 ÔAvjx Beb Avwe Zvwje, Av` `xIqvb (•eiƒZ: `viæj KzZywej ÔAvivex, 2005 wLª.), c„. 105|
14 W. BDmyd dvinvZ, kviû `xIqvwbj Bgvg ÔAvjx Beb Avwe Zvwje (iv.) (•eiƒZ: `viæj wKZvwej ÔAvivex, 2005
wLª.), c„. 55|
15 Avmnv‡e ivm~‡ji Kve¨ cÖwZfv, c„. 89|
16 `xIqvb-B-ÔAvjx, fvlvšÍi: gynv¤§v` nvmvb ingZx, 1g LÐ (XvKv: i¨vgb cvewjkvm©, 2016 wLª.), c„. 95|
17 ÔAvjx Beb Avwe Zvwje, Av` `xIqvb, c„. 105|
18 `xIqvby ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, c„. 132; Avmnv‡e ivm~‡ji Kve¨ cÖwZfv, c„. 87|
19 `xIqvby ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, c„. 147; nvqvZzm mvnvev, 1g LÐ, c„. 529-30; Avmnv‡e ivm~‡ji Kve¨
cÖwZfv, c„. 88|
20 Aveyj dvivR Avj-Bmdvnvbx, wKZveyj AvMvbx, 2q LÐ (•eiƒZ: gyÔAvmmvmvZz Rv¤§vj, Zv.we.), c„. 175|
21 `xIqvby ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, c„. 144; Avj-KziZzex, Avj-BmZxÔAve UxKv: Avj Bmvev dx Zvgqxh Avm mvnvev,
1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdKi, 1978wLª.), c„. 362|
22 nvmmvb Beb QvweZ, Av` `xIqvb (•eiƒZ: `viæj KzZywej ÔBjwgq¨vn, 1966wLª.), c„. 242|
23 Z‡`e, c„. 20; wKZveyb AvMvbx, 4_© LÐ, c„. 163; Bebyj AvQxi, Dm`yj Mvev, 2q LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæ BnBqvÕ AvZ-
ZzivQ Avj-Avivex 1963wLª.), c„. 117|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi Kv‡e¨ Ak¦e›`bv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
W. Qv‡jKz¾vgvb Lvb
Abstract: Poetry of Jahily is unfading peace of Arabic literature. Poets portrayed the
society in sensible contexture through those poems. Poetry has a trace or every walk of
Arablife along with peace, warfare and so more. Since Arabs were nomad travelers on
the desert, pets were daily part of their sustentation. Horse had very vital importance to
them among the benevolent animals. Therefore, the objects related to horse like prides
for it, benefits and necessities to it are well defined. Rearing of horses, giving diverse
names to them, regarding as blessed, use of them as transportation and war equipments
along with other salutary things have been immortalized precisely through these ancient
poems. These worth very high rhetorical values in the Arabic literature. About all the
poets of Jahily explained nicely about their homesteads, carriages and most beloved.
They poured very great wisdom on the illustrations of vehicles horses, camels and asses.
They showed no thrift to furhish with unique analogies and examples. Imru’l Qais and
‘Antara got specialities in their poems in depiction of horses. The poems of these two
scholars about horses bear definite praises. They presented all about horses from physical
structures to good qualities excellently and nicely.
f‚wgKv
Rvwnjx hy‡Mi KweZv Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i Agi m„wó| KweMY Zuv‡`i RxebvPvi wbc~Yfv‡e KweZvi gva¨‡g
Zz‡j a‡ib| KweZv ZrKvwjb Avie mgv‡Ri cÖwZwe¤^| hv‡Z Zuv‡`i kvwšÍ I hy×-weMÖnmn Rxe‡bi
cÖwZwU welq cÖwZdwjZ nq| Rvwnjx Avieiv giæPvix wQj e‡j Zuv‡`i Rxeb-RxweKvi mv‡_ M„ncvwjZ
cÖvYxi m¤úK© wQj Acwimxg| Avi wewfbœ DcKvix cÖvYxi g‡a¨ Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q Ak¦ ev †Nvov wQj LyeB
¸iæZ¡c~Y© I AZ¨vek¨Kxq m¤ú`| d‡j Aviex KweZvq †Nvovi m¤§vb, DcKvwiZv, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv,
cÖwZcvjb, wewfbœ bv‡g bvgKiY, eiKZgq nIqv, hy× Ges cwien‡Y e¨envi BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv
PgrKvifv‡e wea„Z n‡q‡Q| mvwn‡Z¨i AvjsKvwiK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K G¸‡jv LyeB D”P gv‡bi| G cÖe‡Ü
Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi KweZvq †Nvov cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbv Kivi Avkv ivwL|
†Nvovi cwiPq
†Nvovi Aviex cÖwZkã nj فشط| G kãwU cyiæl I ¯¿x Dfq wj‡½i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| فشط Gi eûePb
Iافشاط | فشط1 †Nvovi Av‡ivnx‡K فبسط ejv nq| GwU eûeP‡b فشعب I فاسط e¨eüZ nq|
2
Aviex fvlvq mvaviY †Nvov, eo †Nvov, †QvU †Nvov, mv`v, Kv‡jvmn wewfbœ AvKvi I i‡Oi †Nvovi
Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ kã i‡q‡Q| h_v bi †Nvov‡K ejv nq دصب| Gi eûePb دص| Avi gv`x †Nvov‡K
ejv nq دجش| hvi eûePb ادجش (AvnRvi) I دجش (ûRi)|3 A‡bK¸‡jv †Nvov eySv‡Z Aviex‡Z
|خيي I enyePb nj خبئ kã e¨eüZ nq| Kv‡iv g‡Z Gi GKePb اخي4 †Nvovi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã
nj Horse.5 †Nvovi Dcvwa nj اث شجبع (mvnmxi wcZv) اث عبت (Zv‡j‡ei wcZv) اث , اث ذسن
اث ضبء ,اث اضبس,اج BZ¨vw`6|
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, Aviex wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
174
Avj-KziAvb I Avj-nv`x‡m †Nvovi eY©bv
Avj-KyiAv‡bi GKvwaK ¯’v‡b †Nvovi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv G‡m‡Q| hv †_‡K eySv hvq †Nvov Avjøvni cÿ
†_‡K gvby‡li cªwZ we‡kl GKwU †bqvgZ| Avjøvn †Nvov‡K w`‡q‡Qb gh©v`v, kw³ Ges Zvui iv Ívq
gyRvwn`‡`i Rb¨ mvnvh¨Kvix evwb‡q‡Qb| Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb:7
. ب لا رؼ يخك صيخ ب يش زشوج اذ اجغبي Ò†Zvgv‡`i Av‡ivn‡Yi Rb¨ Ges اخي
†kvfvi Rb¨ wZwb †Nvov, L”Pi I Mvav m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Avi wZwb Ggb wRwbm m„wó K‡i‡Qb hv †Zvgiv
Rvb bvÓ| GB Avqv‡Zi Zvdmx‡i Bgvg KziZzex e‡jb Ò†Nvov, L”Pi I Mvav‡K DËg gvwjKvbvq
ivLv, DËgiƒ‡c hZœ †bIqv, G¸‡jvi cÖwZ AbyMÖnkxj nIqv Ges AwZwi³ Kó bv w`‡q evn‡bi Kv‡R
e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|8 Ab¨Î Bikv` n‡q‡Q:
9
. و ػذ ا ػذ ث ج رش سثبط اخي ح ل ب اعزغؼز أػذا ÒAvi cÖ¯‘Z Ki Zuv‡`i
mv‡_ hy‡×i Rb¨ hv wKQz msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi, wb‡Ri kw³ mvg‡_©¨i g‡a¨ †_‡K Ges cvwjZ †Nvov †_‡K,
†hb cÖfve c‡o Avjøvni kÎæ‡`i Dci Ges †Zvgv‡`i kÎæ‡`i Dci| Avj-KyiAv‡b †Nvov‡K hy×v‡¯¿i
gh©v`v †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi Dci †kªôZ¡ `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j gymjgvbMY †Nvov‡K
Bmjv‡gi kÎæevwnbxi weiæ‡× hy‡×i †ÿ‡Î e¨envi K‡i| Zvuiv GwU‡K DËg evnb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|
Avi †Nvovi wel‡q Zuviv AwaK hZœkxj nq| KyiAv‡b †hgb †Nvovi wel‡q eY©bv G‡m‡Q †Zgwb bex
(mv.) Gi nv`x‡QI †Nvovi †kÖôZ¡, †Nvovi eiKZgq nIqv Ges †Nvovi cÖwZ hZœkxj nIqvi wb‡ ©k
Kiv n‡q‡Q| gnvbex (mv.) e‡jb: 10
ÔÔ†KqvgZ ch©šÍ †Nvovi اخي ف اصيب اخيش ا ي اميبخ
Kcv‡ji †Kk¸‡”Q Kj¨vY wbwnZ i‡q‡Q|ÕÕ gnvbex (mv.) Ab¨ nv`x‡Q e‡jb:11
.لارمصا اص اخي لا ؼبسفب لا أربثب، فإ أربثب زاثب ؼبسفب دفبإب اصيب ؼمد فيب اخيش
ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, GK mgq †Nvov Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi gZ e‡b R½‡j ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxeb hvcb KiZ| Avi
gvby‡liv Bnvi †MvkZ fÿY Ges Zuvi Pvgov Øviv DcKvi jv‡fi Rb¨ GwU‡K wkKvi KiZ| ZL‡bv
mvIqvix wnmv‡e †Nvovi e¨envi wQjbv| AZ:ci Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv gvby‡li †L`g‡Z †Nvov‡K AbyMZ
K‡i w`‡jb| d‡j BmgvCj (Av.) G †Nvovi Dci mIqvi nb Ges wb‡Ri Aaxb K‡i iv‡Lb|12
Bebyj Kvjex e‡jb:13
أي سوت اخي ارخزب اعبػي اث اثشاي، اب وبذ دشب لارغبق
Ò BmgvCj Beb Beªvnxg (Av.) cÖ_g †Nvovq Av‡ivnY K‡ib| BZ:c~‡e© †Nvov دز عخشد لإعبػي
eb¨cÖvYx wQj, GwU‡K BmgvCj (Av.)-Gi Rb¨ AbyMZ K‡i †`qv nq|Ó Avjøvni bex (mv.) e‡jb:14
Ò†Zvgiv †Nvovi Dci Av‡ivnb Ki, KviY GwU †Zvgv‡`i اسوجا اخي فإب يشاس أثيى إعبػي
wcZv BmgvB‡ji (Av.) Iqvwik|Ó
Aviex KweZvq †Nvovi eY©bv
Avie‡`i Rxe‡b †Nvov ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| Zuviv †Nvov‡K AZ¨waK fvjevmZ, Gi hZœ
wbZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ me cÖvYxi Dci cÖvavb¨ w`Z| Rvwnjx Avieiv †Nvovi KyjwRaviv ev es‡ki BwZnvm
msiÿY Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc KiZ| Zuv‡`i †Nvovi wfbœ wfbœ bvg _vKZ| hv cieZ©x‡Z Òbvmveyj LvqjÓ
ev †Nvovi esk ZvwjKv bv‡g MÖš’I iwPZ nq|15
Avieiv †Nvov‡K Zuv‡`i evnb Ges gvj cwien‡Yi
Kv‡R e¨envi KiZ| cieZ©x‡Z Bmjv‡gi weR‡qi †ÿ‡Î Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e GwU M„nxZ nq|
ZrKvjxb Avi‡e †Nvovi gvwjK KL‡bv †Nvov‡K Zuvi ¯¿x, mšÍvb GgbwK wb‡Ri DciI cÖvavb¨ w`Z|
†m ÿzavZ© Ae¯’vq _vK‡jI †Nvov‡K D‡cvl ivLZbv| †m †Nvovi Rb¨ kxZKv‡j Mig cvwb I
MÖx®§Kv‡j VvÐv cvwbi e¨e¯’v KiZ| VvÐv †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ †Nvovi kix‡i Kvco cwo‡q w`Z| Zv‡K
ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi Kv‡e¨ Ak¦e›`bv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
175
`vgx †LRyi LvIqvZ|16
Bmjvg AvMg‡bi c‡i Avj-KyiAv‡bi wewfbœ Avqv‡Z †Nvovi m¤§vb, †kÖôZ¡,
hy‡×i Rb¨ †Nvov‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv ewY©Z nq| Avjøvni bexi (mv.) nv`x‡QI †Nvov
m¤ú‡K© weeiY cvIqv hvq| Avjøvni bex (mv.) †Nvov‡K eiKZgq e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb me
cïi g‡a¨ hvKvZ wba©vib K‡ib| wKš‘ †Nvovi e¨vcv‡i e‡jb:17
يظ ػ اغ صذلخ ف ػجذ لا
.ف فشع Ògymjgv‡bi Dci Zuvi `vm I †Nvovi hvKvZ dih bqÕÕ| d‡j Avieiv †Nvovi cÖwZ AwaK
hZœkxj nq| Avie‡`i mgvR Rxe‡bi `c©Y wQj KweZv| ZvB KweZvq Zuv‡`i †Nvovi cÖwZ fvjevmv,
hZœkxj nIqv, wewfbœ bv‡g bvgKiY Kiv Ges †Nvovi esk ci¤úivmn wewfbœ w`K dz‡U D‡V|18
Bmjv‡g †Nvov‡K m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kivi g~j KviY nj gywgb‡`i Rb¨ hy‡×i gq`v‡b GwU evnb wn‡m‡e
KvR Ki‡e| GwU Avjøvni Rwg‡b Avjøvni Kvwjgv cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z mnvqK n‡e|19
G Kvi‡Y Avjøvni
bex (mv.) †Nvov‡K wZbwU †kÖYx‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| (K) Avjøvni †Nvov (L) gvby‡li †Nvov (M)
kqZv‡bi †Nvov| Zb¥‡a¨ Avjøvni †Nvov nj †mB †Nvov hv Avjøvni iv Ívq e¨eüZ nq Ges hvi Dci
P‡o Avjøvni kÎæ‡`i nZ¨v Kiv nq|20
Avieiv Zuv‡`i †Nvovi esk ci¤úiv ¯§iY ivLZ| Zvuiv Zuv‡`i
†Nvov‡K wewfbœ bv‡g bvgKiY KiZ| ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, gnvbex (mv.) Gi mvZwU †Nvov wQj, cÖ‡Z¨KwU
wewfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Zb¥‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj ÔاغىتÕ hvi Dci Av‡ivnY K‡i Avjøvni bex (mv.)
hy‡× Ask MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|21
wReivBj (Av.) Gi †Nvovi bvg nj nvqh~g|22
nvmvb Beb Avjx Beb
Avex Zvwje (iv.) Gi †Nvovi bvg Bqvng~g|23
Ave~ hvi wMdvix (iv.) Gi †Nvovi bvg Avj
AvR`vj|24
mvnvex Lvwj` Beb Iqvjx` (iv.) Gi †Nvovi bvg Avj AvBqvi|25
ÔDgvi Bebyj LvËve
(iv.) Gi †Nvovi bvg Avj Iqvi`| GwU Zvgxg `vix bex (mv.) †K nvw`qv w`‡qwQ‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z bex
(mv.) GwU ÔDgvi (iv.) †K nvw`qv †`b| ÔDgvi (iv.) Gi Dci Av‡ivnY K‡i hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ib|26
G mKj †Nvovi bvg I eskZvwjKv BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ MÖ‡š’ cvIqv hvq| mgKvjxb KweMY Zuv‡`i
KweZvq wb‡R‡`i †Nvovi bvg D‡jøL K‡i KweZv iPbv Ki‡Zb| †hgb Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvq‡mi
†Nvovi bvg Avj RvDb|27
ÔAvbZviv Beb kvÏv` Gi †Nvovi bvg AveRvi|28
Dfq KweB Zuv‡`i
†Nvovi bv‡g Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
Aviex KweZvi mv‡_ †Nvovi m¤úK©
Rvwnjx Avie‡`i Rxe‡b †Nvov AZ¨šÍ g~j¨evb I cÖ‡qvRbxq GK e¯‘i bvg| †Nvovi cÖwZ Zuv‡`i
fvjevmv wQj AK…wÎg| KL‡bv Zuviv †Nvov‡K Zuv‡`i Rxe‡bi gZB fvjevmZ| Avevi KL‡bv Zuviv
wb‡Ri †P‡qI †ewk fvjevmZ|29
Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q Akv‡ivnY wQj kw³ cÖ`k©b I exiZ¡ cÖKv‡ki Ab¨Zg
gva¨g| Zuv‡`i A‡b‡KB Akv‡ivn‡Y AwaK AvMÖnx wQj| Akv‡ivnY wb‡q Zuviv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv KiZ|
G‡Z hviv kw³ I cvwÐZ¨ cÖ`k©‡b GwM‡q _vKZ Zuviv Avie‡`i Kv‡Q m¤§vb I myL¨vwZi Avm‡b
mgvmxb nZ| cÖvPxb Aviex Kwe‡`i †`Iqv‡b Akv‡ivnY wel‡q KweZvi e¨vcKZv jÿ Kiv hvq|30
wb‡¤œv³ KwZcq Kvi‡Y Avie‡`i KweZvq †Nvovi ¸iæZ¡ dz‡U D‡V|
(K) hy×-weMÖn
Avie‡`i gv‡S Zz”Q welq wb‡qI hy× †j‡M _vKZ| Avi Gme hy‡× kÎæi gyKv‡ejvq wb‡R‡K
AvZ¥iÿv Ges cÖwZcÿ‡K `ªæZ civwRZ Ki‡Z Zuviv †Nvov‡K Ab¨Zg evnb wn‡m‡e e¨envi KiZ|
†Nvov wQj Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q m¤ú`kvjx I `vwqZ¡ cÖvwßi Ab¨Zg KviY| †Nvovi gva¨‡g Zuviv hy‡× weRq
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
176
jvf K‡i m¤§vb I m¤ú` jv‡f mÿg nq| cÿvšÍ‡i civwRZ †Mv‡Îi Rb¨ Afve I ¯¿x-mšÍvb †Q‡o
Ab¨Î cvwj‡q †eov‡bvi KviY nq|31
Kwe mvjvgv Bebyj Rvb`vj e‡jb: 32
أر داس ذشة* و فميش ثؤر الله لذ ججشد ر غ ث
ÒAvjøvni B”Qvq KZ `wi ª abx n‡q‡Q| Ges KZ abx‡K K‡i‡Q `wi ª|Ó
(L) wkKvi Kiv
Rvwnjx hy‡Mi Avie‡`i AwaKvskB wkKvi cQ›` KiZ| Zuviv wkKv‡i †Nvov‡K evnb wn‡m‡e MÖnY
KiZ| kw³kvjx I `ªæZMvgx †Nvov‡K wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ DuPz-wbPy cvnvwo I mgZj me ¯’v‡b DËg evnb
wn‡m‡e MÖnY KiZ| G Kvi‡YB ZrKvjxb cÖvq me Kwe‡`i KweZvq wkKvi I Zv‡Z e¨eüZ evnb
m¤ú‡K© eY©bv cvIqv hvq| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb: 33
ثجشد ليذ الأاثذ يى* لذ اغزذ اغيش ف وبرب
ÒAvwg AwZ cÖZz¨‡l wkKv‡i †ei nB hLb cvLxiv Zuv‡`i bx‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i| Avwg wkKv‡i †ei nB
Ggb †Nvovq P‡o hv n«¯ ckg wewkó, myVvg †`nx, ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ|Ó
(M) cvi¯úwiK Me© I AnsKv‡ii e ‘
‡Nvov Avie‡`i Rxe‡b Zuv‡`i Av‡jvPbv I gRwj‡m cvi¯úwiK Me© I AnsKv‡ii Ab¨Zg DcKiY
wQj| DËg †Nvovi gvwjK nIqv Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q wQj m¤§v‡bi welq| d‡j Zuv‡`i KweZvq Akv‡ivnY,
†Nvovi cÖwZ hZœkxj nIqv Ges G wel‡q Zuv‡`i AwfÁZv A‡b¨i mv‡_ wewbgq Kivi cÖmsM DVZ|
Zuv‡`i Av‡jvPbvi gRwj‡m †Nvovi welq †m․›`h©¨ ea©b KiZ|34
Kwe AvjKvgvn e‡jb: 35
يذ ثب غت ف اذ ؼ* لذ الد أب اذ عجخ
ÒAvwg `xN©‡`nx †Nvovi Dci P‡o †Mv‡Îi †jvK‡`i †bZ…Z¡ †`B| hvi Øviv D”P es‡ki cÖwZ Bw½Z
enY K‡i|Ó Kwe Avj gyivw°ïj AvmMvi Zvui †Nvovi eY©bvq e‡jb: 36
خبيلا أسثخ * ػ ث ار اذ أش اغض عشا أ
ÒAvwg Avgvi evn‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i gRwj‡m Mgb Kwi, Gi Øviv Avwg Ab¨‡`i (†Mv‡Îi) Dci
m¤§vwbZ †eva Kwi|Ó
Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi KweZvq †Nvov
(K) †Nvovi •`wnK KvVv‡gv
Rvwnjx hy‡Mi KweMY Zuv‡`i KweZvq †Nvov‡K PgrKvi fv‡e dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| Zuviv KweZvq †Nvovi
•`wnK KvVv‡gv, A½-cÖZ¨½, wÿcÖZv Ges Mv‡qi is mn wewfbœ wKQz eY©bv K‡ib| Zuviv †Nvov‡K KL‡bv
_vjv, bvjv, jvwV I ek©vi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib‡Qb| Avi G¸‡jv Zuviv Zuv‡`i †Nvovi kw³, „pZv I
kxb©Zv cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ K‡ib|37
KviY †Nvov n‡jv Zuv‡`i Ab¨Zg eÜzmyjf evnb| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj
Kvqm e‡jb: 38
ويذ وؤب شاح اي* ثؼجضح لذ ارضس اجش ذب
ÒAvwg jvj‡P Kv‡jv i‡Oi †Nvovi gva¨‡g c_ AwZµg Kwi, hv yªZMvgx Zvu‡Zi jvwVi gZ ªæZ P‡j|Ó
Kwe ÔAvbZviv Zvui KweZvq `xN©‡`nx I n«¯ ckg wewkó †Nvovi eY©bv K‡i e‡jb: 39
ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi Kv‡e¨ Ak¦e›`bv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
177
اخي رمزذ اخجبس ػاثغب * ثي شيظخ اخش شيظ
ÒhLb kÎæc‡ÿi `xN©‡`nx †NvUKx Ges n«¯ ckg wewkó †NvUK¸‡jv big gvwU‡Z AvµgY Pvjv‡Z
wM‡q Ngv©³ n‡q D‡VwQj|Ó
Rvwnjx KweMY Zuv‡`i KweZvq wcÖq evnb †Nvov m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| Zvuiv Gi wKQzB
ev` †`qwb| A‡bK Kwe Zuv‡`i †Nvov‡K c½cvj, CMj, evRcvwL Ges wP‡ji mv‡_ Zyjbv K‡ib|40
†h mKj Rvwnjx Kwe †Nvovi PgrKvi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm Ab¨Zg| wZwb
cÖ_g Kwe whwb †Nvov‡K nwiY, †bK‡o I DUcvwLi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ibb, cieZ©x KweMY G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi
AbymiY K‡ib|41
wZwb Zuvi †Nvovi ‣`wnK MVY Ges kw³i e¨vcv‡i e‡jb: 42
ثجشد ليذ الأاثذ يى* لذ اغزذ اغيش ف وبرب
اسخبء عشدب رمشيت رزف* أيغلا ظج عبلب ؼبخ
ÒAwZ cÖZz¨‡l hLb cvLxiv evmvq Ae¯’vb K‡i Avwg Avgvi n«¯^ ckg wewkó myVvg †`nx, ªæZMwZ
m¤úbœ wkKvix Ak wb‡q †ei n‡q cwo| Zuvi cvuRi nwi‡Yi g‡Zv, cv DU cvLxi g‡Zv, MwZ †bK‡o
ev‡Ni g‡Zv, Avi †`․o †LKwkqv‡ji g‡Zv|Ó
(L) †Nvovi wÿcÖZv
†Nvov GKwU ªæZMvgx cÖvYx| GwU Zuvi MšÍ‡e¨ wÿcÖZvi mv‡_ GwM‡q hvq| d‡j Akv‡ivnx Avieiv ªæZMvgx
†Nvov‡K Zuv‡`i evnb MÖnY K‡i| Zuviv ªæZMwZi eY©bvq †Nvov‡K wewfbœ cÖvYxi mv‡_ Zyjbv K‡ib|43
†Nvovi wÿeªæZvi Rb¨ KL‡bv Zuviv GwU‡K cvwL, nwiY, †bK‡o, †LuKwkqvj, cvwbi Xj, evjwZ, Av¸b I
Zx‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb:44
وجد صخش دغ اغي ػ* ىش فش مج ذثش ؼب
ارا جبػ في دي غ شج* ػ ازث جيبػ وؤ ازضا
اثش اغجبس ثبىذيذ اشو* غخ ار ب اغبثذبد ػ ا
رزبثغ وفي ثخيظ ص* دسيش وخزسف ايذ اش
Ò†mB Ak Avµg‡Yi mgq GKB m‡½ Wv‡b, ev‡g, A‡MÖ, cðv‡` ZxeªMwZ‡Z avweZ nq, g‡b nq †hb
†Kvb cÖ¯Íi LÐ †Kvb D”P¯’vb n‡Z †¯ªv‡Zi †e‡M bx‡P wQU‡K co‡Q|Ó
ÒZvi (•`wnK) K¬vwšÍ m‡Ë¡I †m Zxeª †e‡M †`․uovq, hLb †m Zuvi wkKv‡ii cðv×veb K‡i Zuvi kix‡ii
DËvc †WKPxi g‡a¨ dzUšÍ cvwbi DËv‡ci gZ n‡q hvq|Ó
ÒGwU GKwU `ªæZMwZ wewkó Ak, hLb Ab¨ Ak^ j †`․u‡o K¬všÍ n‡q c‡o ZLb †m Zuvi Ly‡ii AvNv‡Z
ay‡jv Dwo‡q Zuv‡`i c``wjZ K‡i|Ó
Ò†m †Kvb evj‡Ki jvwU‡gi gZ wÿcÖMwZ m¤úbœ, hv‡K GKwU cvKv‡bv myZvi mvnv‡h¨ Z¡wiZMwZ n Í
Øviv †Nviv‡bv n‡q‡Q|Ó
Kwe ÔAvbZviv Zvui gyÔAvjøvKvq †Nvovi eY©bv PgrKvifv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| KviY Zvui †NvovwU wQj
hy‡× Zuvi Rb¨ DËg evnb| Zuvi †Nvov wQj `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ I myVvg †`nx hvi Øviv wZwb kÎæc‡ÿi
Dci Svwc‡q co‡Zb| Kwe e‡jb: 45
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
178
ا وذ جبخ ثب رؼ* لا عؤذ اخي يب إثخ به
ذ رؼبس اىبح ى* اصاي ػ سدبي عبثخ إر لا
Ò†n gvwjK bw›`bx! Zywg hw` Avgvi (exiZ¡) m¤^‡Ü AÁ nI Zvn‡j Zywg hv AeMZ bI †mB wel‡q
Akv‡ivnx ‣mb¨‡`i wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cvi|Ó
ÒKviY hLb exi †mbvMY Avgvi `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ, myVvg †`nx I AvnZ Ak‡K evievi AvNvZ nv‡b
ZLbI Avwg (wbf©‡q) Ak^c„‡ô mgvmxb _vwK|Ó
(M) †Nvovi iO
Rvwnjx hy‡Mi KweMY Zuv‡`i KweZvq †Nvovi iO Gi eY©bv w`‡ZI Kvc©Y¨ K‡ibwb| Zuviv †Nvovi
Z¡‡Ki wbg©jZv, PvKwPK¨ I D¾¦jZvi eY©bv Zy‡j a‡ib| Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q myVvg †`nx I my›`i Pzj wewkó
†Nvov AwaK wcªq|46
Av`nvg (اد) Mvp Kv‡jv iO Gi †Nvov‡K e‡j| Ges Kv‡jv iO Gi g‡a¨
jv‡ji cªvavb¨ n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq KzgvBZ (ويذ)|47
Avi G ywU kãB Kwe ÔAvbZviv I ÕBgiæÕDj
Kvq‡mi KweZvq e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb: 48
وب صذ اصفاء ثبزضي* ويذ يضي اجذ ػ دبي ز
Ò†m GKwU i³e‡Y©i Ak, hvi c„ô‡`k n‡Z Zuvi wRb wcQ‡j c‡o, wVK evwiavivq Mwo‡q cov gm„Y
Dcj L‡Ði gZ|Ó Kwe ÔAvbZviv hyׇÿ‡Î e¨eüZ Zuvi K…òKvq †Nvovi eY©bvq e‡jb: 49
اشغب ثئش ف جب الأد* يذػ ػزش اشبح وؤب
ÒZviv WvKwQj ÔAvbZviv (e‡j), Avi ZLb Avgvi K…òKvq A‡k^i †`‡n ek©v¸‡jv (we× n‡q) K‚‡ci
cvwb D‡Ëvjb Kiv iwki gZ SzjwQj|Ó اد A_© Mvp Kv‡jv| Kwe ÔAvbZvivi †Nvovi iO wQj Mvp
Kv‡jv i‡Oi|
G hy‡Mi KweMY †Nvovi †`‡ni Ggb †Kvb A½ †bB hv m¤ú‡K© Zuviv Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ibwb| †Nvovi
†Pnvivq Kg †Mv Í wewkó nIqv Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q cÖksmbxq wQj| †Nvovi †Pv‡Li ZxÿœZv I `yi`„wó m¤úbœ
nIqv GwU AwaK eyw× m¤úbœ nIqvi Bw½Z K‡i| †Nvovi †`‡ni MVb I AvK…wZi eY©bv Aviex KweZvq
we`¨gvb| KweMY `x©N I D”P †`‡ni †Nvov‡K Ab¨ †Nvovi Dci cÖvavb¨ w`‡Zb|50
†Nvovi eY©bvi •kwíK g~j¨vqb
(K) Dcgv (التشبيه)
Zvkexn Aviex fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms‡hvRb| GwU Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i Ab¨Zg
kvLv| GwU GKwU PgrKvi I DbœZ gv‡bi evKixwZ| Gi gva¨‡g e³‡e¨ bZzb gvÎv †hvM nq| e³e¨
AwaK ¯úó nq Ges evK¨ †m․›`h©c~Y© nq| Aviex KweZvq Gi me©vwaK e¨envi cwijwÿZ nq| GKwU
welq‡K Ab¨ GKwU wel‡qi mv‡_ †Kvb ¸‡Yi w`K w`‡q, †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ Zyjbv Kiv‡K Zvkexn
|e‡j (ازشجي)51
gbxlxMY Zvkexn Gi msÁv wewfbœ fv‡e cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
Avie DcØx‡c GKRb Avie Zuvi MšÍ‡e¨ †c․Quvi Rb¨ kw³kvjx I e„nr AvKv‡ii †Nvov‡K evnb
wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva KiZ| d‡j Rvwnjx hy‡Mi KweMY Zuv‡`i †Nvov‡K KL‡bv eo jvwV,
KL‡bv ivLv‡ji nv‡Zi jvwV Avevi KL‡bv weivU DuPz AUªvwjKvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib‡Qb| KL‡bv Zuviv
ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi Kv‡e¨ Ak¦e›`bv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
179
†Nvov‡K kw³kvjx eb¨Miæi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib‡Qb| Kwe ÔAvbZviv Zuvi evnb‡K evZv‡mi mv‡_ Zyjbv
K‡ib: 52
ا أشت ػب اغب ا اشمش* و أد وبشيبح إرا جش
D³ KweZvq Kwe ÔAvbZviv kw³ I `ªæZMvwgZvq Zuvi †Nvov‡K evZv‡mi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ibb| KviY
evZvm †hfv‡e fvix †gNgvjv‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq mwi‡q wb‡q hvq †mfv‡e †Nvov I Zuvi gvwjK I Zuvi
KI‡gi †jvK‡`i Rb¨ mybvg I myL¨vwZ e‡q wb‡q Av‡m| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm Zuvi †Nvov‡K eo
jvwVi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib e‡jb: 53
ويذ وؤب شاح اي* ثؼجضح لذ ارضس اجش ذب
D³ KweZvq ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb, wZwb jvj‡P Kv‡jv i‡Oi †Nvov‡K evnb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib †h
wKbv `ªæZMvgx Zvu‡Zi jvwVi gZ| GLv‡b Kwe Zuvi †Nvov‡K Kvco †evbvi h‡š¿i jvwVi mv‡_ Zzjbv
K‡ib‡Qb| Kwe Zvui †Nvovi `yBwU ¸Y Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb GKwU `ªæZMvgx Ab¨wU jvwVi gZ kw³kvjx,
KviY jvwV k³ I gReyZ KvV w`‡q •Zix Kiv nq|
(L) iƒcKvj¼vi (الاستعارة)
Aviex AjsKvi weÁv‡bi cwifvlvq †Kvb kã‡K cªK…Z A_© e¨ZxZ Ab¨ A‡_© Ggb fv‡e الاعزؼبسح
e¨envi Kiv hv‡Z GKwU Zzjbv Av‡ivc Kiv nq|54
mvB‡q` Avng` Avj nvwkgx e‡jb:55
. اعزؼبي افظ ف غيش ب ضغ ؼلالخ اشبثخ غ لشيخ صبسفخ ػ اسادح اؼ الاص: الاعزؼبسح
†gvU K_v: الاعزؼبسح Ggb GKwU kã hvi cÖK…Z A_© I e¨eüZ A‡_©i g‡a¨ me©`v Gi m¤úK© we`¨gvb
_vKvq cÖK…Z A_© MÖn‡Y evav cÖ`vbKvix Kvi‡Y Zv wfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| D‡jøL¨ GLv‡b غزؼبس I
:Gi †h †Kvb GKwU D‡jøL _v‡K| Aewkó meB En¨ _v‡K| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb غزؼبس 56
ذان ػشط اصلايخ دظ* وؤ ػ ازي ارا ازذ
Ò(†NvovwU) M„‡ni cv‡k `Ðvqgvb Ae¯’vq Zuvi c„ô‡`k †`‡L g‡b nq K‡bi Rb¨ myMwÜ P‚Y© Kivi
cv_‡ii (cvUv) gZ A_ev gmjv (nvbRvj dj) †clv wk‡ji gZ|Ó
DwjøwLZ KweZvq Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm Zuvi †Nvovi c„ô‡`k‡K D¾¡jZv I wcw”QjZvi †ÿ‡Î gm„Y I
cwi¯‥vi cvUvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ibb| A_ev †Nvovi c„‡ôi gm„YZv †jey RvZxq nvbhvj dj hvi Øviv
†Zj †ei Kiv nq Zuvi gZ| Avi †Nvovi c„ô‡`‡ki gm„YZv I wcw”QjZv †Nvovi myVvg †`n, kw³kvjx
I †m․›`‡h©i mvÿ¨ enY K‡i|
(M) c‡ivÿ D‡jøL (الكنايت)
Aviex AjsKvi weÁv‡bi GK Ab¨Zg kvLv nj اىبيخ| Avi اىبيخ A_© BswMZ I c‡ivÿfv‡e D‡jøL
Kiv|57
cwifvlvq اىبيخ H kã‡K ejv nq hvi Avmj A_© (ؼ دميم) ev` w`‡q Avewk¨K A_©
|MÖnY Kiv nq| Z‡e Zuvi Avmj A_© MÖnY KivI •ea (ؼ لاص)58
Aviex KweZvq اىبيخ Gi
e¨envi cwijwÿZ nq| Avi اىبيخ Aviex evjvMv‡Zi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Aa¨vq| †hgb Kwe
ÔAvbZviv Zuvi KweZvq اخي (†Nvov) kã e¨envi K‡i افشعب Akv‡ivnxi cÖwZ BswMZ K‡i‡Qb|
Kwe e‡jb: 59
إ وذ جبخ ثب رؼ* لا عؤذ اخي يب إثخ به
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
180
Ò†n gvwjK bw›`bx! Zywg hw` Avgvi (exiZ¡) m¤^‡Ü AÁ nI Zvn‡j Zywg hv AeMZ bI †mB wel‡q
Akv‡ivnx ‣mb¨‡`i wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cvi|Ó
DwjøwLZ KweZvq Kwe Zuvi †cÖqmx gvwjK Kb¨v PvPvZ †evb Avejv‡K m‡¤vab K‡i e‡jb| †n Avejv
Zzwg hw` hy‡×i gq`v‡b Avgvi mvnwmKZv I exiZ¡ m¤ú‡K© bv Rvb Zvn‡j (†Nvov) †K wRÁvmv Ki|
GLv‡b Kwe †Nvovi Øviv †Nvovi Av‡ivnx‡K BswMZ K‡i‡Qb| Zv Qvov †Nvov‡K †Zv wKQz wRÁvm Kiv
hvq bv| GLv‡b اخي D‡jøL K‡i Akv‡ivnxi cÖwZ BswMZ Kiv nj AjsKvi kv‡ ¿i fvlvq †Kbvqv
(وبيخ) |
Dcmsnvi:
Rvwnjx hy‡Mi cÖvq me KweB Zuv‡`i KweZvq wb‡R‡`i evnb, †cÖqmx I ev¯‘wfUvi eY©bv PgrKvi fv‡e
Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| Zuviv evn‡bi eY©bvq †Nvov, DU I Mvavi Av‡jvPbvq cvwÐZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡ib| Zuviv
my›`i Dcgv-D`vniY ¯’vc‡b K…cYZv K‡ibwb| †Nvovi eY©bvq Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZviv Ab¨
me Kwei Dci we‡klZ¡ jvf K‡ib| †Nvov m¤ú‡K© G `yRb Kwei KweZv cÖksmvi `vwe`vi| Zuviv
†Nvovi •`wnK MVb ej‡Z Gi A½-cÖZ½mn hveZxq wKQy eY©bv K‡ib| Zuviv †Nvov‡K jvwV I ek©vi
mv‡_ Zyjbv K‡ib| Zuviv Zuv‡`i †Nvovi kw³, `„pZv I kxb©Zv cÖKvk Ki‡Z A‡bK wKQyi mv‡_ mv`„k¨
¯’vcb K‡ib| †Nvovi `ªæZMwZi eY©bvq Zuviv KL‡bv nwiY, cvwL, †bK‡o I †LuKwkqv‡ji mv‡_ GwU‡K
Zzjbv K‡ib| Zuviv †Nvovi i‡Oi eY©bvq we‡kl K‡i jvj‡P Kv‡jv I Mvp Kv‡jv i‡Oi D‡jøL K‡ib|
Zuv‡`i eY©bvq mvwn‡Z¨i im I AjsKvi we`¨gvb|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 Avh hyevB`x, ZvRyj ÔAviæm, 16k LÐ (Kz‡qZ: gvZevÔAvZz ûKzgvwZj Kz‡qZ, 1396 wn./1976 wLª.), c„. 323. Beb
gvbh~i, wjmvbyj ÔAvive, 6ô LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæmvw`i, Zv. we.), c„. 159|
2 Avj RvInvix, Avmwmnvn, 3q LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj Bjwg wjj gvjvBb, 1399 wn./1979wLª), c„. 957; jyqBm gvÔj~d,
Avj gybwR` wdj jyMvn (•eiæZ: Avj gvZevÔAvZzj KvjvwmwjwKq¨vn, Zv. we.), c„„. 575; Avj dvBiæhvev`x, Avj
Kvg~myj gynxZ (•eiæZ: gyAvmwmmvZzi wimvjvn, 1426 wn/ 2005wLª.), c„. 562|
3 kv‡Ki nv`x kv‡Ki, Avj nvqIqvb wdj Av`vwej ÔAvivex, 2q LÐ (•eiæZ: gvKZvevZzb bvnhvwZj ÔAvivweq¨vn,
1405wn./1985wLª.), c„. 28; m¤ú`bv cwil`, Bmjvgx wek‡Kvl, 14k LÐ (BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1414
wn./1993wLª.), c„. 716-717|
4 mvbv` Beb gyZjvK Avm mvweC, Avj Lvqj gvK‚`yb dx bvIqvmxnvj Lvqi (wiqv`: gvKZvevZzj AvweKvb,
1424wn./2004wLª.) c„. 13| `ªæZMvgx DbœZ Rv‡Zi †Nvov‡K اؼشة ejv nq| †h †Nvovi gv-evev Aviexq Zv‡K
ejv nq | Avi G RvZxq †Nvov m¤§vwbZ, kw³kvjx, AwaK IRb enbKvix Ges wec`vc‡` •ah©¨ avibKvix| †h اجاد
†Nvovi gv-evev Abvie es‡kv™¢‚Z Zv‡K اجشص ejv nq| †h †Nvovi evev Aviex Ges gv Abviex Zv‡K اجي ejv
nq| (`ª: Avj Lvqj gvK‚`yb dx bvIqvwmnvj Lvqi, c„. 14)
5 HANS WEHR, A DICTIONARY OF MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC (LONDON: MACDONALD &
EVANS LTD, 1980), P. 704.
6 KvgvjyÏxb AvÏvwgix, nvqvZzj nvqIqvb, 3q LÐ (`vwgkK: `viæj evkvBi, 1426wn./2005wLª.), c„. 373|
ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi Kv‡e¨ Ak¦e›`bv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
181
7 m~ivn Avb bvnj, AvqvZ: 8
8 Bgvg Avj KziZzex, Avj RvwgD wjAvnKvwgj KziAvb, 12k LÐ (•eiæZ: gyAvmvwmmvZzi wimvjvn, 1427wn./
2006wLª.), c„. 286|
9 m~ivn Avj Avbdvj, AvqvZ: 60; DwjøwLZ AvqvZ `ywU e¨wZZ Av‡iv A‡bK Avqv‡Z †Nvov m¤ú‡K© eY©bv G‡m‡Q| h_v
(1) m~ivn Avj Bgivb, AvqvZ: 14; ت از مغشح امبعيش ا اجي اغبء اد بط دت اش صي
آة ا دغ ػذ ا يب زبع اذيبح اذ اذشس ره ؼب الأ خ غ ا اخي .افضخ (gvbeKzj‡K †gvnMÖ¯’ K‡i‡Q
bvix, mšÍvb-mš‘wZ, ivwkK…Z ¯^Y©-†i․c¨, wPwüZ Ak, Mevw` cïivwR Ges †ÿZ-Lvgv‡ii gZ AvK©lbxq e¯‘ mvgMÖx|
GmeB n‡”Q cvw_©e Rxe‡bi †fvM¨ e¯‘| Avjøvni wbKUB n‡jv DËg AvkÖq|) (2) m~ivn Avj Bmiv, AvqvZ: 64; (3)
m~ivn& Avj nvki, AvqvZ: 6; (4) m~ivn Avm †mvqv`, AvqvZ: 30-33; (5) m~ivn Avj ÔAvw`qvZ, AvqvZ: 1-3.
10 mnxûj eyLvix, wKZveyj wRnv`, nv`xm bs 2849|
11 myjvqgvb web AvkAvQ Avj Avm`x Avm wmwRmZvbx, mybvby Avex `vD` (wiqv`: `viæj nvhvivn, 1436wn./ 2015wLª.),
wKZveyj wRnv`, c„. 325|
12 Avj Lvqjy gvK‚`yb dx bvIqvwmnvj Lvqi, c„. 39|
13 Bebyj Kvjex, bvmveyj Lvqj wdj Rvwnwjq¨vn Iqvj Bmjvwg Iqv AvLeviænv (evM`v`: KzwjøqvZzj Av`ve,
1985wLª./1406wn.), c„. 24|
14 Avjøvgv Aveyj diR b~iæÏxb Avj nvjex Avk kvwdC, Bbmvbyj Dq~b dx mxivwZj Avgxwbj gvg~b (•eiƒZ: `viæj
KzZzwej ÔBjwgq¨vn, Zv. we.), c„. 30|
15 W. b~ix nvgy`x Avj Kvqmx, AvZ ZvexÔAvZz wdk wkÔwij Rvwnjx (•eiæZ: Avk kvwiKv Avj gyËvwn`vn wjZ ZvIhx,
1970 wLª./1390wn.), c„. 106; Avj AvmIqv` Avj ¸bw`Rvbx, AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmvwenv (w`gvkK:
gvKZvevZzj ¸bw`Rvj Zv: we:), c„. 15-16.
16 cÖv¸³, c„. 108; Avj Lvqjy gvK‚`yb dx bvIqvwmnvj Lvqi, c„. 16-17|
17 Bebyj AvQxi, RvwgÔDj Dm~j dx Avnv`xwQi ivm~j, 4_© LÐ (gvKZvevZz `vwij evqvb, 1390wn./ 1970wLª.), c„. 623
nv`xQ bs 2708|
18 Bebyj Kvjex, bvmveyj Lvqj, c„. 21-22; Avj Lvqjy gvÔK~`yb dx bvIqvmxnvj Lvqi, c„. 27|
19 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 22-23|
20 nv‡dR Avj gvbwhix, AvZ ZviMxe IqvZ Zvinxe wdj nv`xwQm kixd, 2q LÐ (`viæ BnBqvBZ Zzivwmj ÔAvivex,
1388wn/1968wLª.), c„. 261|
21 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 127; nvqvZzj nvqIqvb, 3q LÐ, c„. 400-401|
22 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 71|
23 cÖv¸³, c„. 270|
24 cÖv¸³, c„. 30|
25 cÖv¸³, c„. 171|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
182
26 cÖv¸³, c„. 262; nvqvZzj nvqIqvb, 3q LÐ, c„„. 401|
27 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 65; bvmveyj Lvqj, c„. 53|
28 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 29; bvmveyj Lvqj, c„. 46|
29 Beb ûhvBj, wnjqvZzj dzimvb Iqv wkÔAviæk ïRÔAvb (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid, 1949wLª.), c„. 43|
30 b~iæÏxb Avivgx, myivZzj Lvqj wdkwkÔwij Rvwnwj, w`Iqvby ÔAvbZvivZzeby kvÏv` (gv÷vim wWMÖx mb` cÖvwßi
Rb¨ Dc¯’vwcZ, ZZ¡veavb: nvqvZ gvÔAvk, wemKvivn gynv¤§` Lvq`vi wek^we`¨vjq, Avj‡Rwiqv| 2012-
2013wLª.), c„. 33|
31 hvq` Beb gynv¤§` Beb Mvwbg Avj Rynvbx, Avm m~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, 1g LÐ (g`xbv gybvIqvivn:
gvKZvevZz gvwjK dvnv` Avj IqvZvwbq¨vn 1425wn.), c„. 363|
32 mvjvgv Beb Rvb`vj, Av``xIqvb (•eiƒZ: `viæj KzZzwej ÔBjwgq¨vn, 1987wLª./1407wn.), c„. 105|
33 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 32|
34 nvmvb gynv¤§v` Avbbvmx, Avj Lvqj wdj AvkÔAvwij ÔAvive (wiqv`: gvKZveZzj gvwjK Avãyj Avhxh Avj Av¤§vn,
1416wn.), c„. 18|
35 Avm m~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 364; mvB‡q` Avng` mvKvi, kviû `xIqvwb I Avj Kvgvn
Avj dvnj (Kvq‡iv: Avj gvZevÔAvZzj gvngyw`q¨vn, 1935 wLª.), c„. 70|
36 Avm m~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 364; `xIqvbyj gyivw°kvBb (•eiæZ: `viæmvw`i, 1998 wLª.)
c„. 89|
37 AvZZvexÔAvZz wdk wkÔwij Rvwnjx, c„. 111; Avm m~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, c„. 365|
38 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 139|
39 ÔAvbZviv Beb mvÏv`, Av``xIqvb, c„. 68; AvhhvIhvbx, kviûj gyAvjøvKvwZm mveÕ, c„. 167|
40 AvZZvexÔAvZz wdkwkÔwij Rvwnjx, c„. 114|
41 Be‡b Ave` ivweŸnx, Avj ÔBK`yj dvix`, 1g LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj KzZzwej ÔBjwgq¨vn, 1983 wLª.), c„. 142|
42 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 53-59| AvkkvbKxZx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj ÔAvkvi c„. 35-36| Avh hvIhvbx,
kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj mveÔ c„. 32-36|
43 Avmm~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjqvZ, c„. 369; AvZ ZvexAvZz wdkwkÔwij Rvwnjx, c„. 113|
44 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 54-56; Avk kvbKxZx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj ÔAvkvi c„. 35-36|
45 ÔAvbZviv Beb kvÏv`, Av``xIqvb, c„. 63; Avk kvbKxZx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj ÔAvkvi, c„. 159|
46 AvZZvexÔAvZz wdkwkÔwij ÔAvivex, c„. 114
47 wnjqvZzj dzimvb I wkÔAviæk ïRÔAvb, c„. 84|
48 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 55; AvkkvbKxZx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj ÔAvkvi, c„. 35|
ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi Kv‡e¨ Ak¦e›`bv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
183
49 ÔAvbZviv Beb kvÏv`, Av``xIqvb, c„. 67|
50 gvIm~AvZzm m~ivwZj dvwbœBq¨v wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, c„. 378-379; AvZZvexÕAvZz wdkwkÕwij Rvwnjx, c„. 108|
51 cÖ‡dmi W. bwKeyjøvn; Aviex AjsKvi weÁvb (ivRkvnx: 2014 Lªªx.), c„. 159; kvqL bvmxd Avj BqvwhRx Avj
jyebvbx e‡jb: ازشجي اذلاخ ػ شبسوخ اش لأدذ ف ؼ ػ غيش اعزؼبسح لا رجشيذ Òرجشيذ I اعزؼبسح
Qvov †Kvb GKwU wel‡qi mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU welq‡K GwK A‡_© Zzjbv Kiv‡K Zvkexn e‡j|Ó `ª: kvqL bvmxd Avj
Bqvwhnx Avj jyebvbx, gvRg~Dj Av`ve dx dzbywbj ÔAvive (•eiæZ: Avj gvZevÔAvZzj D¤§vn, 1932 wLª.), c„. 100;
mvB‡q` Avng` Avj nvwkgx e‡jb: ازشجي ػذ ػبء اجيب شبسوخ اش ف ؼ ثؤداد ؼبد, `ª: mvB‡q`
Avng` Avj nvwkgx, RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn wdj gvAvbx Iqvj evqvb Iqvj ev`x (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzj Av`ve,
2005wLª.), c„. 206|
52 ÔAvbZviv Beb kvÏv`, Av``xIqvb, c„. 114|
53 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 139|
54 Aa¨vcK †gvnv¤§` knx yjøvn, Aviex AjsKvi I Q›`cÖKiY (KwjKvZv: 17, evbx gbwhj, 1976 wLª.), c„. 6|
55 RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn, c„. 189; D`vniY: gnvb Avjøvni evYx: وزبة اضب ايه زخشج ابط اظبد ا اس
(ا اضلاخ ا اذ) `ª: m~ivn Beivnxg, AvqvZ: 1 )Avwg Avcbvi cÖwZ GKwU wKZve AeZx©Y K‡iwQ, †hb
Avcwb gvbyl‡K AÜKvi n‡Z Av‡jvi w`‡KZ_vÑ †Mvgivnx n‡Z †n`vqv‡Zi w`‡K) †ei K‡i wb‡q Av‡mb| Av‡jvP¨
Avqv‡Z Kvixgvq ظبد I I ظبد Gi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| Ges رشجي ¨Gi g‡a ذايخ I س Ges ضلاخ cªK…Z س
A‡_© e¨eüZ bv n‡q wfbœ A‡_©© (c_åóZv I †n`v‡qZ) e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Avi cªK…Z A_© MÖn‡Y evav cÖ`vbKvix
KviY †KD gvbyl‡K wKZve Øviv AÜKvi n‡Z Av‡jvi w`‡K wb‡q | وزبة اضب n‡jv ev‡K¨i cÖ_g Askلشيخ
Av‡mbv| eis c_åóZv n‡Z †n`v‡q‡Zi w`‡K wb‡q Av‡m| `ª: mvB‡q` Avãyj Avnv` Avj Kvwmgx, `yiæmyj evjvMvn
D`~© e¨vL¨vmn (XvKv: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, PKevRvi, Zv.we.), c„. 150|
56 AvhhvIhvbx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj mveÔ (Kvq‡iv: `viæj Mv`` Avj Rv`x`, 2006wLª./1427wn.), c„. 37|
57 Avj gyÔRvgyj IqvmxZ, c„. 802; Avãyj nvwdh wejqvex, wgmevûj jyMvZ (w`jøx: gvKZvevZz eyinvb, 1986), c„.
754|
58 ª: gvRgvÔDj Av`ve, c„. 137; mvB‡q` Avng` Avj nvwkgx` اىبيخ فظ اسيذ ث لاص ؼب غ جاص اسادر ؼ
e‡jb: رغ اسادح اؼ الاص فظ اعك اسيذ ث لاص ؼب غ لشيخ لا `ª: RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn, c„. 273|
59 Avh hvIhvbx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZm mveÔ, c„. 160|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨: DrcwË I weKvk
†gvt Kvgviæ¾vgvb
Abstract : In Arabic prose literary field, Biographical Literature is one of the impeccable
additions that entertain the readers entirely. The preprimary and present conditions of
Arabic Biographical Literature have flourished as a ground work pertinently. Different
aspects of Arabic literature have been discussed with much importance but the compendium
of Biographical Literature has supplied less foraging to expatiate. This is an important
branch of literature though it has not extended like poetry or dramaturgy. There has been an
attempt to discuss about the origin and development of Arabic Biographical Literature. In
this regard, some distinguished literatures and their literary works have also been discussed
here. References have been used properly. It is hoped that, this article will add a new
dimension to Arabic gens de letters.
f‚wgKv
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mvwnZ¨, bvUK I Dcb¨v‡mi b¨vq AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨I AvR cvVK mgv‡R †ek mgv „Z| hw`I mvwn‡Z¨i
Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi Zzjbvq AvZ¥Rxebx ( الذاتية السيرة ) Lye GKwU cÖfve we Ívi Ki‡Z mg_© nqwb Ges KweZv
ev bvU¨wk‡íi gZ GwU ZZUv cÖmvwiZI nqwb, ZeyI GwU mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv| mvwn‡Z¨i
Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi b¨vq e¨vcKZv jvf bv Kivi Ab¨Zg KviY GwU mvwn‡Z¨i bZzb GKwU kvLv| G
cwifvlvwUi eqm gvÎ yB kZvãxi gZ| Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i cvkvcvwk evsjv mvwn‡Z¨I Gi cÖPjb
jÿYxq| Z‡e Dwbk kZ‡Ki Av‡M evsjv fvlvq †Kvb AvZ¥Rxebx †jLv nqwb| cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi
MxwZKweZvq fwYZvi gva¨‡g AvZ¥cwiPq Zz‡j aivi GKwU cÖqvm jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i Kvwnbx
Kv‡e¨ AvZ¥cwiPq A‡bKUv we Í…Z AvKv‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q| PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨ gyKz›`ivg PµeZx© I cÙveZx
Kv‡e¨ AvjvIj Giƒc AvZ¥cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ AvaywbK avivq AvZ¥cwiPq ev AvZ¥Rxebx ej‡Z hv
†evSvq G¸‡jv Zvi g‡a¨ c‡o bv| cÖL¨vZ Aviex mvwnwZ¨K‡`i A‡b‡KB AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨ iPbv
K‡i‡Qb| hviv G gnr K‡g© g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i‡Qb Zb¥‡a¨ cÖwm× †jLK n‡”Qb wgk‡ii cÖwZfvevb I AÜ
mvwnwZ¨K W. Z¡nv ûmvBb| wZwb Zuvi †jLv AvZ¥RxebxMÖš’ ÔAvj AvBq¨vgÕ Gi gva¨‡g cvVK‡`i
g‡bviÄb Ki‡Z cwic~Y© mÿg n‡q‡Qb| cvkvcvwk wgk‡ii Ab¨ GKRb cÖwm× mvwnwZ¨K Avngv`
Avgxb| wZwb Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK حياتي (nvqvZx) Gi g‡a¨ AvaywbK ixwZbxwZ Aej¤b K‡i Zuvi
Rxe‡bi mg Í wel‡qi PgKcÖ` eY©bv †ck K‡ib|
AvZ¥Rxebx ( الذاتية السيرة ) mvwn‡Z¨i cwiPq
AvZ¥Rxebxi Aviex cÖwZkã الذاتية السيرة | GwU †h․wMK kã| cÖ_gwU السيرة Ab¨wU السيرة |الذاتيةGi
AvwfavwbK A_© والطريقة السنة (A_©vr-ixwZ, bxwZ, c×wZ)|1
Avi cwifvlvq-
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, Aviex wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
186
2 للأفراد الحياة تاريخ على تدل ىى .
Òe¨w³ Rxe‡bi BwZnvm eY©bv‡K AvZ¥Rxebx e‡j|Ó
cweÎ KziAv‡b Bikv` n‡q‡QÑ
هاذ خ
ى سيرتها سنعيدها
و 0
3
ÒwZwb ej‡jb: †mwU ai Ges fq K‡ivbv, Avwg †mwU‡K Zvi c~e©ve¯’vq wdwi‡q w`e|Ó
GQvov ÔAvãyjøvn nvK¡xj AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e-
وما تعاملو، وأساليب وتربيتو حياتو ويعرض نفسو خبايا عن يكشف كاتبها بأن تتميز وانها الأدب، أنواع من انهانوع
وكذا مثيرة، طريقة ىواقف من صادفو وما متاعب من واجهو وما وممارسات وذكريات وخبرات تجارب من حياتو اعترى
.عملو مسيرة لازمت التى والسياسية والإقتصادية الإجتماعية الظروف توضيح4
ÒAvZ¥Rxebx GK cÖKvi mvwnZ¨| Gi •ewkó¨ n‡jv- Gi †jLK wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi bv ejv welq‡K
gvby‡li mvg‡b cÖKvk K‡ib| Zuvi Rxeb-hvcb, jvjb-cvjb, AvPiY c×wZ, Rxe‡bi mwÂZ
AwfÁZv, Mw”QZ ¯§„wZ, wewfbœ wel‡qi Abykxjb Ges Rxe‡b †h mg Í mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb Zvi
weeiY †`b| mv‡_ mv‡_ Rxe‡b msNwUZ Avb›``vqK welqvewj‡KI D‡jøL K‡ib| Avi †h mg¯Í
mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK I ivR‣bwZK Kvh©KviY Zuvi Pjvi c‡_ wg‡k wQj †m¸‡jv cÖKvk K‡ib
AvZ¥Rxebxi gva¨‡g|Ó
Avieiv cÖ_‡g السيرة kãwU ïay ivm~j (mv.)Gi Rxeb-Pwi‡Îi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM KiZ| c‡i Gi e¨envi
µgvš‡q we Í…wZ jvf K‡i| Zviv ivm~j (mv.) QvovI AviI wKQz e¨w³i Rxebx‡Z السيرة kãwUi e¨envi
K‡i| †hgb الأيوبي الدين صلاح سيرة (mvjvn DÏxb Avj-AvBqyexi mxivZ) Ges طولون بن دحمأ سيرة
(Avngv` Beb Zzjyb Gi mxivZ)| ivm~j (mv.) Gi Dci mxivZ iPbvi c‡i me©cÖ_g Rxebx iPbv
K‡ib الكلبى عوانة (ÔAvIqvbvn Avj-Kvjex)| Be‡b bv`xg Zuvi wjwLZ ست الفهر G أمية وبنى معاوية سيرةwk‡ivbv‡g †mwU D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
5 Z‡e G ai‡Yi mxivZ‡K الغريبة السيرة ev الذتية غير السيرة ev
Biography e‡j|6
Dc‡i ewY©Z الذاتية غير السيرة GwU Avgv‡`i‡K Ab¨ GK mxiv‡Zi w`‡K Bw½Z †`q| †mwU nj السيرة
ev Autobiography ev AvZ¥Rxebx| bv‡gi cv_©‡K¨i mv‡_ mv‡_ Dfq cÖKvi mxiv‡Zi gv‡SI الذاتية
cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| hw`I †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb D‡Ïk¨, MVb I welqe¯‘i w`‡K †_‡K Df‡qi g‡a¨ †Zgb
cv_©K¨ †bB| ïay cv_©K¨ GUzKz †h, الذاتية السيرة Rxeb-PwiZ †jLv nq DËg cyiæ‡li e¨env‡i Avi
AvZ¥Rxebx †jLv nq bvg cyiæ‡li e¨env‡i| Z‡e ev ͇e †`Lv hvq wKQz wKQz AvZ¥Rxebx bvgcyiæ‡li
e¨env‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q| †hgb- Z¡nv ûmvB‡bi cÖwm× AvZ¥Rxebx Avj-AvBqvg| GRb¨ AvaywbK Aviex
mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPKMY e‡j‡Qb, Dfq mxivZ ûeû GK bq cÖ‡Z¨‡K ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨ aviY K‡i| G Kvi‡Y
Zviv kvwãKfv‡e Dfq‡K Avjv`v bvg w`‡q‡Qb| A_©vr الذاتية غير السيرة ev Biography Ges السيرة
Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨: DrcwË I weKvk
187
|ev Autobiography ev AvZ¥Rxebx bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i الذاتية7 wb‡¤œ Df‡qi mswÿß cwiPq Zz‡j aiv
nj|
Rxebx mvwnZ¨ I AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i cv_©K¨
الذاتية غير السيرة Gi mswÿß cwiP‡q ejv n‡q‡Q-
والأحداث عاشها، التيى حياتو ظروف من واسرارعبقريتو مواىبو عن والكشف فذ، انسان حياة فى الحقيقة عن البحث
.جيلو فى خلفو الذى والأثر محيطو، واجهها التى8
ÒA_©vr الذاتية غير السيرة nj †Kvb ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³i Rxe‡bi ev Íe welq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv, Zuvi Rxeb
hvc‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©vejx †_‡K Zvi †gav I cÖwZfvi wewfbœ w`K D‡b¥vPb Kiv, Zuvi RxebKv‡j †h mg¯Í
NUbvejxi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb Zvi weeiY Zz‡j aiv Ges †m hy‡M Zuvi †i‡L hvIqv wb`k©bvejx D‡jøL
Kiv|Ó
†gvÏvK_vq †Kvb cÖwm× e¨w³i DbœZ e¨w³Ë¡ I DbœZ gh©v`vi wewfbœ w`K Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ Zuvi m¤ú‡K©
A‡b¨i wjwLZ eY©bv‡K الذاتية غير السيرة e‡j|
cÿvšÍ‡i AvZ¥Rxebxi )الذاتية السيرة( cwiPq wewfbœ Awfavb‡eËv, mvwnwZ¨K, mgv‡jvPK I HwZnvwmK
wewfbœfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i GB gZv‣b‡K¨i KviY AvZ¥Rxebx wk‡íi DrcwË I µgweKv‡ki
BwZnv‡mi Dci wfwË K‡iB n‡q‡Q| Z‡e mnRfv‡e Gi msÁv wb¤œiƒc-
.الماضية حياتو عن ما شخص يكتبو متواصل سرد وىو الذاتية السيرة9
Ò†Kvb e¨w³ KZ…©K Zuvi AZxZ Rxe‡bi avivevwnK wjwLZ eY©bv‡K AvZ¥Rxebx e‡j|Ó
GK K_vq Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, †Kvb cÖwm× e¨w³i DbœZ e¨w³Z¡ I DbœZ gh©v`vi wewfbœ w`K Zz‡j aivi
Rb¨ Zuvi m¤ú‡K© A‡b¨i wjwLZ eY©bv‡K الذاتية غير السيرة ev Rxebx e‡j| Aciw`‡K †Kvb e¨w³ KZ…©K
Zuvi Rxe‡bi avivevwnK wjwLZ eY©bv‡K AvZ¥Rxebx e‡j|
AvZ¥Rxebx ( السيرةالذاتية ( cwifvlvi DrcwË
hw`I mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi Zzjbvq AvZ¥Rxebx )الذاتية السيرة( †ekx e¨vcKZv jvf K‡iwb| Ges
KweZv ev bvU¨wk‡íi gZ GwU ZZUv cÖmvwiZ nqwb, ZeyI GwU mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv|
mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi b¨vq e¨cKZv jvf bv Kivi Ab¨Zg KviY GwU mvwn‡Z¨i bZzb GKwU kvLv|
G cwifvlvwUi eqm gvÎ `yB kZvãxi gZ|
G Kvi‡Y mgv‡jvPKMY GL‡bv ch©šÍ AvZ¥Rxebxi cwic~Y© I MÖnYxq msÁv wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
Z‡e Zuviv G cwifvlvwUi DrcwËi BwZnvm wba©vi‡Yi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| G †ÿ‡Î mvwgqvn&& AvmÔAv`
g‡b K‡ib الذاتية السيرة ev AvZ¥Rxebx k‡ãi cÖPjb me©cÖ_g Dwbk kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z Bs‡iwR fvlvq
Autobiography bv‡g ïiæ nq| Gici BD‡iv‡ci AwaKvsk fvlvq Gi e¨envi Qwo‡q c‡o| AviI
wbw`©ó K‡i wZwb Gi DrcwË AvV‡iv kZ wLª÷v‡ãi w`‡K e‡j gZ w`‡q‡Qb|10
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
188
Avevi †KD †KD e‡jb الذاتية السيرة ev e¨w³ KZ…©K wbR Rxeb Kvwnbx iPbvi BwZnvm ïiæ n‡q‡Q
1809 wLª÷v‡ã| Beivnxg Avj-mvgivqx e‡jb, Aviex الذاتية السيرة cwifvlv divwm kã Autobiography
Gi Abyev` †hgbwU Bs‡iwR‡ZI e¨eüZ nq| g~jZ GwU cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Z¨ †kÖYxi GKwU cÖKvi| GwU
†Kvb e¨w³i Rxeb-PwiZ eY©bv, hvi iPwqZv †m wb‡RB| GLv‡b wZwb Zvi c‡ÿi ev wec‡ÿi mKj
welq Zz‡j a‡ib|
Aciw`‡K W. Bqvwnqv Ave`y`& `v‡qg Gi g‡Z, AvR‡Ki cÖPwjZ I ¯^xK…Z cwifvlvwUI me©cÖ_g
cÖKvwkZ nq mß`k kZvãx‡Z| Avi Gi cÖK…Z µgweKv‡ki hyM n‡jv Aóv`k kZvãx| G hy‡Mi
†k‡li w`‡Ki iwPZ Rxe~b )جيبون( bvgK AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’I GB wk‡íi MVbMZ cwic~Y©Zv Av‡m|
1796 wLª÷v‡ã GwU cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g mvwn‡Z¨i ¯^Zš¿ kvLv wn‡m‡e AvZ¥Rxebxi AvZ¥cÖKvk nq|
Aviex‡Z AvZ¥Rxebxi K‡qKwU cwifvlv e¨eüZ nq| †hgb الذاتية السيرة A_ev الذاتية الترجمة A_ev
الشخصية الترجمة Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ الذاتية السيرة me‡P‡q †ekx †ekx cÖPwjZ|
GLb Avgiv AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i DrcwË I µgweKvk Gi w`‡K `„wó wbe× Kie Ges HwZnvwmK I
mgv‡jvPKMb Gi weKvk‡K wKfv‡e wPÎvwqZ K‡i‡Qb Zvi GKwU cÖgvY¨ wPÎ AsKb Kie|
AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i DrcwË
AvZ¥Rxebxi DrcwËi BwZnvm wb‡q A‡bK gZ‡f` we`¨gvb| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib GwU mvwn‡Z¨i
cÖvPxb kvLvi GKwU| Avevi †KD †KD e‡jb, GwU AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU kvLv| Avi GB weZ‡K©i
cÖavb KviY nj AvZ¥Rxebxi mwVK cwiPq m¤ú‡K© Df‡qi wPšÍvi cv_©K¨| hviv cÖvPxb kvLv g‡b K‡ib
Zv‡`i hyw³ nj cÖwZwU M`¨-†jLv †hLv‡b †jLK wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi †Kvb wKQz eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †mwUB
AvZ¥Rxebx| Avi hviv GwU‡K AvaywbK kvLv g‡b K‡ib Zv‡`i g‡Z AvZ¥Rxebxi wbR¯ •ewkó¨
Av‡Q| G mg¯Í •ewk‡ó¨i weeiY Aóv`k kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K|
hviv cÖvPxb cš’x Zuv‡`i A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib GwU cÖvPxb wgmixq mf¨Zvi GKwU m„wó| G‡`i g‡a¨ Avj
IqvBixj w`Div›U Gi bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Zuvi g‡Z wLª÷c~e© 2000 mv‡j cÖvPxb wgkixq mvwn‡Z¨ علم
ev Papyrology bv‡g GK ai‡Yi mvwnZ¨ we`¨gvb wQj| Gi wKQz wKQz Ask AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK البرديات
wQj| †hgb †mLv‡b GK bvwe‡Ki NUbv we`¨gvb, hvi †b․Kv mvgyw`ªK †XD‡qi AvNv‡Z aŸsm n‡q
wM‡qwQj| GLv‡b Rxeb I Av‡eM Abyf‚wZ we¯ÍvwiZ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|11
w`Div›U Gi g‡Z my‡gixqiv
I e¨vwejbxqiv wb‡R‡`i m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q wKš‘ †mwU HwZnvwmK Av‡jvPbv wgkixq‡`i gZ
Kvwnbxg~jK bv|12
Ab¨w`‡K W. kvIK¡x `vwq¨d e‡jb, AvZ¥Rxebxi cÖvPxb iƒc n‡jv †m mg‡qi gvbyliv g„Z e¨w³‡`i
mgvwa dj‡K hv wPwÎZ KiZ †mwUB| †diÔAvDbx hy‡M wgmi mgvwa‡m․a I wcivwg‡W Zv‡`i BwZnvm,
HwZn¨ I Kvh©vejxi wewfbœ welq wPwÎZ KiZ|
Z‡e AvZ¥Rxebxi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© gvwni nvmvb dvn&&gxi gZwU AviI we¯ÍvwiZ| wZwb e‡jb-
أجل من و الحقيقة، عن البحث أجل من انها مغامر فى الإنسانية العقلية من صورة حدكبير إلى ىو الذاتية السيرة تاريخ
.ىا وغير والهلينية والبابلية كالمصرية ، القديمة الحضارات فى متشعبة كانت جذورىا كانت ذلك13
Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨: DrcwË I weKvk
189
ÒAvZ¥Rxebxi BwZnvm †ekxifvM †ÿ‡Î gvby‡li gvbwmKZvi †mB wP·K eySvq, cÖK…Z welq
Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ hvi D‡`¨vM †m MÖnY K‡i| G Kvi‡Y Gi g~j cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wewfbœ kvLvq kvLvq
wefw³ wQj| †hgb wgmixq, e¨vwejbxq, †n‡jbxq cÖf…wZ|Ó
hviv e‡jb AvZ¥Rxebxi DrcwË AvaywbKKv‡j, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖwm× n‡jb, RR© gvB| Zuvi
g‡Z, AvaywbK nIqvi Kvi‡Y AvZ¥Rxebxi msÁv wba©viY Kiv LyeB KwVb| W. ïKix Avj-gvLeyZ Zuvi
gZ‡K mg_©b K‡i e‡jb-
.الأدبية الأجناس أحدث لعلو بال نسبيا حديث الأدبى الجنس ىذا14
Òmvwn‡Z¨i G kvLvwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvaywbK, eis m¤¢eZ GwU mvwn‡Z¨i me©vwaK †kÖYx|Ó
Z‡e ïKix ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h, Gi Av‡M ¯^xKv‡ivw³ ev Revbe›`x ( افات الاعتر ) Gi Dcw¯’wZ we`¨gvb
wQj| †hwU Aóv`k kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K Ru¨vb R¨vK iæ‡kv (1712-1778) wj‡LwQ‡jb| iæ‡kvi
Av‡MI الاعترافات Gi Aw ÍZ¡ wQj| Gi g‡a¨ Saint Augustine Gi الاعترافات †K me‡P‡q cÖvPxb
AvZ¥Rxebxi Dcvwa w`‡q _v‡K|
Avi A‡b‡K G yB g‡Zi mgšq K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e †h, AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU we‡kl •kwíK MVb
_v‡K| Avi m‡PZbfv‡e †mB MVb AbymiY K‡i iwPZ AvZ¥Rxebxi m~Pbv nq iæ‡kvi الاعترافات Gi
gva¨‡gB| Avm‡j AvZ¥Rxebxi DrcwË BwZnvm wb‡q weZ‡K©i MÖnYxq mgvavb LyeB KwVb| KviY
AvZ¥Rxebxi ‣kwíK •ewk‡ó¨i we‡ePbvq Avgiv hw` iæ‡kvi الاعترافات (Revbe›`x) †K AvZ¥Rxebxi
m~Pbv wn‡m‡e awi Z‡e †mwU c~Y©v½fv‡e mwVK n‡ebv| Zuvi الاعترافات Gi g‡a¨ iæ‡kv cÖavbZ Zuvi
Rxe‡bi fzjåvwšÍ I Aciv‡ai wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| A_P AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z Rxe‡bi mKj w`‡Ki weeiY
Avmv AZ¨šÍ Riæix| Aciw`‡K wLª÷xq PZz_© kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡Z iwPZ Saint Augustine Gi
K hw`I AvZ¥Rxebxi MVb cÖYvjx †_‡K A‡bK ~‡ii g‡b Kwi, Z_vwc iæ‡kv I AMvw÷‡bi† الاعترافات
ga¨eZ©x mg‡q eû mvwnZ¨Kg© cvIqv hvq, hv AvZ¥Rxebxi mv‡_ Mfxi m¤úK©hy³| †hgb
Encyclopedia of Britannica †Z ejv n‡q‡Q, AvZ¥Rxebxi cÖKvk ïiæ n‡q‡Q AvaywbK hy‡M|
cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z Margery Kampe bv‡g GK gwnjvi nv‡Z| whwb Rxe‡bi †kl mg‡q G‡m Rxe‡bi
wewfbœ wel‡qi we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| †mLv‡b Zvi ag©xq AwfÁZv, e¨w³MZ I gvbweK w`K
Ggbfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb, hv †m mg‡qi A‡b‡Ki Dci cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|15
Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i µgweKvk
B‡Zvc~‡e© AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i DrcwË BwZnvm wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gevi A‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡e Gi µgweKvk wb‡q| ïKix gvLeyZ Ges RR© gvB Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ AvZ¥Rxebxi g~j Dr‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡
¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Zv‡`i g‡Z AvZ¥Rxebx Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki GKwU c×wZ, †hwU cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi
mv‡_B m¤ú„³| ïKix gvLeyZ e‡jb-
.بثقافتهم متأثر ، لهم مقلد ىو إنما الغربيين غير من ذاتية سيرة يكتب من وكان16
Òcwðgv †jv‡Kiv Qvov †h AvZ¥Rxebx wj‡L‡Qb †m Zv‡`i AbyKiYKvix gvÎ Ges Zv‡`i mf¨Zv-
ms¯‥…wZ Øviv cÖfvweZ|Ó
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
190
Z‡e G e¨vcv‡i m‡›`n †bB †h, Dchy©³ gZwU m‡Z¨i gvcKvwV‡Z mwVK bq| KviY Aviex mvwn‡Z¨
AvZ¥Rxebxi g~j wfwË cvIqv hvq wnRix cÖ_g kZvãx‡Z| A_©vr wLª÷xq mßg kZvãx‡Z| Avi AaywbK
hy‡M G‡m GKwU cvðvZ¨ AvZ¥Rxebx MÖ‡š’i Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Zvic‡iI Avieiv G †ÿ‡Î
Zv‡`i Aviex HwZn¨ cwiZ¨vM K‡iwb| G Rb¨ Avgiv hw` Encyclopedia of Britannica Gi gZ
MÖnY K‡i cvðv‡Z¨ AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i DrcwË wLªw÷q cÂ`k kZvãx wn‡m‡e awi, Zvn‡j GwU ejv
hvq †h, cvðv‡Z¨i Av‡MB Avie‡`i wbKU Gi DrcwË nq| G gZwU A‡bK M‡elK eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb n‡”Qb jyBm eyIqvhwen wZwb e‡jb-
خلدون لابن التعريف وكتاب الميلادي، عشر الثانى الهجرى السادس القرن فى منقد بن الأسامة الاعتبار كتاب كان ربما
بمعناه المذكور الفن إلى الوسطى القرون فى الأثرين أقرب الميلادى عشر الرابع الهجرى الثامن القرن أواخر فى
عشر السابع القرنين فى مؤخرا إلا الغربى الأدب فى كثيرا يفتشر لم الفن ىذا أن بالذكر الجدير ومن المحصور الاصطلاحى
.الميلديين والثامن17
Òm¤¢eZ wLªw÷q Øv`k kZvãx‡Z iwPZ Dmvgvn web gybwK¡R Gi MÖš’ wKZveyj BÔwZevi Ges PZz`©k
kZvãx‡Z iwPZ Beb Lvj y‡bi MÖš’ ÔwKZveyZ ZvÔixdÕ AvZ¥Rxebxi wba©vwiZ cvwifvwlK A‡_©I
we‡ePbvq me‡P‡q KvQvKvwQ wb`k©b| Avi GwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †h, G wkí cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Z¨ Aóv`k Ges
Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i|Ó
Av‡MB e‡jwQ M‡elK‡`i g‡a¨ GK`j g‡b K‡ib, AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨ AvaywbK m„wó| Avevi †KD
†KD g‡b K‡ib, GwU cÖvPxb m„wó; Z‡e Zv Avie‡`i w`‡q bq| †hgb Avãyi ingvb ev`vfxi g‡Z,
mvgx RvwZ AvZ¥Rxebx wjL‡Z mg_© bq| Z‡e G K_vwU cÖgvY Kiv LyeB KwVb †h, Avie‡`i Abyf~wZ
LyeB `ye©j wQj Ges Zviv AvZ¥Rxebx wjL‡Z mg_© bq| Z‡e G K_vwU cÖgvY Kiv LyeB KwVb †h,
Avie‡`i Abyf~wZ LyeB ye©j wQj Ges Zviv AvZ¥Rxebx wjL‡Z Aÿg wQj| KviY gvbyl memgq bZzb
bZzb welq I bZzb bZzb Ávb-weÁv‡bi Avwe®‥v‡ii cÖwZ AvMÖnx _v‡K, ZvB †m †h RvwZiB †nvK bv
†Kb| Zviv †h mgv‡R emevm K‡i †m mgv‡Ri cÖfv‡e mgv‡Ri wewfbœ i‡O wb‡R‡`i ivOv‡Z †Póv
K‡i| Avieiv Gi e¨wZµg bq|
Avgiv Rvwb Avie‡`i g‡a¨ †MvÎ cÖxwZ Lye cÖej wQj| cÖ‡Z¨K †MvÎ A‡b¨i Dci wb‡Ri †kÖôZ¡ cÖKvk
Ki‡Zv| G Kvi‡Y Zviv wbR wbR †Mv‡Îi esk cwiPq, BwZnvm Ges M‡e©i welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aiZ|
†Mv‡Î †Mv‡Î hy× †k‡l weRqx †Mv‡Îi KweMY Zuv‡`i weRqMv_v Zz‡j a‡i KweZv iPbv Ki‡Zb| Avi
GwU Ki‡Z wM‡q KweMb †Mv‡Îi cvkvcvwk wb‡Ri esk cwiPq, †k․h©-exh©, gvb-gh©v`vi Kvwnbx eY©bv
KiZ| †Mv‡Îi †jvKRb GwU Lye cQ›` KiZ| GgbwK wb‡Ri †MvÎ b¨vq-Ab¨vq hvB KiæK bv †Kb
Zv‡K mg_©b Kiv KZ©e¨ g‡b KiZ| Zv‡`i G †MvÎcÖxwZ Zv‡K mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv GwU cÖgvY K‡i
†h, Avieiv cÖLi Abyf~wZ m¤úbœ, AvZ¥‡M․ie I gh©v`v‡eva m¤úbœ RvwZ wQj| GRb¨ A‡b‡K g‡b
K‡ib, Avie‡`i Kv‡Q AvZ¥Rxebxi exR ecb Kiv nq Rvwnjx hy‡M| †m mgq Zviv Zv‡`i
c~e©cyiæl‡`i KxwZ©, w`bvwZcvZ, esk cwiPq I esk gh©v`v cÖf…wZ D‡jøL K‡i Mí KiZ|18
Z‡e cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i †Kb Rvwnjx hy‡Mi †jvK‡`i Øviv wjwLZ Zv‡`i Rxeb-Kvwnbx m¤^wjZ †Kvb
M`¨ †jLv Avgv‡`i Kv‡b †cu․Qvqwb? Gi DËi n‡”Q ZLb †jLvi cÖPjb LyeB Kg wQj| Kweiv Zuv‡`i
Rxebvbyf‚wZ gvb-gh©v`v, †Mv‡Îi gh©v`v cÖf…wZ welq Zz‡j ai‡Zb KweZvi gva¨‡g| ¯^vfvweK Kvi‡Y
Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨: DrcwË I weKvk
191
KweZvB Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q‡Q| Avi eY©bvKvix‡`i Rb¨ KweZv gyL¯Í Kiv I Dc ’vcb Kiv M‡`¨i
†P‡q mnR wQj|
Bmjvgx hy‡Mi me©cÖ_g AvZ¥Rxebxi †h Ask Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q‡Q Zv nj, nhiZ mvjgvb dvimx
KZ…©K ewY©Z wbR Rxe‡bi wKQz K_v| Avj-LZxe Avj evM`v`x Dc‡iv³ AskwU Zvi ÔZvixLy evM`v`Õ
bvgK MÖ‡š’ nhiZ Beb AveŸvm (iv.) Gi mb‡` eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|19
GLv‡b nhiZ mvjgvb dvimx (iv.)
Zuvi esk cwiPq, Zuvi cÖwZ wcZvi fvjevmv, wcZvi cÖwZ Zuvi Avk¼v, Zuvi AwMœc~Rv Z¨vM Kivi KviY,
wLª÷vb ag© cvjb cf…wZ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| mv‡_ mv‡_ wLª÷vb ag©hvRK KZ…©K Zv‡K bZzb
bexi mvÿvZ jv‡fi mymsev` `vb, wLª÷vb ag©hvRK KZ…©K †mB bexi •ewkó¨ D‡jøL Ges †m mg Í
•ewkó¨ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi g‡a¨ cvIqv BZ¨vw` welq eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| wnRix cÖ_g mv‡j iwPZ nhiZ
mvjgvb dvimx (iv.) GB As‡ki gva¨‡gB AvZ¥Rxebxi exR ecb nq| GQvov AvZ¥Rxebxi AviI
wKQz wewÿß Ask cvIqv hvq Aveyj dvivm Avj-B¯úvnbx Gi MÖš’ ÔwKZveyj AvMvbxÕ- Gi g‡a¨|
GLv‡b DgvBqv Kwe bymvBe Gi AvZ¥Rxebx D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GLv‡b wZwb KweZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³Zv I
KweZvq Zuvi cvi`wk©Zv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| G †ÿ‡Î Zuvi mv‡_ Avj-dvivh`vK, AvBgvb Beb LyivBg (g„.
700 wLª.) mn AviI wKQz Kwei wnsmvi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| mv‡_ mv‡_ Avãyj ÔAvRxR Beb gviIqvb
Gi mv‡_ Zuvi NwbôZv Zz‡j a‡i wZwb Zuvi †evb‡K e‡jb-
مرموقا كان ومن وأمك، بو وجل عز الله يعتفك أن وأرجو مروان، بن العزير عبد أريد وأنا شعرا، قلت قد إنى أخيو، أي
20قرابتى أىل من
Ò†evb Avgvi, Avwg KweZv iPbv Kijvg Avãyj ÔAvRxR Beb gviIqvb Gi Rb¨, Avwg Avkv Kwi
Avjøvn Gi Øviv †Zvgv‡K I †Zvgvi gv‡K Ges Avgvi AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi cwievi‡K `vmZ¡ †_‡K gy³
Ki‡eb|Ó
wKZveyj AvMvbx‡Z AviI †h mg Í AvZ¥Rxebx cvIqv hvq Zvi g‡a¨ Beªvnxg Avj-†g․wQjx (g„. 806
wLª.) Gi Rxebx Ab¨Zg| wnjvix wKjc¨vwUªK g‡b K‡ib, GwU AvZ¥Rxebx kv‡¯¿i mv‡_ A‡bK
mvgÄm¨c~Y©| GwU AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK A‡bK¸‡jv wewÿß As‡ki mgwó hw`I Gi GK As‡ki mv‡_
Acivsk ZZUv m¤ú„³ bq| Zvic‡iI GLv‡b Beªvnxg Avj-†g․wQjxi e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi wKQz welq
wZwb wb‡RB eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Qvov ivRv-ev`kv‡`i mvg‡b Zuvi mvnwmKZvi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
Zv‡`i ûKzg Agvb¨ K‡i Zv‡`i `ievi Z¨vM Kivi †P‡q g` cvb Z¨vM Kiv Zuvi Rb¨ †h KwVb KvR,
†mwU Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i e‡jb-
جئتو فإذا ، الأيام عنو أغيب وكنت عليو، فأبيت الشرب وترك ملازمقو، على ادنى فأر يشرب، لا المهدى وكان
.وحبسنى فضربنى منى ذلك فغاظو منتشيا،21
Ògvn`x g` cvb Ki‡Zb bv, ZvB Avgv‡K g` Z¨vM Ki‡Z I Zuvi mv‡_B _vK‡Z ej‡jb| Avwg †mwU
A¯xKvi Kijvg| Zuvi KvQ †_‡K A‡bKw`b ~‡i _vKjvg| Zvici Zuvi Kv‡Q Avmjvg gvZvj n‡q|
ZLb wZwb ivMvwšZ n‡q Avgv‡K cÖnvi Ki‡jb Ges e›`x Ki‡jb|Ó
GQvov wKZveyj AvMvbx‡Z BmnvK Beb Beªvnxg Avj-†g․wQjxi (769-849 wLª.) AvZ¥Rxebxi wKQz
AskewY©Z n‡q‡Q| wZwb AveŸvmx Avg‡ji GKRb m½xZ wekvi` I m½xZ wkíx wQ‡jb| Zuvi m½xZ
wkÿvi †cQ‡b wcZvi Ae`v‡bi K_v wZwb Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| GQvov wZwb †hme
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
192
NUbv, mgm¨v I Ae¯’v Zuvi Rxe‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K AvZ¥Rxebxi fw½‡Z eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb| wKZveyj AvMvbx Qvov Ab¨ †h mg Í MÖ‡š’ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Ask we`¨gvb Z¤§‡a¨ Beb Avex
DmvBevÔAvn (g„. 668 wn.) KZ…©K iwPZ الأطباء طبقات فى الأنبيء عيون | GLv‡b ûbvBb Beb BmnvK (g„.
260 wn.) Gi AvZ¥Rxebxi wKQz Ask Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| ûbvBb Beb BmnvK Zuvi Ávb-weÁv‡b DbœwZ
I D”P gh©v`vi Kvi‡Y Zuvi mv‡_ mgmvgwqK Ab¨vb¨‡`i, GgbwK Zuvi AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡`i wnsmvi K_v
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| ZvQvov GLv‡b AviI GK `vk©wbK Gi AvZ¥Rxebxi K_v D‡jøL Av‡Q| Avi †mwU nj
417 wnRix‡Z †jLv Bebyj nvBmvg (g„. 430 wn.) Gi AvZ¥Rxebx| Bebyj nvBmvg MÖxK cwÐZ
Øviv Zvi cÖfvweZ nIqv| Zuvi gZ wbR Rxe‡bi Ae¯’vi weeiY cÖf…wZ wel‡q (.g„. 199 wLª) جالينوس
wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| W. Bnmvb AveŸvm g‡b K‡ib, Bebyj nvBmvg Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z Lye ¯úófvlx
wQ‡jb| hvi Øviv gvby‡li gv‡S mybvg myL¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|22
GQvov Beb Avex nvBmvg Gi MÖ‡š’ AviI hv‡`i AvZ¥Rxebxi Ask-we‡k‡li Aw ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq Zviv
n‡jb Be‡b mxbvn (g„. 428 wn.) Ges Avãyj jZxd Avj evM`v`x (g„. 629 wn.)| Beb mxbvn Zuvi
AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq Zuvi Ae¯’vb Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb `vex K‡ib wPwKrmv,
cÖ‡K․kj I cÖhyw³ we`¨vq wZwb me‡P‡q †ekx Ávbx| GLv‡b wZwb Zuvi Rxe‡bi fvj-Lvivc Dfq
w`‡Ki eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÁvbvR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î wZwb ywU ci¯úi we‡ivax cš’v AbymiY
K‡i‡Qb| GKw`‡K Avjøvn ZvÔAvjvi mvnvh¨ †P‡q‡Qb bvgv‡Ri gva¨‡g Ab¨w`‡K covïbv I M‡elYvi
Rb¨ ivwÎ RvMi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë wZwb g` cvb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb,
Ò†Kvb wel‡q Avwg hLb w`‡knviv n‡q coZvg Ges Gi mgvavb Ki‡Z cviZvg bv ZLb Avwg evievi
gmwR‡` †hZvg, bvgvR Av`vq KiZvg, mKj wel‡qi Avwe®‥vi‡Ki wbKU Abybq-webq KiZvg,
hZÿY bv wZwb Avgvi Rb¨ c_ Ly‡j †`b Ges KwVb welq‡K mnR K‡i †`b| Gici iv‡Z Avwg
Avgvi N‡i wdiZvg, Av‡jv R¡vjvZvg, co‡Z I wjL‡Z wbgMœ nZvg| AZtci hLb Nyg Avgv‡K
civwRZ KiZ A_ev †Kvb iKg `ye©jZv Abyfe KiZvg ZLb g‡`i †cqvjvi AvkÖq wbZvg, hZÿY bv
Avgvi KvR Kivi kw³ wd‡i Av‡m| Gici Avevi covq wdiZvg|Ó23
GQvov Rxeb-e„ËvšÍg~jK †h mg¯Í MÖ‡š’ AvZ¥Rxebxi Ask we‡kl cvIqv hvq Zvi g‡a¨ ياقوت الحموى
Gi gyÔRvgyj D`vev GKwU| GLv‡b MÖš’vKv‡i Avjx Beb hvq` Avj-evqnvKx (g„. 565 wn.) Gi
AvZ¥Rxebxi wKQz Ask D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| g~jZ GwU evqnvKxi wb‡Ri †jLv MÖš’ ÔgvkvwieyZ ZvRviæeÕ
Gi wKQz Ask, hv BqvK‚Z Zuvi MÖ‡š’ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| hw`I evqnvKxi MÖš’wU cvIqv hvq bv| evqnvKx
GLv‡b Zuvi Rb¥, Rb¥¯’vb, Rxeb hvc‡bi ’vbmg~n, wkÿKe„›`, MwVZ MÖš’mg~n, †ckv Ges wewfbœ
¯’v‡bi åg‡Yi weeiY Zz‡j a‡ib| cÖvPxb AvZ¥Rxebxi G mg Í „óvšÍ QvovI AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK A‡bK
ivmvBj iwPZ| †hgb gynv¤§` Beb hvKvwiq¨v Avj-ivRx (g„. 313 wn.) Gi wimvjvn| GLv‡b wZwb
Zuvi Rxebx Ges `vk©wbK „wófw½ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|24
GQvov Avey nvBq¨vb AvZ-ZvInx`x (g„.
414 wn.) Gi wimvjvn ÔAvm mv`vK¡vn Iqvm mv`xK¡Õ Gi g‡a¨ iPwqZvi AvZ¥Rxebxi wKQz bgybv cvIqv
hvq| GLv‡b wZwb Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Zuvi Abyf‚wZ Ges Zuvi nZvkvi K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wb‡RB
e‡jb ÒAvwg Avgvi g‡bi g‡a¨ †h e¨_v, †e`bv, R¡vjv, `ytL, nZvkv, †µva Ges welYœZv Av‡Q †m
mg Í welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i GwU wj‡LwQ|Ó25
GQvov Bebyj RvIRx (g„. 597 wn.) Gi iwPZ ÔjydZvZzj Kvev` Bjv bvwmnvwZj Iqvjv`Õ MÖš’wUI
AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK| GLv‡b wZwb Zuvi cy·K wewfbœ Dc‡`k I w`Kwb‡ ©kbv w`‡Z wb‡Ri Rxeb Kvwnbx
Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨: DrcwË I weKvk
193
Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Z‡e wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi wewfbœ welq eY©bv K‡i iwPZ cÖvPxb MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ m‡e‡Pq cÖwm×
nj Beb nvh&g Avj-Av›`vjymx (g„. 456 wn.) Gi iwPZ ÔZvIKzj nvgvgvn wdj AvjdvwZ Iqvj
AvjøvdÕ| G Rb¨ Bnmvb AveŸvm e‡jb, ÒBeb nvh&g wQ‡jb AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK welqvw` †jLvi cw_K…Z
hv wZwb Zuvi MÖš’ ÔZvIKzj nvgvgvnÕ‡Z GKwÎZ K‡i‡Qb|26
GLv‡b we‡kl K‡i Zuvi Rxe‡bi
fvjevmvi w`‡Ki PgrKvi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| cvkvcvwk Zuvi e¨w³MZ wewfbœ Ae¯’vi weeiY w`‡q‡Qb|
Ab¨w`‡K wbR Rxe‡bi ivR‣bwZK w`‡Ki eY©bv Zz‡j a‡i wj‡L‡Qb Avj-gyIqvwq¨` wd`-Øxb `vÔwqD`
`yÔAvZ (g„. 470 wn.)| GLv‡b dv‡Zgx wLjvdZ cÖmv‡i Zvi cÖ‡Póvi K_v Ges AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi
cÖwZ Zuvi AvµgYvZ¥K `„wófw½i K_v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i myjZvb Avey KvwjRvi mv‡_ Zuvi †h
mg Í Kvwnbx RwoZ Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi wPÎ GLv‡b Zz‡j aivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| GQvov we`¨gvb
ivR‣bwZK AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK †jLbxi g‡a¨ MÖvbvWvi eby hvBix †Mv‡Îi †kl ev`kvn Avãyjøvn Beb
evjKxb (g„. 483 wn.) Gi †jLv ÔAvZ-wZeBqvby ÔAvwbj nv`xQvn Avj Kvwqbvn we `vIjvwZ evbx
hvBix dx MÖvbvZ¡vnÕ bvgK MÖš’ Ab¨Zg| GwU MÖ‡š’i g~j bvg| hv cieZx©‡Z Ôgyhvw°ivZz Avgxi
AvãyjøvnÕ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| GLv‡b wZwb Zuvi cwievi, ivR‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ cÖf…wZi eY©bv Zz‡j a‡i H
mg Í †jvK‡`i mgv‡jvPbvi Reve †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb hviv Zuv‡K MÖbvWvi cZ‡bi Rb¨ `vqx
K‡ib|27
†m mg‡qi AvZ¥wee„wZg~jK MÖš’mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Bgvg Mvhhvjx Gi ÔAvj gybwK¡R wgbv` ØvjvjÕ Ab¨Zg|
†hLv‡b wZwb m~dxev` I AvZ¥mshg welqK wewfbœ eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| mv‡_ mv‡_ Ava¨vwZ¥K mgm¨v
mg~‡ni Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Kvjvg I `k©bkv¯¿we`‡`i wewfbœ ZixKv m¤ú‡K©|
m~dxev`x RxebKvwnbx eY©bvi cvkvcvwk Rxe‡bi wewfbœ AwfÁZvi K_v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Zuvi †jLvq|
Z‡e G ai‡bi †jLv¸‡jv cwic~Y© AvZ¥Rxebx bq|28
GQvov m~dxev`x RxebPwiZ iPwqZv‡`i g‡a¨
Beb Avivex (g„. 638 wn.) Gi bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| hvi cÖvq me MÖš’ Zuvi m~dxZvwË¡K RxebwPÎ †Kw›`ªK|
GLv‡b Kvkd Ges Iqvn`vZzj Dhy` m¤ú‡K©I Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvi gva¨‡g A`„k¨ RM‡Zi
c ©v D‡b¥vwPZ nq|29
GQvov †m mgqKvi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ ÔAvgvivZzj Bqvgvbx (g„. 527 wn.) Gi †jLv ÔAvb-
byKvZzj AvQwiq¨vn dx AvLevwij DRviv Avj wgQwiq¨vnÕ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †hLv‡b wZwb Zuvi ivR‣bwZK
AwfÁZvi K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Zuvi cwievi, esk gh©v`v, cov‡kvbv, e¨emv-evwYR¨ I wgk‡ii
gš¿x‡`i gv‡S msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbvejxi weeiYI w`‡q‡Qb G MÖ‡š’| Z‡e †h‡nZz †m mg‡q Avm mxivn
AvR hvwZq¨vn cwifvlv cÖPwjZ wQj bv, †m‡nZz ÔAvgvivn Zuvi MÖ‡š’i aiY m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÒG iPbv
w`‡q Avwg we‡kl †Kvb welq‡K eySvBwb Ges we‡kl †Kvb kv ¿‡KI wb‡ ©k Kwiwb, eis GwU wKQz
Kvwnbx, hvi Øviv Avwg wewfbœ welq‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡iwQ †h¸‡jv m‡Z¨i gvcKvwV‡Z hvPvBK…Z|Ó30
ÔAvgvivn Avj Bqvgvbxi AvZ¥Rxebxi c‡i Avgiv Dmvgvn Beb gybwK¡R (g„. 1188 wLª.) Gi †jLv
AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’ cvB| hvi bvg ÔAvj BÔwZeviÕ| GLv‡b wZwb AwfÁZvq cwic~Y© GK Rxe‡bi
Kvwnbx Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| MÖ‡š’ †jL‡Ki •kke, mgi cixÿv, Zuvi exiZ¡ Ges gymjgvb I wLª÷vb bvix-
cyiæl‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvK…wZK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`Kmg~‡ni weeiY Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|31
GLv‡b AviI BwZnvm,
g‡bvweÁvb, mgvR weÁvb, cwi‡ek weÁvb Ges cÖvYx RM‡Zi cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Gme Av‡jvPbv K‡_vcK_‡bi fw½‡Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| G K‡_vcK_b KL‡bv Ac‡ii mv‡_ Avevi KL‡bv
wb‡Ri mv‡_ wb‡R K‡i‡Qb| †hgb wZwb e‡jb-
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
194
.الموصل إلى وأسير الحصار فى وأىلى وإخوتى ، أولادى أترك وقلت ، عظيم ىم ىذا من قلبى على فورد32
ÒGRb¨ Avgvi ü`‡q A‡bK eo `ywðšÍv †b‡g G‡mwQj| Avi Avwg e‡jwQjvg, Avgvi mšÍvb-mšÍwZ,
fvB †evb I cwievi wnQv‡i †i‡L Avwg g~m‡j P‡j hv‡ev|Ó
cÖvPxb Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ AvZ¥Rxebxi me©‡kl Drm cvIqv hvq Beb Lvj yb (g„. 808 wn.) Gi MÖš’ ÔAvZ
ZvÔixd we Be‡b Lvj ~j Iqv winjvZzû kviK¡vb Iqv MvievbÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’| GwU wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ
ÔZvwiLÕ Gi cwiwkó wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b wZwb cwðg B‡q‡g‡b Aew¯’Z Zuvi cwiev‡ii
esk cwiPq w`‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb-
.العرب أقيال من حجر بن وائل إلى ، اليمن عرب من حضرموت فى ونسبنا33
Ònv`ivgvD‡Z Avgv‡`i esk nj, B‡q‡gbx Avi‡ei AšÍfz©³| †mwU Avie m`©vi Iqv‡qj Beb nvhi
ch©šÍ †c․u‡Q‡Q|Ó
GQvov wZwb GLv‡b Zuvi cwiev‡ii Bmv‡ejvq Ae ’vb, cieZx©‡Z wZDwbwkqvq ’vbvšÍi †hLv‡b Zuvi Rb¥
732 wnRix‡Z| Gici Zuvi †e‡o IVv I ÁvbvR©bmn cÖf…wZ wel‡q eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Gici Zuvi Kg© I
wZDwbwkqv †_‡K †¯ú‡b ågY, AZtci Avwd«Kvq cÖZ¨veZ©b, Av‡jK‡Rw› ªqvq ågY Ges Kvq‡ivq
Ae ’vbmn AviI A‡bK åg‡Yi K_v GLv‡b eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Avm‡j Zuvi G MÖš’ †jLvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨B
nj Zuvi ÔZvix‡LÕ D‡jøwLZ NUbvmg~n‡K my „pfv‡e cÖwZwôZ Kiv| Ab¨w`‡K AvãyQ Qvjvg g‡b K‡ib,
Beb Lvj y‡bi ÔAvZ ZvÔixd we Be‡b Lvj ybÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ AvZ¥Rxebx kv ¿ G‡m‡Q GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ
D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e| GLv‡b †jLK Zuvi ivR‣bwZK åg‡Yi welq D‡jø‡Li gva¨‡g G¸‡jv Dc ’vcb
K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z Zuvi weiæ‡× wewfbœ Av‡›`vjb I we‡ ªvn Kivi †h mg Í Acev` †`qv
n‡Zv Zvi Reve †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| mv‡_ mv‡_ ivR‣bwZK I mvgvwRK A½‡b Zuvi Ae ’vb I
AR©bmg~‡ni weeiY w`‡q‡Qb Gi gva¨‡g|34
AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨I A‡bK •ewkó¨ aviY Kivi Rb¨ Beb
Lvj y‡bi D‡jøwLZ MÖš’‡K cÖvPxb Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg „óvšÍ wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq Ges
AvaywbK AvZ¥Rxebxi g~j Drm wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Avi †h hy‡M Avi GK ai‡bi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’ iPbv n‡qwQj, †hLv‡b ïay iPwqZv Zuvi Rb¥-e„ËvšÍ,
kv‡qL‡`i bvg, Zuvi cwVZ I iwPZ MÖš’mg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| Gi w`‡K Bw½Z K‡i GKRb
cwðgv †jLK e‡jb, ÒAviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i A‡bK¸‡jv ïaygvÎ †jL‡Ki Rb¥, wkÿv I K‡g©i
w`b ZvwiL D‡jø‡Li g‡a¨ mxgve×, wKš‘ Zuvi NUbvejxi †cQ‡b Zuvi jyKvwqZ mË¡v A¯úó I ARvbv
i‡q †M‡Q|Ó †h hy‡M wjwLZ G RvZxq MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ Avey mvgvn Avj gyK¡vÏvmx Gi †jLv ÔZvivwRgyj
K¡vibvBb Avm mvw`m Iqvm mvweÕ GKwU| †hLv‡b †jLK 599 wnRix‡Z msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbvejxi
weeiY w`‡Z wM‡q Zvi Rb¥, wkÿv Rxeb, wkÿK‡`i msL¨v I bvg, cwVZ MÖš’mg~n cÖf…wZ wel‡qi
BwZnvm Zz‡j a‡ib| Z‡e G m‡ei mv‡_ Ave~ mvgvn Zuvi Rxe‡bi wKQz •ewkó¨ I mviv Rxe‡bi ¯^cœ-
mvabvi eY©bvI w`‡q‡Qb|
†m mg‡q G ai‡bi MÖš’ GZ †ekx cwigv‡Y cÖPvwiZ I cÖmvwiZ n‡qwQj †h Kvi‡Y A‡bK HwZnvwmK I
nv`xm‡eËv G ixwZ‡Z Zv‡`i MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| G m¤ú‡K© RvjvjyÏxb Avm-myq~Zx (g„. 991 wn.)
e‡jb-35
.فيو ترجمتو وذكر ألا تاريخا منهم أحد ألف أن فقل ، قبلى بالمحدثين افتداء ، الكتاب ىذا فى ترجمتى ذكرت انما
Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨: DrcwË I weKvk
195
ÒG MÖ‡š’ Avwg‡Zv Avgvi Rxeb e„ËvšÍ eY©bv K‡iwQ Av‡Mi gynvwÏmM‡Yi AbymiY K‡i| Avi Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ Lye Kg HwZnvwmK Av‡Qb, hviv Zuv‡`i MÖ‡š’ wb‡Ri Rxeb Kvwnbx †jLbwb|Ó
Zviv BwZnvm msµvšÍ MÖ‡š’ wb‡R‡`i Rxeb Kvwnbx wj‡L‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wjmvbyÏxb Bebyj LvwZ¡e (g„.
776 wn.) Ab¨Zg| wZwb Zuvi ÔAvj BqvZ¡vZz dx AvLe&wi MvivbvZ¡vnÕ MÖ‡š’i †klvs‡k wb‡Ri Rxeb
e„ËvšÍ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| GwU wZwb G Rb¨ K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z wPiw`b gvbyl Zuv‡K ¯§iY K‡i|36
G
AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z †jLK Zuvi •kke, †jLvcov, wkÿK‡`i bvg, Zuvi iwPZ KweZvi Dcgv cÖf…wZ wel‡q
wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| †Zgwbfv‡e wnRixi cÂg kZ‡Ki Av‡M ïaygvÎ AvZ¥Rxebx m¤^wjZ Avjv`v †Kvb
MÖš’ wQj bv| eis wKQz wKQz MÖš’ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’i wKQz wKQz •ewkó¨ aviY KiZ|
Dcmsnvi
cwi‡k‡l GK_v cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨ gvÎ yB kZvãx c~‡e© AvMZ mvwn‡Z¨i
GKwU bqv w`MšÍ| GwU g~jZ Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i AbyKi‡YB iwPZ nq| Ggwbfv‡e Avgiv †`wL cÖvPxb
Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ AvZ¥Rxebx iPbvi „óvšÍ we`¨gvb| hw`I ÔAvm mxivn Avh hvwZq¨vnÕ cwifvlv †m
mg‡q cÖPwjZ wQjbv| Aviex Rxebx mvwn‡Z¨i fvÐvi A‡bK cyivZb| ivm~j (mv.) Gi Rxebxi Dci
AmsL¨ mxivZ MÖš’ i‡q‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ ivm~j (mv.) Gi g„Zz¨I cÖvq 130 eQi c‡i Be‡b BmnvK (in.)
Òmxiv‡Z Be‡b wnkvgÓ bvgK wbf©i‡hvM¨ GKLvbv mxivZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K Aci GKwU
wbe©vwPZ, myweL¨vZ, mnxn I cyi¯‥vicÖvß mxivZ MÖš’ n‡”Q ÒAvi ivnxKzj gvLZzgÓ| G RvZxq MÖ‡š’i
AbyKi‡YB Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨ Zvi wbR Kÿc‡_ cvqPvix ïiæ K‡i eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK Aviex
mvwn‡Z¨i Awe‡”Q`¨ GKwU As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 gvR`yÏxb gynv¤§` Beb BqvÔK‚e Avj-wd‡ivR Avev`x, Avj-K¡vgym Avj-gynxZ (evBiæZ: gyAvm&&mvZzi wimvjvn, 2q
ms¯‥iY, 1987wLª.), c„. 528|
2 nvbx Avj ÔAvg`, w`ivmvZ‚b dx KzZze Avj-ZvivwRg Iqv Avj-wmqvi (R`©vb: Av¤§vb, 1981wLª.), c„. 73|
3 m~iv Z¡nv, AvqvZ 21|
4 Avãyjøvn Avj nvKxj, ÔAvjv gvwq`vwZj Av`ve (wiqv` : dvivh`vK cÖKvkbx, 1992), c„. 163-164|
5 w`ivmvZzb dx KzZze Avj-ZvivwRg Iqv Avj-wmqvi, cÖv¸³, c„. 73|
6 gynv¤§` gywnDÏxb ÔAve`yj nvgx`, ZvnKxK AvI`vn Avj gvmvwjK Bjv Avjwdq¨vwZ Be‡b gvwjK (evBiæZ: `viæj
RvBj, 1979), c„. 111|
7 W. ÔAvãyj ÔAvRxR kvid, Av`ve Avj-mxivn Avj hvwZq¨vn (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevn jyebvb, 1992), c„. 3|
8 cÖv¸³, c„. 3-4|
9 gvR`x Iqvnevn Iqv Kvwgj Avj gynvbw`m, g yÔRvgyj gymZ¡vjvnvwZj ÔAvivweq¨vn dxj jyMvwZ Iqvj Av`ve (†jevbb:
gvKZvevZz jyebvb, 1984wLª.), c„. 94|
10 W. mvwgqvn Avngv` AvmÔAv`, Av`veym mxivwZR (gvRvjøvZzj dvBmvj, msL¨v 67, gynviivg 1400 wn.), c„. 78|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
196
11
Avj IqvBixj w`Div›U, wKQ&QvZzj nv`vivn, Ab~.hvKx bvRxe gvngy` (evBiæZ: `viæj RvBj, 1g LÐ, 1988 wLª.),
c„. 111|
12 cÖv¸³, c„. 3-4|
13 W. gv‡ni nvmvb dvngx, Avm mxivZzZ ZvwiL Iqvj dvbœ (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzb bvn`vn Avj wgmix, 1970wLª.), c„. 225|
14 ïKix Avj gvLeyZ, mxivZzj Mvwqe mxivZzj AvZx (wZDwbm: `viæj Rybye, 1992wLª.), c„. 10|
15 Helen Hminngway, The new Encyclopedia of Britannica (Benton, Publisher, 1973-74), p. 1010.
16 mxivZzj Mvwqe mxivZzj AvZx, c„. 19|
17 jyBm eyhIqvBn, gvRvwniæm mxivwZR hvwZq¨vn (evBiæZ: nvIwjq¨vZzj RvwgÔAvn Avj BmyÔBq¨vn, 1981wLª.),
c„. 25|
18 Kvj© eª‡Kjgvb, gv Qvbœvdvj ÔAvie wgb AvnIqvwj Avbdzwmwng, LÐ 1, c„. 3|
19 Avj LZxe Avj evM`v`x, ZvixLy evM`v` (evBiæZ: `viæj KzZzwej Bmjvwgq¨vn), c„. 177|
20 Aveyj dvih Avj Bmevnvbx, Avj AvMvbx (evBiæZ: `viæ Bn&BqvwqZ ZzivQ, LÐ 1, 1994 wLª.), c„. 59|
21 Avj AvMvbx, LÐ 6, c„. 109|
22 W. Bnmvb ÔAveŸvm, dvbœym mxivn (evBiæZ: `viæm mvK¡vdvn Zv: we:), c„. 136|
23 Beb Avex DmvBweÔAvn, ÔDq~byj Avw¤^qv dx ZvevK¡vwZj AvwZeŸv, c„. 438|
24 W. kvIK¡x `vwq¨d, AvZ ZviRvgvZzZ kvLwQq¨vn (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid, 1987 wLª.), c„. 15|
25 Avãyi ingvb Bebyj RvIhx, jydZvZzj Kvev` Bjv bvwQnvwZj Ajv` (wgmi: Avm mvjvwdq¨vn, 1397 wn.), c„. 46|
26 dvbœym mxivn, c„. 121|
27 Avãyjøvn Beb evjK¡xb, gyRvwK¡ivZzj Avgxi Avãyjøvn (wgmi: `viæj gvÔAvwid Zv: we:), c„. 82|
28 AvZ ZviRvgvZzZ kvLwQq¨vn, c„. 177|
29 cÖv¸³, c„. 78|
30 ÔAvgivZzj Bqvgvbx, Avb byKvZzj AvQwiq¨vn dx AvLevwij Dhviv Avj wgQwiq¨vn (Kvq‡iv: gv`eyjx, 1991wLª.), c„. 6|
31 dvbœym mxivn, c„. 121|
32 Dmvgvn Beb gybwK¡R, Avj BÔwZive (`vwgkK: IhvivZzQ QvK¡vdvn), c„. 5|
33 Avãyi ingvb Beb Lvj`yb, AvZ ZvÔixd we Beb Lvj`yb Iqv winjvZzû kviK¡vb Iqv Mvievb (Kvq‡iv: jvRbvZzZ
Zvjxd IqvZ ZviRvgvwZ Iqvb bvki, 1951wLª.), c„. 1|
34 dvbœym mxivn, c„. 133|
35 RvjvjyÏxb Avm myqxZx, ûmbyj gynv`vivn dx AvLevwi wgQi Iqvj K¡vwnivn (wgki: gvZevÔAvZzj gvImyÔAvZ, 1321
wn.), c„. 155|
36 wjmv yÏxb Bebyj LvwZ¡e, Avj BnvZ¡vZz dx AvLevwi MvivbvZ¡vn (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzj LvbRx, 1977 wLª.), c„. 438|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Zvdmxi PP©v
W. Avey †bvgvb gynv¤§` gvmD`yi ingvb
Abstract: Al-Quran is the latest and the true constitution for mankind. To understand the
Quran many steps have been taken. One familier step is translation and Tafsir of the
Quran. When a companion of Muhammad (SM.) did not understand any verse of the
Quran, then he would go to the Prophet (SM.) and he explained the spirit of the verse. By
this way, the Tafsir of the Quran started in Arabic. Later Muslims understood that, there
are no alternatives but to understand the Quran through mother language. In this
connection some Bengali Muslim scholars took some steps to spread the knowledge of
the Quran through Bengali language. They wrote some books of Tafsir in their mother
language. One of the famous writer is Maulana Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (R.). He wrote
five books in this connection. Those are Surah Yasin Sharif, Haqqani Tafsir (Panj
Surah), Tafsir-e-Surah Fatiha, Haqqani Tafsir (Alif-Lam-Mim), Haqqani Tafsir
(Ampara). These five books are valuable works and important to understand the Quran.
This article tries to focus on contribution of Maulana Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (R.) to
Tafsir and it is also an attempt to review his said works.
f~wgKv
Avj-KziAvbyj Kvixg eySvi Rb¨ ivmyjyjøvn (m.)-Gi hyM †_‡KB wewfbœ c×wZ Abym„Z n‡q‡Q| Zuvi
hy‡M hLb †Kv‡bv mvnvex †Kv‡bv Avqv‡Zi gg© eyS‡Zb bv, ZLb Zuviv ivmyjyjøvn (m.)-Gi kiYvcbœ
n‡Zb Ges mswkøó Avqv‡Zi g‡g©v×vi Ki‡Zb| G fv‡eB ÔAviex fvlvq Zvdmxi kv‡¯¿i1 DrcwË
N‡U| Kv‡ji cwiµgvq evsjv fvlvq KziAv‡bi Abyev`, UxKvwUàwb I Zvdmxi iwPZ n‡q‡Q| G
Abyev` I Zvdmxi iPbvq †h mKj evsjvfvlx ÔAvwjg Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix2 (i.) (1898-1969) GKRb| whwb GKvav‡i gydvmwmi, gynvwÏm I
wewkó ÔAvwjg wQ‡jb| wZwb wkÿKZvi cvkvcvwk Bmjvg cÖPv‡i †hgb Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb,
†Zgwb Zvdmxi iPbvi ga¨ w`‡q me©mvavi‡Yi wbKU Hkx evYxi e¨vL¨vI †cu․‡Q w`‡q‡Qb| KziAvb
PP©vq wZwb G‡ZvB `vwqZ¡kx‡ji f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib †h, wkÿKZv I cvwievwiK e¨¯ÍZvi g‡a¨ †_‡KI
wZwb Avj-KziAv‡bi Zvdmxi K‡ib| wZwb KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨vq cuvPwU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| MÖš’ cuvPwU n‡jv
Q~iv BqvQxb kixd, n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ myiv), Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv), nv°vbx Zdmxi
AvwjdÑjvgÑgxg cviv (myiv dv‡Znvmn) I nv°vbx Zdmxi (Avgcviv)| DwjøwLZ MÖš’mg~n LÐvKv‡i
iwPZ| Avj-KziAvb gvbe RvwZi GKgvÎ cv‡_q nIqvq GwUi Zvdmxi Rvbv Avek¨K| G †ÿ‡Î
evsjvfvlx gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ MÖš’¸‡jv Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| KviY MÖš’¸‡jv we‡kl aviv I cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i
iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GB cÖe‡Ü Zvdmxi PP©vq gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Ae`vb Ges Zuvi
iwPZ MÖš’mg~‡ni ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Zvdmxi PP©vq gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Ae`vb
evsjv fvlvq iwPZ Zvdmxi MÖš’mg~n evsjvfvlx gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GK Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| gvIjvbv kvgQzj
nK dwi`cyix (i.) evsjvfvlx gymjgvb‡`i K_v wPšÍv K‡i Ggb wKQz m~ivi Zvdmxi iPbv K‡ib
mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
198
†h¸‡jv cÖwZwbqZ bvgv‡h wZjvIqvZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wZwb Zuvi G mKj MÖ‡š’ me©‡gvU AvUPwjøkwU
m~ivi Zvdmxi K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ G mKj MÖ‡š’i mswÿß cwiwPwZ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
1. Q~iv BqvQxb kixd
ÔQ~iv BqvQxb kixdÕ MÖš’wUi cÖKvkK †gvnv¤§` Avãyj Kwig, cÖKvkbvq: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, PKevRvi,
XvKv| Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †h KwcwU Av‡Q Zv cÖ_g ms¯‥i‡Yi| cÖKvkKvj 30†k b‡f¤^i 1979 wLª÷vã|
me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v 61| eBwUi weµq g~j¨ 30.00 UvKv| MÖš’wUi AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc:
e½vbyev` I ZdQximn
Q~iv BqvQxb kixd
n°vbx ZdQxi
QzdxK‚j wk‡ivgwY, wPšÍvwe` Av‡j‡g n°vbx,
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK (it) dwi`cyix
f~Zc~e© wcÖwÝc¨vj Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv, XvKv|
Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix t PKevRvi t XvKv|
2. n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ myiv)
MÖš’wU gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.) I gvIjvbv AvwRRyj nK3 (i.) †h․_fv‡e iPbv K‡ib|
1966 mv‡j MÖš’wU XvKvi nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ nq| GwUi me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v 156 Ges
weµq g~j¨ 3.50 UvKv| AZtci 1981 mv‡ji b‡f¤i gv‡m XvKvi Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix GKwU gy`ªY
cÖKvk K‡i| AZtci cybivq D³ ms¯’v cÖ_g gy`ªY bv‡g 1982 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m AviI GKwU ms¯‥iY
†ei K‡i| GwUi c„ôv wQj 153 Ges weµq g~j¨ wQj 29.50 UvKv| Avi Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †h MÖš’wU
Av‡Q Zv Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix KZ„©K cÖKvwkZ| GwU Zv‡`i cÖ_g ms¯‥i‡Yi 2q gy`ªY| cÖKvkKvj 2002
mv‡ji gvP© gvm| GwUi c„ôv msL¨v 146, weµq g~j¨ 70.00 UvKv| G MÖš’wU‡Z †h mKj m~iv ¯’vb
†c‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv- m~iv Bqvmxb, m~ivZzi-ingvb, m~ivZzj IqvwKÔAvn, m~ivZzj g~jK I m~ivZzj
gyh&hvw¤§j| GwUi AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc-
evsjv ZiRgv I e¨vL¨vmn
n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv)
nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK (i.)
cÖv³b wcÖwÝc¨vj, Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv, XvKv|
I
gvIjvbv AvwRRyj nK mv‡ne
†gvnv‡ÏQ, Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv, XvKv
Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix
PKevRvi, XvKv|
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Zvdmxi PP©v
199
3. Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv)
Mªš’wU me©cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1966 wLª÷v‡ã| cÖKvkK XvKvi Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix| GwUi 2q gy ªY
cÖKvk K‡i GKB ms¯’v 1974 wLª÷v‡ãi 16 Rvbyqvwi| me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v wQj 170 Ges weµq g~j¨
wQj 36. 00 UvKv| G MÖš’wU Avgiv BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, evBZzj †gvKviig, jvB‡eªwi‡Z
†`‡LwQ| Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †h KwcwU Av‡Q Zvi cÖKvkK wQ‡jb †gvt Avãyj nvwg` I †gvt Avãyj nvwjg|
cÖKvkbvq Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, PKevRvi, XvKv| cÖKvkKvj 1998 gvP©, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY| GwUi me©‡gvU
c„ô msL¨v 177 Ges weµq g~j¨ 100.00 UvKv| G MÖš’wU‡Z †gvU cvuPwU m~ivi Zvdmxi Kiv n‡q‡Q
e‡j G‡K cvÄm~iv bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvdmxiK…Z cuvPwU m~iv n‡jv m~ivZzj dvwZnv, m~ivZzj
ûRyivZ, m~iv K¡vd, m~ivZzm Qd I m~ivZzj RygyÔAvn|
GwUi AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc-
Zdmx‡i m~iv-dv‡Znv
(cvÄ myiv)
nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK (i.) dwi`cyix
cÖv³b wcÖwÝc¨vj, Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv, XvKv|
Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix
PKevRvi t XvKv|
4. nv°vbx Zvdmxi
AvwjdÑjvgÑgxg cviv
(myiv dv‡Znvmn)
MÖš’wU me©cÖ_g KLb cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Zv Rvbv hvqwb| Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †h KwcwU Av‡Q Zv wØZxq
ms¯‥i‡Yi| cÖKvkK †Mvjvg dviæK, cÖKvkbvq nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW, 65, PK mviKzjvi †ivW,
XvKv-1211| cÖKvkKvj RyjvB 2003 wLª÷vã| me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v 272, weµq g~j¨ 150.00 UvKv|
MÖš’wUi AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc-
nv°vbx Zvdmxi
Avwjd-jvg-gxg-cviv
(m~iv dv‡Znvmn)
gyRvwn` Avhg
Avjøvgv nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (int)
(Q`i mv‡ne ûhyi)
cÖwZôvZv wcÖwÝc¨vjt
Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv Avivweqv
jvjevM, XvKv|
cÖwZôvZv t `viæj Djyg Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg
MvInviMÄ, dwi`cyi|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
200
nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW
65, PK mviKzjvi †ivW, XvKv-1211|
5. nv°vbx Zvdmxi
(Avgcviv)
MÖš’wUi cÖ_g cÖKvkKvj KZ wQj Zv Rvbv hvq wb| Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †h KwcwU Av‡Q PZz_© ms¯‥i‡Yi|
cÖKvkKvj 2004 †d«eªæqvwi| cÖKvkK †Mvjvg gviæd, cÖKvkbvq t nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW, 65,
PK mviKzjvi †ivW, XvKv-1211| me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v 245 Ges weµq g~j¨ 150.00 UvKv| MÖš’wUi
AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc-
nv°vbx Zvdmxi
Avgcviv
gyRvwn‡` Avhg
Avjøvgv nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (in.)
(Q`i mv‡ne ûhyi)
cÖwZôvZv: wcÖwÝc¨vj
Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv Avivweqv
cÖwZôvZv t `viæj Djyg Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg
MvInvi Wv½uv, dwi`cyi|
nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW
65, PK mviKzjvi †ivW, XvKv-1211|
iwPZ MÖš’mg~‡ni ch©v‡jvPbv
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.) iwPZ Zvdmxi MÖš’mg~n ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j Avgiv †h mKj •ewkó¨
cvB wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
K. MÖš’ iPbvi †cÖÿvcU D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi MÖš’ iPbvi KviY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv) iPbvi
†cÖÿvcU m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb, Òm~iv dv‡Znv‡K ejv nq D¤§yj KziAvb| GB m~ivwU cÖ‡Z¨K bvgv‡hi
cÖ‡Z¨K ivKvÔAv‡Z GKevi wZjvIqvZ Kwi‡Z nq| GB m~iv cvV bv Kwi‡j bvgvh weï× nq bv| ZvB
GB m~ivi ¸iæZ¡ Ab¨vb¨ m~ivi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk| hw` gymjøxMY GB m~ivi A_© I Zvdmxi m¤ú‡K©
AeMZ nB‡Z cv‡ib Z‡e Zvnviv bvgv‡h Av‡ivI gb‡hvMx nB‡eb| G Avkvq Avwg m~iv dv‡Znvi
Zdmxi iPbvq gbwb‡ek Kwi|Ó4
L. Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq AvqvZ D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi GKwU Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq Av‡iKwU AvqvZ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi 65 bs
AvqvZ ب وبا ىسج ث ذ أسج رش ذ ب أ رى ا عى أف خز ÔAvR Avwg Zv‡`i- ا
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Zvdmxi PP©v
201
gyLmg~‡n †gvni †g‡i †`e Ges Zv‡`i nvZmg~n Avgvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡e I Zv‡`i cv-mg~n mv¶¨ †`‡e
hv Zviv AR©b KiZÕ Gi e¨vL¨vq MÖš’Kvi m~iv nv-gxg mvR`vi 20 bs AvqvZ ذ ب ش ب جبء دزى إرا
ب وبا ع ث جد أثصبس ع س ,ÒAe‡k‡l Zviv hLb Rvnvbœv‡gi Kv‡Q †c․uQ‡e- ع
ZLb Zv‡`i Kvb, Zv‡`i †PvL I Zv‡`i Pvgov Zv‡`i weiæ‡× Zv‡`i K…ZKg© m¤ú‡K© mv¶¨ †`‡eÓ
Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|5
M. Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq nv`xm D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq nv`xm D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi 65 bs Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq †h
nv`xm6 D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡jv دا، لبي: فمي ش اىبرج ثبىشا ذا، ه ش ع : وفى ثفسه ا
، فمبي أسوب عى ف طم، لبي: فخز ، لبي: ا ب طك ثأع ، لبي فمي: فز اىب ث خى ث : ث
ذ أبض و ى سذمب، فع ÒAvjøvn ej‡eb, mb¥vwbZ †jLK؇qi mvÿ¨ †Zv Av‡QB, GwU- ثعذا ى
Qvov AvR †Zvgvi mvÿ¨B h‡_ó n‡e| AZtci Zvi gy‡L †gvni gviv n‡e Ges Zvi A½-cÖZ¨½‡K
mvÿ¨ †`qvi Rb¨ ejv n‡e| Zviv e¨w³i Kg© m¤ú‡K© K_v ej‡Z _vK‡e| AZtci hLb Zvi evKkw³
cybivq †`qv n‡e ZLb †m ej‡e, †Zvgiv f®§ n‡q hvI, `~i n‡q hvI| (`ywbqv‡Z) Avwg †Zvgv‡`i
Rb¨ KZB bv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv KiZvg|Ó7
M. MÖš’mg~‡ni fvlv
MÖš’Kvi cÖwZwU MÖš’ mvay fvlvq iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~ivZzj gyj‡Ki Zvdmxi Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb e‡jb,
Ò(KZ gnvb) KZ Amxg AbšÍ eiK‡Zi fvÐvi Zuvnvi (KZ AdzišÍ Kj¨vYgq, g½jgq wZwb, huvnvi
nv‡Z mviv we‡k¦i ivRZ¡ I Zvnvi cwiPvjb fvi, AwaKš‘ wZwb me©kw³gvb| wZwbB m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb
g„Zy¨‡K Ges Rxeb‡K, GB Rb¨ †h, wZwb †Zvgvw`M‡K cixÿv Kwi‡eb, †K †Zvgvw`‡Mi g‡a¨ fv‡jv
cÖgvwYZ nq Kv‡Ri †ejvq, A_P wZwb ÿgZvkvjx I ÿgvkxj|Ó8
N. m~ivi cÖvi‡¤¢ AvqvZ, kã I Aÿi msL¨v D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv m~ivi Zvdmxi Kivi cÖvi‡¤¢ m~ivwUi AeZx‡Y©i ¯’vb, AvqvZ, kã I A¶i msL¨v D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| AZtci AvqvZgvjv ÔAviex‡Z D‡jøL K‡i †m¸‡jvi Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY ¯^iƒc
m~ivZzi ingv‡bi cÖvi¤¢ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
اشد اشد ا ثسcig `qvjy `qvgq Avjøvni bv‡g
m~iv ingvb
g`xbvq AeZxY© t AvqvZ 78 t iæK‚ 3 t kã 351 t A¶i t 1636
(1)اشد امشآ (2)ع سب (3)خك اإ اجب (4)ع
1. `qvgq| 2. wZwbB wk¶v `vb Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K †KviAvb| 3. wZwbB m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K| 4.
wZwbB gvbyl‡K wk¶v w`qv‡Qb fvlv-g‡bi fve e¨³ Kwievi Rb¨|9
O. e½vbyev` D‡jøL
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
202
MÖš’Kvi ¯^xq ZvdmxiK‡g© cÖwZwU m~ivi Abyev‡`i c~‡e© ÔAviex‡Z Zvmwgqv (wemwgjøvwni ivngvwbi
ivnxg) wj‡L ‡mwUi e½vbyev` K‡i‡Qb| cÖKvwkZ KziAv‡bi c„ôvi Wv‡b g~j ÔAviex I ev‡g e½vbyev`
cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q| D`vniY ¯iƒc m~ivZzb bvevi K‡qKwU AvqvZ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
78-m~iv bvev g°veZxY© (78) سورة النبا مكيت
iæKz-2
AvqvZ-40
اشد اشد ا ثس
cig `qvjy `qvgq Avjøvni bv‡g
kã-173
A¶i-770
1. †Kvb& wel‡q Zvnviv ci¯úi wRÁvmvev` Kwi‡Z‡Q? 1 . زسبء .ع
2. †mB fxlY msev` m¤‡Ü? 2 . اجإ اعظ .ع
3. †h wel‡q Zviv gZ‡f` Kwi‡Z‡Q? 3 . خزف ف .ازي
4. wKQz‡ZB b‡n, kxNÖB Zvnviv Rvwb‡Z cvwi‡e| 4 . .وب سع
5. cyYt ewj‡ZwQ, wKQz‡ZB b‡n, kxNÖB Zvnviv Rvwb‡Z cvwi‡e| 5 . وب سع .ث
P. Zvdmxihy³ Abyev` D‡j øL
MÖš’Kvi wewfbœ UxKv-wUàwb D‡jøL Ki‡jI Avjv`vfv‡e we¯ÍvwiZ Zvdmxi K‡ibwb| eis Abyev‡`i ci
ÔZdmxihy³ ZR©gvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g eÜbxi g‡a¨ mswkøó Avqv‡Zi A_© D‡jøL K‡i cvkvcvwk †m¸‡jvi
Zvdmxi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~ivZzi ingv‡bi cÖ_g PviwU Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq e‡jb,
Zd&mxihy³ ZR©gv
Ò(`qvgq) Avjøvn| Zvunvi gvb‡ei cÖwZ me‡P‡q eo `qv GB- (wZwbB wk¶v `vb Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K
†KviAvb| wZwbB m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K) A_v©r Aw ÍZ¡ `vb Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K, †mB m„wóinm¨I AwZ
gvnvZ¥¨c~Y©| wbRx©e gvwUi mvi wbhv©m Øviv m„wó K‡ib gvby‡li Lv`¨‡K| Lv‡`¨i mvi wbhv©‡mi Øviv m„wó
K‡ib ïµwe› y‡K| K`h© Kzrwmr ïµ Øviv m„wó K‡ib gvby‡li AwZ my›`i my‡Kvgj †`n‡K| †`‡ni
g‡a¨ m„wó K‡ib P¶z, KY©, wRnŸv BZ¨vw` Bw›`ªq‡K| †K wek¦vm Kwi‡Z cv‡i †h, Ggb bMY¨ gvwUi
g‡a¨ Ggb my›`i †PvL, Ggb my›`i Kvb, Ggb my›`i wRnŸv ivLv Av‡Q? Zvici GB Rowc‡Ði
Af¨šÍ‡i m„wó K‡ib KZ mnmª mnmª ey`ey‡`i g‡bve„wË I g‡bi fve‡K| Zvici Avevi m„wó K‡ib †mB
me fve‡K evB‡i e¨³ Kivi Rb¨ fvlv|Ó10
Q. m‡›`‡ni wbimb
MÖš’Kvi Zvdmx‡ii †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Ôm‡›`n fÄbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g ev Íe D`vniY Dc¯’vcb K‡i
m‡›`‡ni wbimb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi 38-40 bs Avqv‡Zi11
e¨vL¨vq m~h© Ny‡i bvwK c„w_ex
Ny‡i Gi my›`i mgvavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| ÒBD‡ivcxq •eÁvwbKMY G K_v e‡jb †h, m~h© Ny‡i bv eis
c„w_exB m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K Ny‡i| MÖš’Kvi G K_vi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb gvby‡li Ávb hZUzK z
ZZUzKzB †m †`L‡Z cvq| †hgb †÷k‡b Avgiv hw` GKwU _vgv‡bv Mvox‡Z _vwK, Avgv‡`i Mvoxi
cv‡k¦©I Avi GKwU Mvox _vwg‡q Av‡Q| hw` wØZxq MvoxwU Pj‡Z ïiæ K‡i ZLb g‡b nq Avgv‡`i
MvoxwUB Pj‡Q| wKš‘ ev ͇e Zv nqbv| Avgv‡`i MvoxwU P‡jwb| ZvB eyS‡Z n‡e gvbyl c„w_ex bvgK
_vgv‡bv Mvox‡Z evm Ki‡Q| ZvB Zviv c„w_ex Ny‡i G K_v wek¦vm Ki‡Z Pvb bv|Ó12
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Zvdmxi PP©v
203
R. dhxjZ D‡jøL Kiv
MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~iv cvV Kivi dhxjZ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmxb cvV Kivi dhxjZ
eY©bv K‡i †gvU mvZwU nv`xm Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| nv`xmmg~‡ni mvigg© GB‡h, m~iv Bqvmxb KziAvb
gvRx‡`i g‡a¨ †kªô m~iv| G m~iv hviv cvV K‡ib gnvb Avjøvn nvk‡ii gv‡V Zv‡`i‡K mycvwik Kivi
¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| m~ivwUi †ek K‡qKwU bvg Av‡Q| Z¤§‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv ÔAvhxgvÕ| †h‡nZz
KziAvb gvRx‡`i g‡a¨ gnvb m~iv ZvB Zv‡K ÔAvhxgvÕ ejv nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e G m~ivwU‡K ÔKvjeyj
KziAvbÕ ev KziAvb gvRx‡`i cÖvY ejv nq| †h‡nZz G m~iv cv‡Vi dhxjZ A‡bK ZvB GwU‡K ÔKvjeyj
KziAvbÕ ejv nq| ivm~jyjøvn (m.) Bikv` K‡ib, Ôgvby‡li kix‡i GKwU †Mv ÍwcÐ Av‡Q, hw` †mwU my¯’
_v‡K Z‡e Zvi ‡MvUv kixi my¯’ _v‡K| Avi hw` †mwU bó n‡q hvq Z‡e Zvi †MvUv kixi bó n‡q
hvq| Avi †m †Mv ÍwcÐwU n‡jv Kvje ev AšÍi|Õ13
ZvB m~iv Bqvmxb †h‡nZz KziAvb gvRx‡`i AšÍi,
ZvB G m~ivi cvV me© v Pvjy ivLv Riæix|14
Abyiƒcfv‡e m~ivZzj gyj‡Ki dhxjZ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb nv`x‡m ewY©Z Av‡Q, m~iv gyjK cÖwZ iv‡Z
cvV Ki‡j Kei ÔAvhve †_‡K bvRvZ cvIqv hvq|Õ15
S. kv‡bbyh~j D‡jøL
Abyiƒcfv‡e we‡kl †Kv‡bv m~iv ev Avqv‡Zi kv‡b byh~j _vK‡j MÖš’Kvi Zv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb
m~ivZzj ÔAvjv‡Ki cÖ_g cuvPwU AvqvZ †Kvb †cÖÿvc‡U AeZxY© nq Zv wZwb eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|16
T. ÔDc‡`kÕ wk‡ivbv‡g e³e¨ D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~ivi Zvdmxi †k‡l ÔDc‡`kÕ wk‡ivbv‡g wKQz e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb
m~ivZzZ ZvKvmyi (سسح ازىبثش)17
Gi Zvdmxi †k‡l Dc‡`k wk‡ivbv‡g †h e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb
Zvn‡jv:
ÒAvgiv hZ eo abx, m¤§vbxZ A_ev D”P c`¯’ ivR Kg©Pvix nBbv †Kb, ag© I AvwLivZ‡K ev` w`qv
†Kv‡bvfv‡e gyw³i Avkv Kwi‡Z cvwi bv| ag© cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB wVK ivwL‡Z nB‡e| wKš‘ a‡g©i wfwË
ag©we`¨vi Dci| Kv‡RB ag©we`¨vi DbœwZi †Póv Kiv Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB GKvšÍ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|Ó18
U. f~wgKv I m~wPcÎ D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi cuvPwU MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ PviwU‡Z †jL‡Ki Avih, gyLe×, f~wgKv, `yÕwU K_vÕ cÖf…wZ wk‡ivbv‡g
f~wgKv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| ‡Kej n°vbx Zd&mxi (cvÄ m~iv) MÖ‡š’ †Kv‡bv f~wgKv D‡jøL K‡ibwb| G
QvovI wZwb †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MÖ‡š’ m~wPcÎ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Avevi †Kv‡bvwU‡Z m~wPcÎ D‡jøL K‡ibwb|
V. k‡ãi MVb cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv k‡ãi MVb cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~ivZzj dvwZnvi Zvdmxi
eY©bvq k‡ãi MVb cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges G e¨cv‡i wewfbœ gbxlxi AwfgZ Dc¯’vcb الله
K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, ب ا (A_© (رذش) ا ب avZz nB‡Z (عجذ عجذ avZz nB‡Z ا kã (A_©
ب-عجد ) MwVZ n‡q‡Q Ges الله hvM Kwiqv† اي k‡ãi mwnZ ا kã MwVZ nBqv‡Q|19
W. ÔAviex e‡Y©i D”PviY c×wZ D‡jøL
‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MÖ‡š’i cÖvi‡¤¢ MÖš’Kvi ÔAviex e‡Y©i D”PviY c×wZ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv dv‡Znvi
Zvdmx‡ii ïiæ‡ZB wZwb ÔAviex e‡Y©i D”PviY c×wZ wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Ôevsjv fvlvq ق
GB A¶i¸‡jvi D”PviY wVKgZ Kiv hvq bv| G‡`i D”PviY c„_K c„_K| Dchy³ ن ح ر ظ ر ع غ
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
204
Kvix I I¯Ív‡`i wbKU gkK K‡i wk‡L †bqv `iKvi| wZwb صر ظ †K ÔhÕ Øviv Bs‡iRx‡Z z Ges K† ج
ÔRÕ Øviv Bs‡iRx‡Z j Øviv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb AÎ wKZv‡e|20
X. Avqv‡Zi k‡ã k‡ã A_© D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~ivi Zvdmxi eY©bvKv‡j Avqv‡Zi ga¨Kvi cÖwZwU k‡ãi A_© Avjv`v Avjv`v
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv dv‡Znvi Zvdmxi eY©bvq k‡ã k‡ã A_© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY
¯^iƒc cÖ_g Avqv‡Zi k‡ã k‡ã A_© wb¤œiƒc:
ذ ذ mg-ا Í cÖksmv, ي-Rb¨, لله-Avjøvni Rb¨, سة-cÖwZcvjK, ,mvivRvnvb-اعب
qvgq`-اشد
به ,AZ¨šÍ `qvjy-اشد -GK”QÎ gvwjK, GK”QÎ AwacwZ, -w`b, w`em, اذ -
Kg©dj|21
Y. mvigg© I mvims‡ÿc D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi †k‡l Zvi mvigg© A_ev mvims‡ÿc D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb سورة النبا
(m~ivZzb bvev)-Gi 6-14 bs Avqv‡Zi †h Zvdmxi K‡i‡Qb Zvi mvims‡¶c wbgœiƒc:
ÒwKqvgZ Ges Kg©d‡j hvnviv wek¦vm K‡ibv ev m‡›`n K‡i Zvnv‡`i wPšÍv Kiv DwPr †h, Avjøvni
¶gZv KZ Amxg, Avjøvni m„wó inm¨ KZ Mfxi| Zvn‡j Zvnviv AwZ mn‡R eywS‡Z cvwi‡e †h,
wekvj emyÜiv‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, GB weivU ce©Zgvjv‡K whwb m„wó Kwi‡Z m¶g nBqv‡Qb, bi-
bvix gvbyl‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, we`¨v‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, ivÎx-w`ev‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb,
wekvj my`„p mß AvKvk‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, m~h©‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, †gN‡K whwb m„wó
Kwiqv‡Qb, wZwb wK gvbyl‡K g„Zz¨ w`qv cybivq m„wó Kwiqv Zvnv‡K Zvnvi Kg©dj w`‡Z cvwi‡eb bv?22
wbðqB cvwi‡eb, Zvnv‡Z we› ygvÎ m‡›`n bvB| Avi cwifvlvq BnvB wKqvgZ ev AvwLivZ| Bnv‡K
e‡j †kl wePvi w`em23
ev gxgvsmvi w`b|Ó24
Abyiƒcfv‡e wZwb m~iv Bqvmxb25
I m~iv gyh&hvw¤§‡ji26
mvigg©I D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
Z. Avqv‡Zi wkÿv D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi Zuvi MÖ‡š’i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b ÔAvqv‡Zi wkÿvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g mswkøó AvqvZ I m~ivi wkÿvmg~n
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi cÖ_g iæKzi wkÿv Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|27
_. KweZvi D×…wZ D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi Zvdmx‡ii †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b KweZvi D×…wZ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~ivZzj dvwZnvi †kl
Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi Ki‡Z wM‡q MÖš’Kvi Kwe †Mvjvg †gv Ídv iwPZ wb‡¤œv³ KweZvi DׄwZ Dc¯’vcb
K‡i‡Qb|
Ômij mwVK cyY¨ cš’v
†gv‡`i `vI †Mv ewj,
PvjvI †m c‡_ †h c‡_ †Zvgvi
wcÖqRb †M‡Q Pwj;
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Zvdmxi PP©v
205
†h c‡_ †Zvgvi wPi Awfkvc
†h c‡_ åvwšÍ wPi-cwiZvc,
†n gnvcwiPvjK! †gv‡`‡i KL‡bv
K‡iv bv †m c_MvgxÕ|28
G QvovI Avjøvni ev›`vM‡Yi mn¨¸Y m¤ú‡K© eY©bvKv‡j MÖš’Kvi e‡jb,
mwn‡Z G‡mwQ †gviv mwnqv hvBe,
R¡wj‡Z G‡mwQ †gviv cywoqv gwie|29
`. wdKnx gZvgZ Av‡jvPbv
Bgv‡gi wcQ‡b gy³vw`‡K myiv dvwZnv cvV Ki‡Z n‡e wKbv, G myiv cvV †k‡l ÔAvwgbÕ Av‡¯Í bvwK
mk‡ã ej‡Z n‡e Zvi we‡ivac~Y© Av‡jvPbv †k‡l MÖš’Kvi wbi‡c¶ mgvavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|30
a. wemwgjøvn m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv
wemwgjøvn ( myiv dvwZnvi Ask wKbv †m wel‡qI wZwb Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wm×v‡šÍ (بسم الله
†cu․‡Qb †h, GwU myiv dvwZnvi †Kv‡bv AvqvZ bq eis myivZzb bvg‡ji GKwU AvqvZ|31
b. cwiwkó D‡jøL
MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~ivi cwiwkó D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hLv‡b mgMÖ m~ivi g~jfve I Zvrch© ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi cwiwkó D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|32
c. mnvqK MÖš’vejx
MÖš’Kvi Zuvi MÖš’mg~n †h mKj MÖ‡š’i mnvqZvq iPbv K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡jv, Zvdmx‡i Beb ÔAveŸvm,
Zvdmxiæj Kvexi, Av`-`yiiæj gvbQyi, Zvdmxi Beb Kvwmi, iæûj gvÔAvwb, Avj-evniæj gynxZ,
Zvdmx‡i RvjvjvBb, Avj-gydiv`vZ dx Mvixwej KziAvb, Avj-wgmevûj gybxi, Avj-gvIwi`, Avj-
Kvgymyj gynxZ, wjmvbyj ÔAvie cÖf…wZ|
Dcmsnvi
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.) KziAvb †cÖgx‡`i Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb| wZwb KziAvb Gi Dci †h
M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb ZviB cÖwZ”Qwe dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zuvi msw¶ß Zvdmxi MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z| wZwb Zvui DwjøwLZ
cvuPwU cy¯Í‡K KziAvb gvRx‡`i cÖvq Aa©kZ m~ivi Zvdmxi K‡i‡Qb| hw`I m~iv¸‡jv †QvU, wKš‘
G¸‡jvi gg©v_© LyeB Zvrch©gwÐZ| we‡kl K‡i wÎkcvivi g‡a¨ †h mKj m~ivi Zvdmxi Kiv n‡q‡Q
Zv‡Z cÖwZwU cvV‡Ki ü`q weMwjZ n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv cÖvZ¨wnK bvgv‡h G m~iv¸‡jvB cvV Kiv n‡q _v‡K
Ges evsjvi N‡i N‡i dRi bvgvh †k‡l hLb KziAvb gvRx` †ZjvIqvZ Kiv nq ZLbI G m~iv¸‡jv
†ewk †ewk cvV Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ZvB Zvui Zvdmxi MÖš’mg~n mK‡ji Kv‡Q MÖnYxq n‡q‡Q Ges cvV‡Ki
ü`q Rq K‡i‡Q| Zuvi G mKj MÖš’ cvVKv‡j cvVKM‡Yi wbKU Kg-†ewk gy`ªYMZ ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ bR‡i
c‡o| hv Abyev` I e¨vL¨vi gvb ÿzbœ K‡iwb Ges Zv‡Z cvVKMY weåvšÍ nIqvi †KvbI AvksKv †bB|
d‡j Zuvi iwPZ Zvdmxi MÖš’mg~n mKj †kªYxi cvV‡Ki wbKU mgfv‡e mgv`„Z| hw` †m mKj gy`ªYMZ
ÎæwU ms‡kvab Kiv hvq Z‡e MÖš’mg~‡ni gvb Av‡iv e„w× cv‡e e‡j Avgv‡`i wek¦vm| MÖš’mg~‡ni †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bvwU evRv‡i cvIqv hvq, Avevi †Kv‡bv †KvbwU cvIqv hvq bv| hw` †Kv‡bv cÖKvkbv ms¯’v G mKj
MÖš’ cybivq cÖKvk Ki‡Zv, Z‡e KziAvb †cÖgx evsjvfvlx cvVKMY Av‡iv DcK…Z n‡Zv| Aciw`‡K
MÖš’mg~n LÐvKv‡i iwPZ nIqvq cvVKMY Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wbav©wiZ Kwc µq K‡ib AwZ
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
206
mn‡R| †Kbbv, mKj †kÖwYi cvVK we‡kl K‡i hviv Zvdmxi wel‡q D”PZi M‡elYv Ki‡Z Pvb Zv‡`i
Rb¨ G mKj MÖš’ gnvg~j¨evb m¤ú`|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 wewkó ZvdmxiKviK Avey nvBq¨vb (654Ñ745 wn.) e‡jb, ب أدىب ب، ذبر وفخ اطك، جذث ع ع
رزبد زاه ت، ب دبخ ازشو ع ب ازى رذ عب .الإفشادخ ازشوجخ، -ÔZvdmxi Ggb GKwU kv¯¿ hv‡Z
KziAv‡bi kãvejxi D”PviY c×wZ, †m¸‡jvi A_© Ges ev‡K¨i AšÍM©Z wewfbœ kã I ev‡K¨i we‡køl‡Yi `„wó‡Z
Avqv‡Zi AšÍwb©wnZ A_© Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq welqvejxi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|Õ `ª. Ave~ nvBq¨vb, AvjÑevniæj gynxZ,
1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdKi, 1412/1992) c„. 13|
2 gvIjvbv kvgmyj nK dwi`cyix (i.) †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi MIniWv½v MÖv‡g 1898 wLª÷v‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi
bvg gynv¤§` Avãyjøvn I gvZvi bvg Av‡gbv LvZzb| cÖv_wgK wk¶v ïiæ nq ¯’vbxq cvUMwZi GK wn›`y cwЇZi Kv‡Q|
AZtci wZwb Uzw½cvov I ewikv‡ji mywUqvKvwV ¯‥zj n‡Z cÖv_wgK wk¶vi mgvß K‡i 1915 mv‡j †bvqvcvovi evNwoqv
nvB¯‥zj †_‡K cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i lô †kªYx cvm K‡ib| AZtci 1919 mv‡j KjKvZv ÔAvwjqv gv`ªvmvq G¨vs‡jv
cvwm©qvb wefv‡M fwZ© n‡q †mLvb †_‡K cÖ‡ewkKv cix¶vq DËxY© nb| AZtci `viæj Djyg †`Ie›` gv`ªvmvq gvIjvbv
ûmvBb Avng` gv`vbx (1878-1957), gvIjvbv AvbIqvi kvn Kvkwgix (1875-1933), gvIjvbv •mq` bexi
Bmjvwgqv (1805-1902) cÖgy‡Li wbKU Av‡iv Pvi eQi a‡i KziAvb nv`xmmn wewfbœ gvmÕAvjv-gvmv‡qj wk¶v †k‡l
m‡e©v”P mb` AR©b K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z gvIjvbv Avkivd ÔAvjx _vbfx (i)-Gi `iev‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Zvi KvQ †_‡K
ZwiK‡Zi wLjvdZ jvf K‡ib| cÖvwZôvwbK I Ava¨vwZ¥K wk¶v MÖn‡Yi ci †`‡ki gvbyl‡K Øx‡bi wk¶v †`qvi Rb¨
1928 mv‡j †`‡k wd‡i eªv²bevoxqvi BDbywmqv gv`ªvmvi †gvnZvwgg wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib| AZtci 1935 mv‡j
ev‡Minv‡Ui MRvwiqv 1936 †_‡K 1949 ch©šÍ XvKvi jvjev‡Mi nv‡gAv †KviAvwbqv‡Z †gvnZvwgg wnmv‡e Kg©iZ
wQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb ivR‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_I wZwb cÖZ¨¶fv‡e RwoZ wQ‡jb| L„óvb wgkbvix‡`i Bmjvg we‡ivax
Kg©Kv‡Ði weiæ‡× 1962 mv‡j ÔAvÄygv‡b Zvejx¸j KziAvbÕ bv‡g GKwU AivR‣bwZK msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib| Bmjvgx
mvwnZ¨ PP©vq Zvi Ae`vb Acwimxg| wZwb cÖKvwkZ I AcÖKvwkZ cÖvq †`o kZvwaK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| wZwb 1969
mv‡ji 21 Rvbyqvix BwšÍKvj K‡ib| `ª. gvIjvbv Avãyi iv¾vK, mgvR ms¯‹viK Avjøvgv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyixi (in)
Rxebx (XvKv: Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg cvewj‡KkÝ, 1g cÖKvk, 1998), c„. 23-153|
3 gvIjvbv AvwRRyj nK evsjv‡`‡k ÔkvqLyj nv`xmÕ bv‡g mK‡ji wbKU mgwaK cwiwPZ| wZwb mnxn eyLvix c~Y©v½iƒ‡c
e½vbyev` K‡ib| wZwb XvKvi Rvwgqv ‡KviAvwbqv gv`ivmvmn wewfbœ KvIgx gv`ivmvq wkÿKZv K‡ib Ges XvKvq
BwšÍKvj K‡ib|
4 gvIjbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix, Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv) (XvKv: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, 3q gy`ªY, 1998) c„. 1|
5 nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK, n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv) (XvKv: Gg`vwgqv jvB‡eªix, 2q gy`ªY, gvP© 2002), c„. 43|
6 gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR Avj-Kzkvqix, Avm-mnxn, wKZveyh hyn` Iqvi wiKvK, 4_© LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæ BnBqvBZ Zzivwmj
Avivex, Zv.we), c„. 2280|
7 n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 44-45|
8 Z‡`e, c„. 119|
9 Z‡`e, c„. 76|
10 Z‡`e, c„. 77-78|
gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Zvdmxi PP©v
207
11. AvqvZ¸‡jv n‡jv: ب ره رمذش اعضض اع سزمش س رجشي .اش بصي دزى عبد وبعشج ش لذسب ام
. امذ ف فه سجذ و بس سبثك ا ب ا ش رذسن ام ب أ جغ س .ب اش Ôm~h© Zvi wbw`©ó MwZc‡_
AveZ©b K‡i| GUv civµgkvjx me©Á Avjøvni wbqš¿Y| P‡›`ªi Rb¨ Avwg wewfbœ gbwhj wbav©wiZ K‡iwQ| Ae‡k‡l †m
cyivZb LRy©i kvLvi b¨vq n‡q hvq| m~h© bvMvj †c‡Z cv‡i bv P‡›`ªi Ges ivwÎ A‡MÖ P‡jbv w`‡bi| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Avcb
Avcb K¶c‡_ mšÍiY K‡i|Õ
12 n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 28-29|
13 g~j nv`xmwU n‡jv: امت ، اب ارا فسذد فسذ اجسذ و ضغخ ارا صذذ صخ اجسذ و اجسذ ف ا .اب
`ª. gynv¤§` Be&b BmgvÔCj Avj-eyLvix, mnxûj eyLvix, 1g LÐ, wKZveyj Cgvb (mvnvivbcyi: gvKZvevB ivwkw`q¨vn, Zv
we.), c„. 13|
14 gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK (i) dwi`cyix, Q~iv BqvQxb kixd (XvKv: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, 1g ms. 1979), c„. 1-2|
15 n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 132|
16 gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i), nv°vbx Zvdmxi, Avgcviv (XvKv: nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW, 4_© ms. 2004),
c„. 214|
17 m~ivZzZ ZvKvQzi KziAvb gvRx‡`i 102 bs m~iv|
18 nv°vbx Zvdmxi, Avgcviv, c„. 214|
19 nv°vbx Zvdmxi (Avwjd-jvg-gxg), c„. 38|
20 Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv) c„. 1|
21 Z‡`e c„. 3|
22 Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, رشجع إ ث ذى ث زى ث ارب فأدبو أ ز و ثب ف رىفش .و -Ô†Kgb K‡i
†Zvgiv Avjøvn‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cvi? A_P †Zvgiv wQ‡j cÖvYnxb| AZtci wZwbB †Zvgv‡`i‡K cÖvY `vb K‡i‡Qb,
Avevi g„Zz¨`vb K‡ib| cybivq †Zvgv‡`i‡K Rxeb `vb K‡ib| AZtci ZviB cÖwZ cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡e|Õ `ª. m~ivZzj
evKviv 2:28|
23 Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, اذ ب ب أدسان . اذ ب ب أدسان ئز . ث ش اأ ئب فس ش ه فس ب ر
. -ÔAvcwb Rv‡bb wePvi w`em Kx? AZtci Avcwb Rv‡bb wePvi w`em Kx? †h w`b †KD KviI †Kv‡bv DcKvi Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv Ges †m w`b me KZ…©Z¡ n‡e Avjøvni|Õ `ª. m~ivZzj BbwdZvi, 82:17-19
24 nv°vbx Zvdmxi, Avgcviv, c„. 11|
25 n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 58|
26 Z‡`e, c„. 133|
27 Z‡`e, c„. 13|
28 Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 47|
29 n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 36|
30 MÖš’Kvi bvgv‡R myiv dvwZnv cv‡Vi ci Avwgb Av‡¯Í I mk‡ã ejv Dfq c‡¶iB nvw`m Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Ges
mgvavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb †h, Avwgb Av‡¯Í Ges mk‡ã Dfq cÖKvi covB ‣ea| ª. Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv), c„.
26|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
208
31 Z‡`e, c„. 12; AvqvZwU n‡jv, اشد اشد ا ثس إ ب س Ôwbðq GUv myjvBgv‡bi c¶ †_‡K| Avi- إ
wbðq GUv cig KiæYvgq cig `qvjy Avjøvni bv‡g|Õ `ª. m~ivZzb bvgj, 27:30|
32 n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 60|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
Tasawuf in the light of the Qur’an and Hadith : An
Overview
Dr. Shah Mukhtar Ahmad
Abstract : Tasawuf is one of the important branches of Islam. It has been defined as „the
apprehension of divine realities. Its main sources are the holy Qur‟an and the Hadith but
some Western Scholars have tried to trace Tasawuf from other sources. However, Islamic
scholars strongly state that Tasawuf was originated during the period of the Prophet
Muhammad (sm) and has been gradually developed till today. Although at the time of
Prophet (sm) and his companions, the term Tasawuf was not exist as a distinct discipline.
Rather, it was inseparably and essentially present in the spirituality of Islam. It was a reality
without a name which was practiced in the daily lives of the companions through their
spiritual initiations at the hand of the Prophet (sm). He was their „living model‟ and their
source of inspiration. The companions of the Prophet (sm) could historically be regarded as
the first Sufis, because they regularly held gatherings of invocation (Zikr) and they were a
living example of this Qur‟anic verse: “Restrain yourself together with those who pray to
their Rabb morning and evening, seeking His Face. Do not turn your eyes away from them
in the quest for the good things of this life; nor obey anyone whose heart we have made
heedless of our remembrance, who follows his own lust and gives loose reign to his
desires.” (Qur‟an, Al-Kahaf 18:28). This paper is a humble attempt to fill up the gap on this
point and focus on Tasawuf in the light of the Qur‟an and Hadith.
Tasawuf is a term which is used for the inner or esoteric dimension of Islam that is
also supported and complemented by outward or exoteric practices of Islam, such as
Sharia. It can also be explained from the perspective of the three basic religious
attitudes mentioned in the Qur‟an. These are the attitudes of Islam, Iman and Ihsan.
Islam means Submission to the Will of Allah which is the minimum qualification for
being a Muslim.1 Technically, it implies an acceptance, even if only formal, of the
teachings contained in the Qur‟an and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (sm).
Iman is a more advanced stage in the field of religion than Islam. It designates a
further penetration into the heart of religion and a firm faith in its teachings.2 Ihsan is
the highest stage of spiritual advancement in Religion. At this stage the devotee has
such a realization of the religious truths which amounts almost to their direct vision.
This quality of Ihsan, is described in the Tradition by the Prophet (sm) as: أن ت عبد الله Ihsan is to adore Allah as though thou do see Him for even“ ه ت اا ه ن ت اا ه اا
if thou do not see Him, He nonetheless sees thee.”3 According to these three stages of
religiosity, Tasawuf may be defined as the spiritual progress of a devotee from the
initial stage of Islam to the final stage of Ihsan
Definition of Tasawuf
Tasawwuf is an Arabic word which is used for the process of realizing ethical and
spiritual ideals. Its literal meaning is "to become a Sufi"4 and it is generally translated
Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Rajshahi.
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in English as Sufism. The etymologies for the term Sufi are various. The primary
meaning of the term comes from suf, "wool,"5 the traditional ascetic garment of
Prophets and Saints in the Near East. The term has also been connected
to safa˒ , "purity," or safwa, "the chosen ones," emphasizing the psychological
dimension of purifying the heart and the role of divine grace in choosing the saintly.
Another etymology links Sufi with suffa or bench, referring to a group of poor
Muslims contemporary to the Prophet Muhammad (sm), known as the People of the
Bench, signifying a community of shared poverty. Another view is that the word Sufi
is derived from the Arabic word saff, which means line or row, referring here to those
early Muslim contemporaries of the Prophet (sm) who stood in the first row during
prayer, having reached the mosque well in time.
The historian and philosopher Abu Rayhaan Al-Bayrooni (d.440 AH) mentioned that
the word “Sufi” springs from the Greek term “Sophia” meaning wisdom. Though one
cannot confirm nor deny the authenticity of this derivation, it is certain that Sufism
during its course of development was highly influenced by the Greek and Hindu
philosophies. This opinion is held by some important figures in Sufism like al-
Qushayriee and al-Hujwairi (d.456 AH). They say it is just a given title. Such a claim
is a strange and very weak one, because none of titles adopted by any sect lacks a
meaning associated with it. These were the most important sayings regarding the
origin of the word Tasawuf or Sufism. Such differences regarding this term is due to
the mystic nature that folds Sufism in esoteric concepts which is open to all kinds of
interpretations. Any Sufi master could add his own methodology and concepts based
upon his own experiences. However, the ideal qualities evoked by these derivations
are the key to the concept of tasawwuf as formulated by authors of the tenth century,
such as Sulami (d. 1021). While acknowledging that the term Sufi was not present at
the time of the Prophet (sm), Sufi theorists maintained that this specialization in
spirituality arose in parallel with other disciplines such as Islamic law and Qur‟anic
exegesies. But the heart of Tasawuf, they maintained, in the ideal qualities of the
Prophet Muhammad (sm) and his association with his followers. Many sufi scholars
define it in many ways. Each definition uncovers a different aspects of Tasawuf, each
correct in its proper context, and to grasp Sufism as a whole, one must consider as
wide a range of definitions as possible. In order to clarify the nature of Sufism,
therefore, the following definitions have been chosen and accumulated. A great
Islamic saint, Maruf al Kharki defines it as “The apprehension of Divine Realities”.6
Another Islamic scholar Zunayd al Bagdady defines it as “The purification of the
heart from associating with created beings, separation from natural characteristics,
suppression of human qualities, avoiding the temptations of the carnal soul, taking up
the qualities of the spirit, attachment to the sciences of the reality, using what is more
proper to the eternal, counseling all the community, being truly faithfully to God and
following the Prophet (saw) according to the law”.7 Allama Suhrawardi, a great sage
was asked about Sufism and replied, “Its beginning is God, but it has no end”.8 It is
also said that "Tasawuf or Sufism is to abandon one's own opinion and submit to
God's will”.9 Thus, the essence of Sufism lies in the purification of the senses and the
Tasawuf in the light of the Qur‟an and Hadith : An Overview
211
will, the building up of inner and outer life and the attainment of eternal felicity and
blessedness by apprehending the Divine Realities. All definitions of Tasawuf
described ethical and spiritual goals and functioned as teaching tools to open up the
possibilities of the soul. In practice, the term Sufi was often reserved for ideal usage,
and many other terms described particular spiritual qualities and functions, such as
poverty (faqir, darvish), knowledge (˓ alim, ˓ arif), mastery (shaykh, pir), and so on.
Nature and Purpose of Sufism
• The goal of Sufism is not to acquire an intuitive knowledge of reality, but to be
a servant of God. There is no stage higher than the stage of servanthood
(abdiyat), and there is no truth beyond the Shari ‟ah.
• The object of Sufi Tariqah is nothing but to produce conviction in the beliefs of
the Shari ‟ah and to facilitate the observance of its rules.
• The experience of fana10
and baqa11
is the essence of walayat; its purpose is to
produce conviction.
• Visions and auditions are not the end of the Sufism; they are mere shadows, and
God transcends them absolutely.
Tasawwuf in the Qur’an and Hadith
Tasawuf is not a new concept in Islam. It has been originated from the teachings of the
Qur‟an and Hadith. Like other branches of Islam its main sources are the Qur'an and
Hadith. All Sufis obey the Holy Qur‟an implicitly and also follow the Prophet‟s
traditions (Hadith) rigidly. According to a great Islamic scholar Dr. Syed Nasr, Origin
of Sufism is the Qur‟an and Hadith that has been described earlier. The great Sufi of
Baghdad, Sheikh Shihabuddin Suharwardi also writes in his famous book on Sufism
entitled „Awariful Marif‟ that though the term „Sufi is not mentioned in the Holy
Qur‟an but the words Such: Mutawakkilin, Sadiqin, Salihin, Siddikin, Muqarribin, Aj-
Juhud, Ihsan and Tajkiatunnafs etc. connote the same meaning which is expressed by
Sufi. According to Dr. Yusuf Hussain Khan, all the mysticism is born in the bosom of
Islam.12
No Sufism without Islam. Sufism is the spirituality or mysticism of religion of
Islam. Mysticism makes its appearance, as an inward dimension. A great Sufi of
Baghdad, Zunaid Bagdadi says that Sufism has been originated from the Holy Qur‟an.
One who does not read the Holy Qur‟an and does not write the Hadiths, does not have
right to talk about Sufism. Zunaid Bagdadi also rightly remarks that the origin of Sufi
tendency in Islam, has been matter by wide divergence of opinion and Sufi has been
influenced by some external factors.
lbn Khaldun comments in his Muqaddimah that Sufism was one of the religious
sciences which was born in Islam.13
The way of the living of Sufis has been
appreciated by the companions of the Prophet (sm), the Successors and the
Successors of the Successors. The fundamental principles of Sufism are found in the
companions and in the earlier Muslims.
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According to them, Tasawwuf means “absolute love of God and selfless service of
His creation under Shariat” because there is a clear indication in the Holy Qur‟an that
“God loves those who love Him”.14
When a Sufi reaches the pinnacle of his career, he
is above all worldly things. He then enters the domain of the “Spiritual World” the
existence of which is as certain as this material world, Ma‟arifat- Thus when the lover
and the „Beloved‟ are in divine harmony and unity, there is nothing else but a
peaceful happiness, a rare type of happiness which no man or human intellect can
describe on paper. It is this reciprocal link of divine love between God and man
which is called Ma‟arifat in Sufi vernacular.15
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad clarifies
this point nicely in his Tarjumaan-ul-Qur‟an. He says “Again and again the Qur‟an
has revealed the fact that the relation of God with man is nothing but a relation of
their „mutual love‟.16
However, a lot of people have misunderstandings about Tasawwuf. Some of them
think that it is something beyond the Qur‟an and Hadith. Some delinquent Sufis as
well as superficial Ulama, although on the opposite ends of the spectrum, are together
in holding this mistaken notion. Consequently the first group has shunned the Qur‟an
and Hadith while the second group has shunned Tasawwuf. Actually, although the
term Tasawwuf, like many other religious terms in use today, evolved later, the
discipline is very much part of the Shariah. The department of the Shariah relating to
external deeds like Salat and Zakat is called Fiqh while the one dealing with the
internal feelings and states of the heart is called Tasawwuf. Both are commanded in
the Qur‟an, “Verily, he who has purified the heart is successful and he who has
despoiled it has lost.”17
Thus while commanding Salat and Zakat, the Qur‟an also
commands gratefulness and love of Allah and condemns the evil of pride and vanity.
Similarly, in the books of Hadith, along with the chapters on Ibadat, trade and
commerce, marriage and divorce, are to be found the chapters on Riya, Takabbur,
Akhlaq etc. These commands are as much a mandatory requirement as the ones
dealing with external deeds.
On reflection it will be realised that all the external deeds are designed for the
reformation of the heart. That is the basis of success in the hereafter while its
despoiling is the cause of total destruction. This is precisely what is known
technically as Tasawwuf. Its focus is Tahzeeb-I-Akhlaq or the adornment of character;
its motive is the attainment of divine pleasure; its method is total obedience to the
commands of the Shariah. A great scholar lbn Khaldun comments in his Muqaddimah
that Tasawuf was one of the religious sciences which was born in Islam. The way of
the living of Sufis has been appreciated by the companions of the Prophet (sm), the
Successors and the Successors of the Successors. The fundamental principles of
Sufism found in the companions and the Muslims of old time are as follows.
i. Kashf is a source of knowledge.
ii. God is unique, eternal and all-pervading.
iii. The world is transitory.
iv. God is near to His creatures.18
Tasawuf in the light of the Qur‟an and Hadith : An Overview
213
All these principles are supported and recognised with the Qur‟anic verses and the
traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (sm). The following quotations from the holy
Qur'an and Hadith substantiate the claim that Tasawuf is reflected in the Qur'an and
Hadith.
Quotations from the Qur’an :
Allah said,
اا ا ا ن ب ا ا ا اع ه د ن ا ا ب ا يب أ ي ا ة ااده
“And when my servants ask you concerning Me. (tell them), I am nearby indeed, I
answer the prayer of the supplicant when he prays to me, so they should respond
to my call and believe in Me.”19
ي اا ه ات اا اا ااع ي ااع
“His knowledge and suzerainty extend over the heavens and the earth and the care of
them both tries Him not. He is the supreme, the Great.”20
م ب ي بي الله
“Soon Allah will produce a people whom He will love as they will love Him.”21
ا حة ن دن ه ا ن ادنه دا بدا ن ب ان آت
“So, they found one of our servants on whom we had bestowed mercy from ourselves
and whom we had taught knowledge from our own presence.”22
اا ه ات اا ثل ا شك ةم صب حب اا صب ح ف ز ةم اازي ة ه يب ا د ن ةم ب ةم ز ةم الله كل ءم اا ث ل ا ه س الله ا ا ن ش ء ض ب الله هةم غ هةم ك ا ز ض ء ا ل ت ن ب ب ى م د الله
ب
“Allah is the extensive light of the heavens and the earth. His light can be compared
to a pillar on which is a lamp. The lamp is inside a crystal globe. The globe of glass is
as if it were a glittering star. It is lit by (the oil of) a blessed olive tree which belongs
neither to the east nor to the west. Its oil is likely to glow forth of itself even if no fire
touch it. This lamp is a combination of many lights over and over. Allah guides
towards His light whoever desires (to be enlightened). And Allah sets forth excellent
parables for the people and Allah alone has full knowledge of everything.”23
تدا الله آآ ا ه لي ءم ا ب ه
“Call on no other god beside Allah. There is no God but He. Everything (that exists)
will perish - except His own Face.” 24
ب ا ن بل اا د ع ت س ن أ
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“What dark suggestions his soul makes to him; for we are nearer to him than his jugular vein.” 25
نم ى اللل ال ا - لي ن بن - ب ا ن ف اا ه ات اا له م - ب آ ء ك تكذ . ف نم
“All that is on earth will perish but will abide (forever) the Face of thy Lord, full of
Majesty, Bounty and Honour. Then which of the favours of your Lord will you deny?
Of Him seeks (its need) every creature in the heavens and on earth. Every day in
(new) splendour doth He shine?” 26
اا هل ااآ اا ه ااب ان كل ءم ب
“He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent.” 27
ا اا , ااهذ ن د ا ا د ه ب نه الله
“And those who strive hard in Our cause We will certainly guide them in the ways
that lead to Us. Verily, Allah is always with the doers of good.” 28
, ا ا ت ب هل ا ت ب ل
“Or prolong it (a little more) and keep on reciting the Qur‟an distinctly and
thoughtfully well.” 29
, أ نه أ ا ء الله آ ب ز ن
“Behold! The friends of Allah, neither fear shall overwhelm them, nor shall they
(ever) remain in grief.” 30
آيت ز ع ااك ب الك ة ن ا ن بل ا ضللم ااهذ عث ف اا He it is Whohas raised among the Arabs a grand messenger (who hails) from“ ب م
among themselves, who recites to them His revelations to rid them of their impurities
and teaches them the Book and Wisdom, though before (the advent of the Prophet)
they…”31
ح ن ت ز هى ا ص هى د أ
“Verily, that person who purifies himself truly will succeed (both in this life and in
the hereafter), and remembers and extols the name of his Lord andoffers Prayers.”32
آيت ز ع ااك ب الك ة ن ا ن بل ى اا عث ن أ ا د نه الله ا ضللم ب م
“Verily Allah has bestowed a favour on the believers when He has raised amongst
them a great Messenger from amongst themselves who recites to them His Messages,
and purifies them and teaches them the Book and the wisdom; although before this
they were steeped in flagrant error.”33
Tasawuf in the light of the Qur‟an and Hadith : An Overview
215
يم م لب ن ه ن أتى الله ,
“The day when wealth will not avail, nor sons (be of any good), But (he alone will be
saved) who comes to Allah with a sound and pure heart.” 34
ا ااصه ا ي أ ي ااهذ ن آ ا ات ه ا الله
“O you who believe! keep your duty to Allah and be with the truthful.” 35
د ااشي داء ااصه ل ن أ ا ن اا هب ااص اا ه ل ا ااهذ ن أ ع الله , ن ط الله
“And those who obey Allah and this perfect messenger, it is these who are with those
upon whom Allah has bestowed His blessings (in this life and Hereafter) the Prophets, the
Truthful (in their belief, words and deeds), and the bearers of Testimony (to the truth of
thr religion of Allah by their words and deeds), as well as the Martyrs, and Rightious
(who stick to the right course under all circumstances), and how excellent companions
they are!”36
Quotations from the Hadith
The Prophet Muhammad (sm) said,
ت سع ااهذ ص ا ااهذ بص دا ااهت بطش : زال بد هب ه با ه ا ل ه أ به ا أ ب ب ب
God said: "My servant continues to draw near to me through works of suprogation
until I love him. And when I love him I am his ear so that he hears by Me and his
eyes so that he sees by me and his hands so that he takes by Me.37
ع أ ض س ا ع ي بد اا ن اا ه اا ه اا ااا اا ه
God said: "My earth and My heaven contain Me not but the heart of My faithful
servant containeth Me".38
. ت زا مخ ببت أن أ خ ت آ بي
God said: “1 was a hidden treasure and I desired to be known, I created the creation in
order that I might be known".39
ن د ه
O "Whosoever knows himself knows his Lord". 40
أ نه ف ال د ض ة ا ت ح ال د ي ا دت د ال د ي أ اا ي
Beware! There is a piece of flesh in the body if it becomes good (reformed) the whole
body becomes good but if it gets spoilt the whole body gets spoilt and that is the
heart. 41
اا عبد ف اا ات ااعدا- ث ن يخ اء
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He used to go in seclusion in the cave of Hira where he used to worship (Allah alone)
continuously for many days. 42
ة ن اا ل ت ف اا ء خ ك ف ت ع ن ت ه ا اادي ات ه ا اا ء نه أ هل نه اادي ةب آض ةب نه الله
“The world is sweet and green (alluring) and verily Allah is going to install you as
vicegerent in it in order to see how you act. So avoid the allurement of women: verily,
the first trial for the people of Isra'il was caused by women.”43
ا اا ة ف اا ي ى اا ي ا بط اا ه س ا ا ب ب ء داء ل ثى أ ا ى عثن الله أ ا ب ب ل ي ل الله ا ع ل الم ن ف الله ن ب ال ه لا ه ي ع ن ى الله ذ
“May Allah send them resurrection on the Day of Resurrection in their faces light on the
platforms of pearls people are not captivated by Prophets nor martyrs said Fajti Arabi on
his knees and said, O Messenger of Allah Glahm to us know them said they are lovers of
God from various tribes and the various countries meet on the mention of God remind
him”44
م اس ااذ ف اا د : ن أ ل ااك ي ل الله ؟ ل : ع أ ل ال اا ن أ ل ااك ل
“The people of the day will know the people of the vineyard. He said: "Who are the
people of the vineyard, O Messenger of Allaah?" He said: "The people of the
masculine councils in the mosques.”45
If we think deeply and analyse the above mentioned Qur‟anic verses and the
traditions of the Prophet (sm) we can see that each of the verses and traditions
contains and expresses the spirit, theme and features of tasawuf directly and
indirectly. Examples include words like tajkiatun nafs, zikrullah, majaliszzikr,
taqwallah, sadiqeen, salihin, muhsinin, muttaqin and qalb-e-salim etc. among others
that have been quoted in the discussion above. In addition, we can also see that in
appreciation of man‟s own wonderful creation, God has expectation nothing but his
love and devotion only”. A true devotee of God thus becomes His true lover. And, at
this stage, the devotee is very near to God. Having attained the position of God‟s
“beloved”, he soars high in the spiritual World or the so-called “other- worldliness,
and this is the ultimate goal of a Sufi-the true meaning of all his devotion and
Mujaheds (strivings).The Qur‟an gives a central place to its religious principles in
order to guide the conduct of man in his life, and that is why all Sufis follow it
scrupulously to develop their love of God and win His pleasure and blessings. God
says: “O Mohammed (sm), we have given you the Book as well as the secrets of our
Hikmat (Divine knowledge) and we shall tell you those things which you never
knew.” As promised, the Prophet (sm) receive this divine wisdom or the secret
knowledge and in turn, imparted and passed it on to some of his very near associates,
especially to Hazrat Ali, who were indeed “the source of Light” or the guiding stars
of Tasawwuf for the succeeding generations of a particular class of Muslim ascetics
who played such a glorious role in the service of mankind at various critical junctures
of Islamic History.
Tasawuf in the light of the Qur‟an and Hadith : An Overview
217
Conclusion
In concluding remark, it can be certainly said that Tasawuf has played a tremendous
role in the formation of Muslim society for ages. It is a movement which aims at
making people good and better Muslims. It is a call to them to actualize truly and
internally those teachings of Islam they have accepted only formally or intellectually
as part of their inheritance. It is said that it is to Islam what the heart is to body. There
is no Sufism without Islam because Sufism is the spirituality or Mysticism of the
religion of Islam. So everybody should practice Tasawuf (Sufism) in their practical
lives.
Notes & References
1 Syed Mahmudul Hasan, Islam (Dhaka: Islamic Foundation, 2002), p. 46 2 Ibid, p. 50 3 Imam Muslim al Naisapuri, Sahih Muslim, Kitab al Iman, Hadith no. 40 4 Islam, Ibid, p. 307 5 Suhrawardi, The Awarif-ul-Ma’arif (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf T. L. Clark, 1973), p.8 6 Dr. Muhammad Abdul Haq Ansari, Sufi Perspective on Experience and Reality (New Delhi: Markazi
Maktaba Islami Publishers, 2015), p. 9 7 Islam, Ibid, p. 307 8 The Awarif-ul-Ma’arif, Ibid, p.11 9 Dr. Muhammad Abdul Haq Ansari, Sufism and Shariah ( New Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami
Publishers, 1997), p. 31 10 Fana: Literally, „extinction‟. In Sufism it means to die to the world and to subsist in God alone. This
state of subsisting in God is called baqa and is the end of the sufi journey. vide, Sufism, op.cit, p.
222 11 Baqa: Literally, „remaining‟, „subsisting‟. It is final stage of a mystic who has been annihilated (fana)
in God and lives in Him and through Him. vide, Ibid. 12 Sufi Perspective on Experience and Reality, Ibid, p. 30 13 Kamal Khalil Yazijee, As Sufiyyah baynal Ams wal Yawm, ( Lebanon: Dar al Kitab al Ilmiyyah,
1997), p. 112; Ibn Taimiyyah, Majmu al Fatawa, vol-10, pp. 366-67; Ibn al Jawzee, Tablees Iblees,
pp. 156-58 14 M.M. Sharif, A History o Muslim Philosophy (Delhi: Adam Publishers, 1961), p. 75 15 Ibid, p.81 16 Sufi Perspective on Experience and Reality, Ibid, p.11
Al Quran, Surah al Shams, vers no – 09-10 , د أ ح ن ز ه د آ ب ن ا ه 17
18 Sufism and Shariah, Ibid, p.33 19 Al Quran, 02 : 186 20 Al Quran, 02 : 255 21 Al Quran, 05 : 54 22 Al Quran, 18 : 65
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
218
23 Al Quran, 24 : 35 24 Al Quran, 28 : 88 25 Al Quran, 55 : 26 - 29 26 Al Quran, 50 : 16 27 Al Quran, 57 : 03 28 Al Quran, 29 : 69 29 Al Quran, 73 : 04 30 Al Quran, 10 : 62 31 Al Quran, 62 : 02 32 Al Quran, 87 : 14-15 33 Al Quran, 03 : 164 34 Al Quran, 26 : 88-89 35 Al Quran, 09 : 119 36 Al Quran, 04 : 69 37 Muhammad ibn Ismail al Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari (Egypt: Daru tawk an-najat, 1st edition 1422
hijri), vol-08, p.105, Hadith No 6502 38 Imam ibn Taimiyah, Majmu` al-Fatawa (Saudia Arabia: Majma` al-mulk Fahad, 1st edition 1995
CE), vol-02, p.384 39 Ismail Ibn Muhammad al-Ajaluni, Kasful khafa (Ciro: Maktabah al-Kudsi, 1st edition 1351 hijri),
vol-02, p.132, Hadith No 2016 40 Abu Nuaim Ahmad Ibn Abdullah Asbahani, Huleatul Awulia (Byrut: Darul Kitab al-Arabi, 1st
edition 1974 CE), vol-13, p.208 41 Sahih al-Bukhari, op.cit, vol-01, p.20, Hadith No 52 42 Ibid, p.07, Hadith No 3 43 Muslim Ibn Hajjaj an-Nisabury, Shahih Muslim (Byrut: Daru Ihya al-Turas al-Arabi, without date),
vol-04, p.2098, Hadith No 2742 44 Jakiuddin al-Munjeri, At-Targib wat-Tarhib (Byrut: Darul Kutub Ilmiah, 1st edition 1417 hijri), vol-
04, p.12, Hadith No 4573 45 Muhammad Ibn Hibban, Shahih Ibne Hibban (Byrut: Muassasah ar-Risalah, 1st edition 1988 CE),
vol-03, p.98, Hadith No 816
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
AvšÍtagx©q msjvc : jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZ
W. †gv. Avãyj nvbœvb
Abstract: Religion is an important and sensitive matter in human life. All religions of the
world teach man to be logical, liberal and self-restrained and inspire to obtain perfection
of one's own character by gaining the highest values of life. All religions give message of
peace. It is not possible to gain peace without religion. So religion and peace is
complimentary to each other. But it is a matter of that amity and fellow-feeling is spoilt
everywhere by using great regret religion. In order to avoid this unstable environment, we
have to follow a way which will help us to build a stable society and state and each
other's love will enter in the depth of heart. So this desirable path is inter-religious
dialogue. It is an appropriate and important matter for age. It's actively is noticeable in
different countries including Bangladesh. In this article, introduction, aim and principles
of inter-religious dialogue have been highlighted.
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ci¯úi we‡ivaxZvg~jK g‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡Zv| wKš‘ mg‡qi weivU cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| †hvMv‡hvM
e¨e¯’vi cÖf‚Z DbœwZi Kvi‡Y c„w_ex †QvU n‡q G‡m‡Q| HwZnvwmKfv‡e we‡iva _vKv m‡Ë¡I eZ©gv‡b
wewfbœ a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i GKwU Ask wek¦kvwšÍi wbwg‡Ë mKj gvby‡li g‡a¨ kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq wb‡qvwRZ|
KviY Zuviv Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb †h, ag©vbymvix‡`i g‡a¨ •bKU¨ m„wó bv n‡j Aavwg©K kw³ gv_vPvov w`‡q
DV‡e| kvwšÍ I m¤úªxwZ wewNœZ n‡q c„w_ex AviI msK‡Ui w`‡K avweZ n‡e| cwiYv‡g fwel¨r gvbe
mgv‡Ri •bwZK g~j¨‡eva I `k©b wec_Mvgx n‡e| ZvB †h †Kvb g~‡j¨ gvbe mgv‡Ri MVbKvVv‡gvi
•bwZK w`KUv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|2 Avi GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ÔAvšÍtagx©q msjvcÕ|
AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci myÎcvZ N‡U eû kZvwã c~‡e©| G wel‡q me©cÖ_g gymwjg ag©ZË¡we`MYB AMÖYx
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib|3 †lvok kZvwã‡Z †gvNj m¤ªvU AvKei (1542-1605) wewfbœ ag©vej¤^x‡`i
g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mnvbyf‚wZ I †m․nv`©¨ e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ msjv‡ci D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|41893 wLª÷v‡ã
¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` Av‡gwiKvi wkKv‡Mv kn‡i AbywôZ wek¦ag© m‡¤§j‡b (Parliament of World
Religions) avivevwnKfv‡e †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e³e¨ w`‡qwQ‡jb, Zv c„w_ex Ry‡o AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡c
e¨vcK Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i|5 cieZx©‡Z Av‡gwiKvmn Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki A‡bK †`‡kB GB
RvZxq ag©mfvi Av‡qvRb K‡ib| wLª÷vb ag©¸iæ †cvc g‡nv`qM‡Yi wb‡ ©‡k Ges cÖZ¨ÿ
ZË¡veav‡b c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki K¨v_wjK wgkb¸‡jv wnsmv-we‡Øl ~i K‡i •gÎx fve cÖwZôvq iZ|6
cÖ‡dmi, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
220
GQvov A‡bK `vk©wbK I ag©ZË¡we` Zuv‡`i M‡elYvg~jK cÖeÜ, eB I e³…Zvi gva¨‡g wek¦gvb‡ei
we‡eK‡K gvbeZv I a‡g©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi c‡ÿ RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z m‡Pó i‡q‡Qb| ZvB wewfbœ
ag©vej¤^x‡`i gv‡S msjv‡ci gva¨‡g hv‡Z cvi¯úwiK m¤úªxwZ I †m․nv`©¨ e„w× cvq, †mw`‡KB mK‡ji
`„wó †`qv GKvšÍ KZ©e¨|
2. AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci cwiPq (Definition of Interreligious Dialogue)
AvšÍtagx©q msjvc cwifvlvwU Bs‡iwR fvlvq Interreligious Dialogue (AvšÍtag©xq msjvc)
A_ev Interfaith Dialogue (AvšÍtcÖZ¨q msjvc) A_ev Interreligious Harmony
(AvšÍtagx©q m¤úªxwZ) A_ev Interbelief Dialogue (AvšÍtwek¦vm msjvc) bv‡g cwi „ó nq| Z‡e
Interreligious Dialogue bv‡g me©vwaK e¨eüZ nq|7 Aviex fvlvq GwU ÔAvj-wnIqvi evBbvj
Av`BqvbÕ ( bv‡g cÖPwjZ| welqwUi DrcwË cÖvPxbKv‡j n‡jI eZ©gvb mg‡q Gi (الحوار بينالأديان
e¨envi I weKvk jÿYxq| GwU gvbe mgvR I iv‡óªi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I cÖ‡qvRbxq welq|
Dbwesk kZvwãi †k‡li w`‡K AvšÍtagx©q msjvc AvbyôvwbKfv‡e hvÎv Avi¤¢ Ki‡jI wesk I GKwesk
kZvwã‡Z cÖvP¨ Ges cvðv‡Z¨ e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U|8 evsjv‡`‡kI Gi PP©v I Abykxjb we‡klfv‡e
jÿ¨Yxq|
c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ ÔmsjvcÕ (Dialogue) c`evP¨wUi e¨envi we‡klfv‡e `„k¨gvb|
evsjv fvlvq ÔmsjvcÕ GKwU we‡kl¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| hv `yÕwU kã (mg&+jc&+A) Gi mgwó| Gi
A_© Avjvc, K‡_vcK_b, bvU‡Ki PwiÎmg~‡ni ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ K_vevZ©v BZ¨vw`|9 msjvc k‡ãi
kvwãK A_© we‡kølY Ki‡j cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ÔmsÕ k‡ãi A_© mg ev mgvb|
Bs‡iwR‡Z msjvc Gi cÖwZkã 'Dialogue (dia+log) e¨eüZ nq| Gi A_© Conversation,
Discussion|10
GwU MÖxK yÕwU k‡ãi mgš‡q MwVZ| Dia A_© GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ
(Through) Avi Logos A_© e¨vL¨v Kiv (Interpreted)| A_©vr ejv I †jLvi gva¨‡g msjv‡c †Kvb
A_© •Zwi Kiv|11
Aviex fvlvq msjv‡ci cÖwZkã ÔAvj-wnIqviÕ (الحوار) e¨eüZ nq| wnIqvi (حوار)
kãwU Avj-nvIiæb (الحور) avZyg~j †_‡K wb©MZ| Gi A_© †Kv‡bv wKQz †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b Kiv, †Kv‡bv wKQz
e„w×i ci Zv Avevi K‡g Avmv A_©vr cybivq c~‡e©i Ae ’vq cÖZ¨veZ©b Kiv|12
cwifvlvq, wewfbœ agx©q wek¦vmx‡`i cÖwZ Mfxi kÖ×v, m¤§vb cÖ`k©bc~e©K, D`vi, wbi‡cÿ I mnvbyf‚wZi
`„wó‡Z cvi¯úwiK †h agx©q welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq, ZvB AvšÍtagx©q msjvc|13
wg. †hv‡md
wek¦vm Gi g‡Z, msjvc n‡jv wb‡Ri mZ¨Zv, agx©q g~j wek¦vm, b¨vh¨Zv Z_v mgy`q g~j¨‡eva eRvq
†i‡L Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤^x‡`i a‡g©i cÖwZ kÖ×v, m¤§vb I gnvbyfeZv cÖ`k©b K‡i cvi¯úwiK †h Avjvc
mnfvwMZv Kiv nq, ZvB msjvc|14
ag©ZË¡we` W. wjIbvW© myBWjvi Gi fvlvq,
'Dialogue' is a conversation on a common subject between two or more persons with
differing views, the primary purpose of which is for each participant to learn from the
other so that he or she can changed and grow.15
ÔmsjvcÕ n‡jv wewfbœ `„wófw½ wb‡q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ GKwU mvaviY welqvw` wb‡q
K‡_vcK_b| Gi cÖv_wgK D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKix A‡b¨i wbKU †_‡K wkL‡e, hv‡Z K‡i †m
(cyt/¯¿x) cwieZ©b I DbœZ n‡Z cv‡i|
AvšÍtagx©q msjvc : jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZ
221
dv`vi †Rg&m µzk g‡b K‡ib †h, msjv‡ci AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv GK m‡½ Avjvc Kiv, msev`
wewbgq Kiv| Avjvc n‡jv GKwU msev` Ges msjv‡ci gva¨‡g Rxeb msjvc nq| cvwifvwlK A‡_©
msjvc n‡jv ag©wfwËK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ges ag©vej¤^x‡`i mv‡_ åvZ…myjf m¤úK© ¯’vcb I eRvq
ivLv| ZvB wb‡Ri mZ¨, agx©q wek¦vm, b¨vh¨Zv Z_v mgy`q g~j¨‡eva AÿzYœ †i‡L Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i
Abymvix‡`i cÖwZ kÖ×v, m¤§vb I gnvbyfeZv cÖ`k©bc~e©K cvi¯úwiK †h Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq, ZvB
AvšÍtagx©q msjvc|16
G cÖm‡½ cvðvZ¨ ag©ZË¡we` Gd.Gb. gvgex-Gi fvl¨ wb¤œiƒc| wZwb e‡jb,
'Dialogue' is an encounter of people of different religions and faiths in an atmosphere of
freedom and openness for each partner to listen and understand himself and other. One
person speaks and another listens and responds and vice versa. Dialogue is no more than
this respectful communication of two different subjects.17
ÔmsjvcÕ n‡jv wewfbœ ag© I wek¦vmx †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ gy‡LvgyLx mvÿvr, †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki G‡K Ac‡ii K_v
kÖeY I Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨ gy³ I Aeva cwi‡ek i‡q‡Q| GK e¨w³ ej‡e Avi AciRb kÖeY Ki‡e I
muvov w`‡e, Avevi GKRb kÖeY Ki‡e Ab¨Rb ej‡e| Avi msjvc `yÕwU wfbœ wel‡q m¤§vbRbK m¤úK©
Qvov wKQzB bq|
AZGe, AvšÍtagx©q msjvc n‡jv we‡ivac~Y© †Kv‡bv wel‡q cwic~Y© A_ev KvQvKvwQ mgvav‡b †cu․Qvi
j‡ÿ¨ yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i gv‡S K‡_vcK_b|
AvšÍtagx©q msjvc †KejgvÎ agx©q cwigЇj mxgve× bq; eis Rxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î Z_v mvgvwRK,
ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK I mvs¯‥…wZK cwi‡eó‡b †h †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi mgvav‡b cvi¯úwiK msjvc n‡Z
cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v‡eva, AvšÍwiKZv, fvjevmv, D`viZv, wbi‡cÿZv I
mnvbyf‚wZ|18
G cÖm‡½ we MvRvjxi fvl¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb,
It depicts, interaction and communication among people of different religions and
ethnicity in socio-economic activities that they have experienced over more than a
century ago as a form of Interreligious Dialogue.19
GwU (msjvc) wewfbœ a‡g©i †jvK I b„‡Mvôxi mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐmg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK gZ
wewbgq eY©bv K‡i| hv‡`i (b„‡Mvôx) GKwU AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci AeKvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e GK kZvwãi †ewk
AwfÁZv i‡q‡Q|
myZivs AvšÍtagx©q msjvc n‡jv wewfbœ gb-gvbwmKZvm¤úbœ e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ msjvc| GwU GKwU
avivevwnK c×wZ| †hLv‡b GKRb ïay Ab¨‡`i ag© m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf K‡i bv wKš‘ †mB mv‡_ wb‡Ri
ag© m¤ú‡K©I †k‡L| GwU †Kvbµ‡gB weZK© bq ev GKB g‡bi e¨w³‡`i GKwÎZ K‡i kw³kvjx K‡i
†ZvjvI bq|
3. AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ (Aim of Interreligious Dialogue)
gvbemf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m a‡g©i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GwU gvby‡li agx©q wek¦v‡mi cÖvY‡K›`ª| ZvB wewfbœ
a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv we‡køl‡Yi we‡kølY bq, Avevi we‡køl‡Yi mgšqI bq|
msjv‡ci gva¨‡g me©Rb MÖnY‡hvM¨ wm×v‡šÍ (Unanimity) †cu․Qv‡Z bv cvi‡jI †gvUv‡gvwU Kvh©Ki
H‡K¨ (Unity) †cu․Qv‡bv m¤¢e| G †ÿ‡Î †Kvb cÖKvi cÖfve we¯Ívi, evK-weZÐv, Ø›Ø-Kjn Kiv hv‡e
bv| ag©ZË¡we` Lvwj` gynv¤§` Avj-gyMvwgwm e‡jb, Ô†g․wjK m‡Z¨ †cu․Qv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
wel‡q yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i gv‡S cvi¯úwiK Ggb Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, hv cÖÁvc~Y© cš’vq cwiPvwjZ
Ges SMov-weev` I RvwZ-ag©-eY© cÖxwZgy³ Ges ZvrÿwYK djvdj jv‡fi AvKvsLv wegy³|Õ20
e¯‘Z,
AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci bv‡g agx©q mwnsmZv I Aw¯ÍiZv m„wó bv K‡i mKj RbMY, QvÎ-QvÎx, wkÿK I
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
222
M‡elKe„›`‡K wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ me©vZ¥K jÿ¨ ivLv DwPr| bZzev AvšÍtag©xq msjvc
mvgwMÖKfv‡e KjswKZ I cÖkœwe× n‡e| mgv‡R kvwšÍi cwie‡Z© AkvwšÍ weivR Ki‡e| hv KviI Kvg¨
bq|
3.1 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv D`vi, wbi‡cÿ I mnvbyf‚wZi mv‡_ a‡g©i g‡a¨ †h mv „k¨ I
•emv`„k¨¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv cÖKvk Kiv I ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i Zv †g‡b †bqv| Ab¨ ag©‡K MÖnY Kiv Ges
Ab¨a‡g© `xwÿZ nIqv bq, eis mK‡ji g‡a¨ AvwZ¥K m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv|21
G cÖms‡M †nbwWªK
†µBgvi e‡jb,
It is not a matter of regular conversion to discovering oneself somehow a 'spiritual
relative' of theirs.22
GwU (msjvc) wb‡R‡K wbqwgZ ag©cwieZ©‡bi welq wn‡m‡e cÖKvk K‡i bv; eis Zv‡`i (ag© ‡jvi g‡a¨)
GKwU AvwZ¥K m¤^Ü m„wó K‡i|
3.2 msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv mKj a‡g©i g‡a¨ m‡Z¨i AbymÜvb Kiv| GwU ïaygvÎ GKK I e¨w³MZ
†Kvb Kg©ZrciZv bq, eis GKwU †h․_ Kvh©µgI e‡U|23
`vk©wbK cÖxwZf‚lY P¨vU©vRx G cÖms‡M e‡jb,
It will enable us to understand the truth underlying other religions. Such a dialogue will
not undermine one's own religious faith, but will give the participants a deeper
understanding of their respective religions.24
GwU (msjvc) Ab¨vb¨ ag© ‡jvi AšÍwb©wnZ Dcjwä Ki‡Z Avgv‡`i‡K mnvqZv Ki‡e| G ai‡Yi msjvc
Kv‡iv wbR¯ agx©q wek¦vm‡K †nq Ki‡e bv, eis Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ¯^ ¯^ ag© ‡jvi Mfxi
axkw³ `vb Ki‡e|
3.3 wewfbœ ag©‡K cwinvi K‡i GKwU wek¦Rbxb ag© cÖwZwôZ Kiv msjv‡ci jÿ¨ bq| †h‡nZz mKj
a‡g©i mvaviY mZ¨ GKB| ZvB †mLv‡b GKwU mvaviY †÷kb i‡q‡Q, hvi Dci ag©¸‡jv HK¨e× n‡Z
cv‡i|25
`vk©wbK cÖxwZf‚lY P¨vU©vRx e‡jb,
It should be noted at the outset that the aim of this dialogue is not to establish one
universal religion excluding the varieties of religion. The possibility of a dialogue
presumes the existance of many religions and yet at the same time it holds that as the
basic truth of all religions is the same, there is a common platform on which religions can
meet.26
ÔGwU cÖ_‡gB jÿ¨ Kiv DwPr †h, GB msjv‡ci jÿ¨ wewfbœ ag©‡K eR©b K‡i GKwU wek¦Rbxb ag© cÖwZôv
Kiv bq| msjv‡ci m¤¢vebv wewfbœ a‡g©i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨ Abygvb Kiv nq Ges GKB fv‡e GB AwfgZ
†cvlY Kiv nq †h, †h‡nZz mKja‡g©i mvaviY mZ¨ GKB, †mLv‡b GKwU mvaviY †÷kb cÖv½b i‡q‡Q,
hvi Dc‡i mKjag© wgwjZ n‡Z cv‡i|
3.4 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv `vk©wbK hyw³ Øviv ag©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó Kiv wKsev axkw³
wb`k©b Øviv a‡g©i mvaviY Dcv`vb¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei Kiv bq| eis a‡g©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv mh‡Zœ
Ae‡jvKb I Abyaveb Kiv|27
G cÖm‡½ wbwbqvb ¯§vU© Gi fvl¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨|
wZwb e‡jb,
The Purpose of the dialogue which follows is not to settle abstruse philosophical
questions about Prim Movers and Necessary Beings. It is rather to show the kinds of
considerations - the reasons which are relevant in religions discussions. It is to show how
the great religions can differ and agree upon principles.28
AvšÍtagx©q msjvc : jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZ
223
msjv‡ci D‡Ïk¨ 'Prim Movers and Necessary Beings' m¤^‡Ü RwUj `vk©wbK cÖ‡kœi AeZviYv
bq| eis GwU we‡ePbv‡K cÖ`k©b K‡iÑ KviY¸‡jv hv agx©q Av‡jvPbvq mymsMZ| GwU AviI cÖ`k©b
K‡i, wKfv‡e ag©¸‡jv g~jbxwZi Dc‡i c„_K Ges Abyiƒc n‡Z cv‡i|
3.5 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv †h, ¯ ag© ev Ab¨ ag© m¤ú‡K© †Kvb ai‡Yi nVKvix gšÍe¨ Kiv hv‡e
bv| †Kvb cÖKvi AwZ mijxKiY (Over simplification) ev wg_¨v mvwe©KxKiY (illicit generalization)
a‡g©i †ÿ‡Î AvkÖq †`qv hv‡e bv| wewfbœ a‡g©i g‡a¨ †h mv „k¨ I •emv „k¨ i‡q‡Q Zv kÖ×vi m‡½ ¸iæZ¡
w`‡Z n‡e| ïay mv „k¨¸‡jvi DciB ¸iæZ¡ w`‡j GKcÖKvi k~b¨ me©RbxbZvi m„wó n‡e| d‡j cÖwZwU a‡g©i
¯vZš¿¨ I ¯KxqZv wewNœZ n‡e| Aciw`‡K, ïay •emv „k¨¸‡jvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡j GKcÖKvi msKxY©
AvÂwjKZvi D™¢e NU‡e| hv †gv‡UB †kvfbxq I Kvg¨ bq|29
3.6 AvšÍtagx©q msjvc cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv bq, Ab¨ ag©‡K kÖ×v Kiv I Avcb K‡i †bqv Gi jÿ¨|
hw`I GwU mnR KvR bq| ZeyI Kiv DwPr| d‡j cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v‡eva, mnbkxjZv I mnvbf‚wZ
Z¡ivwšZ n‡e|30
3.7 msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv G‡K Aci‡K †Pbv I Rvbv| Ab¨ag©‡K Rq Kiv A_ev †nq Kiv bq| wewfbœ
a‡g©i g‡a¨ †h we‡iva I weev` i‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ Kiv Ges G¸‡jvi m¤§vbRbK mgvavb K‡i H‡K¨i
cwi‡ek I eÜb iPbv Kiv|31
G cÖms‡M ivBgÛz cvwbKi Gi evZ©v cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb,
The aim of the interreligious dialogue is understanding. It is not win over the other or to
come to a total agreement or a universal religion. The ideal is communication in order to
bridge the gulfs of mutual ignorance and the misunderstanding between the different
cultures of the world, letting them speak and speak out their own insights in their own
languages.32
ÔAvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv ci¯úi‡K Rvbv| GwU Ab¨ ag©‡K Rq Kiv bq| Ab¨ a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤ú~Y©
GKgZ n‡q wek¦Rbxb ag© cÖwZôv Kiv bq| Gi Av`k© n‡jv, wewfbœ a‡g©i g‡a¨ AÁvbRwbZ †h we‡iva
i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ †mZz eÜb iPbv Kiv Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ ms¯‥…wZ‡K Abyaveb Kiv| d‡j Zviv
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvlvi wbR¯^ mvi e³e¨‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|Õ
3.8 we‡k¦i mKj agx©q wek¦vm I ag©g‡Zi Abymvix‡`i g‡a¨ HK¨, mg‡SvZv I mnvbyf‚wZi evZ©v
†cu․‡Q †`qvB AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨| GwU 'Love of God and Love of the Neighbor, or
Love of the Good and Love of the Neighbor' A_©vr Ck¦‡ii fvjevmv Ges cÖwZ‡ekxi
fvjevmv, A_ev fv‡jvi fvjevmv Ges cÖwZ‡ekxi fvjevmvÑ Øviv mKja‡g©i gvbyl‡K cvi¯úwiK
Av‡jvPbvq Avgš¿Y Rvbvq|33
3.9 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv GKvZ¥Zv bq eis HK¨ I Dcjwä, KZ…©Z¡ ev cÖfzZ¡ bq eis
Dbœqb| ZvB cÖwZwU e¨w³i AšÍ‡i mK‡ji Rb¨ wKQz RvqMv m„wó Kiv I mnvbyf‚wZi D‡b¥l
NUv‡bv|34
`vk©wbK cÖxwZf‚lY P¨vU©vRxi fvlvq,
Its aim is to develop toleration towards other religions and to create harmony among all
of them.35
ÔGwUi (msjvc) jÿ¨ n‡jv Ab¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ mnbkxjZv e„w× Kiv Ges mKja‡g©i g‡a¨ H‡K¨i eÜb m„wó
Kiv|
3.10 AvšÍtagx©q msjvc GKwU AivR‣bwZK c`‡ÿc| GLv‡b ZK©-weZ©K I cÖwZev` Kivi †Kvb
my‡hvM †bB| Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb,36 الا د د و وحه و تج Ô†Zvgiv DËgcš’v e¨wZZ و و تجوادداتجوا و ه و ااه د وااد د لا د
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
224
wKZvex‡`i mv‡_ weZK© Ki‡e bv|Õ eis †Lvjv gb wb‡q GKwÎZ nIqv I cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv I
gZvgZ wewbgq Kiv DwPZ|37
G cÖm‡½ `vk©wbK cÖxwZf‚lY P¨vU©vRx e‡jb,
It should be motivated only by a desire for straight thinking and not done simply for the
sake of mere opposition.38
ÔGwU (msjvc) mnR I mij wPšÍvi AvKvsLv wb‡q AMÖmi nq, we‡ivaxZvi Rb¨ bq|Õ
3.11 Ab¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ cvi¯úwiK ÿgvcivqYZv, mnvbyf‚wZ I kÖ×v‡ev‡ai DbœwZ NUv‡bv AvšÍtagx©q
msjv‡ci Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| Avjøvn ZvÔAvjvG cÖm‡½ e‡jb, اه تج ه د و و ه د ه و د ااهوا د د و ÔZzwg تج د ااه و هوو و ه تج ه د
ÿgvcivqYZv Aej¤b Ki, mr Kv‡Ri wb‡ ©k `vI Ges AÁw`M‡K Gwo‡q Pj|Õ39
GgbwK GwU mgv‡R
emevmiZ mKj a‡g©i †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ H‡K¨i BwZevPK cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡e| d‡j mK‡jB wbR wbR
agx©q Kg©KvÐ Aeva I ¯^vaxbfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|40
ZvB G †ÿ‡Î ¯vgx we‡eKvb‡`i
(1863-1902) Dw³ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb 1893 wLªóv‡ã 27 †m‡Þ¤i Av‡gwiKvi wkKv‡Mv kn‡i
AbywôZ wek¦ag© m‡¤§j‡b (At the world's Parliament of Religions) e³…ZvKv‡j e‡jb,
But if anyone here hopes that this unity will come by the triumph of any one of the
religions and the destruction of the others, to him I say, 'Brother, yours is an impossible
hope'. Do I wish that the Christian would become Hindu? God forbid. Do I wish that the
Hindu or Buddhist would become Christian? God forbid. .... The Christian is not to
become a Hindu or a Buddhist, nor a Hindu or a Buddhist to become a Christian. But
each must assimilate the spirit of the others and yet preserve his individuality and grow
according to his own law of growth.41
ÔwKš‘ hw` †KD Avkv K‡ib †h, GB HK¨ a‡g©i GKR‡bi Rq Ges A‡b¨i aŸsm wb‡q Avm‡e| Zv‡K
Avwg ejwQ, fvB, GKwU Avcbvi Am¤¢e cÖZ¨vkv| Avwg wK Avkv Kwi †h, wLªóvb †jvK wn› y n‡e? Ck¦i
wb‡la K‡ib| Avwg wK Avkv Kwi †h, wn› y ev †e․× †jvK wLªóv‡b cwiYZ n‡e? Ck¦i wb‡la K‡ib| ...
wLªóvb GKRb wn›`y ev †e․× bq, wKsev GKRb wn›`y ev GKRb †e․× wLªóvb bb| wKš‘ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki A‡b¨i
Zvrch© Dcjwä Kiv DwPZ Ges Z_vwc Zvi e¨w³Z¡‡K Zvi wbR¯^ DbœwZi AvBb Abymv‡i msiÿY Kiv
Ges e„w× Kiv DwPZ|
3.12 G‡K Ac‡ii g‡a¨ agx©q wel‡q ZË¡ I Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb KivB AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨|
GKwU msjv‡c mvaviYZ: `yB a‡g©i Abymvix Ask MÖnY K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K a‡g©i AbymvixivB A‡b¨i †_‡K
wKQz MÖnY K‡i Avevi Ab¨‡K wKQz cÖ`vb K‡i| Ggwbfv‡e A‡b¨i †_‡K wKQz wkÿv MÖnY K‡i Avevi
Ab¨‡K wKQz wkÿv cÖ`vb K‡i| GLv‡b GKa‡g©i Abymvix Ab¨a‡g©i Abymvix Øviv cÖfvweZ wKsev
weZvwiZ nq bv| ZvB GKwU msjvc agx©q wel‡q Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi cÖeYZv I gvbwmKZv Mfxifv‡e
cÖZ¨vkv K‡i|42
3.13 mgv‡R Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi agx©q wek¦vm I Av`k©‡K †nq ev Zvw”Qj¨ Kiv AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨
bq| eis Ava¨vwZ¥K AšÍ©`„wó I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K GKwU m‡Z¨i gy‡LvgywLi cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv| hv
gvbeRxe‡bi MfxiZg ch©v‡q Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq|43
3.14 c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ ag© I ag©gZ cwijwÿZ nq| mKj a‡g©i agx©q wek¦vm aviY I PP©vi g‡a¨ GK
ai‡bi †ilv‡iwl jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci gva¨‡g †mB „wófw½ ~ixf‚Z K‡i agx©q wek¦v‡mi
†ÿ‡Î mwVK I ¯”Q Ávb `vb K‡i| d‡j mgv‡R mKj cÖKvi Ø›Ø-Kjn cwinvi K‡i GKB QvqvZ‡j
¯v”Q‡›`¨ emevm Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|44
AvšÍtagx©q msjvc : jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZ
225
3.15 eZ©gvb we‡k¦ gvbe RvwZ mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK, agx©q, wkÿv I mvs¯‥…wZK PP©vq
Av ©wkKfv‡e Pig ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| mvaviY gvbyl wbwe©Kvi| RvwZ DwØMœ I nZvk| gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb
Amnvq| GB msKUgq cwiw ’wZ †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ mwVK agx©q Ávb, Abyf‚wZ I PP©vi gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K
iÿv Kiv AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨| †Kbbv •bwZK ev agx©q wkÿv I g~j¨‡eva Øviv GKwU Av‡jvwKZ
gvbyl ev RvwZ MVb m¤¢e| d‡j mgv‡R mKj cÖKvi wnsmv-we‡Øl, †jvf-jvjmv, Awbqg, ~bx©wZ I
Aw ’iZv wPiZ‡i wbg~j n‡e|45
G cÖms‡M Gm. wR. mvg_© e‡jb,
To work together for a common purpose in society, particularly where human rights,
social and economic justice and peace in the community and the Nation are concerned.46
GwU (msjvc) mgv‡R gvbevwaKvi, mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK b¨vq wePvi Ges †hLv‡b kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq RvwZ
DwØMœÑ †m †ÿ‡Î HK¨e×fv‡e KvR K‡i|
3.16 AvšÍtagx©q msjvc KviI agx©q wek¦vm, †PZbv I Abyf‚wZ‡K KUvÿ¨, wbiærmvwnZ I AvNvZ K‡i
bv, eis mK‡ji cÖwZ m¤§vb I kÖ×v Ki‡Z AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| d‡j msjv‡c ag©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb
jyKvwqZ mZ¨ D‡b¥vwPZ nq| G‡K Ac‡ii wbKU †_‡K agx©q Av`k© wkL‡Z cv‡i|47
G cÖms‡M ¯vgx
wbwLjv›` Gi fvl¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb,
Different religions can learn from one another. Thus Hinduism can teach the art of
meditation, Christianity social service, Buddhism inner peace through desirelessness,
Judaism justice and righteousness, and Islam equality and brotherhood.48
wewfbœ ag© Ab¨ ag© †_‡K wkÿv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs wn›`y ag© Mfxi wPšÍvi Kjv‡K․kj, wLªóvbag©,
mgvR †mev, †e․×ag© cÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e g‡bi cÖkvwšÍ, Bqvû`x ag© b¨vqwePvi I ag©cÖvYZv Ges Bmjvg ag©
mgZv I åvZ…‡Z¡i wkÿv w`‡Z cv‡i|
3.17 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡jv wLªóvb-gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i Awek¦vm,
Aw ÍiZv I Pvcv D‡ËRbvi KviY¸‡jv wPwýZKiY| GB KviY¸‡jv Aek¨ agx©q `„wófw½i †P‡q
A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK „wófw½ eûjvs‡k `vqx e‡j cvðvZ¨ ag©ZË¡we`MY gšÍe¨ K‡ib|49
G cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ mKj gymwjg †`‡ki 137 Rb ¯^bvgab¨ weØ» ag©ZË¡we`MY KZ…©K
GK ¯^vÿwiZ cÎ 2007 mv‡j wLªóvb agx©q †bZv‡`i wbKU †cÖiY K‡ib| c‡Îi Askwe‡kl evZ©v
wb¤œiƒc:
'Muslims and Christians together make up over half the world's population. Without
peace and justice between these two religious communities, there can be no meningful
peace in the world. The future of the wrold depends on peace between Muslims and
Christians.'50
gymjgvb I wLª÷vb GK‡Î we‡k¦i RbmsL¨vi A‡a©‡KiI †ewk| GB `yB agx©q m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ kvwšÍ I
b¨vqwePvi Qvov we‡k¦ †Kvb A_©en kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| we‡k¦i fwel¨r gymwjg I wLª÷vb‡`i
kvwšÍi Dci wbf©ikxj|
3.18 a‡g©i MYZš¿ (Democracy of Religions) mycÖwZwôZ KivB AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨| gvbyl
mvgvwRK Rxe| Zv‡`i evKkw³, ¯^vaxbZv, wPšÍv-†PZbv I wek¦vm i‡q‡Q| d‡j mgv‡R wewfbœ ag© I
Av`k© cwijwÿZ nq| ag©gZ¸‡jvi cÖwZ hw` cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v‡eva bv _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i Kg©KvÐ Aeva
I wbi‡cÿfv‡e cÖPvi I cÖKvk Ki‡Z bv †`qv nq, Zvn‡j mgv‡R AkvwšÍ weivR Ki‡e| agx©q MYZš¿
ûgwKi gy‡L co‡e| GwU †gv‡UB Kvg¨ bq| KviY mKj ag©B GKB c‡_i cw_K| mK‡jB †mB GK
gnvb m„wóKZ©vi wbKU wewfbœ c×wZ I †K․k‡j wbi‡e-wbf…‡Z Avivabv K‡i Ges cwiÎvY Pvq|51
G
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
226
cÖm‡½ W. G. wm. `vm Gi fvl¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb 1970 mv‡j fvi‡Z cybcÖ‡`‡k AbywôZ The
Indian Philosophical Congress Gi 44Zg mfvq a‡g©i MYZ‡š¿i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb,
'all we mean is negatively this, that the religions are not opposed to each other, and
positively that they are on the same footing in so far as their goal and achievement are
concerned. The ignorant people nonetheless extol their own religion at the expense of the
others.... In our spisitual pursuits we would indeed be comrades both in our failure and
success, failure to exhaust God and success in realizing what of God is vouchsafed to us.
This is Democreay of Religions in full sense of the term.'52
ÕAvgiv hv eywS GwU Zvi wecixZ| ag© ‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii wecixZ bq| Zv‡`i jÿ¨ I AR©b n‡jv
m¤úK©hy³| GZ`m‡Ë¡I AÁ †jv‡Kiv wb‡Ri ag©‡K A‡b¨i ag© †P‡q Lye cÖksmv K‡i....| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
Avgiv e¨_©Zv I mdjZvi m½x n‡Z cvwi| e¨_©Zv n‡jv e¨q Avi mdjZv n‡jv Ck¦i Avgv‡`i Rb¨ wK
cÖ`vb K‡ib, Zv Dcjwä Kiv| GwUB n‡jv a‡g©i MYZ‡š¿i ¯^v_©KZv|Õ
3.19 my›`i I gvwR©Z fvlvq ci¯úi‡K m‡¤vab AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
wel‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I †kÖvZvgÐjxi gb‡hvM AvKl©YB Gi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wbwe©‡k‡l Kv‡iv
cÖwZ Akvjxb I Am¤§vbRbK AvPiY Kiv hv‡e bv; eis Abycg I ü`qgg© úkx© fvlvq m‡¤^vab
msjv‡ci cÖvY|53
G cÖm‡½ Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, موةد وااهمووه دظوةد الحهو ونوةد لحهد ه ادهعتج دلد سوبدي د روب دكو دالا د 54 وجواددلهتجم د
Ô†K․kj I cÖÁvc~Y© Dc‡`k Øviv Zzwg †Zvgvi cÖfzi c‡_ AvnŸvb Ki Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ DËg د و وحه و تج
c×wZ‡Z weZK© Ki|Õ
4. AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci g~jbxwZ (Rule of Interreligious Dialogue)
wewfbœ ag©‡K eySevi I Dcjwä Kievi hZ¸‡jv Dcvq Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ msjvc Ab¨Zg| Avgiv †K
Ges Kx Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K Ab¨ ag© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ ag©‡K Rvbvi GKwU Avewk¨K
kZ© n‡jv Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i‡K Rvbv Ges Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i‡K Rvbvi GKwU Avewk¨K kZ© n‡jv Ab¨
ag© m¤ú‡K© Rvbv| fvlv m¤ú‡K© †hgb ejv nq, †h ïay GKwU fvlv Rv‡b †m `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †h H
fvlv m¤ú‡K© h_v_© Ávb Av‡Q| wVK †Zgwbfv‡e ejv hvq, †h ïay GKwU gvÎ ag©‡K Rv‡b †m †Kv‡bv
ag©B mwVKfv‡e Rv‡b bv| ZvB nvb&&m KzsM (Hans Kung) h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, Zzwg hw` ïay Bsj¨vÛ‡K
Rv‡bv Zvn‡j Zzwg Bsj¨vÛ‡K Rv‡bv bv| †RvqvwKg IqvP (Joachim Wach) I g‡b K‡ib, me ag©
m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡jB GKUv we‡kl ag©‡K Rvwb e‡j `vwe Ki‡Z cvwi|55
ZvB Avgiv hw` mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© AvšÍtagx©q msjvc PvB Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Avgiv
GKUv e„nr cwiev‡ii m`m¨ wn‡m‡e KvR KiwQ| mK‡jB Avgiv fv‡jvevmv I m‡Z¨i AvwZ¥K
ev Íevq‡bi w`‡K avegvb| Avgv‡`i‡K Aek¨B ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e †h, weev` bq, mnvqZv; webvk bq,
ci¯ú‡ii fveMÖnY; gZwe‡iva bq, mgšq I kvwšÍ|Õ56
myZivs AvšÍtagx©q msjvc‡K Kvh©Ki, A_©en I d‡jvrcv`K Ki‡Z n‡j msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Aek¨B
mywbw ©ó jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZ¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| b‡Pr msjvc mvgwMÖKfv‡e weZwK©Z I cÖkœwe×
n‡e| cvðvZ¨ ag©ZË¡we` W. wjIbvW© myBWjvi (Dr. Leonard Swidler) msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡`i
`kwU g~jbxwZi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Zv wea„Z n‡jv:
4.1 msjv‡c GKRb AciR‡bi wbKU †_‡K †kLvi cÖ ‘wZ _vKv DwPZ| msjv‡ci D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †kLv|
Gi A_© aviYvi cwieZ©b, DbœwZ I ev ÍeZv‡K Dcjwä Kiv Ges †mB Abyhvqx KvR Kiv|
AvšÍtagx©q msjvc : jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZ
227
4.2 msjvc KLbB GKgyLx n‡Z cv‡i bv, GwU wØgyLx n‡Z n‡e| †h‡nZz AvšÍtagx©q msjvc n‡jv
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK, †m‡nZz Gi cÖv_wgK jÿ¨ n‡jv mKj m½x‡`i Rb¨ †kLv Ges †mB Abyhvqx wb‡R‡K
cwieZ©b Kiv I ev ÍeZvi w`‡K AMÖmi nIqv| Z‡e msjv‡ci djvdj mKj AskMÖnYKvixi agx©q
wek¦v‡mi cwigÛ‡jB mxgve× _v‡K bv, eis mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK I mvs¯‥…wZK †ÿ‡Î cÖfve
c‡o|
4.3 AskMÖnYKvix‡`i msjv‡ci Av`‡k©i cÖwZ mZ¨ev`x nIqv DwPZ| mKj AskMÖnYKvix‡`i cwic~Y©
wek¦ ÍZv I mZZvi m‡½ msjv‡ci w`‡K AMÖmi nIqv DwPZ| hw` †Kvb AskMÖnYKvix AšÍiv‡j †Kvb
Amr D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q Av‡m, Zvn‡j msjv‡ci D‡Ïk¨ euvavMÖ¯Í I e¨nZ n‡e| ZvB msjv‡c †Kvb cÖKvi
wg_¨v I cÖZviYvi ’vb †bB|
4.4 msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡`i gy³ gb wb‡q Avmv DwPZ| c~e© aviYv ev cÖ¯‘wZ e¨wZZ †Kvb
AskMÖnYKvix msjv‡c †hvM`vb DwPZ bq| D`vniY¯iƒc hw` GKRb gymjgv‡bi `„wó‡Z wn›`yag©
wbK…óZi A_ev GKRb wn› y‡jv‡Ki `„wó‡Z Bmjvgag© wbK…óZi nq, Z‡e G †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖK…Z
msjvc n‡Z cv‡i bv| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i †Kvb wbw`©ó AšÍwb©wnZ cv_©‡K¨i welq wb‡q msjv‡c AvmvI
†h․w³K n‡e bv| †m †ÿ‡Î Dfq AskMÖnYKvixi wbR¯ HwZ‡n¨i mZZv wVK †i‡L m¤ú~Y© Aeva,
wbi‡cÿ I mnvbyf‚wZi m‡½ A‡b¨i K_v kÖeY Kiv KZ©e¨| Z‡e Av‡jvPbvq Dfq cÿ‡K hZ ~i m¤¢e
HK¨g‡Z †cu․Qvi †Póv Kiv DwPZ|
4.5 msjvc Aek¨B gy‡LvgyLx nIqv DwPZ| AskMÖnYKvix‡`i G‡K A‡b¨i wbKU †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY Kiv
DwPZ| hw` Avgiv GKR‡bi wbKU †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY Kwi, Z‡e GwU n‡e ¯vMZ e³e¨, msjvc bq|
D`vniY¯iƒc, GKRb wkwÿZ e¨w³ Ges AciRb AÁ e¨w³i g‡a¨ †Kvb A_©en, djcÖ` I Kvh©Ki
msjvc n‡Z cv‡i bv| Aciw`‡K, GKRb gymjgvb I wn› y †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU h_v_© I wek¦vm‡hvM¨
msjv‡ci Rb¨ Dfq‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e wkÿv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avm‡Z n‡e| †KejgvÎ ZLbB Zviv mvg‡b
mvg‡b K_v ej‡e| Z‡e G †ÿ‡Î GKgyLx msjv‡ci my‡hvM †bB|
4.6 msjvc cvi¯úwiK wek¦v‡mi wfwˇZ nIqv DwPZ| †h †Kvb msjv‡ci c~e©kZ© n‡jv
AskMÖnYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm| cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvixi g‡b ivLv DwPZ †h, †hLv‡b wek¦vm
†bB, †mLv‡b msjvc †bB| GwU bxwZMZfv‡e mZ¨ †h, †KejgvÎ H mg Í e¨w³‡`iB msjv‡c
AskMÖnY Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q, hv‡`i e¨w³MZ wek¦vm i‡q‡Q|
4.7 msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡`i AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbvi cÖ¯‘wZ _vKv DwPZ Ges Ab¨‡`i MVbg~jK
mgv‡jvPbv MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| G ai‡bi AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv †h †Kvb NvUwZ dj¯iƒc cÖKvk Ki‡e| ZvB
GKwU Av`k© AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mZZv I wek¦vm †h․w³K AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbvq AšÍfz©³
Ki‡e|
4.8 msjv‡c cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvix wb‡R‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv Ges e¨vL¨vi Dchy³ wn‡m‡e cÖgvY Kiv
DwPZ|
4.9 cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvix Aby‡gvw`Z wel‡qi mxgvj•Nb K‡i msjv‡c †hvM`vb Kiv AbywPZ|
4.10 AskMÖnYKvixi Dfq cÿ‡K AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K msjvc cwiPvjbv Kiv DwPZ|57
5. Dcmsnvi (Conclusion)
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
228
ÔAvšÍtagx©q msjvcÕ GKwU hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wewfbœ ag©‡K eySevi I Dcjwä Kievi hZ¸‡jv
Dcvq i‡q‡Q ÔmsjvcÕ Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU| ZvB G j‡ÿ¨ †cu․Qvi Rb¨ msjvc Zzjbvg~jK a‡g©i GKwU Dcvq
gvÎ| msjv‡ci ïiæ‡ZB g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, mKj ag©B •bwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i| •bwZK
g~j¨‡evaB gvbeRvwZ‡K H‡K¨i Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ msnwZ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
•bwZK g~j¨‡eva kw³i Øviv ev ÍevwqZ n‡Z cv‡i bv; eis Aeva, wbi‡cÿ, mnvbyf‚wZkxj I AvšÍwiK
msjv‡ci gva¨‡gB G¸‡jvi ev Íevqb m¤¢e| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î mKj‡KB msjv‡ci jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZi Dci
¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e, bZzev msjvc mvgwMÖKfv‡e e¨vnZ I weZwK©Z n‡e- hv KviI
Kvg¨ bq|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 Hans Kung, Christianity and the World Religions, Tr. Peter Heinegg (London: Collins Publishers,
1986), p. 442; kÖxcÖ‡gv`eÜz †mb ¸ß, ag© `k©b (KwjKvZv: e¨vbvR©x cvewjkvm©, 1989), c„. 355-356; a‡g©i jÿY
`kwU: mwnòzZv, ÿgv, wPËmshg, A‡¯Íq, ïwPZv, Bw›`ªqmshg, ax, we`¨v, mZ¨ I A‡µva| ZvB †hLv‡bB ag© Av‡Q
†mLv‡b wnsmv, we‡Øl, N„Yv, wb›`v, AivRKZv BZ¨vw` _vK‡ZB cv‡i bv|
2 W. AvwRRybœvnvi Bmjvg I W. KvRx b~iæj Bmjvg, Zzjbvg~jK ag© •bwZKZv I gvbeKj¨vY (XvKv: ms‡e`, 2016), c„. 85|
3 W. Avngv` kvjvex, gyKvivbvZzj Av`Bqvb: Avj-Bqvûw`q¨vn (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzj bvn`vZzj wgmwiq¨vn, 1992 wLª.),
c„. 31|
4 Louis Henry Jordan, Comparative Religion: Its Genesis and Growth (London: Morrison & Gibb
Limited, 1905), p. 135; 21 June 2019, at. 00.15 <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet 5 Swami Vivekanamda, Chicago Addresses (Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, 2016), PP. 19-60.
6 21 June 2019, at. 00.15 <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet
7 Sourcebook of the World's Religions- An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality, edited by
Beversluis, Joel (Califormia; New World Library, 2000), P. 159; Comparative Religion, edited by Amarjit
Singh Sethi, Reinhard Pummer (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD, 1979), PP. 6-7 8 From Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia, Interfaith dialogue.
9 evsjv GKv‡Wgx e¨envwiK evsjv Awfavb (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2005), c„. 1102|
10 A formal disucssion between two groups or countries, especiall when they are trying to solve a
problem, end a disagreement. cf. Oxford Advanced learner's Dictionary, English edition (New York:
Oxford University Press, 2010), P. 418. 11
Chemehemi Ya Ukweli, Manual For Interelisgious Dialoguge (Kenya: Franciscan Kolbe Press,
2012), P. 11. 12
gynv¤§` kvgQzÏxb LvRv, Avj-wnIqvi Av`veû Iqv gybZvjvKvZzû Iqv ZviweqvZzj AvebvB AvjvBwn (wiqv`:
gviKvRyj gvwjK Avãyj Avhxh wjj wnIqvi Avj IqvZvbx, 2008), c„. 17|
13 Pritibhushan Chatterji, Studies in Comparative Religion (Calcutta: Das Gupta & Co. Private LTD,
1971), PP. 426-428; Toleration, in its proper sense, does not mean any meek or cowardly submission
to the agressiveness of the followers of other religions, but is, as Radhakrishnan Says, the "homage which
the finite mind pays to the inexhaustibility of the Infinite". cf. S, Radhakrishana, Eastern Religions and
Western thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940), P. 317.
AvšÍtagx©q msjvc : jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZ
229
14
wg. †hv‡md wek¦vm, RvZxq msjvc †mwgbvi 1992-Gi mswÿß wi‡cvU©, gvwmK g½jevZ©v, 2q el©, 2q msL¨v, c„. 23|
15 Leonard Swidler, "The Dialogue Decalogue: Ground rules for Interreligious, Interideological Dialogue",
Melanesian Journal of Theology, Vol. 1-2, 1985, P. 187. 16
dv`vi †Rgm&& µzk, AvšÍ:agx©q msjv‡c cy‡ivwn‡Zi f‚wgKv, wØgvwmK g½jevZ©v, 15k el©, 4_© msL¨v (RyjvB-AvM÷,
2010), c„. 7; Shaharon also describes interaction that occurs among people of different religious and
ethnic background residentials areas, hospitals, schools, markets or workplaces as dialouge of life. cf.
S. T. M. Shahrom, Religious Civilization Dialogue in Malaysia: Practice and its Relevancy Today
(Kqalalumpur: 2004), P. 61. 17
Frederic Ntedika Mvumbi, Interfaith Dialogue - A Catholic View (The Catholic University of Eastern
Africa, 2009), P. 18; Interfaith dialogue is a process of mutual understading among men at the level where
they seek to know the mystery of human existence. cf. M. A. Thomas, op.cit, PP. 103-104.
18 Dr. Nathan Kollar, Phuratity and Ambigunity: Hermencuties, Religion, Hope (Chicago: University of
Chicago, 1987), P. 19.
19 B. Ghazali, Inter-Religious dialogue in Malaysia (Kualalumpur: 2005), P. 87.
20 Lvwj` gynv¤§` Avj-gyMvwgwm, Avj-wnIqvi Av`veyû Iqv ZvZweKvZzû dxZ ZviweqvZzj Bmjvwgq¨vn (wiqv`: gviKvRyj
gvwjK Avãyj Avhxh wjj wnIqvi Avj-IqvZvbx, 1425 wn:), c„. 22|
21 K. N. Islam, Interreligious Dialogue: Some Rules and Assumptions Dialogue and Alliance, Vol. 25.,
No. 2, (2011, Dhaka University, Bangladesh), PP. 122. 22
Hendrik Kraemer, World Cultures and World Religions (Columbia: Columbia University Press,
1963), P. 357. 23
Guidelines on Dialogue with people of living faiths and Ideologies (Geneva: WCC Publications,
1990), P. 201; m¤úv`Kxq, ÒLªxóxq msjv‡ci g‡bvfve I Dcvqmg~nÓ wØgvwmK g½jevZ©v, 8g el©, 5g msL¨v,
(†m‡Þ¤^i-A‡±vei, 2003), c„. 1|
24 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 421.
25 Raimundo Panikkar, The Interreligious Dialogue (New York: Paulist Press, 1918), P. XIV.
26 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 424.
27 Ibid, P. 422.
28 Ninian Smart, World Religions: A Diaoluge (London: Pelican Book, 1961), P. 1.
29 Philip H. Hwang, "An Interetigious Dialogue: Its Reason, Attitudes and Necessary Assumptions". in
Henry O. Thompson (ed.), The Global Congress of the World Religions (New York: The Rose of
Sheraton Press, 1982), P. 80; ª. W. AvwRRybœvnvi Bmjvg I W. KvRx b~iæj Bmjvg, cÖv¸³, c„. 24|
30 Kedar Nath Tiwari, Comparative Religion (Delhi: Motilal Banassidass, 1992), P. 5; Dr. Nathan
Kollar, op.cit., P. 19. 31
Ibid; Leonard Swidler, Toward a Universal Theology of Religion (Philadelphia: Temple University
Press, 2000), P. 26. 32
Raimundo Panikkar, op.cit., P. XIV.
33 22 February 2019<https://world interfaith harmeny week.com/about_us/our_aims_objective
34 Kazi Nurul Islam, "World peace through Interreligious Dialogue". Philosophy and Progress, Vol. V
(Dev Centre for Philosophical Studies, Dhaka University, Dhaka, 1986), P. 3.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
230
35
Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 428.
36 Avj-KziAvb, m~ivn Avj-AvbKveyZ: 46|
37 Vincent Sekhar, "Give Away Violence" Preserve Life - Call of the Sramana Religions", in Journal of
Dharma, Vol. 25, No. 2 (April - June, 2000), PP. 162-164. 38
Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 423.
39 Avj-KziAvb, m~ivn Avj-AvÔivd: 199|
40 Ibid, P. 428.
41 Swami Vivekananda, op.cit., PP. 59-60.
42 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 421
43 22 February 2019<https://world interfaith harmony week. com/about_us/our_aims_objective
44 Manual for Inter-Religious Dialogue, P. XIII.
45 Jacob Parappally, "Interreligious Dialouge: a sharing of Hope", Jeevadhara, Vol. 26, No. 155, P. 372.
46 S. J. Samartha, "Intereligious Relationships in the Secular state" in Inter-faith, Dialogue and world
community, edited by Rao, Sreenivasa C. H. (Madras: The Christian Literature Society, 1991),
PP. 62-63
47 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., PP. 421-422.
48 Proceedings of the Parliament of Religions (held in Calculta in 1963-64), P. 403.
49 wØgvwmK g½jevZ©v, 8g el©, 3q msL¨v (†g-Ryb, 2003), c„. 3-16|
50 January 9, 2013<https://sma.je/chapter-I-what-is-interreligious_dialogue/
51 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., PP. 428-429.
52 See Dr. A. C. Das's Presidential Address at the 44th Session of the Indian Phologophical Congress
held in poone in 1970. 53
wØgvwmK g½jevZ©v, 17k el©, 1g msL¨v (Rvbyqvix-†deªæqvix 2012), c„. 22-23
54 Avj-KziAvb, m~ivn Avj-bvnj: 125|
55 Joachim Wach, "Introduction: The Meaning and Task of the History of Religions", The History of
Religions (ed.), Joseph Kitagawa (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. 7.
56 Swami Vivekananda, op.cit., p. 60.
57 Leonard Swider, The Dialogical Reflection (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990), pp. 42-46.
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
W. gynv¤§` iwdKzj Bmjvg
Abstract: The word Da`wah generally means “Calling people towards Allah and His
instructions.” The practioner of preaching is known as Da`ee. This act is commonly
thought of being limited to religious matters only like oneness of God, regarding the
Holy Quran in Arabic, Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) being the last prophet, beliving in
prophets, day of judgement, offering Salah, Fasting, Zakat and Hajj etc, rather it is the
complete package of advocating in favor of what is good. It includes both spiritual and
secular Islamic instructions for sake of betterment of common pepple. It could be of two
types: first, it can be the act of proselytizing, where the preacher tries to convey its
message of religious convictions to non Muslim through convincing dialogue. Second, it
can be for the purpose of reminding the present Muslim Ummah about their duties and
responsibilities as per command of Al-Quran and Sunnah. In any case a Da`ee (preacher)
must have sincerity, complete knowledge and wisdom, patience, constancy, modesty,
empathy and above all it must be a great devotee of advocated teachings. Although it is a
moral responsibility of any individual to spread a word of uprightness and tries to stop
other from unlawful activity, but for a Muslim, it is not only its task from ethical point of
view, but also a must do action from a sacred standpoint as well. So, it is one of the basic
criteria for every Muslim to instruct follow human beings towards fundamental Islamic
wisdom about the difference between correct and incorrect in order to thrive in our lives.
Apart form that, being among the enlightened ones, we must strive to inform others about
the impilications of such wisdom, eg knowing that without the belief on One Allah, no
one can make it in the hereafter, we should tell our Muslim brothers and sisters to avoid
begging in front of those so called spifitual leaders, who claim to fulfill needs without
mentioning Allah`s guidance or using Quranic ayahs. In short, it may be said that
Da`wah is an important matter in the term of Islamic Shari`ah as per mentioned by Al-
Quran and Sunnah. So to focus the importance, application and methodology of Da`wah
are the main object of this article.
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Avi‡e Zvi ¯^RvwZ KzivBk-‡c․ËwjK m¤úª`vqmn mK‡ji Kv‡Q mviv Rxebe¨vcx wnKgZ I cÖÁvi
gva¨‡g Bmjv‡gi gnvb `vÔIqvZ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi (mv:) `vÔIqvn cÖ`v‡bi †m c×wZ, hvi
gva¨‡g G‡mwQj mdjZv, N‡UwQj wek¦ mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m me©‡kÖô I we¯§qKi wecøe, Zv AvR gvbe
mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m M‡elYvi I Av‡jvPbvi welq n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| gnvbex (mv:) Gi ci cÖwZ hy‡Mi
Bmjvg cÖPviKMY `vÔIqv‡Zi †m c_ I c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ wZ³ n‡jI mZ¨ †h,
gymjgvbMY hy‡M hy‡M hLbB †mB mwVK c_ †_‡K weP y¨Z n‡q‡Q, ZLbB Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q
we‡f`, wek„•Ljv I `jv`wj, hv eZ©gvb we‡k¦I `„k¨gvb| gymwjg D¤§vni `vCÔMY (Bmjvg cÖPviKMY)
AvR kZav wef³| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY Avj-KziAvb I nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K `vÔIqv‡Zi mwVK c_ I
c×wZ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv I Áv‡bi Afve| ZvB Ggwb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Avj-KziAvb I nv`x‡mi
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Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cwiPq
`vÔIqvn-Gi kvwãK A_©
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Gi ÔAviex kãiƒc دعوة (`vÔIqvZ)| Gi gyj avZz Aÿi و-ع-د | eûePb دعوات (`vÔIqvZzb)|
AvwfavwbK `„wó‡Kv‡b GwU wewfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: AvnŸvb, wbgš¿Y, cÖv_©bv, `yÔAv, WvKv,
mvnvh¨ Kvgbv I Aby‡iva BZ¨vw`|2 Avj-KziAv‡bI kãwU wewfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb :
1. AvnŸvb Kiv: †hgb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : قال رب إن دعوت ق ومي ليل ون هارا ف لم يزدهم A_©vr Ò†m (b~n Av:) ej‡jv, †n Avgvi ie! Avwg †Zv Avgvi KIg‡K w`b-ivZ دعائي إلا فرارا
AvnŸvb K‡iwQ| AZ:ci Avgvi AvnŸvb †Kej Zv‡`i cjvqbB evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|Ó3
2. mvnvh¨ PvIqv : †hgb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q,
م ادق م ري اا ن زال ا عل ع ف وا ورة م م ل وادعوا ه اا م م دوو ااا إو وإو A_©vr Òhw` G m¤ú‡K© †Zvgv‡`i †Kvb m‡›`n _v‡K, hv Avwg Avgvi ev›`vi cÖwZ AeZxY©
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me mvnvh¨Kvix Av‡Q (g‡b Ki), Zv‡`i wbKUI †Zvgiv mvnvh¨ PvI| hw` †Zvgiv mZ¨ev`x
n‡q _vK|Ó4
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A_©vrÒ wZwb ej‡jb, †Zvgv‡`i قال ق أج ت دعو ما اس ما ول ق لله عان س ل ا للهذي ل يقعلمون
`yÔAv gÄyi n‡q‡Q| AZGe †Zvgiv `yÕRb AUj _vK Ges hviv AÁ Zv‡`i c‡_ P‡jv bv|Ó5
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
233
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Zviv †hb Avgvi Wv‡K mvov †`q Ges Avgvi cÖwZ Cgvb Av‡b| Avkv Kiv hvq Zviv mwVK
c‡_ Pj‡e|Ó6
5. †Kvb gZ, c_ ev †Kvb wel‡qi cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv A_ev †Kvb welq MÖnY Ki‡Z DØy×
Kiv| Zv fvjI n‡Z cv‡i, g›`I n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : قال ربج أ ب إلا اا ي عونن إلي A_©vr Ò†m (BDm~d Av:) ej‡jv, †n cvjbKZ©v Zviv Avgv‡K ال
†h Kv‡R DØy× K‡i, Zvi †P‡q Avwg KvivMviB †ekx cQ›` Kwi|Ó7
G Qvov `vÔIqvn kãwU Avgš¿Y Kiv, †kl wePv‡ii w`b g„Z e¨w³‡`i Kei n‡Z D‡Ëvjb, †fvR mfvq
`vÔIqvZ Kiv, ghjy‡gi `yÔAv cÖv_©bv Ges A½xKvi Kivi †ÿ‡Î kãwUi e¨envi n‡Z †`Lv hvq|8 Z‡e
`vÔIqvn kãwU Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi c‡_ AvnŸvb Kiv ev WvKv A‡_© e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ| Bs‡iRx Awfavb
The Hanswher Dictionary of Modern Arabic-G `vÔIqvn kãwUi A_© m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q,
Missionary activity, Missionary work, Propaganda.9
`vÔIqvn-Gi cvwifvwlK A_©
cvwifvwlK A‡_© `vÔIqvn (دعوة) k‡ãi A_© AviI e¨vcK| †Kvb e¨w³i Rxebv`k©, wPšÍvaviv, Rxeb
cÖbvjxi w`‡K weÁvb m¤§Z Dcv‡q Aci‡K AvnŸvb Kiv, †m AvnŸvb †g‡b wb‡Z cÖfvweZ Kiv, †g‡b
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†KD
†KD e‡jb, †h Avnev‡b e¨w³ ev mgwó KZ…©K M„nxZ weÁvb m¤§Z I wkí-mÄvZ Dcv‡q wbw`©ó wel‡q
gvbyl‡K AvK…ó Kiv, Zv MÖnY Kiv Ges Zv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b PP©vi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kivi c×wZMZ mKj
cÖ‡Póv I Kvh©vw` AšÍf~©³ _v‡K, ZvB `vÔIqvn|11
`vÔIqvn-Gi msÁv cÖ`v‡b W. Avãyj Lv‡jK
cxihv`vn e‡jb, او لمة ال عوة نى المحاولة ال ملية او القولية لمالة ال اس الى A_©vr ÒK_v I Kv‡Ri
gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K †Kvb wel‡qi cÖwZ AvK…ó Kiv‡K `vÔIqvn ejv nq|Ó12
D‡jøL¨, Awfav‡b agx©q ev
†Kvb Bw¯úZ jÿ¨ AR©b m¤úwK©Z cÖPvi, cÖPviYv A‡_©I `vÔIqvn kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| `vÔIqvn-Gi
cwiPq m¤ú‡K© wewkó Bmjvgx© wPšÍvwe` Aa¨vcK Lyiwk` Avng` e‡jb,
Dawah is one such principle, It constitute a built in mechanism that keeps the
community as well as the individuals who compose it, active and upright, ensures the
moral health of the individual and the community and acts as a corrective force and
blessing for the mind.
A_©vr Ò`vÔIqvn n‡”Q, Ggb GKwU bxwZ hv GKwU ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³i gZ GKwU m¤úª`vq‡KI •bwZKZv I
b¨vqcivqYZvi gva¨‡g gvbeZvi mvg‡b Av`k© ms‡kvab ÿgZvi gvb`Û wnmv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i|Ó13
ZvB `vÔIqvn †h †Kvb gZ ev c_ MÖnY Kivi AvnŸvb n‡Z cv‡i| Zv fvjI n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi g›`I
n‡Z cv‡i| Avj-KziAv‡bi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b kãwUi Abyiƒc e¨envi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †hgb, m~ivn Avj-
gywg‡b G m¤ú‡K© ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, و ققوم ا أدعووم إل ا للله اة و عوو إل ا لللهار A_©vr Ò†n Avgvi m¤úª`vq,
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
234
e¨vcvi wK! Avwg †Zvgv‡`i `vÔIqvZ w`B gyw³i w`‡K, Avi †Zvgiv Avgv‡K `vÔIqvZ `vI Rvnvbœv‡gi
w`‡K|Ó14
AZGe eySv hvq, †h †Kvb welq MÖnY Kivi e¨vcv‡i AbycÖvwYZ Kivi A‡_© `vÔIqvn kãwU e¨eüZ
n‡Z cv‡i| Avi †m welq Kj¨vbKi n‡Z cv‡i wKsev ÿwZKiI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Lªxó a‡g©i w`‡K
AvnŸvb Kiv n‡j Lªxóxq `vÔIqvn, mgvRZ‡š¿i w`‡K AvnŸvb Kiv n‡j mgvRZvwš¿K `vÔIqvn,
RvZxqZvi w`‡K AvnŸvb Kiv n‡j RvZxqZvev`x `vÔIqvn, ag© wbi‡cÿZvev‡`i w`‡K AvnŸvb Kiv
n‡j ag©-wbi‡cÿZvev`x `vÔIqvn cÖf„wZ| Avevi †KvbUv e¯‘i mv‡_ gvby‡li ev e ‘i mv‡_ e ‘i m¤úK©
wel‡q e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: AvaywbK •eÁvwbK M‡elYv| Avevi †KvbUv m„wóKZ©vi mv‡_ gvby‡li m¤úK©
wbY©‡q e¨eüZ nq| †hgb, a‡g©i wewfbœ Sect ev m¤úª`vq| Dc‡ii cÖwZwU `vÔIqv‡Zi m¤^š‡q †h
`vÔIqvn (A_©vr Avjøvni mv‡_ ev›`vni m¤úK©, gvby‡li mv‡_ m„wóRM‡Zi m¤úK©) †mUvB n‡”Q Bmjvgx
`vÔIqvn|15
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cwiPq
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn ej‡Z AvwfavwbK A‡_© Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ AvnŸvb, Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi BZ¨vw` eySvq|
Bmjv‡gi ÔAvwK`v-wek¦vm, mgvR-ms¯‥…wZ I Rxebv`‡k©i cÖwZ AvnŸvb Kiv‡K Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn ejv
nq| Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi msÁv cÖ`v‡b †KD †KD G‡K IqvR-bwmnZ, KviI g‡Z ïay ZvejxM I
†gnbZ, Avevi KviI g‡Z Av‡›`vjb ev BKvgv‡Z Øxb| Avevi †KD †KD `vÔIqvn‡K ÔAvgi wej
gviæd I bvwn Avwbj gybKviÕ Z_v mr Kv‡Ri Av‡`k Ges Amr Kv‡Ri wb‡la wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Qb| gyjZ: Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn welqwUi aviYv AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| ïaygvÎ Iqvh-bmxnZ
wKsev ZvejxM ev cÖPvi-cÖPviYv A_ev mr Kv‡Ri Av‡`k I Amr Kv‡R wb‡la BZ¨vw`i bv‡g `vÔIqvn
welq‡K mxgvwqZ Kiv mwVK bq| hw`I G mg Í KvR Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡ZiB AšÍf~©³| `vÔIqvn wel‡q
hviv M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb ev hviv M‡elYv jä cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb, †m¸‡jv LyeB hyw³hy³ I Zvrch©en|
myZivs wewfbœ Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe`M‡Yi cÖ`Ë msÁvi Av‡jv‡K welqwU wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv: G
m¤ú‡K© W. Avãyj Lv‡jK cxihv`vn16
e‡jb, بذل وا ة الجهود ا عمل ة وا و ة فى س ل : الد اد ا عوة الس ة ¨A_©vr ÒBmjvgx `vÔIqvni A_© n‡”Q, Avjøvni Øx‡bi cÖPvi-cÖmv‡ii j‡ÿ وش دي الله و اب الخ ي
Ges Zv A‡b¨i wbKU †cu․‡Q †`qvi Rb¨ wb‡Ri evKkw³ Ges Kg©ÿgZv‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e cÖ‡qvM
KivÓ|17
KviI KviI g‡Z Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn n‡jv: A_©vr ا عوة ال الس م عنى المحاو ة ا عمل ة او ا و ة ل ا ة ا لا س ا
Ò`vÔIqvn n‡jv gvbyl‡K Bmjv‡gi w`‡K wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ Kvh©MZ A_ev evPwbK mKj cÖKvi
cÖ‡Póv|Ó18
Dc‡iv³ msÁvq Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡bi yÕwU w`K D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ:
Kvh©MZ w`K n‡jv, `vÔC19
Z_v `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vbKvix KZ…©K AvPiYMZ bgybv †ck| †hgb: Rxe‡bi
wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Avjøvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji AvbyMZ¨ Kiv, wkÿv, cÖwkÿb, mgvR †mev I mvsMVwbK Kvh©µg,
wRnv`, cÎ-cwÎKvq wewfbœ cÖeÜ I Kjvg cÖKvk Kiv BZ¨vw`| Avi wØZxqZ: evPwbK w`K n‡jv,
e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q I wewfbœ mfv mgv‡e‡k Av‡jvPbv, K‡_vcK_b, e³…Zv I `vim BZ¨vw` †ck| G
m¤ú‡K©20
Dr. Ismail Haji Ibrahim e‡jb, The Islamic Dawah is a movement of
reformation which is in itself complete and comprehensive running in accordance
with the injunctions of the Quran and the Sunnah. A_©vr ÔBmjvgx `vÔIqvn n‡”Q Ggb GKwU
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
235
ms¯‥vig~jK Av‡›`vjb hv Avj-KziAvb I mybœvni Av‡jv‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Ges e¨vcKZi w`K †_‡K
cwic~Y©|Ó21
Avjøvgv evnx Avj-LvIjx22
e‡jb, `vÔIqvn n‡jv GKwU RvwZ‡K GK cwi‡ek †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ
cwi‡e‡k wb‡q hvIqv| GUvB `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖavb KvR| Avi GLvb †_‡KB `vÔIqv‡Zi mswÿß I
we¯ÍvwiZ Kg©c×wZ cvIqv hvq|23
`vÔIqvni cwiPq cÖ`v‡b W. iDd kvjvex24
e‡jb, ا عوة هى ح وة و ل المج مع الوساني حا ة ا ف إل حا ةالإيمان و حا ة ا ظلمة إل حا ة ا لور و حا ة ا ض ق إل حا ة ا سعة فى
- ا و ا والأخ ة A_©vr ÒmgvR cwieZ©‡bi Av‡›`vjbB n‡jv `vÔIqvn| †h Av‡›`vj‡bi Øviv gvbe
mgvR‡K Kzdix Ae¯’v n‡Z Cgvbx Ae¯’vq, AÜKvi n‡Z Av‡jv‡Z Ges Rxe‡bi msKxY©Zv n‡Z cvw_©e
I cvi‡j․wKK Rxe‡bi cÖk Í Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq, †m c×wZB n‡jv `vÔIqvn|Ó25
kvqL Av`g
Ave`yjøvn Avj-Av‡jvixi g‡Z, ÒBnv n‡jv gvby‡li „wófw½ I †evakw³‡K cwieZ©b ev avweZ Kiv
Ggb AvKx`vi w`‡K, hv Zv‡`i DcKv‡i Avm‡e Ges Ggb gvm‡jnvZ Z_v g½jKi wel‡qi w`‡K, hv
Zv‡`i Kj¨vY e‡q Avb‡e| AwaKšÍ gvbe RvwZ‡K euvPv‡bv H †Mvgivnx †_‡K, hv‡Z Zviv wjß n‡Z
hvw”Qj, Ggb wec` n‡Z euvPv‡bv, hv Zv‡`i‡K †eób K‡i wb‡qwQj|Ó26
wZwb Zvui msÁvq `vÔIqv‡Zi
welhe¯‘ I djvd‡ji Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr `vÔIqv‡Zi gva¨‡g gvbe mgv‡Ri AvKx`v-
wek¦vm I „wófw½, mvwe©K Kj¨vY I gyw³ AwR©Z nq| W. Ljxdv ûmvCb Avj-Avmmvj e‡jb, Ògvby‡li
Bn I cvi‡j․wKK Kj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ Bmjv‡g ewY©Z mKj Kj¨vYgq wel‡q DØy× Kiv Ges mKj g›`
KvR †_‡K weiZ ivLvi Kv‡R AwfÁ e¨w³M‡Yi mKj Kg©ZrciZvi bvg n‡jv Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn|Ó27
G msÁvq ÔAvj-Avgi wej gviæd Ges Avb-bvnx Avwbj gybKv‡iiÕ Dci †ekx †Rvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
W. gynv¤§` Avãyi ingvb AvbIqvixi g‡Z, †h `vÔIqvn Kvh©µ‡g e¨w³ ev e¨w³ mgwó KZ…©K M„nxZ
weÁvb I wkí m¤§Z Dcv‡q Bmjvgx Rxeb e¨e¯’vi w`‡K gvbe mgvR‡K AvK…ó Kiv Ges ev Íe Rxe‡b
Zvi PP©vi e¨e¯’v K‡i †`Iqvi c×wZMZ Ges Bmjvgx kixqvn m¤§Z mKj cÖ‡Póv I Kvh©vw` AšÍf~©³
_v‡K, ZvB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn|28
Dc‡iv³ msÁv¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Y
PviwU †g․wjK w`K dz‡U D‡V| h_v:
K. mwVKfv‡e cÖwkÿYcÖvß `vÔqx KZ…©K `vÔIqvZx KvR AvÄvg †`Iqv|
L. weÁvb I wkí m¤§Z cš’vq `vÔIqvZx KvR Kiv|
M. ev Íe Rxe‡b Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn cÖwZdj‡bi Kvh©Kix e¨e¯’v _vKv Ges
N. `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ Aek¨B Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva I kixqvn m¤§Z nIqv|
†gvUK_v †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³ mgwó KZ…©K Bmjvgx Rxebv`‡k©i w`‡K weÁvb I wkí m¤§Z Dcv‡q
wbw`©ó wKQz c×wZi Av‡jv‡K Ab¨‡K AvnŸvb Kiv, †g‡b wb‡Z cÖfvweZ Kiv, w`K wb‡ ©kbv cÖ`vb I
ev Íe Rxe‡b Zv PP©vi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡vbyf~wZ m„wói cÖ‡Póv‡K Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn ejv nq| whwb AvnŸvb
K‡ib Zv‡K `vÔqx Ges hv‡K AvnŸvb Kiv nq Zv‡K gv`Ôqy ejv nq| Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi gva¨‡g
gvbyl‡K Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv cÖ`Ë Rxeb weavb cvj‡bi Rb¨ Avnev‡bi Øviv c„w_ex‡Z Zv ev Íevqb Kivi
†hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ †jvK •Zixi gva¨‡g BnKvjxb kvwšÍ I mg„w× Ges ciKvjxb gyw³ nvwmj Kiv m¤¢e|
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi DrcwË I weKvk
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvni mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© Mfxi I cÖvPxb| KviY Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn gvbe BwZnv‡mi
gZB cÖvPxb I wPišÍb| G weq‡qi AwfÁ cwÛZ, M‡elK I Ávb wccvm~MY Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi
DrcwË I weKvki BwZnvm‡K QqwU ¯Í‡i web¨ Í K‡i‡Qb| h_v:
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
236
1. ivm~j (mv:) Gi c~e©eZ©©©©©©©©©©© ©©©x hyM|
2. ivm~j (mv:) Gi hyM|
3. mvnvexM‡bi (iv:) hyM |
4. DgvBq¨v hyM|
5. AveŸvmxq I Imgvbxq hyM|
6. AvaywbK hyM|29
c„w_ex‡Z gvbe mgvR cÖwZôvi Dlvj‡MœB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvni m~Pbv nq| cieZx©‡Z bvbv weeZ©‡bi
gva¨‡gB gvbe mf¨Zvi weKvk N‡U| Avi †m weKv‡ki µgaviv‡ZB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn DrKl© jvf
K‡i| wb‡¤œ G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv:
1. ivm~j (mv:)-Gi c~e©eZx© hyM
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvni G mgqKvjwU me‡P‡q `xN©| Avi G mgqKv‡ji Dlvj‡MœB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi
Awbe©vY wkLv cÖR¡wjZ n‡qwQj nhiZ Av`g (Av:) Gi gva¨‡g| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KyiAv‡b ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q, ي ا فإماا ي ي اكم من ه ى فم ع ه اي فل خوف عليهم ول هم يزنوو والاذي فروا ها ج ق ل ا اه طوا م A_©vr Òhviv Kzdix K‡i‡Q Ges Avgvi AvqvZmg~‡K و ذا وا بي ا أولئك أ حاب ال اار هم فيها خال وو
A¯xKvi K‡i‡Q, ZvivB Av¸‡bi Awaevmx| Zviv †mLv‡b ¯’vqx n‡e| Avwg ejjvg, Ô†Zvgiv mevB Zv
†_‡K †b‡g hvI| AZ:ci Avgvi cÿ †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i Kv‡Q †h †n`vqvZ Avm‡e, ZLb hviv Avgvi †m
wn`vqvZ AbymiY Ki‡e, Zv‡`i †Kvb fq †bB Ges Zviv `y:wLZI n‡e bv|Ó30
Avj-KziAv‡bi Dc‡iv³ Avqv‡Zi gva¨‡g GK_v AKvU¨fv‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h me©cÖ_g nhiZ Av`g
(Av:) Gi gva¨‡g Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi Awbe©vY wkLv cÖ¾wjZ n‡qwQj| Avi †m cÖR¡wjZ wkLvi
we”QzwiZ `xwß m¤úªmvwiZ n‡qwQj nhiZ b~n (Av:), nhiZ û` (Av:), nhiZ kxl (Av:), nhiZ
Beivnxg (Av:), nhiZ BmgvÔCj (Av:), nhiZ BmnvK (Av:), nhiZ mv‡jn (Av:), nhiZ g~mv
(Av:), nhiZ ÔCmv (Av:) cÖgyL bex I ivm~jM‡Yi wbijm cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g| Zvuiv ¯^RvwZi wbKU
G‡mwQ‡jb hyM‡kÖó gvbeiƒ‡c| Zvuiv wQ‡jb mZ¨ I b¨v‡qi cÖZxK| Zvuiv wek„•Lj mgvR Ges c_åó
RvwZ‡K cybM©Vb I mwVK c_ wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z GKwbó `vÔqxi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb|31
2. ivm~j (mv:) Gi hyM|
ivm~j (mv:)-Gi hyM n‡jv `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi BwZnv‡mi c~Y©Zvi hyM| Zvui AvMgb N‡UwQj gvbe
BwZnv‡mi GK Pig µvwšÍ j‡Mœ| G mgq `vÔIqv‡Zi KvR wQj wb®úÖf| mgMÖ we‡k¦ ag©, mgvR, kvwšÍ-
k„•Ljv I Ava¨vwZKZvq ïb¨Zv m„wó n‡qwQj|32
wek¦ wQj GKRb ÎvYKZ©vi Rb¨ A‡cÿgvb|33
Ggwb
Ae¯’vq nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv:) Gi Avwe©fve N‡U| beyIqvZ jv‡fi ci c Ö_g wZb eQi wZwb e¨w³MZ
ch©v‡q †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZ `v‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ K‡ib| Gi ci cÖKv‡k¨ `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡bi wb‡ ©k cÖvß
nb| G m¤ú‡K© Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv e‡jb, فا ع با مر A_©vr ÒZzwg †h wel‡q Avw`ó n‡qQ, Zv mwe¯Ív‡i
eY©bv Ki|Ó34
ZLb †_‡K wZwb mvavi‡Y¨ `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡b cÖe„Ë nb|35
beyIqvZ jv‡fi ci Zvi mgMÖ
Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU ÿY fxlY •ewiZvi wfZi w`‡q AwZevwnZ nq| GgZve¯’vq Zvi `vÔIqvZ c„w_exi
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
237
wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ †cu․‡Q hvq| ivm~j (mv:)-Gi B‡šÍKv‡ji ci Zuvi mvnvexMY e¨w³MZ I ivóªxq `vwq‡Z¡
`vÔIqv‡Zi Kvh©µg AwePj avivq Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb|
3. mvnvexM‡Yi (iv:) hyM |
ivm~j (mv:)-Gi B‡šÍKv‡ji ciciB Avie f~L‡Û ag©‡ ªvnx gyiZv`‡`i †dZbvi D™¢e N‡U| Ljxdv
Ave~eKi (iv:) Zv‡`i wdZbvi g~‡jvrcvUb K‡i Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi BwZnv‡m wPiÄxe n‡q Av‡Qb|
nhiZ ÔDgvi (iv:)-Gi hyM wQj Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi Rb¨ De©i hyM| G hy‡M Bmjvgx iv‡óªi wewfbœ
GjvKv I cÖ‡`‡k wZwb gyevwjøM I `vÔC wb‡qvM K‡ib, †hb Zviv Agymwjg‡`i Kv‡Q Bmjv‡gi
`vÔIqvZ cÖPvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges gymjgvb‡`i‡K Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ ûKzg-AvnKvg wkÿv w`‡Z cv‡ib|
G Rb¨ nhiZ ÔDev`v Beb mvwgZ (iv:), nhiZ Ave~ `vi`v (iv:), nhiZ gyÔAvh (iv:) †K wmwiqvq,
nhiZ ÔAve`yjøvn Beb gvmÔD` (iv:)-†K K~dvq, nhiZ ÔAve`yjøvn Beb gyMvddvj (iv:), ÔBgivb
Beb wnwmb-(i:), gvÔKvj Beb Bqvmvi (iv:) †K emivq wb‡qvM K‡ib| Zv‡`i cÖ‡Póvq Bmjvgx
Áv‡bi A‡bK cÖmvi N‡U| nhiZ Dmgvb (iv:) (g„. 35 wn.) A‡bK AwfRvZ m¤¢všÍ Agymwjg‡`i
wbKU wM‡q Bmjvgx `vÔIqvZ w`‡Zb| nhiZ ÔAvjx (iv:) (g„. 40 wn.) ¯^xq kvmbvg‡j (35 wn: -40
wn:) D³ `vÔIqvZx cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQ‡jb|
ZrcieZx© Kv‡j ZvweÔC ) تابع( I ZvexÔ-ZvweÔCMY (ع ابعى ) mvnvexM‡Yi Abym„Z Kg©m~Px cwic~Y©iƒ‡c
AbymiY K‡ib| G‡`i g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb nhiZ nvmvb Avj-evmix (g„Z: 110 wn:/
728 Lªx:), mvÔC` Bebyj gymvwq¨e (g„Z: 13 wn:), mywdqvb Avm-mIix (g„Z: 161 wn: / 778 Lªx:)
cÖgyL|36
4. DgvBqv hyM
†Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`vi ci DgvBqv esk 661 Lªx: n‡Z 750 Lªx: ch©šÍ `xN© 90 eQi wLjvdZ cwiPvjbv
K‡i| G mgq `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi cÖf~Z DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`k© wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q
c‡o| we‡kl K‡i wØZxq Dgi L¨vZ Dgi Beb ÔAvãyj ÔAvwh‡hi kvmbKvj (717Lªx: -720 Lªx:)
`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi GK ¯^‡Y©v¾j Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| cieZx©‡Z ÔAveŸvmxq hy‡Mi cÖv_wgK
ch©v‡q Bmjvgx Ávb-weÁv‡b †i‡bmuv m~wPZ nq| G mgq gymwjg gbxlxe„›` Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn wel‡q
we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡Z mÿg nb| G mKj gbxlxM‡Yi g‡a¨ Bgvg Ave~ nvwbdv (i:) (50wn: - 140
wn:), Bgvg gvwjK (i:) (179wn:), Bgvg kvwdÔC (i:) (150wn: - 204wn:), Bgvg Avng` Beb nv¤^j
(i:) (164wn: -241wn:) cÖgyL mwe‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|37
5. AveŸvmxq I Imgvbxq hyM
AveŸvmxq I Imgvbxq hy‡M nv`xm, Zvdmxi, BwZnvm, e¨vKiY, wPwKrmv weÁvb BZ¨vw` welq PP©vq
gymwjg cwÛZMY Mfxifv‡e g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| G mgq `vÔIqvni †ÿ‡Î Av‡jvPbv I M‡elYv
cwiPvwjZ nq| Z‡e AvaywbK Kv‡ji gZ mywbw ©ó welq wnmv‡e ÔBjgyZ `vÔIqvn †m mgq cÖwZôv jvf
K‡iwb| gbxlxe„›` Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ welq Av‡jvPbv Abym‡½ ÒAvgi wej gvÔiæd Iqvb bvwn ÔAvwbj
gybKviÓ ÒAvj-wnmevnÓ ÒAv`-`vÔIqvnÓ cÖf…wZ wk‡ivbv‡g G wel‡q `xN© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| gynv¤§`
Beb BmgvÔCj Avj-eyLvix (i:)38
(194- 256 wn:), gymwjg Beb nv¾vR (i:) (204 wn: -261
wn:),39
gynv¤§` Beb ÔCmv AvZ-wZiwghx (i:) (203-271 wn:),40
Bgvg beex (i:) (g„Z: 676 wn:)41
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
238
Bgvg Mvhvjx (i:) (450-505 wn:),42
Bgvg Beb ZvBwgqv (i:) (661-728 wn:),43
kvn Iqvjx
Djøvn †`njfx (i:) (1703- 1762wn:),44
cÖgyL gbxlxe„›` Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuv‡`i G Av‡jvPbvq Bmjvgx `vÔIqvni g~jZË¡ I g~j¨evb Z_¨ Avwe®‥…Z nq|
`vÔIqvn welqK Zv‡`i iPbv m¤¢v‡i G welqwU mymg„w× I cwicywó jvf K‡i| cieZx©Kv‡j wek¦e¨vcx
`vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Y Imgvbxq mv¤ªv‡R¨i LwjdvMY ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib, hv AvRI BwZnvm
cÖwm× n‡q Av‡Q|
6. AvaywbK hyM
AvaywbK hyM ej‡Z Imgvbxq mv¤ªv†R¨i ci †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A`¨vewa mgq‡K †evSv‡bv nq| G mgq
gymwjg ivRkw³i cZb ïiæ n‡j Zviv †Kej cÖkvmwbK fv‡eB wePy¨Z nqwb, Zv‡`i ÁvbPP©v Ges Zvi
AMÖMwZI `viæYfv‡e e¨vnZ nq| d‡j Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi b¨vq `vÔIqvn welqK PP©v‡ZI fvUv c‡o|
mg‡qi e¨eav‡b GK ch©v‡q gymjgvb‡`i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b ïiæ nq| Zviv cybivq AvZœcÖwZôv jv‡fi
cÖ‡Póvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| G ch©v‡q AvaywbK Kv‡ji gymwjg gbxlxe„›` KziAvb-mybœvn I c~e©eZx©
cwÛZ‡`i iPbvi Drm †_‡K ÔBjgy` `vÔIqvn bv‡g ¯qsm¤ú~Y© GKwU Bmjvgx weÁvb cÖwZôv K‡ib| G
e¨vcv‡i nvmvb Avj-evbœv (g„Z: 1949 Lªx:), mvB‡q¨` Aveyj ÔAvjv gI`~`x (1903-1979 Lªx:),
mvB‡q¨` KzZze (1906-1966 Lªx:), ev`kvn dqmj (g„Z: 1975 Lªx:) I ÔAvjøvgv BDmyd Avj-
Kvihvfx (g„Z: 2016 Lªx:) cÖgyL cwÛZ‡`i wPšÍvaviv, iPbvejx I Kvh© cÖ‡Póv ¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡e|
eZ©gv‡b BjgyZ `vÔIqvn e¨vcK Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| wek¦we`¨vjq wfwËK `vÔIqvn wefvM
¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ †`‡k †`kxq Ges AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e `vÔIqvn GKv‡Wgx, Bbw÷wUDU, wimvP©
†m›Uvi BZ¨vw` cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me‡P‡q †ekx `vÔIqvZx KvR n‡”Q ms¯’v I msMVb
†Kw›`ªK| wesk kZvãxi cÖvi‡¤¢ cvK-fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ ÔAvjøvgv
Rvgvj DÏxb AvdMvbx c¨vb BmjvwgK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb| AZ:ci c¨vb BmjvwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi
aviv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ kvqL ikx` †iRv (1865-1935 Lªx:) 1911 mv‡j ÔRvwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvn
Iqvj Bikv`Õ bvgK msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib|45
GiB avivevwnKZvq B‡›`v‡bwkqv, Rvcvb, BD‡ivc,
Av‡gwiKv Ges Avwd«Kv‡ZI Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvwiZ nq| 1960 mv‡j wgki miKvi `vÔIqvZx
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ÔAvj-gvRvwjmyj ÔAvjv wjk ïDwbj BmjvwgqvÕ bv‡g `vÔIqvZx msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib|
Gici †m․w` ev`kvn dqmj `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi m¤úªmv‡bi Rb¨ GK e¨vcK cwiKíbv MÖnb K‡ib| GB
cwiKíbvi Ask wn‡m‡e `vÔqx •Zixi Rb¨ 1961 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei Ôgw`bv BmjvwgK BDwbfvwm©wUÕ
cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1962 mv‡ji †g gv‡m Ôiv‡eZvZzj ÔAvjvwgj BmjvgxÕ bv‡g GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK
`vÔIqvZx msMVb cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| 1982 mv‡j wjweqv miKvi ÔAvj-gvRwjmyj Avjvwg wj`
`vÔIqvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ bvgK GKwU ms¯’v cÖwZôv K‡ib| Avwki `k‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K Kz‡qZ
miKviI ÔAvj-nvBq¨vZzj LvBwiq¨vn Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ bv‡g Av‡iKwU `vÔIqvZx msMVb Kv‡qg
K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ ms¯’v I msMVb KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ZvejxM RvgvqvZ, gmwR` I gv`ivmvn †K› ªxK `vÔIqvZx KvR, cÎ-cwÎKv I cÖPvi
gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZx KvR Ges B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK `vÔIqvZx KvR cÖf…wZ| G mKj ms¯’v I msMVb
wek¦e¨vcx Bmjvgx wkÿv cÖPvi, cy¯ÍK gy`ªb I weZiY, Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px‡Z mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb,
`~‡h©vM gyû‡Z© ÎvY ZrciZv, gmwR`, gv`ivmv Ges `vÔIqvn †m›Uvi cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| hvi
djkÖæwZ‡Z AvR †MvUv wek¦e¨vcx Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi RvMiY m„wó n‡q‡Q|46
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
239
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM
Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Z mswkøó e¨w³ †h mKj cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g gv`ÔD ev DwÏó e¨w³i Kv‡Q Bmjv‡gi
`vÔIqvZ †cuu․‡Q †`b Zv‡KB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM ejv nq| Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM‡K
Avgiv cÖ_gZ: yÕfv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi| h_v:
1. Avj-IqvmvÕBjyj gvÔbweq¨vn (A¯úk© I Abyfe¨ gva¨g): Avj-IqvmvÕBjyj gvÔbweq¨vn Gi A_©
e¨w³i Af¨šÍixb, gvbwmK ev gbyl¨ gva¨g| `vÔqxi ev `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vbKvixi †h mg Í mr ¸bvejx I
DËg PvwiwÎK Av`k© gv`ÔDi gbb I wPšÍvi †ÿ‡Î cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Zv‡K Avj-IqvmvBjyj
gvÔbweq¨vn ejv nq| `vÔIqvn cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î G gva¨g A¯úk© wKš‘ Abyfe¨ I LyeB kw³kvjx| Gi
¸iæZ¡ I cwiwa AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| †hgb:
K. mvjvg wewbgq Kiv, L. nvwmgy‡L K_v ejv, M. wewfbœ mgq †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kiv, N. mvÿv‡Z
Kzkjvw` wRÁvmv Kiv, O. A‡b¨i ¯^v_©‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`Iqv, P. fvj Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv, Q. g›`
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wZi¯‥vi bv K‡i `i` fiv g‡b ms‡kvab K‡i †`Iqv BZ¨vw`|
2. Avj-IqvmvÕBjyj gvwÏq¨vn (e¯‘MZ gva¨g): Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e ‘MZ Dcv`vb
¸‡jv‡K Avj-IqvmvÕBjyj gvwÏq¨vn ejv nq| GwU Avevi wZb cÖKvi| h_v: K. wdZwiq¨vn. L.
dvwbœq¨vn Ges M. Z¡vevwKq¨vn|47
K. wdZwiq¨vn (Rb¥MZ I ¯fveRvZ gva¨g): gvby‡li Rb¥MZ I ¯^fveRvZ fv‡e cÖvß Dcv`vb n‡”Q
Zvi evKkw³| evKkw³‡K `vÔIqvn cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨g wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i `vÔqx e¨w³MZ K‡_vcK_b,
cvV`vb, AwffvlY, mvaviY e³…Zv I Iqv‡R GwU e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
L. dvwbœqvn (wkíKjv gva¨g): `vÔqx wkÿv I M‡elYvi Rb¨ †h DcKiY¸‡jv Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn
m¤úªmvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î gva¨g wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡ib †m¸‡jv‡K `vÔIqv‡Z dvwbœqvn e‡j| †hgb: cwÎKv
cÖKvk, cÖeÜ wjLb, wPwV wjLb, cwÎKvi wPwV-cÎ Kjv‡g †jLv, MÖš’ iPbv, M‡elYv cÖeÜ wjLv, bvUK
I Dcb¨vm BZ¨vw`|
M. Z¡vevwKq¨vn (cÖvwZôvwbK gva¨g): `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ AeKvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‥vig~jK KvR‡K
`vÔIqv‡Zi Z¡vevwKq¨vn gva¨g ejv nq| †hgb: gmwR` wbg©vY, msMVb, ms¯’v, dvD‡Ûkb I Uªvó
cÖwZóv, gv`ªvmvn, wkÿv cÖwZôvb I BqvwZg Lvbv cÖwZôv BZ¨vw`|48
Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi gva¨g mg~n‡K evwn¨Kfv‡e †`Lv I ¯úk© Kiv ev bv Kivi w`K †_‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: 1. Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g, 2. Bmjvmx `vÔIqv‡Zi e¯‘MZ
gva¨g|49
1. Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g: `vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri †h mg Í Dcv`vb evwn¨Kfv‡e †`Lv I ¯úk©
Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ hv `vÔqx I gv`ÔD‡K AvwZœKfv‡e kw³kvjx K‡i `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R MwZkxjZv I cÖvY
mÂvi K‡i ZvB Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g| `vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri cÖavb Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g wb¤œiƒc: K. Avjøvn
ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ Mfxi m¤úK©, L. ZvKIqv ev †Lv`vfxwZ, M. `vÔqxi `vÔIqvZx PwiÎ, N. `vÔIqvZx
cwiKíbv|
Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ Mfxi m¤úK©: Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ `vÔqx I gv`ÔDi Mfxi m¤úK© Bmjvgx
`vIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Yi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi gZ KwVb cixÿv †ÿ‡Î Avjøvn
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
240
ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ h_vh_fv‡e Mfxi m¤úK© ¯’vcbB n‡”Q cÖ_g I cÖavb cv‡_q| `vÔqxi mv‡_ Avjøvn
ZvÔqvjvi m¤úK© cÖZ¨vwkZ me©wb¤œ gv‡bi bx‡P †b‡g †M‡j Zvi mKj cÖ‡Póv I Kg©ZrciZv
AvwLivZgyLx bv n‡q ywbqvi i‡O i½xb n‡q hvq| mgv‡Ri KZ…Z¡kvjx Ges †bZ…‡Zi ¸bvejx m¤úbœ
e¨w³‡`i Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i QvqvZ‡j †bIqvi Rb¨ gnvbex (mv:) Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi `iev‡i
Mfxi iv‡Z aibv w`‡Zb| Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ m¤úK© Mfxi Kivi Rb¨ wKQz †g․wjK wel‡qi cÖwZ
jÿ¨ ivLv Acwinvh©| †hgb : (1) †g․wjK ÔBev`vZmg~n h_vhZ fv‡e cvjb Kiv| (2) Avj-KziAvb
I nv`xm wbqwgZ Aa¨qb (3) bdj Bev`vZmg~n h_vh_ fv‡e cvjb (4) mve©ÿwbK †`vqv I
wRwKi|50
ZvKIqv ev Avjøvn‡K fq Kiv
Aviex ZvKIqv k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv fq Kiv, weiZ _vKv, iÿv Kiv, mveavb nIqv,
ci‡nhMvix I †Kvb Awbó n‡Z wb‡R‡K ~‡i ivLv BZ¨vw`| mvaviY A‡_© Avjøvn fxwZ‡K ZvKIqv ejv
nq| Bmjvgx cwifvlvq e¨w³ I mgwóMZ Rxe‡b Bmjvgx weav‡b wbwl× mKj cÖKvi K_v, KvR I
wPšÍv cwinvi K‡i Avj-KziAvb I mybœvni wb‡`©k gZ Rxeb-hvc‡bi gva¨‡g Avjøvn‡K cÖwZwbqZ fq
K‡i Pjv‡K ZvKIqv ejv nq| gvby‡li e¨w³ I mgwóMZ Rxe‡b Bmjvgx Rxebv`k© ev¯Íevqb
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ZvKIqvi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvKIqv e¨ZxZ AvKl©Yxq e³…Zv, gva~q©gq I ewjô Av‡jvPbv
†Kvb wKQzB gvby‡li g‡b †iLvcvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvKIqv `vÔqxi `vIqv‡Z Øx‡bi cÖavb cv‡_q|
ZvB `vÔIqvZ †`qvi cvkvcvwk wb‡RI Avgj Ki‡Z n‡e, wb‡R‡K gyËvKx‡`i KvZv‡i kvwgj Ki‡Z
n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q: لوو الك اب أفل أتمروو ال ااس بلب و وو أن ف كم وأن م A_©vr Ò†Zvgiv wK gvbyl‡K fvj Kv‡Ri Dc‡`k w`”Q Avi wb‡R‡`i‡K f~‡j hv”Q? A_P قلوو
†Zvgiv wKZve wZjvIqvZ Ki| †Zvgiv wK eyS bv|Ó51
`vÔqxi `vÔIqvZx PwiÎ:
`vÔqxi `vÔIqvZx PwiÎ n‡jv `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi Kv‡Ri Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g| `vÔqxi f~wgKvi Dci
`vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri mdjZv I e¨_©Zv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| `vÔIqvZ `vbKvix‡K n‡Z n‡e m¤ú~Y©
wb:¯^v_©, AvšÍwiK I mZ¨civqb| Zv‡K n‡Z n‡e DbœZ Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix, •ah¨kxj, mZ¨ev`x,
`qvkxj, Aw_wZermj, mvnmx Ges `ywbqvex wel‡q Ávb I `ÿZvm¤úbœ| `vÔqx Kg K_v ej‡eb Ges
AZ¨waK •a‡h©¨i cwiPq w`‡eb| †ekx K_vi cwie‡Z© PvwiwÎK gva~h© w`‡q cÖfve m„wó Ki‡eb| Bmjvg
m¤ú‡K© mwVK I ¯úó aviYv ivL‡eb| †Kvb cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨w³Z¡ Aÿzbœ †i‡L mgq
†b‡eb| †MvRvwg‡ji AvkÖq wb‡eb bv| gv`ÔDi myL-`y:‡Li Askx`vi n‡eb| gb‡K A‡nZzK aviYv
†_‡K gy³ ivL‡eb| m¤ú‡K©i gReywZi Rb¨ `vÔqx Uv‡M©MK…Z e¨w³i mv‡_ GKm‡½ ågY, GK‡Î bv¯Ív
I LvIqv, wbR evmvq wb‡q hvIqv Ges Dcnvi †`qvmn wewfbœ Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡eb| †gvUK_v
Uv‡M©UK…Z e¨w³i Rv‡nwjq¨v‡Zi †ivM ~i Kivi Rb¨ wZwb AwfÁ Wv³v‡ii fzwgKv cvjb Ki‡eb|
Zvi `~e©jZvi mgv‡jvPbv bv K‡i mr ¸bvejx weKv‡k mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb|
`vÔIqvZx cwiKíbv
`vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv GKwU Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g| GKwU myôz cwiKíbv MÖnb Ki‡j mswkøó Kv‡Ri
A‡a©K n‡q hvq e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Uv‡MUK…Z e¨w³MY‡K Bmjvgx Av`‡k©i GKwbô Abymvix wnmv‡e
M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU ev Íe wfwËK cwiKíbv| `vÔIqvZx Øx‡bi Kv‡Ri jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wK
n‡e GUv wba©viY Kiv †hgb cwiKíbv, †Zgwb M„nxZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wKfv‡e AwR©Z n‡e G‡Kev‡i wb¤œ
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
241
ch©vq ch©šÍ cÖwZwU KiYxq KvR c~‡e©B wba©viY Kivi bvg cwiKíbv| Avgiv †Kv_vq AvwQ Ges
`vÔIqvZx Øx‡bi AvnŸvb‡K †Kvb ch©v‡q wb‡q †h‡Z PvB, cwiKíbv cÖbq‡Y Zv we‡kl fv‡e we‡ePbvq
Avbv nq e‡j cwiKíbv n‡jv GKwU eyw×`xß cÖwµqv, hv m‡PZbZvi m‡½ ev Íe Ae¯’vi Av‡jv‡K
Kg©cš’v MÖn‡Yi w`K wb‡ ©k K‡i|
2. Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi e¯‘MZ gva¨g
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvZ‡K myôz I my›`ifv‡e Dc ’vc‡bi Rb¨ `vÔIqv‡Zi e¯‘MZ gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Acwimxg| `vÔIqvn-Gi e¯‘MZ gva¨g‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq:
1. Rb¥m~‡Î cÖvß my›`i I AvKl©Yxq evPbfw½|
2. wkíKjv I cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `vÔIqvn Dc¯’vcb|
3. †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqvg, Zvdmxi gvnwdj I IqvR gvnwdj BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g `vÔIqvn
Dc¯’vcb|
4. cwievi I mgv‡R Bmjv‡gi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvn Dc ’vcb|
5. gmwR`, gv`ªvmvn, g³e I Ab¨vb¨ Bmjvgx cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖPvi I cÖmvi|
6. `vÔIqvZx ms¯’v MVb,Bmjvgx eB I cwÎKv cÖKvk I B›Uvi‡b‡U `vÔIqvn welqK Av‡jvPbv
Kiv BZ¨vw`|52
Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z cÖv‡qvwMK cš’v
Avj-KziAv‡b `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖv‡qvwMK cš’v LyeB AvKl©Yxq I hyw³c~Y©fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G
m¤ú‡K© m~ivn Avb-bvn‡j ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, ادع إلى س يل ر ك بلكمة والموعظة ال ة وجادلم بلات هي أ A_©vr ÒZzwg †Zvgvi i‡ei c‡_ wnKgZ I my›`i إوا ر اك هو أعلم ب ضلا ع س يل وهو أعلم بلمه ي
Dc‡`‡ki gva¨‡g AvnŸvb Ki Ges my›`iZg cš’vq Zv‡`i mv‡_ weZK© Ki|Ó53
Dc‡i ewY©Z AvqvZwU we‡kølY Ki‡j wb†¤œ Av‡jvwPZ cš’vmg~‡ni cwiPq cvIqv hvq:
1. Avj-wnKgvn ev cÖÁv (الح مة) 2. Avj-gvIÔwqhvZzj nvmvbvn ev m`yc‡`k (المىعظةالحسنة)
3. Avj-gyRv`vjvn ev weZK©g~jK (المجادلة)
Avj-wnKgvn
ÔwnKgvnÕ GKwU e¨vcK A_©‡evaK kã| Gi A_©, ZË¡Ávb, weÁvb, Ávb, `k©b, cwibvg, wePÿYZv
BZ¨vw`|54
G kãwUi gyjavZz ح م Gi A_© Av‡`k Kiv, kvmb Kiv, wb‡la Kiv, weiZ ivLv, wewamg~n
cwiPvjbv Kiv, Av‡`k cÖeZ©b Kiv, gxgvsmv Kiv|55
G †_‡KB ح م kãwUi e¨envi evsjv fvlv‡ZI
i‡q‡Q| Aviex fvlvq ح م kãwU dvqmvjvKvix Ges wPwKrm‡Ki A‡_© e¨envi nq| wnKgZ kãwU
Kvh©KviY I inm¨ A‡_©I cvIqv hvq| †hgb, A_©vr kiÔC AvBb cÖPj‡bi Kvh©KviY evح مة ا ش يع
inm¨| g~jZ: ÔwnKgvnÕ Ggb GKwU e¨vcK A_©‡evaK ÔAviex cÖZ¨q, Ab¨ fvlvq hvi †Kvb mwVK
cÖwZkã cvIqv hvq bv|56
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn cÖPv‡i wnKgvn Aej¤^‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Zvrch©c~Y©| Z‡e
Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi Kvh©‡ÿÎ ev cwiwa †hgb e¨vcK, †Zgwb wnKg‡Zi cwiwaI e¨vcK| Z‡e
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
242
`vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î wnKg‡Zi K‡qKwU †g․wjK w`K i‡q‡Q| †hgb: (K) `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e©
wnKgvn, (L) `vÔIqvn-Gi welq wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn, (M) `vÔIqvn-Gi mgq wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î
wnKgvn, (N) `vÔIqvn-Gi ¯’vb I cwi‡ek wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn, (O) `vÔIqvn Dc¯’vcb I `vÔqxi
AvPi‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn| 57
`vÔIqv‡Zi cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e© wnKgvn ev cÖÁv
`vÔIqvn Øx‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn-Gi cÖ_g KvR n‡jv `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY| nVvr Av‡eM ekZ:
A‡bK wKQz Kiv hvq, eo ai‡bi wKQz NUv‡bv hvq wKsev Av‡e‡Mi †cÖwÿ‡Z †Zvocvo K‡i †`Iqv hvq
wKš‘ KvD‡K `vÔIqvZ †`qvi †ÿ‡Î `vÔqx‡K fvjfv‡e cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z `vÔIqvZ djcÖm~ nq|
ÔAvjøvn ZvÔqvjv Av`g (Av:) †K †d‡ikZv‡`i gy‡LvgyLx Kivi c~‡e© Zv‡K cÖ¯‘wZ ¯^iƒc me wKQzi Ávb
wkÿv w`‡qwQ‡jb| Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K bex I ivm~j‡K `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi KvR Kivi c~‡e© cÖ‡qvRbxq
cÖ¯‘wZi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb| nhiZ g~mv (Av:) †K wdivD‡bi `iev‡i `vÔIqvZ wb‡q hvIqvi wb‡©`k cÖ`vb
Ki‡j g~mv (Av:) `vÔIqvZ‡K djcÖm~ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ¯‘wZ ¯^iƒc Avjøvni `iev‡i cÖv_©bv K‡i e‡jb,
ر ل أمري وا لل عق ة م ل ان ي فقهوا ق ول ,A_©vr Ò†m ej‡jv, †n Avgvi ie قال رب ا ر ل ري وي
Avgvi eyK cÖk Í K‡i w`b| Avi Avgvi wRnevi RoZv `~i K‡i w`b| hv‡Z Zviv Avgvi K_v eyS‡Z
cv‡i| Avi Avgvi cwievi †_‡K Avgvi Rb¨ GKRb mvnvh¨Kvix wba©vwiZ K‡i w`b| Avgvi fvB
nviæb‡K|Ó58
me©‡kl bex I ivm~j gynv¤§` (mv:) †K `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi G gnvb Kv‡R bvgvi c~‡e© Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv
Zv‡K †niv ¸nvq `xN© 40 w`‡bi cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i †`b| Avevi Inx bvwh‡ji cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi †h
mg Í AvqvZ I myiv¸‡jv AeZxY© nq, Zv‡Z •aq©¨ aviY Kiv, iv‡Zi wKQz As‡k Bev`v‡Z gk¸j _vKv,
cweÎZv AR©b Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e©i KvR|
†gvUK_v `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K me©‡Zvfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z K‡i KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
`vÔIqv‡Zi welq wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn ev cÖÁv
`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi KvR‡K djcÖm~ Kivi †ÿ‡Î welq wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ LyeB Dc‡hvMx I cÖ‡qvRbxq
welq| Avj-KziAvb bvwh‡ji †cÖÿvcU I aiY †_‡K welqwU ¯úófv‡e eySv hvq| †hgb ZrKvjxb
Avi‡ei cÖavb mgm¨v wQj wkiK| ZvB cÖ_g hy‡M †h mg Í gv°x m~ivn AeZxY© nq †m¸‡jv‡Z gvbyl‡K
†c․ËwjKZv I wkiK †_‡K gy³ n‡q Avjøvni ÔBev`Z Kivi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbvb nq| cÖ_‡gB
ÔBev`v‡Zi Rb¨ ejv nqwb| KviY hviv Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i bv, Zv‡`i‡K Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi
ÔBev`v‡Zi `vÔIqvZ †`Iqv wnKgvZ bq| eis Zv‡`i mvg‡b Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^c‡ÿ cÖgvY
†ck KivB wnKgvn| gnvbex (mv:) Zuvi `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R Gfv‡e wnKgvn Aej¤^b Ki‡Zb| ZvB‡Zv
†`Lv hvq wZwb hLb nhiZ gyqvR (iv:) †K Bqv‡g‡bi Mfb©i K‡i cvVv‡jb ZLb Zv‡K `vÔIqv‡Z
Øx‡bi †h c×wZ wkÿv †`b Zv n‡jv: cÖ_‡g Zv‡`i‡K Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi GKZ¡ev` †g‡b wb‡Z AvnŸvb
Rvbv‡e| Zviv hw` GUv †g‡b †bq, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K hvKvZ cÖ`v‡bi Avnevb Rvbv‡e|59
Gfv‡e
Avjøvni ivm~j (mv:) mvnvex‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq gyû‡Z© `vÔIqv‡Zi welq wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡Zb|
`vÔIqv‡Zi mgq wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn ev cÖÁv
mgq wbe©vPb `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi wnKgv‡Zi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY| `vÔqx hw` gv`ÔDi gb-
gvbwmKZvi w`‡K bhi bv w`‡q †h †Kvb mgq `vÔIqvZ †`b Z‡e †m `vÔIqvZ Ai‡Y¨ †iv`b Qvov Avi
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
243
wKQyB bq| `vÔIqvZ‡K djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ mgq wbe©vPb K‡i `vÔqx‡K `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R AvÄvg w`‡Z
n‡e| mgq wbe©vP‡bi mgq wb‡¤œv³ wnKgZ¸‡jv Abymib Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
1. hw` gv`ÔD †Kvb Riæix Kv‡R e¨¯Í _v‡K Zvn‡j †m mgq `vÔIqvZ †`qv hv‡e bv| gv`ÔD hv‡Z
`vÔIqv‡Zi welqe ‘ g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡i †m mgq `vÔqxi wbR¯ cÖÁvi Øviv
Dcjwã Ki‡Z n‡e|60
2. gv`ÔDi wbKU Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© `vÔqxi mv‡_ Zvi AvšÍwiKZv I
cwiwPwZ m„wó Riæix| AcÖ¯‘Z Ae¯’vq nVvr K‡i `vÔIqvZ w`‡j †m `vÔIqvZ gv`ÔD MÖnY Ki‡ebv|
3. gv`ÔDi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi cÖ_‡gB `vÔIqv‡Zi welq Dc ’vcb bv Kiv| m¤úK© Mfxi Ges G‡K
Ac‡ii cÖwZ Av¯’vi m¤úK© I cwi‡ek m„wó n‡j `vÔIqvZ †ck Kiv|
4. `vÔIqvZ `v‡bi gZ cwi‡ek I my‡hvM Avm‡jB Zvi mبenvi Kiv| †hgb, nhiZ gymv (Av:) †K
hLb †divDb Rbmg‡ÿ †Lvjv gq`v‡b hv y cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z e‡jb, ZLb wZwb my‡hvM †c‡q `vÔIqvZ
w`‡q e‡mb|61
5. `vÔqxi Zvovûovi cÖeYZv cwiZ¨vM Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î wnKgZ n‡jv AZ¨šÍ axiw ’ifv‡e `vÔIqvZ
Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
6. mgmvgwqK mgm¨v, D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv I †cÖÿvcU m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vKv Ges `vÔIqvZ `v‡bi mgq
Zv Zz‡j aiv|
`vÔIqv‡Zi ¯’vb I cwi‡ek wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn ev cÖÁv
`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi Kv‡R ¯’vb I cwi‡ek wbe©vPb wnKgvni Awe‡”Q`¨ A½| ¯’vb I cwi‡e‡ki wfbœZvi
Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq †hgb cÖKv‡k¨ `vÔIqvZx KvR Ki‡Z nq| †Zgwb A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZx
KvR Kiv mg‡qi Awbevh© `vex| hw` cwiw ’wZ Ggb nq †h `vÔqx cÖKv‡k¨ Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i
`vÔIqvZ w`‡j cÖwZKzj cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡b Zv AsKz‡iB †kl n‡q hv‡e| GgbwK `vÔqxi AvZœiÿv Kiv
KwVb n‡q hv‡e, Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZx KvR KivB wnKgZ| GRb¨ ivm~j (mv:) cÖ_‡g
wZb eQi †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZx KvR K‡ib| AZ:ci cwi‡ek, cwiw¯’wZ I Ab~Kzj Ae¯’vq cÖKv‡k¨
`vÔIqvZx KvR ïiæ K‡ib| AZ:ci gnvbex (mv:) ch©vqµ‡g cÖ_g w`‡K wZwb cwievi I
wbKUvZœvq‡`i, Zvici wbR †MvÎ I m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK‡`i, AZ:ci wbR kni ev †`k Ges Zvici
mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ‡K `vÔIqvZ †`b|62
`vÔIqvn Dc¯’vcb I `vÔqxi AvPi‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn ev cÖÁv
wnKgvn e¨ZxZ `vÔIqvZx Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv wbZvšÍB wbeyw×Zv Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| GRb¨
`vÔIqvn Dc¯’vcb I `vÔqxi AvPi‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI wnKgvn Aej¤b Ki‡Z n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
cÖwZc‡ÿi åvšÍ aviYv‡K mb¥v‡bi mv‡_ LÛb Kiv :
`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wnKgZ n‡jv cÖwZc‡ÿi åvšÍ aviYv‡K mb¥v‡bi mv‡_ LÛb Kiv|
†Kbbv cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi wek^vm‡K mb¥v‡bi „wó‡Z †`‡L| ZvB `vÔqx hLb gv`ÔDi ev DwÏó e¨w³i
me‡P‡q wekv‡mi RvqMvq AvNvZ Ki‡e ZLb ¯vfvweK Kvi‡bB hZ g~j¨evb K_vB nDK bv †Kb
gv`ÔD ev DwÏó e¨w³ Zv MÖnb Ki‡ebv| nhiZ Beivnxg (Av:) ¯^xq wcZv‡K `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡bi mgq
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
244
G c×wZB Aej¤b K‡iwQ‡jb| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, وا ل عليهم ن إ راهيم إذ قال ف ونكم أو يضربوو ل ي وق وم ما وو قالوا ن أ اما ف ظلب لا عا ف قال هل ي م ونكم إذ عوو أو ي
A_©vr ÒAvi Zzwg Zv‡`i wbKU Beivnx‡gi NUbv eY©bv Ki| hLb †m Zvi wcZv I Zvi KIg‡K
e‡jwQj, Ô†Zvgiv wK‡mi ÔBev`vZ Ki ?Ó Zviv ej‡jv: ÔAvgiv g~wZ© c~Rv Kwi| AZ:ci G¸‡jvq
c~Rvq Avgiv wbôvi mv‡_ iZ _vwK| †m ej‡jv : hLb †Zvgiv WvK ZLb Zviv wK †Zvgv‡`i †m WvK
ïb‡Z cvq ? A_ev Zviv wK †Zvgv‡`i DcKvi wKsev ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i?Ó63
Dc‡iv³ Avqv‡Z †`Lv hvq, nhiZ Beivnxg (Av:) Zv‡`i c~Rbxq †`eZv‡`i Kzrmv I wb›`v bv K‡iB
K_v-evZ©vi GK ch©v‡q my‡K․k‡j åvšÍ aviYvi w`‡K `„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡jb| G ch©v‡q AviI KwZcq
cš’v Aej¤^b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv: †hgb,
K. my‡hvM ey‡S KvR Kiv : nhiZ BDmyd (Av:) KvivMv‡i K‡q`x‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡jb Ges
¯^‡cœi e¨vL¨v eY©bvi GK ch©v‡q Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i `vÔIqvZ Zz‡j ai‡jb|
L. cÖwZwU gyûZ© Kv‡R jvMv‡bv : nhiZ Beivnxg (Av:) Zuvi RvwZi Kv‡Q `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM
LyRwQ‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z hLbB †mB my‡hvMwU Avm‡jv ZLbB Zv‡`i Kv‡Q `vÔIqvZ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡jb|
M. Abymvix‡`i K_vq D‡ËwRZ bv nIqv : `vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri †Kvb ch©v‡q Abymvix‡`i K_vq D‡ËwRZ
bv n‡q •ah¨aviY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mvšÍbvi ¯‡i m¤¢vebvi K_v ej‡Z n‡e|
N. KwVb gyû‡Z©I Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi Dci Av¯’v AwePj ivLv : GKRb `vÔqx‡K `vIqvZx wR‡›`Mxi
KwVb gyû‡Z©I Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi Dci AwePj Av¯’vi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| bex (Av:)-†`i Rxe‡b G
ai‡bi eû cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
O. †hvM¨ DËivwaKvi •Zix Kiv : `vÔqx‡K `vÔIqv‡Zi KvR mPj ivLvi Rb¨ †hvM¨ DËivwaKvi •Zix
Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv `vÔqxi g„Zz¨i ci `vÔIqvZx KvR †hb eÜ bv nq eis Zv †hb hyM hyM a‡i Pj‡Z
_v‡K|
P. cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZx KvR Kiv : A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq `vÔqxi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZ †c․uQv‡bv
m¤¢e nq bv| †m †ÿ‡Î wb‡R bv wM‡q cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g KvR Ki‡j †ekx djcÖm~ nq| G Rb¨
`vÔqx‡K †jvK •Zixi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZx KvR mPj ivLvi Rb¨ †hvM¨ cÖwZwbwa •Zix Ki‡Z n‡e|
Q. mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I cÖhyw³i e¨envi : mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ A¯xKvi K‡i `vÔIqvZ w`‡j †m
`vIÔqvZ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î djcÖm~ nq bv| †mRb¨ A‣bmjvwgK bv n‡j mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I AvaywbK
cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i `vÔIqvZ w`‡Z n‡e| gnvbex (mv:)-Gi Rxe‡b G ai‡bi eû cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|64
Avj-gvIÔwqhvZzj nvmvbvn
gvDÔwqhv kãwU ÔAviex (وعظ) †_‡K DrmvwiZ| GUv AvwfavwbK w`K w`‡q wewfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq|
h_v : ZvhKxi ev ¯§iY Kiv‡bv,65
bmxn‡Zi my‡i ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`Iqv,66
†bK Kv‡Ri Av‡`k †`Iqv,
fxwZ cÖ`k©b Kiv,67
g½jRbK wel‡q ¯§iY Kiv‡bv,68
BZ¨vw`| Avi ÔAvj-nvmvbvnÕ A_© fvj, my›`i,
gvayh©gwÛZ| Avj-gvDÔwqhvZzj nvmvbvi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q ÔAvjøvgv evqhvfx (i:) e‡jb : الدوعظة الحسلة A_©vr ÒgvDÔwqhvZzj nvmvbv n‡jv, Zzwóe¨vÄK e³…Zvgvjv I DcKvix ev الخطابات الد لعة وا عبر ا لا عة
Kvh©Kix wkÿYxq I „óvšÍg~jK welqmg~n|Ó69
gvIÔwqhv welqwU nvmvbv nIqvi Rb¨ Zvi welqe ‘
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
245
cÖ‡qv‡Mi ai‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z g~jbxwZmg~n wb¤œiƒc: wnKgZ Aej¤^b, `vÔCi AvšÍwiKZv, åvZ…Z¡,
†m․nv`¨ I fvjevmv D‡ØwjZKiY, eÜzZ¡c~Y© big e¨envi, mvejxj fvlv e¨envi, kvšÍ-wkó I axiw ’‡i
gvDÔwqhvn Dc¯’vcb, IqvR‡K ZvKIqvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³KiY, K_v I Kv‡R wgj _vKv, Drmvn `vb I
fxwZ cÖ`k©b, Bn-cvi‡j․wKK Dfq ¯^v_©‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Dc¯’vcb, Avj-KziAvb I ivm~j (mv:)-Gi
evYx e¨envi, IqvÔ‡Ri welqe ‘‡K mgmvgwqK Rxeb-hvÎvi mv‡_ m¤ú„ËKiY, mZ¨vkÖqx I ev Íeev`x
nIqv, Bmjvgx g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ „wó ivLv, fve-e¨Äb‣kwj‡Z •ewPÎ Avbqb, kã I kixi wbqš¿Y,
Iqv‡Ri gvÎvq wg_¨vPvi eR©b BZ¨vw`|70
Avjøvgv Avjymx (i:)71
Gi g‡Z gvDÔwqhvn n‡jv, †Kvb e¨w³‡K ciKv‡j cv‡ci kvw¯Í wKsev c~‡Y¨i
cÖwZ`vb m¤ú‡K© Ggb Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡Z Zvi ü`q weMwjZ nq| †gvUK_v gvIÔwqhv‡h nvmvbvn
ej‡Z eySvq, KvD‡K mZ¨ I Kj¨vYg~jK Ges Bmjv‡gi „wó‡Z AevwÂZ I wZi¯‥vi‡hvM¨ wel‡qi
cwiYvg m¤ú‡K© fxwZ cÖ`k©b Kiv Ges bmxnZ Kiv hv‡Z ü`q weMwjZ nq Ges mrKv‡R DØy× K‡i|
G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q: عللاها و ال ما بق ي يقها و ا خلفها و وعظة لم لله A_©vr ÒAvwg
G‡K wkÿYxq welq wnmv‡e wba©viY K‡iwQ, †m mg‡qi Ges ZrcieZx© Rbc`mg~‡ni Rb¨ Ges
gyËvKx‡`i Rb¨ Dc‡`kÓ|72
gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ mg~n
gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn Kv‡`i †ÿ‡Î Kiv hv‡e, G wel‡q Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe`M‡Yi g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
gZcv_©K¨ wb¤œiƒc: cÖ_gZ: mgv‡R hviv mvaviY †kÖYxi gvbyl, Mv‡dj-Ag‡bv‡hvMx, ZË K_v †Zgb
ey‡S bv, Avi Z‡K©I †Zgb †SvK †bB| Zv‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v GL‡bv ¯vfvweK| eis Rxeb I
RM‡Z we`¨gvb e¯‘Zvwš¿K welq¸‡jv Zviv †ekx Dcjw× Ki‡Z mÿg, G †kÖYxi †jvK‡`i‡K gvIÔwqhv
nvmvbvn Øviv `vÔIqvZ w`‡Z n‡e| Avi hviv ZË¡K_v ey‡S Z_v hviv Ávbx-¸Yx, Zv‡`i‡K ZË¡K_v Øviv
Ges hviv ZK©wcÖq Zv‡`i‡K DËg cš’vq hyw³ Z‡K©i gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZ w`‡Z n‡e| Bgvg ivhx,
wbhvgyÏxb wbkvcyix, Avjøvgv Avjymx cÖgyL gydvmwmi G gZwUB †cvlY K‡ib|73
wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G
gZvgZwU h_vh_ bq| KviY hviv Ávbx-¸Yx Zv‡`i Av‡eM Abyf~wZ Av‡Q| hviv Z‡K© AvMÖnx Zv‡`i H
gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`K ïb¨ bq| gvby‡li Rxe‡b Av‡jvob m„wóKvix welq Ávb bq eis Av‡eM| ZvB Ávbx I
Z‡K© wjß e¨w³‡`i‡KI gvIÔwqhv Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi Øviv Zviv ms‡kvwaZ n‡eb| A‡bK mgq hyw³‡Z
nvi‡j gvbyl cÖwZ c‡ÿi gZ me©všÍKi‡Y MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv| †m †ÿ‡Î gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvn Kiv n‡j
†m Zv MÖnb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ ÔDjvgv‡q †Kivg weZ‡K©i mgq AZ¨šÍ kw³kvjx hyw³ cÖ`k©b
K‡i cÖwZcÿ‡K Rã K‡i cwi‡k‡l Iqvh K‡ib| AZGe gvDÔwqhv GKwU me©e¨vcx `vÔIqvZx cš’v|
wØZxqZ: G gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn wK ïay gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨, bv Agymwjg‡`i‡KI Zv Kiv hv‡e, G wb‡q
gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
K. cÖ_g `‡ji g‡Z gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvn ïay gymwjg‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q, ¨A_©vr ÒGB n‡jv gvby‡li Rb¨ eY©bv, Avi gyËvKx‡`i Rb هذا ياو لل ااس وه ى وموعظة للم اق
wn`v‡qZ I Dc‡`k evYxÓ|74
GLv‡b cÖ_‡g (ا لللهاس) gvbyl e‡j ÔAvgÕ (e¨vcK) aviYv w`‡q gvDÔwqhv‡K
gyËvKx‡`i Rb¨ Lvm (wbw ©ó) Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔAvjøvgv hv¾vRmn A‡b‡KB G gZ †cvlb K‡ib|
L. Rgûi Ijvgvi g‡Z gymwjg I Agymwjg wbwe©‡k‡l gvDÔwqhv Kiv hv‡e| Avi Dc‡iv³ Avqv‡Z
gyËvKx ej‡Z RvwZi gyËvKx (الد ون ول ا ة) †jvK‡`i eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avm‡j cÖwZwU gvby‡li AšÍ‡i
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
246
m„wóKZ©vi fq †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e wKQz bv wKQz we`¨gvb| Avi †h hZ †ekx gyËvKx gvDÔwqhv Zvi
†ÿ‡Î †ekx Kvh©Ki| Gi A_© G bq †h, Agymwjg‡`i Rb¨ gvDÔwqhv Kiv hv‡e bv| eis Avj-KziAv‡b
G‡m‡Q, c~e©hy‡Mi `vÔqxMY wbR m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK‡`i e¨vcKfv‡e gvIÔwqhv K‡i‡Qb| Zviv Cgvb
AvbyK ev bv AvbyK| †hgb c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, mv‡jn (Av:)-Gi KIg Zuv‡K e‡jwQj: Zzwg
Avgv‡`i IqvR Ki Avi bv Ki DfqB mgvb|
eqm I c` gh©v`v we‡ePbvi †ÿÎ
gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn-Gi †ÿ‡Î eqm I c` gh©v`vi welqwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| whwb gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn
Ki‡eb Zvi eqm I c` gh©v`v Ges hv‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ gvDÔwqhv Ki‡eb, Zv‡`i eqm I c` gh©v`vi
Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…wZ wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvni †ÿ‡Î `vÔqxi eqm I c` gh©v`v Kg
n‡j `vÔqx‡K civg‡k©i my‡i gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvn cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvn cÖ‡qvM
Kivi †ÿ‡Î bvix, cyiæl, wkï, evjK, hyeK, e„×, kÖwgK, PvKixRxex, AvBbRxex, kvmK †kÖYx mK‡jB
Dc‡hvMx I Kvh©Ki| Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn Z_v ü`q wbsov‡bv fvjevmv I
`i` fiv gb w`‡q wKQz ej‡j gv`ÔDi g‡b Zv Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i, Abyf~wZ‡Z bvov †`q| ü`q RM‡Z
Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i| Avi hyw³i wcQ‡b ü`‡q H bvov †`Iqvi KvRwU K‡i gvDÔwqhv| †Kvb e¨w³
hyw³‡Z †n‡i †M‡jI mn‡R Bmjvg Keyj K‡i bv| wKš‘ Gi cvkv cvwk hw` gvIÔwqhv Øviv Zvi ü`‡q
bvov †`Iqv hvq| ZLb Zvi †evwai `iRv †f‡½ hvq, Ly‡j hvq AšÍ‡ii myß †KvVi, †ei n‡q Av‡m
AšÍ‡ii †Mvcb K_v, †R‡M D‡V Zvi wdZivZ| Avi Gfv‡eB †m mn‡RB Bmjvg Keyj K‡i e‡m|
Avi G gvIÔwqhvi Øviv `vÔC I gv`ÔDi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© m„wó nq| Zviv Df‡q G‡K Aci‡K Avcb
fve‡Z _v‡K| m„wó nq eÜzZ¡ I fvjevmv| Gfv‡e hy‡M hy‡M Bmjvg ªæZ I †ekx cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q|
ZvB AvRI G gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvi cš’v h_vh_ fv‡e Aej¤b Ki‡j `vÔC mdjKvg n‡Z cv‡ib e‡j
Avkv Kiv hvq|75
(M) Avj-gyRv`vjvn ev weZK©g~jK welq
gyRv`vjvn A_© cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv Ges hyw³ cÖgv‡Yi gva¨‡g weZK©g~jK gZ wewbgq Kiv| `vÔIqvZ
cÖPv‡ii GwU GKwU Dcv‡`q c×wZ| G c×wZ Aej¤^‡b Rb¨ Avj-KziAv‡b mivmwi wb‡ ©k cÖ`vb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv e‡jb, ول تاد وا أهل ا اب إللله با للهت هي أحس A_©vr Ò†Zvgiv DËg
cš’v e¨ZxZ Avn‡j wKZve‡`i mv‡_ weZK© Ki‡ebv|Ó76
Avj-KziAv‡bi Dc‡iv³ fvl¨vbyhvqx
gyhv`vjvn n‡jv Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi GKwU Ab¨Zg c×wZ| wb‡¤œ G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
ÔAviex لراد ة kãwU ج ل g~jkã †_‡K DrcwË n‡q‡Q| ج ل k‡ãi A_© n‡jv, cvKv‡bv, k³ nIqv,
SMov-weev` Kiv I ZK©-weZ‡K© Rqx nIqv BZ¨vw`| eyrcwËMZ A‡_© gyRv`vjvn n‡jv, ci¯úi SMov-
weev` Kiv, Z‡K© wjß nIqv BZ¨vw`|77
Z‡e ZK© kv‡ ¿i cwifvlvq gyhv`vjvn kãwUi A_© eY©bvq
we‡klÁMY wewfbœ AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|
K. wewkó Rv`j we‡klÁ I wPwKrmv weÁvbx Beb wmbvi78
g‡Z, gyhv`vjvn n‡jv AwaKvs‡ki wbKU
MÖnb‡hvM¨ ci¯úi we‡ivaxZvi c×wZ hvi g‡a¨ cÖwZcÿ‡K Nv‡qj Kivi kw³ AšÍwb©wnZ _v‡K|79
L. Avjøvgv RyiRvbxi80
g‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ Zvi wbR¯ gZev`‡K AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv Ges e¨vL¨v
†`Iqvi Rb¨ A‡hvM¨Zv I AcviMZv‡K cÖKvk Kiv Ges cÖwZc‡ÿi g‡Zi AmviZv Zz‡j aiv nq|81
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
247
Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Z gyhv`vjvn (weZK©g~jK welq) cÖ‡qv‡Mi bxwZgvjv
c„w_ex‡Z gvbe mf¨Zvi m~PbvKvj †_‡KB gyhv`vjvi m~ÎcvZ| Av`g (Av:) †K m„wó Kivi cÖvi‡¤¢B
†d‡ikZv‡`i mv‡_ Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi gyhv`vjvn nq| Av`g (Av:) †K †mR`v Kiv wb‡qI Bewjm
Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ gyhv`vjvn K‡i| gvbe RvwZ‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi Rb¨ Avjøvn iveŸyj
ÔAvjvgxb hy‡M hy‡M AmsL¨ bex I ivm~j †cÖiY K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K bexi Zuv‡`i D¤§‡ZiI gyhv`vjvn nq|
bex I ivm~jMY gyhv`vjvi †ÿ‡Î Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv wb‡`©wkZ cš’v AbymiY Ki‡Zb| †gvUK_v `vÔIqv‡Z
Øx‡bi KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j gyhv`vjvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡eB| wKš‘ gyhv`vjvn †_‡K BwZevPK djvdj cvIqvi
Rb¨ `vÔqx‡K gyhv`vjvi gyjbxwZ m¤ú‡K© we‡kl Ávb ivL‡Z n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡jv:-
Øxb‡K weRqx Kivi j‡ÿ¨ gyhv`vjvn (weZK©g~jK welq)
Avjøvn iveŸyj ÔAvjvgxb Øxb‡K weRqx Kivi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M AmsL¨ bex I ivm~j †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| G
m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, هو ا للهذي أرسل رسو بالذ ى ودي الحق ظه على ا ي ول و و و A_©vr ÒwZwbB Zvui ivm~j‡K wn`vqvZ I mZ¨Øxb w`‡q †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z wZwb mKj Øx‡bi ا مش وون
Dci Zv weRqx K‡i †`b| hw`I gykwiKiv Zv AcQ›` K‡iÓ|82
ZvB `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi mvgwMÖK KvR
Z_v gyhv`vjvi g~j jÿ¨ n‡Z n‡e Bmjvg‡K Ab¨vb¨ mKj gZ I c‡_i Dci weRqx Kiv| `vÔqx‡K
gyhv`vjvn Kivi c~‡e© Bmjvg‡K weRqx Kivi e¨vcv‡i `„pmsKíe× n‡Z n‡e Ges Z`vbymv‡i cwiKíbv
gvwdK AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ `vÔqx hw` m‡Pó _v‡K Zvn‡j gyhv`vjvi gva¨‡g Bmjvg‡K weRqx
Kiv A‡bKUv mnR n‡e|
Dccv`¨ wel‡q ch©vß Ávb I `jxj cÖgvYmn gyhv`vjvn (weZK©) Kiv
†h wel‡q `vÔqxi ch©vß Ávb †bB, †m wel‡q Zvi Z‡K© wjß nIqv DwPZ bq| KviY ch©vß `jxj
cÖgv‡Yi Afv‡e GgbI n‡Z cv‡i, PzovšÍ gyhv`vjvq evwZj cš’xiv weRqx n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z
Bmjv‡gi †h ÿwZi AvksKv i‡q‡Q Zv‡Z gyhv`vjvn bv Ki‡jI †Kvb ÿwZ †bB| G Kvi‡b `vÔqxi
Rb¨ Dccv`¨ wel‡q ch©vß Ávb e¨ZxZ weZ‡K© wjß nIqv DwPZ bq| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q, يقعلم وأوق م ل قعلمون A_©vr ها أوق م ه ل حاج م ما م ب علم لم اججون ما م ب علم واالله
Òmveavb! †Zvgiv †Zv †mme †jvK, weZK© Ki‡j Ggb wel‡q, hvi Ávb †Zvgv‡`i i‡q‡Q| Z‡e †Kb
†Zvgiv weZK© Ki‡Qv †m wel‡q hvi Ávb †Zvgv‡`i †bB ? Avm‡j Avjøvn Rv‡bb Ges †Zvgiv Rvb
bv|Ó 83
†KŠk‡j cÖwZc‡ÿi gyL w`‡qB Zvi `~e©j w`K †ei Kiv‡bv
†K․kj e¨ZxZ gyhv`vjvq Rqx nIqv KwVb| `vÔqxi gyhv`vjvq `vÔIqv‡Z Øxb‡K weRqx Kivi Rb¨
GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †K․kj n‡jv †h †Kvb fv‡eB cÖwZc‡ÿi gyL w`‡qB Zvi `~e©j w`K †ei Kiv‡Z n‡e|
†hgb Avj-KziAv‡bi eY©bv †_‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| nhiZ Beivnxg (Av:) Zuvi RvwZi †jvK‡`i
gyL w`‡qB g~wZ© c~Rvi AmviZv ¯^xKvi Kwi‡q wb‡qwQ‡jb| †hgb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, إذ قال لأبفعوو م أو يض جون قا وا بل وج ن وققو ا قع ون قا وا وقع أصلا ا قلظلج لذا عاوف قال هل يسمعوو م إذ عون أو يقلق |A_©vr ÒhLb †m Zvui wcZv I Zvi KIg‡K e‡jwQj, Ô†Zvgiv wK‡mi ÔBev`vZ Ki با ن وذ يقفعلون
Zviv ej‡jv, Avgiv g~wZ©i c~Rv Kwi| AZ:ci G ¸‡jvq c~Rvq Avgiv wbôvi mv‡_ iZ _vwK| †m
ej‡jv: hLb †Zvgiv WvK ZLb Zviv wK †Zvgv‡`i †m WvK ïb‡Z cvq ? A_ev Zviv wK †Zvgv‡`i
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
248
DcKvi wKsev ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i? Zviv ej‡jv: eis Avgiv Avgv‡`i wcZ…cyiæl‡`i GiƒcB Ki‡Z
†c‡qwQ|Ó84
cÖwZc‡ÿi wekv‡m AvNvZ bv Kiv
gyhv`vjvn Kivi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB cÖwZc‡ÿi wekv‡m AvNvZ Kiv hv‡e bv| KviY cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B
Zvi gZvgZ‡K mwVK e‡j g‡b K‡i| myZivs †KD Zvi wek^v‡m AvNvvZ KiæK GUv Zvi Kv‡Q A‡bK
cxov`vqK I weiw³Ki| GgZve¯’vq Zvi f~j ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ hZ hyw³-cÖgvY Dc¯’vcb †nvK bv
†Kb? †m wKQz‡ZB `vÔqxi gZ‡K mg_©b Ki‡e bv| GRb¨ †K․kj I hyw³c~Y© fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
†Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB D‡ËwRZ bv nIqv
`vÔqx‡K `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB D‡ËwRZ nIqv hv‡e bv| evwZj †h †Kvbfv‡e
`vÔqx‡K D‡ËwRZ Ki‡Z cvi‡jB mdj| Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv hyy‡M hy‡M †h mg Í bex I ivm~j †cÖiY
K‡i‡Qb Zviv we‡ ªvnx †jvK‡`i Pig we‡ivwaZv, AZ¨vPvi, D¯‥vwb m‡Z¡I D‡ËwRZ n‡Zb bv| g~mv
(Av:)-Gi `vÔIqvZ †c‡ki NUbvq wdivDb gymv (Av:)-†K evievi cÖk œ K‡i D‡ËwRZ Kivi †Póv
K‡i| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : قال عون و ا ربج ا عا م قال ربج ا سللهماوات والأرض و ا م وقل قال م حو أل س معون قال ربج م وربج بائ م الأولله قال إنلله رسو م ا للهذي أرسل إ م لقهما إن ولق بق ق
م قع لون لقهما إن ولق A_©vr ÒwdiAvDb ej‡jv, m„wóKz‡ji ie †K? gymv م لون قال ربج ا مش وا م ب و ا بق ق
ej‡jv, (Avjøvn) Avmgvbmg~n I hgxb Ges GZ‡`vf‡qi ga¨eZx© mewKQzi ie, hw` †Zvgiv wbwðr
wek^vmx n‡q _vK| wdiÔAvDb Zvi Avkcv‡k hviv wQj Zv‡`i ej‡jv, †Zvgiv wK g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i
ïb‡Qv bv ? g~mv ej‡jv, wZwb †Zvgv‡`i ie Ges †Zvgv‡`i wcZ…cyiæl‡`i ie| wdiÔAvDb ej‡jv,
Ô†Zvgv‡`i Kv‡Q †cÖwiZ †Zvgv‡`i GB ivm~j wbðqB cvMj|Õ g~mv ej‡jv, ÔwZwb c~e© I cwðg Ges
GZ‡`vf‡qi ga¨eZ©x mewKQzi ie, hw` †Zvgiv ey‡S _vK|Ó85
DwÏó e¨w³i g‡b mwVK wPšÍvi exR ecb
`vÔqxi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡jv gv`ÔDi g‡b mwVK wPšÍvi exR ecb| GKRb †P․Km `vÔqx G KvRwU
AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi mv‡_ Ki‡Z cv‡i| mKj bex (Av:) Ges n‡Ki AvnŸvb Kvix‡`i hyw³-c×wZi •ewkó¨
wQj, Zviv †Kej hyw³-cÖgvY †ck K‡iB ÿ¨všÍ n‡Zb bv| eis gv`ÔDi g‡b `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi AvnŸvb
K‡i Zv `jxj cÖgvbmn Dc¯’vc‡bi †hvM¨Zv m„wó Ki‡Zb| e¨w³MZ Ges mgwóMZ Rxe‡b †h me©vZœK
wecø‡ei AvnŸvb wb‡q Bmjv‡gi AvMgb hZÿb gvby‡li wPšÍvMZ Ges gZv`k©MZ †hvM¨Zv‡K c~Y©iƒ‡c
RvMÖZ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡e, ZZÿb GB AvnŸvb ¯’vqx wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖwZev`g~jK cš’v I hyw³nxb weZK© cwiZ¨vM
`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi AvnŸvbKvix‡`i hyw³-c×wZi Av‡iKwU •ewkó n‡”Q `vÔqx hyw³ I Reve `v‡bi †ÿ‡Î
cÖwZev`g ~jK cš’v KLbB MÖnY Ki‡e bv| †hLv‡b †Kvb a‡g©i †jvK Bmjv‡gi †Kvb wel‡qi Dci
AvcwË DÌvcb K‡i, mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgv‡`i `vÔqxMY wbR a‡g©i ¯^c‡ÿ DÌvwcZ AvcwËi cÖwZev`
K‡ib| Avgv‡`i ZvwK©K Ges `vk©wbKMY G ai‡Yi cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i g‡b K‡ib, Zviv Bmjvg‡K
Awf‡hv‡Mi nvZ †_‡K euvwP‡q w`‡q‡Qb| gyjZ: G ai‡bi Reve bxwZMZfv‡e f~j| A‡b¨i †Kvb
åvwšÍi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i †Kvb åvwšÍ m‡Z¨ cwiYZ nIqv †Zv `~‡ii K_v Avgv‡`i †Kvb m‡Z¨i mZ¨
nIqvUv m‡›`nhy³ n‡q hvq| G cš’vq hyw³ †ck K‡i hw` †Kvb dvq`v cvIqv hvq| Zvn‡j ïay
GZUzKz †h Awf‡hvM ev cÖwZev`Kvixi gyL eÜ K‡i †`Iqv hvq Ges Gi Øviv Avgv‡`i AnsKvix gb
mvšÍbv jvf K‡i| `vÔqx‡K cÖwZev`g~jK cš’v ev` w`‡q wb‡Ri g‡Zi ¯^c‡ÿ kw³kvjx hyw³ Zz‡j
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
249
ai‡Z n‡e| DwÏó e¨w³ hw` mZ¨v‡šlx nq Zvn‡j Zvi mv‡_ gyhv`vjvn K‡i GKwU BwZevPK dj
cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zvi hw` evwZj‡K AvK‡o aivi g‡bve„wË _v‡K, evi evi ey‡SI bv eySvi fvb
K‡i mZ¨‡K A¯xKvi Ki‡Z _v‡K, †Kvb cÖwZwôZ hyw³ bv gv‡b, Z‡e Zvi mv‡_ gyhv`vjvn Kiv m¤ú~Y©
e„_v| Giƒc gvbwmKZv m¤úbœ e¨w³i mv‡_ gyhv`vjvn Kiv m¤ú~Y© e„_v| GRb¨ `vÔqx‡K hyw³nxb weZK©
me©`v cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q: وع اد ا للهح ا للهذي يمشون على الأرض A_©vr ÒAvi ingv‡bi ev›`v ZvivB hviv c„w_ex‡Z b¤ªfv‡e Pjv‡div هون وإذا خاط قهم الجاهلون قا وا س ا
K‡i Ges AÁ †jv‡Kiv hLb Zv‡`i‡K weZK© K‡i ZLb Zviv e‡j ÔmvjvgÕ|Ó86
DwÏó e¨w³i AvZ¥m¤§v‡b AvNvZ bv Kiv
DwÏó e¨w³i AvZ¥m¤§vb iÿv Kiv gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) GKwU Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨| AšÍZ:c‡ÿ `vÔIqv‡Z
Øx‡bi `vÔqxi †ÿ‡Î welqwU Aek¨B cvjbxq| Ab¨_vq Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgxb †h m‡ev©Ëg cš’vq
gyhv`vjvn Kivi e¨cv‡i kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ¨ AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb, Zv cvjb Kiv n‡jv bv| cÖwZcÿ‡K
Mvwj †`Iqv, VvÆv-we`ªæc Kiv, KUzw³ Kiv, †nq cÖwZcbœ Kiv, nxb mve¨¯Í Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z
n‡e| KviY Gm‡ei gva¨‡g `vÔqxi mv‡_ gv`ÔDi m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ NUvi mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
GgZve¯’vq `vÔqx hZ g~j¨evb K_vB ejyK bv †Kb, hZ AKvU¨ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb KiæK bv †Kb gv`ÔD Zv
KLbI MÖnY Ki‡e bv| Ggwb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †dZbv-dvmv` m„wó nIqvi mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G m¤ú‡K©
Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv e‡jb, ول س جوا ا للهذي ي عون دون االله ق س جوا االله ع وا ب علم وذ زيقللهلللها ل أ للهة عملهم A_©vr
ÒAvi †Zvgiv Zv‡`i‡K Mvjg›` K‡iv bv, Avjøvn Qvov hv‡`i‡K Zviv Wv‡K, d‡j Zviv Mvjg›` Ki‡e
Avjøvn‡K, Avi kÎæZv †cvlY Ki‡e AÁZvekZ:| Gfv‡eB Avwg cÖ‡Z¨K D¤§‡Zi Rb¨ Zv‡`i Kg©‡K
my‡kvwfZ K‡i w`‡qwQ|Ó87
fvimvg¨ iÿv I ¯we‡ivax K_v bv ejv
gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) †ÿ‡Î `vÔqxi Ab¨Zg KZ©e¨ n‡jv K_vevZ©vq fvimvg¨ I wgZe¨wqZv Aej¤^b
Ges `xN©m~wÎZv cwinvi Kiv| G‡Z K_vev_©v G‡jv‡g‡j n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZcÿ I †kÖvZvi gv‡S
weiw³i D‡`ªK n‡Z cv‡i| Avi K_v `xN© n‡j Zv‡Z f~j nIqvi m¤¢vebvI †ekx| Ggb K_v `vÔqx
KZ©„K D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i hÏviv gyhv`vjvq cÖwZcÿ myweav †c‡q hv‡e| Avevi K_vevZ©vq AwZ gvÎvq
mswÿßZvI cwiZvR¨| G‡Z g~j welqe ‘ cÖwZcÿ Abyaveb Ki‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y gyRv`vjvq
AevwÂZ I AcÖvmw½K Av‡jvPbv ¯’vb †c‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z fvimvg¨c~Y© Ae¯’v Aej¤bB
wnKgZc~Y©| Avj-KziAv‡b ga¨gcš’v Aej¤^b Kivi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : ول تعل ي ك A_©vr ÒAvi Zzwg †Zvgvi nvZ Kuv‡a Ave× †i‡Lv bv لو ة إل عل ول ق سطها وللله ا سط ق ق ع لو ا لزسورا
Ges Zv cy‡ivcywi cÖmvwiZ K‡iv bv, Zvn‡j Zzwg wbw›`Z I wb:¯ n‡q e‡m co‡e|Ó88
PzovšÍ wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQvi AvcÖvY †Póv Kiv
gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) †ÿ‡Î `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi `vÔqx‡K AZ¨šÍ my²`kx© n‡Z n‡e| gyhv`vjvq (weZ‡K©i)
GKwU BwZevPK djvdjB `vÔqxi D‡Ïk¨| A‡nZzK evK-weZÛv ev cÖwZcÿ‡K Nv‡qj Kivi †Póv Kiv
mg‡qi AcPq Qvov wKQzB bq| A_©nxb I D‡Ïk¨nxb Av‡jvPbvq mgq †ÿcb Kiv `vÔqxi DwPZ bq|
gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) mgq c‡ÿ, wec‡ÿ wewfbœ Av‡jvPbv I ch©v‡jvPbv, AbymÜvb I we‡ePbv K‡i
GK ch©v‡q wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Qv‡Z n‡e| GUvB `vÔqxi cÖK…Z mdjZv| wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Q‡Z bv cvi‡j kZ
Av‡jvPbv K‡iI †Kvb djvdj cvIqv hv‡e bv| my² `„wófw½ I wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Qvi ÿgZv `vÔqx‡K
`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi KvswLZ jÿ¨ AR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avi `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi e¨vcv‡i m~ÿè „wóf½xi Rb¨
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
250
cÖ‡qvRb G wel‡q h_v_© Ávb| GRb¨ gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb Ggb GK`j wePÿY I
Ávbx e¨w³ hviv wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Q‡Z cv‡i|
Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ
hy‡M hy‡M bex (Av:) MY Zv‡`i `vÔIqvZx Kvh©µ‡g †h ixwZ-bxwZ I cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb †mUvB
Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ| Avgv‡`i gnvbex I (mv:) Zvui Aejw¤Z †h cš’vi gva¨‡g gvby‡li `yqv‡i
`yqv‡i Bmjv‡gi `vÔIqvZ †cu․wQ‡q‡Qb †mUvB Bmjv‡gi wPivqZ `vÔIqvZx c×wZ| Z‡e bex (Av:)
MY Zv‡`i wbR¯ c×wZ‡Z `vÔIqvZ w`‡jI mK‡ji `vÔIqv‡Zi g‡a¨ HK¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wb‡¤œ G
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv :
`vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î hyM I †cÖÿvcU we‡ePbv
`vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi wbqg n‡jv wZwb hLbB †Kvb mgq, †Kvb Rbc‡`, †Kvb bex
cvwV‡q‡Qb, wZwb Zv‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i Zv‡`i fvlv-fvlx K‡i cvwV‡q‡Qb| whwb Zv‡`i K_vevZ©v,
AvPvi-AvPiY, mvgvwRK cÖ_v, HwZn¨ Abyaveb I g~j¨vqb K‡i Zv‡`i mvg‡b K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib Ges
Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv cÖ`Ë Rxeb weavb Zv‡`i‡K eySv‡Z mÿg nb| G g‡g© Avj-KziAv‡b Bikv` n‡q‡Q :
لذم A_©vr ÒAvwg cÖ‡Z¨K ivm~j‡KB Zv‡`i ¯^RvwZi fvlvfvlx K‡i و ا أرسللا رسول إللله بلسان ققو ق ق
†cÖiY K‡iwQ, †hb Zv‡`i‡K my¯úóiƒ‡c eySv‡Z cv‡i|Ó89
†gvUK_v cÖ‡Z¨K bex (Av:) Zv‡`i ¯^RvwZi
Rxeb cÖYvjx I mgmvgwqK cwiw¯’wZ Abyaveb K‡iB `vÔIqvZx Kg©m~Px MÖnY Ki‡Zb| Avi †mfv‡e
Øx‡b Bjvnxi Av‡jv‡K gvby‡li Rxe‡b weK…Z Ae¯’vw`i ms‡kvabx Avb‡Zb|
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvZ Avg (me©mvavi‡Yi)
Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi mve©Rbxb bxwZ n‡jv, G `vÔIqvZ we‡k^i mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| gyjZ: bex-
ivm~jMY mvaviYfv‡e mKj gvbyl‡K Avjøvni AbyMÖn I †bÔqvgZ mg~‡ni K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q
GKZ¡ev‡`i AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, أيقجها ا لللهاس اع وا ربلله م ا للهذي خل م وا للهذي قق ل م عللله م ق قلله ون ا للهذي جعل م الأرض اشا وا سللهما بلا وأوقزل ا سللهما ا أخ ج ب
A_©vr Ò†n gvbe gÛjx, †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i i‡ei ÔBev`vZ ا لللهم ات رزقا م تعلوا الله أو ادا وأوق م قعلمون
Ki, whwb m„wó K‡i‡Qb †Zvgv‡`i‡K Ges †Zvgv‡`i cy‡e© hviv wQj Zv‡`i‡K, hv‡Z †Zvgiv ZvKIqv
Aej¤^b Ki| whwb †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ hgxb‡K K‡i‡Qb weQvbv, Avmgvb‡K Qv`, Ges Avmgvb †_‡K
bvwhj K‡i‡Qb e„wó| AZ:ci Zvui gva¨‡g Drcbœ K‡i‡Qb dj-djvw`, †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ wihK ¯iƒc|
myZivs †Zvgiv †R‡b ï‡b Avjøvni Rb¨ mgKÿ wba©viY K‡iv bv|Ó 90
mgmvgwqK †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³‡`i m‡¤vab
Avj-KziAv‡bi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi, bex I ivm~jMY me©cÖ_g RvwZi cÖfvekvjx e¨w³‡`i
GKZ¡ev` MÖn‡Yi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| cÖfvekvjx e¨w³‡`i m‡¤vab Kivi KviY n‡jv mgv‡Ri mvaviY
gvbyl Ávb, Kg©, PwiÎ I •bwZKZvi †ÿ‡Î cÖfvekvjx e¨w³‡`i AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| mgvR ev iv‡óªi
`vwqZ¡kxj e¨w³MY hw` `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi AvnŸvb MÖnY K‡i wb‡R‡`i‡K ms‡kvab K‡i †bq, Zvn‡j
mgv‡Ri mvaviY †jvK‡`i ms‡kva‡bi c_ A‡bKvs‡k mnR n‡q hvq| Avevi mgv‡Ri KY©avi e¨w³eM©
hw` `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi Kv‡R cÖavb cÖwZeÜK n‡q `vovq Zvn‡j mvaviY †jv‡Kiv G c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z
fq cvq| GRb¨ mKj bex-ivm~j cÖ_‡gB mgv‡Ri KZ…Z¡kxj e¨w³‡`i Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i cÖwZ
AvbyM‡Z¨i AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv g~mv (Av:) †KI wb‡ ©k w`‡qwQ‡jb wZwb †hb mgv‡Ri
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
251
me©cÖavb e¨w³ wdiÔAvD‡bi wbKU Bmjv‡gi `vÔIqvZ Zz‡i a‡ib| Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, اذهبA_©vr ÒwdiÔAvD‡bi Kv‡Q hvI ; wbðq †m mxgvj•Nb K‡i‡Q|Ó إل عون إولله ط ى
91
`vÔIqvZ‡K ev ÍeZvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb
gvbe RvwZi mvwe©K Ae¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©b mvabB GKRb `vÔqxi h_v_© KZ©e¨| gvbyl n‡jv †mB
cÖvYx hv‡K bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ Avbv me‡P‡q KwVb| Zvi AwZ gvÎvq ZK©wcÖqZv, mnmv we‡`ªvn Kivi
cÖeYZv Ges AZ¨waK †¯^”QvPvwiZvi Kvi‡Y Zvi cÖwZ h‡_vwPZ KZ©e¨ cvjb Kiv `vÔqxi c‡ÿ LyeB
KwVb KvR| KviY GKRb gvbyl‡K Zvi B”Qvi weiæ‡× GK K`g mvg‡b G¸‡Z ejv A‡cÿv GKwU
cvnvo‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv mnR n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GB gvbylB Avevi wb‡Ri g‡bi cÖwZ we¯§qKi fv‡e
AvbyMZ¨kxj| gb fvj wKsev g›` †h w`‡KB WvKzK bv †Kb †mw`‡K Zvi AvKl©Y ~wb©evi| g‡bi Wv‡K
mvov w`‡Z wM‡q kvixwiK I gvbwmK Kó I A_© e¨q Zvi wbKU AZxe my¯^v`y I my›`i e‡j Abyf~Z
nq| GKRb c_åvšÍ e¨w³‡K m‡Z¨i c‡_ wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB Zvi gb †h cv‡ci c‡_
cwiPvwjZ Zv‡K Bmjv‡gi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ GKRb gbbkxj I cÖvÁ `vÔqx DwÏó
e¨w³i gb Rq Kivi Rb¨ Zvi mgMÖ †Póv-mvabv‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡eb| wKšÍ cÖkœ n‡jv, GKRb c_åó
e¨w³i gb‡K `vÔqx wKfv‡e wb‡Ri wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib? Zv wK wb‡iU ZvwZ¡K Ávb
Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡gB m¤¢e bvwK Zvi wbKU Øx‡bi `vÔIqvZ‡K ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡gB
m¤¢e? G e¨vcv‡i gvby‡li mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z ‡h‡q Aev Íe I wKZvex cš’v cwinvi Kiv DwPZ| Gfv‡e
mvaviY gvbyl‡K Av‡jvwoZ Kiv hvq bv| gyjZ: GKRb `vÔqx ev ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K mnR I ¯vfvweK
cš’vq wnKg‡Zi gva¨‡g c_‡fvjv gvbyl‡K mwVK c‡_i mÜvb w`‡eb| 92
†gŠwjK wel‡hi wkÿv cÖ`vb
†h mg Í e¨w³ n‡Ki mv‡_ mshy³ n‡Z Ges evwZ‡ji mv‡_ wb‡R‡`i m¤úK© wQbœ Kivi Rb¨ mZ¨wbô
gb wb‡q cÖwZÁve× nq, Zviv GKwU ¯^Zš¿ `vÔIqvZx msMV‡b cwiYZ nq| evwZ‡ji mv‡_ mKj cÖKvi
m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i Bmjv‡gi cZvKvZ‡j AvkÖq †bIqvi ci cÖ_‡gB Bmjv‡gi †g․wjK wel‡qi wkÿv
†`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb| bex-ivm~jMY Bmjvgx Rxeb e¨e¯’v MÖnbKvix‡`i cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Ggb wel‡qi
wkÿv †`b, hvi gva¨‡g GKw`‡K m‡ev©Ëg cšÍvq Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ Zv‡`i m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq Ges
Aciw`‡K Zviv wb‡Riv mxmv Xvjv cÖvPx‡ii gZ GKZve× n‡q `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi Kv‡R f~wgKv iv‡Lb|
GK`j gvbyl‡K Rvwnwjqv‡Zi Agvwbkv †_‡K gy³ K‡i Bmjv‡gi Aax‡b msNe× K‡iB `vÔIqv‡Z
Øx‡bi Kgx©‡`i KvR †kl bq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GLv‡bB Zv‡`i KvR ïiæ| Gici Bmjvgx Rxeb e¨e¯’v
MÖnbKvix‡`i Bmjv‡gi ZvwË¡K I ev Íe wfwËK Ávb cÖ`vb K‡i Cgv‡bi e‡j ejxqvb K‡i Zzj‡Z
n‡e|
wb‡R‡K `vÔIqv‡Zi ev Íe cÖZx‡K cwiYZKiY
`vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv, `vÔIqvZ me©cÖ_g `vÔqxi e¨w³ Rxeb †_‡K ïiæ n‡e|
Zvici Zvi cwievieM© eÜzevÜe I AvZœxq ¯^Rb, Zvici †`kevmx, Zvici ewn©wek^| `vÔIqvZ
cÖ`vbKvix cÖ_‡g Zvi wb‡R‡K `vÔIqvZ Z_v Avg‡ji ev Íe cÖZxK evbv‡e| Gici Zvi cwievi-
cwiRb‡K, eÜz-evÜe‡`i‡K bg~bv wnmv‡e †`kevmxi m¤§y‡L †ck Ki‡e| Ggwbfv‡e c~‡e©i ¯Íi Zvi
cieZx© ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ bg~bv n‡q `vov‡e| Zv‡Z K‡i cieZx© ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ `vÔIqvZx welqe ‘i cÖwZ
gvbwmK cÖ‡kœi Rb¥ wb‡e bv wKsev KóKi KvR n‡jI `vÔqx‡K Zvi mv‡_ RwoZ †`‡L †mUv‡K A‡bKUv
¯^vfvweK I mvaviY e‡j g‡b n‡e| GRb¨B Avj-KziAv‡b †ivhv ivLvi wb‡ ©‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ GK_vI
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
252
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †ivhv ïaygvÎ †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZ dih Kiv nqwb, †Zvgv‡`i c~e©eZx©‡`i DciI
dih Kiv n‡qwQj| `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vbKvixi g‡a¨ hw` Avgj bv _v‡K, †m †ÿ‡Î Zvi `vÔIqv‡Zi cðv‡Z
†Kvb Am`y‡Ïk¨ Z_v Dc‡`k cÖ`vbKvix wnmv‡e mb¥vb jvf wKsev cvw_©e †Kvb ¯^v_© i‡q‡Q e‡j m‡›`n
n‡Z cv‡i| gvbwmKfv‡e ZvB †jv‡Kiv mvaviYZ: Hme Dc‡`kKvixi K_vB gvb‡Z DØy× nq, hv‡`i
g‡a¨ mswkøó wel‡qi Avgj we`¨gvb _v‡K| GRb¨B Avj-KziAv‡b Dc‡`k cÖ`vbKvix‡K mswkøó
wel‡qi AvgjKvix nIqvi e¨vcv‡i ZvwM` †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi wecixZ wel‡q Zv‡`i g„ y frmbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q, أيقجها ا للهذي لوا ق و ون ا ل قفعلون و ق ا عل االله أن ق و وا ا ل قفعلون A_©vr Ò†n
Cgvb`viMY †Zvgiv †Kb †m K_v e‡jv, hv †Zvgiv K‡iv bv? †Zvgiv hv K‡iv bv, Zv ejv Avjøvni
wbKU eoB †µv‡ai welq|Ó93
`vÔqxi wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb‡K cwi¯‹vi ivLv
`vÔqx‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e, Zvi †Kvb Dw³, AvPiY ev Kg© †hb Zvi cÖwZ A‡b¨i g‡b m‡›`‡ni m„wó bv
K‡i| mgv‡Ri mvg‡b Zvi Ae¯’vb‡K cwi¯‥vi ivL‡Z n‡e| GKevi ighv‡bi †kl `k‡K ivm~j (mv:)
gmwR‡` GÔ†ZKv‡d iZ wQ‡jb| ZLb ivm~j (mv:)-Gi ¯¿x mvwdq¨v web‡Z ûIqvB iv‡Zi †ejvq ivm~j
(mv:)-Gi Kv‡Q G‡jb Ges wKQzÿY K_vevZ©v ejvi ci M„‡n cÖZ¨vMg‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ iIqvbv n‡jb|
ivm~j (mv:)I Zv‡K Ni ch©šÍ †cu․‡Q †`Iqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ m‡½ Pj‡jb| Zviv Df‡q D‡¤§ mvjvgvi N‡ii
Øvi mwbœKU¯’ gmwR‡`i `iRv ch©šÍ DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb, BZ¨em‡i yRb Avbmvix mvnvex †mLvb w`‡q
AwZµg KiwQ‡jb| mvnvexØq ivm~j (mv:) †K mvjvg w`‡jb Ges mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡Z _vK‡jb| ZLb
ivm~j (mv:) Zv‡`i‡K jÿ¨ K‡i ej‡jb, _v‡gv| G n‡jv ûIqvB Zbq m¨vwdqv (A_©vr Avgvi ¯¿x)|94
G nv`x‡m mvnvexØq‡K †W‡K ÒG Avgvi ¯¿x mvwdq¨vÓ K_vwU ejv wQj GKvšÍfv‡eB gb:¯ÍvwË¡K Kvi‡Y|
†Kbbv kqZv‡bi cÖ‡ivPbvq bex (mv:) Gi PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i g‡b m‡›`n m„wói m¤¢vebv wQj| ZvB
wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb‡K cwi¯‥vi ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨B ivm~j (mv:) Zv‡`i‡K †W‡K m¤¢ve¨ m‡›`‡ni Ac‡bv`b
Ki‡jb| Ggwbfv‡e nv`xm Øviv cÖgvwYZ nq †h, gvby‡li A‡nZzK weiƒc aviYv‡K cÖwZnZ Kiv Ges
wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb‡K wbg©j ivLvi e¨vcv‡i ivm~j (mv:) AwaK hZœevb wQ‡jb|
ZvhwKqvn& bvdm ev AvZ¥vi cwiï×KiY
gvbyl hv wKQz Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i Zv Zvi ü`‡qi wek^vm †_‡KB K‡i| c~‡e©i †Kvb wek^vm Z¨vM Ki‡Z
bv cvi‡j †m bZzbfv‡e †Kvb wKQz MÖnY Ki‡e bv| Avi G Rb¨B cÖ‡qvRb ZvhwKqvn bdm| Gi
gva¨‡g Øx‡bi GKwbô Lvw`g evbv‡bv hvq| e¨w³i ZvhwKqvn bvd‡mi gva¨‡g AvKx`v-wek^vm, AvPvi-
AvPiY, mgvR-ms¯‥…wZ, ixwZbxwZ mewKQ~ kixÔAv‡Zi Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e| Avj-
KziAv‡b Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv e‡jb, أيقجها ا لللهاس ق جا م وعظة رب م وشفا ما ف ا صج ور وه ى ورحة A_©vr Ò†n gvbe gÛjx, †Zvgv‡`i i‡ei cÿ قل بفضل االله وب ح ذ قل قف حوا هو خ ق مللها يمعونق لم ل
†_‡K †Zvgv‡`i Kv‡Q G‡m‡Q Dc‡`k Ges AšÍi mg~‡n hv Av‡Q Zvi wkdv, Avi gywgb‡`i Rb¨
wn`vqvZ I ingZ| ej, Avjøvni AbyMÖn I ing‡Z| myZivs G wb‡qB †hb Zviv Lywk nq|Ó95
cwi‡ek-cwiw¯’wZ ey‡S `vÔIqvZx KvR Kiv
cwi‡ek cwiw ’wZ Abyaveb K‡i `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vb Kiv wnKgv‡Zi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½| `vÔqx GUv
h_vhZfv‡e eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j `vÔIqvZ e¨_©Zvq ch©‡ewkZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ekx| ZvB `vÔqx‡K
cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZ Abyaveb K‡i c×wZ wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j Bmjvgx `vÔIqvZ AsKz‡iB
webó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| GgbwU n‡j `vÔqxi c‡ÿ AvZœiÿv KivB KwVb n‡q hv‡e| GRb¨ †`Lv hvq,
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
253
ivm~j (mv:) g°vq cÖ_‡g 3 eQi †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZ †`b| Gfv‡e cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi KvR †kl nIqvi
ci cÖKv‡k¨ `vÔIqvZ †`b| G g‡g© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, اص ع ا ق وأع ض ع ا مش و A_©vr ÒmyZivs †Zvgv‡K †h Av‡`k †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, Zv e¨vcK fv‡e cÖPvi Ki Ges gykwiK‡`i †_‡K
gyL wdwi‡q bvI|Ó 96
hyeK‡`i gv‡S `vÔIqvZx KvR
†h †Kvb mgvR †mev g~jK Kv‡R hye mgv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ me‡P‡q †ekx| KviY hyeKiv mvaviYZ: big
ü`‡qi n‡q _v‡K| Zviv cÖf~Z Kíbvwejvmx, D`¨gx, mvnmx, D”PvKvsLx I AKz‡Zvfq n‡q _v‡K|
hyeKiv SzwK wb‡Z †ekx cQ›` K‡i| †h †Kvb Kv‡R we‡klZ: fv½v-Movi Kv‡R hyeKiv AMÖYx f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Aciw`‡K eq¯‥ I e‡qve„×iv bZzb‡K eiY Ki‡Z wØavØÜ m„wó K‡i Ges A‡bKUv
cðv`gyLx n‡q _v‡K| ZvB bZzb †Kvb `vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î hyeK‡`i cÖfvweZ Kiv Ges Zv‡`i‡K AwaK
cwigv‡Y m¤ú„Ë KivB `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi †nKg‡Zi `vex| gnvbex (mv:) cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q hv‡`i‡K
`vÔIqvZ w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i AwaKvskB wQj hyeK| Avi G‡Z wZwb e¨vcK mdjZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|
gnvbex (mv:) †h Bmjvgx mgvR wewbg©vY Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb GB hyeK‡`i ØvivB Zvi †bZ…Z¡, †hvM¨Zv
I †gavi wfwË iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| gnvbex (mv:) Gi cÖ_g ch©v‡qi AwaKvsk mvnvexi eqm wQj 30
eQ‡ii bx‡P| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB nvekvq wnRiZKvix‡`i AšÍf ©~³ wQ‡jb|97
mvgwóK ch©v‡q `vÔIqvZx KvR
`vÔIqv‡Zi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, bex (Av:) MY e¨w³MZ I mgwóMZ Dfq cš’vq
`vÔIqvZx KvR cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K bexi Rb¨ nvIqvix Z_v mvnvh¨Kvix wQj| nhiZ ïAvqe
(Av:), g~mv (Av:), Cmv (Av:) I gynv¤§` (mv:) cÖgy‡Li MwVZ `‡ji K_v KziAvbyj Kvix‡gB D‡jøL
Av‡Q| myZivs `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZi †ÿ‡Î mvgwóK `vÔIqv‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ †Kvb As‡kB Kg bq| wb‡¤œ G
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv:
ms¯’v †K›`ªxK `vÔIqvZx KvR
eZ©gvb we‡k^ me‡P‡q †ekx `vÔIqvZx KvR n‡”Q ms¯’v †Kw›`ªK| AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q mviv
wek^e¨vcx nvRvi nvRvi `vÔIqvZx ms¯’v KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| Avevi AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q MwVZ ms ’vmg~n
we‡ki Avbv‡P-Kvbv‡P AmsL¨ kvLv-cÖkvLv MVb K‡i `vÔIqvZx KvR Pvjv‡”Q| `vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms ’v mg~n n‡jv: ÔRwgqvZz` `vÔIqvn Iqvj Bikv`Õ 1911 L„:, ÔAvj-gvRwjmyj ÔAvjv
wjkïDwbj Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ 1960L„:, Ôiv‡eZvZzj Avjvwgj BmjvgxÕ 1962 L„:, ÔAvb-bvIqvZzj
ÔAvjvwgq¨v wjk kvevwej BmjvgxÕ 1972 L„:, ÔAvj-gvRwjmyj Avjvwg wj` `vÔIqvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ
1982 L„:, ÔgvRgvDj eyûQ Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ 1973 L„:, Ôgybvhhvgv‡Z Bjvwg BmjvgxÕ 1982 L„:
cÖf„wZ|98
msMVb †Kw›`ªK `vÔIqvZx KvR
we‡k^i wewfbœ †`‡k ivR‣bwZK I AivR‣bwZK fv‡e A‡bK Bmjvgx msMVb `vÔIqvZx KvR K‡i
hv‡”Q| msMVb †K›`ªxK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ `vÔIqvZx cÖwZôvb n‡jv: Rvgvqv‡Z ZvejxM, Avj-BLIqvbyj
gymwjgxb, Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx, BmjvwgK mvj‡fkb d«›U AvjwRwiqv, Rvwóm GÛ †W‡fjc‡g›U cvwU©
(G‡Kwc) I mvjvwdqv Av‡›`vjb cÖf…wZ|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
254
cÖvwZôvwbK `vÔIqvZx KvR
ms¯’v I msMV‡bi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ cÖwZôvbI `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡Q| gymwjg we‡k^i
wewfbœ A‡j miKvix I †emiKvix fv‡e `vÔIqv‡Zi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q| †hgb: `viæj
BdZv Iqv` `vÔIqvZx Iqvi Bikv`, Avj-gvnv`y wj Zv`ixwej Av‡q¤§vwZ Iqv` yAvZ Ges
B›Uvib¨vkbvj BbwówUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U cÖf…wZ cÖwZôvb| GQvov gymwjg we‡k^i wewfbœ A‡j
`vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri Rb¨ A‡bK¸‡jv Bmjvgx wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb: Avj-Avhnvi,
b`IqvZzj Djvgv, `viæj Djyg †`Ie›`, AvjxMo gymwjg wek^we`¨vjq, g`xbv Bmjvgx wek^we`¨vjq,
B›Uvib¨vkbvj Bmjvgx BDwbfvwm©wU cvwK¯Ívb, evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK BDwbfvwm©wU Kzwóqv, B›Uvib¨vkbvj
BmjvwgK BDwbfvwm©wU gvj‡qwkqv BZ¨vw`|
cÖPvi gva¨g I B›Uvi‡bU †Kw›`ªK `vÔIqvZx KvR
eZ©gvb we‡k^ gymjgvbMY wewfbœ cÖPvi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZx KvR ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Bmjvgx Avw½‡K cÖPvwiZ
n‡”Q cÎ-cwÎKv, †iwWI I wUwf BZ¨vw`| weÁv‡bi Ae`v‡b m¨v‡UjvBU I B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myev‡` mviv
we‡k^ `vÔqxMb AviI e¨vcKfv‡e wewfbœ I‡qemvBU Ly‡j Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb|
Gi gva¨‡g A‡b‡KB Bmjvg m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z mÿg n‡”Q Ges A‡b‡K Bmjvg MÖnY Ki‡Q|99
Dcmsnvi
Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv hy‡M hy‡M AmsL¨ bex I ivm~j †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡`i‡K wZwb w`‡q‡Qb `vÔIqv‡Z
Øx‡bi gva¨g, cÖ‡qvM I c×wZi mg‡qvc‡hvMx w`K wb‡ ©kbv| †m c×wZi AbymiY K‡iB Zvuiv mdj
n‡qwQ‡jb| gnvbex (mv:) Zvui beyIqvZx Rxe‡bi AwaKvsk mgq `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R e¨q K‡iwQ‡jb|
Ab¨vb¨ bex I ivm~jM‡Yi (mv:) Rxe‡bi g~L¨ welqB wQj wek^ gvbeZvi Kv‡Q Bmjv‡gi mygnvb
Av`‡k©i `vÔIqvZ Dc ’vcb| gyjZ: Bmjvgx Av`k© I mgvR wewbg©v‡bi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc n‡”Q gvby‡li
Kv‡Q `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vb Ges †m j‡ÿ¨ †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ †jvK •Zix| me©‡kl bex I ivm~j nhiZ gynv¤§`
(mv:) †K Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgxb `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi wewfbœ wel‡qi †g․wjK w`K-wb‡ ©kbv m¤wjZ weavb
Avj-KziAvb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| G MÖ‡š’ c~e©eZx© bexM‡Yi `vÔIqvZ `v‡bi gva¨g I †K․kj Av‡jvPbv
c~e©K gnvbex (mv:) †K `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| gva¨g I †K․kj
wnmv‡e Avj-wnKgvn ev cÖÁv, Avj-gvDwqhvZzj nvmvbvn ev m`yc‡`k I Avj-gyRv`vjvn ev weZK©g~jK
welq m¤ú‡K© we‡kølY ag©x Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gyjZ: Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv cÖ`Ë G wb‡ ©kbv Abymi‡bi
gva¨‡gB gvby‡li Rxe‡b G‡mwQj mdjZv, N‡UwQj gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m me©‡kÖô I we¯§qKi
wecøe| AvR †MvUv wek^e¨vcx L„óvb wgkbvix ZrciZv e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| ivR‣bwZK I
A_©‣bwZK †ÿ‡Î Bqvû`xiv Zv‡`i GKK cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i AvaywbK
hy‡M cwðgv I A‣bmjvgx ms¯‥…wZi †gv‡n AvR †MvUv gymwjg mgvR ZgmvQbœ| Acms¯‥…wZi mqjv‡e
gymwjg D¤§vn AvR c_nviv| gymwjg D¤§vni G µvwšÍj‡Mœ cÖ‡qvRb bex I ivm~jM‡Yi Kg©cš’vi
Av‡jv‡K Bmjv‡gi cÖK…Z `vÔIqvZ| G j‡ÿ AÎ cÖe‡Ü Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ m¤ú‡K©
bvwZ`xN© Av‡jvPbv ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| welqwU hZ Av‡jvwPZ I ch©v‡jvwPZ n‡e gymwjg D¤§vn G †_‡K
ZZ mydj jv‡f mÿg n‡e|
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
255
Z_¨wb‡`©k
1 m~ivn Avj-AvÔivd, AvqvZ : 65|
2 Beb gvbhyi Avj-BdixKx, wjmvbyj Avie, 14k LÛ (•eiæZ : `viæ ‣eiæZ wjZ ZvevÔAvwZ Iqvb bvkwi, 1956 Lªx.),
c„. 258; mvÔ`x Avey Rvqe, Avj-Kvgym~j wdKn (KivPx : B`vivZzj KziAvb, 1988 Lªx:), c„. 130; gynv¤§`
AvjvDÏxb Avj-Avhnvix, evsjv GKv‡Wgx-Aviex evsjv Awfavb, 2q LÛ (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1993 Lªx:), c„.
1300 ; W. ZvIdxK Avj-IqvÔqx, Av`-`vÔIqvZz Bjvjøvwn (wgki: `viæj BqvKxb, 1995 Lªx:), c„. 15-16|
3 m~ivn Avb-b~n, AvqvZ : 5-6|
4 m~ivn Avj- evKvivn, AvqvZ : 23|
5 m~ivn BDbym, AvqvZ : 89|
6 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 186|
7 m~ivn BDm~d, AvqvZ : 33|
8 m¤úv`bv cwil`, Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl, 13k LÛ (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1992 Lªx:), c„. 75-76|
9 J.Milton Cowan, A Dictionary of Modern Written Aribic (New York: Spoken language service, third
edition, 1976 A. D), p. 283.
10 W. Avãyi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖK…wZ, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb cwÎKv (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb
evsjv‡`k, GwcÖj-Ryb msL¨v 1997 Lªx:), c„. 48 |
11 W. gynv¤§` Avãyi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn : ¯^iƒc I cÖ‡qvM (XvKv: evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb,
2009 Lªx:), c„. 3|
12 W. Avãyj Lv‡jK cxihv`vn, Avnwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvZ IqvZ ZvejxM wdj Bmjvg (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzj Cgvb, 1993
Lªx:), c„. 6|
13 A.N.M Abdur Rahman, Dawah Activities Through out of the World: Problem and Prospects (Dhaka:
Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, 1986 A. D), p.101.
14 m~ivn Avj-gywgb, AvqvZ : 41|
15 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖK…wZ, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb cwÎKv (XvKv : BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 36 el© 4_© msL¨v,
GwcÖj-Ryb, 1997 Lªx:), c„.41|
16 W. Avãyj Lv‡jK cxihv`vn wewkó Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe` I MÖš’ cÖ‡YZv| Zvi Agi MÖš’ Avnwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvZ IqvZ
ZvejxM mviv we‡k Av‡jvob m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| Zvi G MÖš’wU wgk‡ii ÔgvKZvevZzj CgvbÕ †_‡K GKvwaKevi
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| `ªóe¨: W. Avãyj Lv‡jK cxihv`vn, Avnwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvZ IqvZ ZvejxM wdj Bmjvg (Kvq‡iv :
gvKZvevZzj Cgvb, 1993 Lªx:), c„. f~wgKv|
17 Avnwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvZ IqvZ ZvejxM, cÖv¸³, c„. 6 |
18 W. Avng` Mvjyk, Av`-`vIqvZzj Bmjvwgqv (Kvq‡iv : `viæj wKZvwej wgmix, 1978 Lªx:), c„. 9|
19 `vÔqx : `vÔqx Aviex kã| Gi A_© n‡”Q AvnŸvbKvix| gyjZ: Bmjv‡gi w`‡K AvnŸvbKvix‡K `vÔqx ejv nq| `ªóe¨: W.
gynv¤§` Rvgvj DwÏb, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn I ZvejxM RvgvqvZ; †cªwÿZ evsjv‡`k (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb
evsjv‡`k, 2006 Lªx:), c„. 25|
20 wewkó Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe` I M‡elK W. G.Gb.Gg Avãyi ingvb gvj‡qwkqvi Kzqvjvjvgcy‡i 1981 mv‡ji 24 b‡f¤^i
†_‡K 4 wW‡m¤^i AvšÍR©vwZK Bmjvgx †mwgbv‡i Dawah Activities Through out of the World: Problem and
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
256
Prospects wk‡ivbv‡g cÖeÜ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| G cÖe‡Ü wZwb mviv we‡ki gymwjg D¤§vni Ae¯’v I `vÔIqvn wel‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vw` Zz‡j a‡ib Ges Zv‡Z wZwb KwZcq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q cÖ¯Íve †ck K‡ib| `ªóe¨ : A.N.M Abdur
Rahman, Dawah Activities Through out of the World: Problem and Prospects (Dhaka: Islamic
Foundation Bangladesh, 1986 A. D) f~wgKv|
21 Dawah Activities Through out of the World: Problem and Prospects, p. 204.
22 Avjøvgv evnx Avj-LvIjx wewkó †jLK I wgk‡ii BLIqvbyj gymwjgx‡bi †bZv| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© Bmjvgx
c~bR©vMi‡Y wgk‡ii BLIqvbyj gymwjgx‡bi msMVb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i| BLIqvbyj gymjxgx‡bi †bZ…e„›`
`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi cvkvcvwk BKvgv‡Z Øx‡bi D`vË AvnŸvb, gvbe iwPZ gZev‡`i AvMÖvmb cÖwZ‡iva I cvðv‡Z¨i
mvs¯‥…wZK †Mvjvgxi k„•Lj †_‡K gymwjg D¤§vni gyw³i c_wb‡`©k m¤^wjZ Avj-KziAvb I mybœvni wfwˇZ wecyj
mvwnZ¨ fvÛvi iPbv K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î knx` mvB‡q` KzZze, gynv¤§` KzZze, nvwg`v KzZze, Rqbe Avj-MvRvjx, knx`
Avãyi Kv‡`i AvI`vni cvkvcvwk Avjøvgv evnx Avj-LvIjxi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| `ªóe¨ : Avjøvgv evnx Avj-
LvIjx, ZvRwKivZz` `yqvZ, Abyev`: nv‡dR AvKig dviæK, Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii ü`qMÖvnx c×wZ (XvKv : AvaywbK
cÖKvkbx, 2005 Lªx:), c„.53|
23 cÖv¸³|
24 W. iDd kvjvex
wewkó Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe` I MÖš’ cÖ‡YZv| Zvi Agi MÖš’ ÔmvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvnÕ GKwU
Av‡jvob m„wóKvix MÖš’| MÖš’wU •eiæ‡Zi `viæj ÔDj~g †_‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| `ªóe¨ : W. iDd kvjvex,
mvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvn, (•eiæZ : `viæj Dj~g, 1982 Lªx:) f~wgKv|
25 W. iDd kvjvex, mvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvn, (•eiæZ : `viæj Dj~g, 1982 Lªx:), c„. 49|
26 kvqL Av‡jvix ewY©Z msÁvwU wb¤œiƒc : صرف إهظار الناس و عقىلهم إلى عقيدة ثفيدهم او مصلحة ثنفعهم و هي و أضا هدبة
الناس منلإهقاذ `ªóe¨ : Avng` Ave`yjøvn Avj-Av‡jvix, ZvwiLy` ضلالة كادوا قعىن فيها أو من معصية كادت ثحدق بهم
`vÔIqvn Bjvjøvn evBbvj Avg‡m Iqvj BqvDg (Kvq‡iv : gvKZvevZz Iqvevnv 1399 wn:/1979 Lªx:), c„. 17|
27 Ljxdv ûmvBb Avj-Avmmvj e‡jb : هي قيام ذوي البصائر بحث الناس على كل خير و نهيهم عن كل شر وقفا لما جاء به الإسلام
ªóe¨ : W. Ljxdv ûmvBb Avj-Avmmvj, gvÔAvwjgy` `vÔIqvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vn wd`ثحقيقا لمنفعتم فى عاجلهم و أجلهم
Avnw`nvj gvKKx, 1g LÛ (Kvq‡iv : `viæZ ZvevÔAvwZj †gvnv¤§w`qv, 1988 Lªx;), c„. 19|
28 W. gynv¤§` Avãyi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU (XvKv: evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae
BmjvwgK _U, 2003 Lªx:), c„. 13|
29 gynv¤§` Avãyj dvËvn, Avj-gv`Lvjy Bjv ÔBjwgZ `vÔIqvn (•eiæZ: gyIqvmmvmvZzi wimvjvn, 1991 Lªx:), c„. 19|
30 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 38-39|
31 c~e©eZx© hy‡Mi Avw¤^qv-B-wKiv‡gi `vÔIqv‡Zi K_v D‡jøL K‡i Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv Bikv` K‡i‡Qb لق أرسل ا نو ا إلى ق وم
ر إن أخاف عليكم عذاب ي و عظيم ما لكم م إل ي ÒwbðqAvwg b~n‡K Zvi m¤úª`v‡qi wbKU ف قال ي ق و اع وا ااا
cvwV‡qwQ| †m ej‡jv, †n Avgvi m¤úª`vq! †Zvgiv Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi Bev`vZ Ki| wZwb e¨ZxZ †Zvgv‡`i Ab¨ †Kvb
gvÔey` †bB|Ó m~ivn AvÔivd, AvqvZ: 59| Ab¨ Avqv‡Z ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : ا م وإل ثود أخاهم صالحا قال ققوم اع وا االله ÒAvwg mvg~` RvwZi Kv‡Q Zv‡`i fvB mv‡jn‡K cvwV‡qwQ| wZwb e‡jb, †n Avgvi RvwZ, Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi إ ق
e‡›`Mx Ki| wZwb Qvov †Zvgv‡`i Ab¨ †Kvb gvÔey` †bB|Ó m~ivn AvÔivd, AvqvZ : 72| G m¤ú‡K© Ab¨ Avqv‡Z
AviI ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : ا م إ ق ا قال ققوم اع وا االله ÒAvwg gv`v‡q‡bi cÖwZ Zv‡`i fvB وإل ي أخاهم شع ق
ïqvBe‡K cvwV‡qwQ| wZwb ej‡jb, †n Avgvi m¤úª`vq ! †Zvgiv Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi ÔBev`vZ Ki| wZwb Qvov †Zvgv‡`i
Ab¨ †Kvb gvÔey` †bB| m~ivn AvÔivd, AvqvZ : 85|
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
257
32 gnvbexi (mv:) AvMgb Kvjxb Ae¯’v D‡jøL K‡i gnvb Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv Bikv` K‡ib, واع صموا ب ل االله ج عا ول قف للهقوا
االله ها وذ يق ق م على شفا حف ة ا لللهار أوق ذوم لق م أع ا أ للهف بق ققلوب م أص ح م لعم إخوانوولق واذو وا وعمت االله عل م إذ ولق-Gi cÖv_wgK A_© i¾y| G ¯’‡j Avjøvni i¾y A‡_© Avj- حبل) Ò†Zvgiv mK‡j Avjøvni i¾y م عللله م قه ون
KziAvb I Bmjvg) `„pfv‡e ai Ges ci¯úi wew”Qbœ nBI bv| †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZ Avjøvni AbyMÖn ¯§iY Ki| †Zvgiv wQ‡j
ci¯úi kÎæ Ges wZwb †Zvgv‡`i AšÍ‡i cÖxwZi mÂvi K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| d‡j Zuvi AbyMÖ‡n †Zvgiv ci¯úi fvB n‡q
†M‡j| †Zvgiv †Zv AwMœKv‡Ûi cÖv‡šÍ wQ‡j, Avjøvn Dnv n‡Z †Zvgv‡`i‡K iÿv K‡i‡Qb| Giƒ‡c Avjøvn †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨
Zuvi wb`k©b mg~n ¯úófv‡e wee„Z K‡ib hv‡Z †Zvgiv mrc_ †c‡Z cvi|Ó m~ivn Av‡j-Bgivb, AvqvZ : 103|
33 •mq` Avgxi Avjx, w` w¯úwiU Ae Bmjvg, Abyev` : Bmjv‡gi gg©evYx, gynv¤§` `i‡ek Avjx Lvb (XvKv : BmjvwgK
dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1993 Lªx), c„. 2|
34 m~ivn Avj-wnRi, AvqvZ : 94|
35 gnvbex (mv:)-Gi Dci me©cÖ_g m~ivn ÔAvjv‡Ki KwZcq AvqvZ AeZxY© nq| Gi ci wZb eQi Avj-KziAv‡bi
AeZiY eÜ _v‡K| weiwZi ci me©cÖZg Zuvi Dci bvwhj nq m~ivn Avj-gy`vw”Qi| Zv‡Z Zvu‡K Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi
wb‡`©k w`‡q ejv nq : أيقجها ا م لله قم أوذر A_©vr Ò†n Pv`ive„Z ! DVzb, mZK© Kiæb| m~ivn Avj-gy`vw”Qi, AvqvZ :
1-2| `ªóe¨: Rvjvj DÏxb Avm-myq~Zx, Avj-BZKvby wd ÔDj~wgj KziAvb, 1g LÛ (w`jøx: gvKZvevZz ÔGkvqv‡Z
Bmjvg, Zv. we ), c„. 31 ; W. gynv¤§` kwdKzjøvn, Dj~gyj KziAvb 1g LÛ (ivRkvnx: Avj-gvKZvevZzk kvwd ÔCq¨vn,
gvP©-2001 L¨x:), c„. 59; Rvgxj Ave`yjøvn wgmix, wgb kviwn `vÔIqvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vwZ dx g°v, Journal of the
Islamic University of madinah monawwarah- Rabe thani-Jumba Ihani, 1404 H. 6th Year, vpl-62, p.
218-232.
36 Av`g ÔAvãyjøvn Avj-Zvjyix, ZvixLy` `vÔIqvn Bjvjøvn (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvev Iqvnev, 1979 Lªx:), c„: 179-198|
37 cÖv¸³|
38 Zuvi cyiv bvg gynv¤§` Beb BmgvÔCj Beb Beivnxg Beb gyMxiv Avj-Rydx Avj-Kzdx| wZwb gymwjg mf¨Zv-ms¯‥…wZi
jxjvf~wg eyLviv bMix-†Z 194 wnRixi 13 kvIqvj ïµevi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| gvÎ `k eQi eqm †_‡K wZwb nv`xm
PP©v ïiæ K‡ib| Zvi Rxe‡bi Agi KxwZ© mnxûj eyLvix nv`xm MÖš’ msKjb| 256 wnRix 30 iRe 62 eQi eq‡m
B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨ : gynv¤§` Beb BmgvÔCj Avj-eyLvix, mnxn Avj-eyLvix, 2q LÛ (w`jøx : KzZzeLvbv‡q ikxw`qv,
1405 wn:), c„. 932-941 ; gvIjvbv gynv¤§` Ave`yi inxg, nv`xm msKj‡bi BwZnvm (XvKv : Lvqiæb cÖKvkbx,
1997 Lªx:), c„. 365-372|
39 Bgvg gymwj‡gi c~Y© bvg Aveyj ûmvBb gymwjg Beb nv¾vR Avj-KzkvBix Avb-wbkvcyix| wZwb 204 wnRix Lyivmv‡bi
AšÍM©Z wbkvcy‡i Rb¥ MÖnb K‡ib| •kke †_‡KB wZwb nv`xm PP©v ïiæ K‡ib Ges gymwjg Rvnv‡bi wewfbœ †K‡›` ª
Dcw¯’Z n‡q nv`xm AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi MÖš’vejxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, mnxn gymwjg, Avj-gymbv`yj Kexi I Avj-Rv‡gDj
Kexi we‡kl fv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| 261 wnRix m‡b 57 eQi eq‡m wbkvcy‡i B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨: gymwjg Beb
nv¾vR, Avm-mnxn wj gymwjg, 1g LÛ (w`jøx: Avj-gvZevÔAv Bjgx, 1348 wn:), c„. 50; nv`xm msKj‡bi BwZnvm,
c„. 372-373|
40 Bgvg wZiwghxi c~Y© bvg Ave~ Cmv gynv¤§` Beb Bmv Beb mvIivZv Beb g~mv Beb RvnvKzm myjvgx AvZ-wZiwghx|
wZwb Rxûb b`xi Zx‡i wZigxh bvgK kn‡i 209 wnRix m‡b Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib| nv`xm kv‡¯¿ wZwb Acwimxg Áv‡bi
AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Bgvg wZiwghx eû g~j¨evb MÖš’ cÖbqY K‡ib| Avj-Rv‡gDZ wZiwghx, wKZveyj Avmgv, kvgv‡qjyZ
wZiwghx, wKZve„h hyû` Zuvi hyMvšÍKvix MÖš’| wZwb 279 wnRix m‡b 70 eQi eq‡m B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨ : gynv¤§`
Beb Cmv AvZ-wZiwghx, Rv‡gDZ wZiwghx, 2q LÛ †jevbb: `viæj gvg~b wjZ-ZzivQ, 1980Lªx:), c„. 102; nv`xm
msKj‡bi BwZnvm, c„. 375-376|
41 Ave~ hvKvwiqv BqvnBqv Beb gvid Avb-b`fx, wiqv`ym mv‡jnxb (`v‡gkK: `viæj gvg~b wjZ ZzivQ, 1980 Lªx:), c„.
102|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
258
42
Ave~ nvwg` gynv¤§` Beb Avj-Mvhvjx, BnvBqvD Djywg`-Øxb, 2q LÛ †jevbb : `viæj Kjg Zv.we), c„. 280-325;
Avng` Beb ZvBwgq¨v, gRgyÔqvn dvZIqv, 28k LÛ (Kvq‡iv : B`vivZzj gvmmvnv AvmKvwiqv, 1404 wn:), c„. 60-
179 : kvn Iqvjx Djøvn †`njfx, û¾vZzjøøvwnj evwjMvn &, 2q LÛ (w`jøx : KzZzeLvbv ikxw`qv, 1973 wn:), c„. 74-
207|
43 Avng` Beb ZvBwgqv, gvRgyÔAvn dvZIqv, 28k LÛ (Kvq‡iv: B`vivZzj gvmmvnv AvmKvwiqv, 1404 wn:), c„. 60-
179|
44 kvn Iqvjx Djøvn †`njfx, û¾vZzjøvwnj evwjMvn & , 2q LÛ (w`jøx: KzZzeLvbv ikxw`qv, 1973 wn:), c„. 74-207|
45 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, c„. 298|
46 cÖv¸³|
47 W. iDd kvjvex, mvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvn, c„. 252-257; W. gnv¤§` Rvgvj DwÏb, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn I
ZvejxM RvgvqvZ : †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k, c„; 35|
48 cÖv¸³ ; W. iDd kvjvex, mvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvn, c„. 252-257|
49 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, c„. 91 |
50 bCg wmwÏKx, PwiÎ MV‡bi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb (XvKv : AvB wm Gm cÖKvkbx, 2006 Lªx:), c„. 9 |
51 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ: 44|
52 W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn ¯^iƒc I cÖ‡qvM (XvKv: evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb,
2009 Lªx:), c„. 204-206|
53 m~ivn Avb-bvnj, AvqvZ : 125|
54 gynv¤§` AvjvDwÏb Avj-Avvhnvix, ÔAviex evsjv Awfavb, 2q LÛ (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1993 Lªx:), c„: 1205|
55 cÖv¸³, c„. 190|
56 mvBwq` Aveyj nvmvb Avjx b`fx e‡jb, لا اعتقد انها من الممكن ثرجعتها –الحكمة الكلمة البليغة العربية التي خاءت في الاة ان
`Avqv‡Z D‡jøwLZ ÔwnKgZÕ kãwU Mfxi Zvrch©c~Y© ÔAviex kã, hv Ab¨ fvlvq mivmwi Abyevاو هقلها الي اللغة الاخري
Kiv m¤¢e e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwibv| `ªóe¨: ivIqvB` wgb Av`vwe` `vÔIqvn, c„. 15|
57 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, c„. 130-137|
58 m~ivn Z¡vnv, AvqvZ : 25-28|
59 gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR, Avm-mnxn wi gymwjg, 1g LÛ (w`wjø: Avj-gvZevÔAv ÔBjgx, 1348 wn:), c„: 256|
60 G m¤ú‡K… Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, ذو إن وقفعت ا ذو A_©vr ÒDc‡`k `vI hw` Dc‡`k djcÖm~ nqÓ `ªóe¨ : m~ivn
Avj-ÔAvjv,AvqvZ : 9|
61 Avj-KziAv‡b G m¤ú‡K© ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, قال ربقجلا ا للهذي أعطى وللله شي خل ثلله ه ى (49)قال م ربج ما وسى A_©vr Ò
wdiÔAvDb ej‡jv, Ô†n gymv, †K †Zvgv‡`i ie ? Ó gymv (Av:) ej‡jv : ÔAvgv‡`i ie wZwb, whwb mKj e¯‘‡K Zvi
AvK…wZ `vb K‡i‡Qb, AZ:ci mwVK c_ wb‡`©k K‡i‡QbÓ| `ªóe¨ : m~ivn Z¡vnv, AvqvZ : 49-50|
62 G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, وأوذر عش الأقق بA_©vrÒ Avi Zzwg †Zvgvi wbKUvZœxq‡`i‡K mZK© Ki|Ó
`ªóe¨ : m~ivn Avk-ïqviv, AvqvZ : 214|
63 m~ivn Avk-ïqviv : 69-73 |
Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ
259
64
G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡bi wewfbœ Avqv‡Z eû cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| `ªóe¨ : m~ivn BDmyd, AvqvZ : 36-41 ; lyivn Avj-
Avivd, AvqvZ : 129 ; myivn Avk-ïqviv, AvqvZ ; 61-62; myiv Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 129 ; m~ivn Avj-gywgb,
AvqvZ : 28-29|
65 †hgb Avieiv hLb KvD‡K wKQz ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q ZLb e‡j :وعظت الرجل وعظا موعظة `ªóe¨ : Beb Rvixi AvZ-
Zvevix, 1g LÛ, c„. 266|
66 Beb gvbhyi Avj-AvdwiKx, wjmvbyj ÔAvie, 1g LÛ (•eiæZ : `viyj gvÔAv‡idv, 1986 Lªx;), c„. 266|
67 •mq` KzZze e‡jb, ( IqvR A_© : fq †`Lv‡bv| `ªóe¨ : Ave~ Avãyjøvn KzZze, Avj-RvwgÔ-wj (الوعظ التخويف
AvnKvwgj KziAvb (•eiæZ: `viæj GnBq¨v-DZ Zzivwmj ÔAvivex, 1965 Lªx:), c„: 444|
68 cÖv¸³, c„. 144 |
69 Kvhx bvwmiæÏxb Avj-evqhvfx, Avb-IqviæZ Zvbhxj Iqv AvmiviæZ Zvexj (`v‡g¯‥ : `viæj wdKn, Zv. we), c„.
369 |
70 W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn Kvh©µ‡g gvDÔwqhv nvmvbv : ¯^iƒc I cÖ‡qvM, BmjvwgK
BDwbfvwm©wU ÷vwWR, cvU©-G, c„. 47|
71 ÔAvjøvgv Avjymx (j:) Gi bvg : wknveyÏxb Avm-mvBwq` gvngy` Avwd›`x Avj-Avjymx 1802 Lªx: evM`v‡`i cvk^©eZx©
dvi‡mi Avj~m bvgK ¯’v‡b Rb¥MÖMY K‡ib| wZwb AZ¨šÍ axkw³ m¤úbœ wQ‡jb Ges gvÎ 13 eQi eq‡m wkÿvKZvq
wb‡qvwRZ nb| wZwb mgKvjxb hy‡M GKRb cÖL¨vZ dKxn, gynvwÏm, gydvmwmi I ZvwK©K wnmv‡e mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb|
1248 wnRix‡Z Zv‡K evM`v‡`i Kvhx wnmv‡e wb‡qvM †`Iqv nq| G gnv gbxlx 1270 wnRix‡Z Biv‡Ki KviL
bMix‡Z B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨ : Bgvg mvgmyÏxb Avh-hvnvex, wmqviæ Avjvwgb byevjv, 1g LÛ (•eiæZ :
gyIqvmmvmvZzi wimvjvn, 1406 wn;), c„: 362|
72 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 66|
73 Bgvg dLiæÏxb ivhx cÖv¸³, 19 LÛ. c„. 138 : ÔAvjøvgv Avjymx, cÖv¸³, 13 LÛ, c„. 354-355|
74 Bgvg KziZzex, cÖv¸³, 1g KÛ, c„. 444|
75 W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn Kvh©µ‡g gvDÔwhhv nvmvbvn : ¯^iƒc I cÖK…wZ, w` BmjvwgK
BDwbfvwm©wU ÷vwWR, 8g LÛ, 1g msL¨v, Kzwóqv, wW‡m¤^i- 1999 Lªx:|
76 m~ivn Avj-AvbKveyZ, AvqvZ : 46|
77 Beb gvbhyi Avj-BdwiKx, wjmvbyj ÔAvie, 11k LÛ (•eiƒZ: `viæ •eiæZ wjZ-ZvevqvwZ Iqvb bvkwi, 1956 Lªx:),
c„: 103 |
78 Avey Avjx Avj-ûmvBb Beb Ave`yjøvn Beb mxbv 980 Lªx: Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cvðv‡Z¨ wZwb Avicena bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gvÎ 17 eQi eq‡mB wPwKrmK wn‡m‡e Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib Ges eyLvivi mvgvbxq myjZvb b~n Beb gvbmy‡ii (976-
997 Lªx:) e¨w³MZ wPwKrmK wbhy³ nb| 21 eQi eq‡m wZwb wfbœ wel‡q MÖš’ iPbv ïiæ K‡ib| wPwKrmv wel‡q Zvi
hyM‡kÖô MÖš’ ÒAvj-Kvb~b wdZ wZeÓ| GQvov AviI wewfbœ wel‡q wZwb 15 wU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| G gnvb wPwKrmv
weÁvbx 1037 Lªx: B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨: gynv¤§` b~iæj Avgxb, weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb, (XvKv : Avnmvb
cvewj‡KmÝ, 2006 Lªx:), c„: 76|
79 Beb wmbv, Avm-wmdv, wKZveyj Rv`j, 1g LÛ (Kvq‡iv: Avj-gvKZvevZzj Av‡gwiKv, 1386 wn;), c„: 23|
80 wZwb Ave~eKi Ave`yj Kvwni Beb Avew`i ingvb| wZwb RyiRv‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡iY Ges Z_vq 471 wnRix‡Z B‡šÍKvj
K‡ib| wZwb wewkó fvlv weÁvbx I mvwnwZ¨K| `ªóe¨: Bmjvgx wek^‡Kvl, 11k LÛ, c„. 681|
81 Avjx Beb gynv¤§` Avj-RyiRvbx, wKZveyZ ZvÔixdvZ (•eiæZ: `viæ` `vqvb wjZ ZvwiQ, 1403 wn:), c„: 101-102|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
260
82
m~ivn Avm-md, AvqvZ : 9|
83 m~ivn Avj-Bgivb, AvqvZ : 65-66|
84 m~ivn Avk-ïqviv, AvqvZ : 70-74|
85 m~ivn Avk-ïqviv, AvqvZ : 23-28|
86 m~ivn Avj-dziKvb, AvqvZ : 63|
87 m~ivn Avj-Avbqvg, AvqvZ : 53|
88 m~ivn ebx-BmivBj, AvqvZ : 29|
89 m~ivn Beivnxg, AvqvZ : 4|
90 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 21-22|
91 m~ivn Z¡vnv, AvqvZ : 24|
92 Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii ü`qMÖvnx c×wZ, c„: 61|
93 m~ivn Avm-md, AvqvZ : 2-3|
94 Bgvg eyLvix, mnxûj eyLvix, 4_© LÛ (w`gvk&K : `viæ ZvIwKb bvRvn 1422 wn:), c„. 82 ; nv`xm bs- 3101|
95 m~ivn BDbym, AvqvZ : 57-58|
96 m~ivn Avj-wnRi, AvqvZ : 94|
97 gnvbex (mv:)-Gi `vÔIqvZ: ch©vqµwgK †KŠkj I gva¨g, c„. 176|
98 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, c„. 297-300|
99 cÖv¸³, c„: 300-301|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
nvwdh BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i): ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb
W. gynv¤§` gvneyeyi ingvb
Abstract: Yusuf al-Mizzi (R) was a famus Muhaddis and Rizal composer. He was
Hafez, Imam, Muhaddis and rizal scholar in row. He memorized the Quran as his first
deed then, he gained knowledge in Fiqh and Hadith. His number of teachers were many.
He taught in Damascus’s famous institution ‘Darul Ashrafiyyah’ after completing of his
teaching career. Besides teaching, he dedicated himself towards Hadith recitation,
composition, interpretation and also composition of Rizal. His narration ‘Tahzibul Kamal
Fi Asmayer Rizal’ was the most famous in all ages and for all time. It was widely spread
all around the world for its fame. No excellent, resourceful and oriented production on
that field was created before its narration. Afterwards, many summarized works were
produced in regard to his works. In my Article, Zamaluddin al-Mizzi (R) has been
introduced briefly and also his contribution in Rizal has also been discussed, here in a
logical reasoning.
f~wgKv
BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i) wQ‡jb GKvav‡i nvwdh, Bgvg, gynvwÏQ I ÔBjgyi-wiRvj wekvi`|
wkÿvRxe‡b wZwb me©cÖ_g Avj-KziÕAvbyj Kvixg gyL¯’ K‡ib| wdK&n I nv`xQ wel‡q mgmvgwqK
wewkó gynvwÏQ, gydvm&wmi, dKxn& I ÔAvwjgM‡Yi wbKU Mgb K‡i wkÿvR©b K‡ib| Zuvi wkÿKM‡Yi
msL¨vI A‡bK| wkÿvRxeb mgvwßi ci w`gvk‡Ki weL¨vZ Ô`viæj Avkivwdq¨vn&Õ bvgK wkÿv
cÖwZôv‡b nv`x‡Qi `vi&m cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zuvi wbKU wkÿvR©b K‡i QvÎivI eo eo nvwdh, gynvwÏQ,
gydvm&wmi, dKxn& I wiRvj kv¯¿we` wn‡m‡e cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib| wkÿKZvi cvkvcvwk wZwb nv`xQ
cVb-cvVb, MÖš’ msKjb, nv`x‡Qi e¨vL¨vMÖš’ cÖYqb Ges wiRvj wel‡q MÖš’ cÖYq‡b g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|
Zuvi iwPZ wiRvj welqK ÔZvnhxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvjÕ MÖš’wU mviv we‡k¦ e¨vcKfv‡e mgv`„Z
n‡q‡Q| G MÖš’wU iwPZ nIqvi c~‡e© G wel‡qi Dci Gi †P‡q DËg, my›`i I mg„×kvjx †Kv‡bv MÖš’
iwPZ nqwb| cieZ©x‡Z Zuvi G MÖš’wU‡K †K›`ª K‡i eûmsL¨K mswÿß MÖš’ iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
bvg I esk cwiPq
Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi cÖK…Z bvg BDmyd| wcZvi bvg hv°x| Zuvi eskcwiµgv n‡jv, BDmyd Be&b Avh&-
hv°x ÔAvãyi ingvb Be&b BDmyd1 Be&b ÔAvjx Be&b ÔAvwãj gvwjK Be&b ÔAvjx Be&b Avex hvn&i Avj-
Kvjex Avj-KyhvÔC Avj-wgh&hx2 Avk&-kvwdÔC| Dcbvg Aveyj nv¾vR, Dcvwa RvgvjyÏxb|
3 Be&b
nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) e‡jb,
ن عثذ انزك تن ىسف اتن ىسف تن انهك عثذ تن ىسف تن انرح انحهث انزهر أت تن عه
.انحافظ انذن جال انحجاج أتى انز الأصم4
-ÔBDmyd Be&b Avh&-hv°x ÔAvwãi ingvb Be&b BDmyd Be&b ÔAvwãj gvwjK Be&b BDmyd Be&b ÔAvjx
Be&b Avexh&-hvn&i Avj-nvjvex Avj-Avm&j ÔAvj-wgh&hxÕ Aveyj nv¾vR RvgvjyÏxb Avj-nvwdh|Õ
Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb,
cÖ‡dmi, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
262
تن ىسف تن انرحن عثذ انزك تن ىسف انحجاج أتى انذن جال انحجح انحافظ انهك عثذ تن عه
انزهر أت تن .انحهث انزي انكهث انقضاع5
-ÔAvj-nvwdh Avj-û¾vn& RvgvjyÏxb Aveyj nv¾vR BDmyd Be&b Avh&-hv°x ÔAvwãi ingvb Be&b
BDmyd Be&b ÔAvjx Be&b ÔAvwãj gvwjK Be&b Avexh&-hvn&i Avj-KzhvÔC Avj-Kvjex Avj-wgh&hx Avj-
nvjvex|Õ
Rb¥ I Rb¥¯’vb
Avj-wgh&hx (i) 10 iexDj AvwLi 654 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 1256 wLª÷v‡ã w`gvk&‡Ki nvj&e6 kn‡i GK
m¤£všÍ cwiev‡i Kvj&e Avj-Kz`vwiq¨vn& †Mv‡Î Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|7 byÔgvb (i) ÔivIhvn&Õ MÖ‡š’ Zuvi Rb¥
ZvwiL 650 wnRix e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib|8
wkÿvRxeb
wZwb w`gvk&‡Ki nvj&e †_‡K ÔAvj-wgh&hvnÕ bvgK ¯’v‡b Mgb K‡i †mLv‡b emevm ïiæ K‡ib|9
GLv‡bB Zuvi wkÿvRxeb ïiæ nq| wZwb me©cÖ_g Avj-KziÕAvbyj Kvixg wnd&h K‡ib| Gici wdK&n
kv‡¯¿ wkÿvR©b K‡ib| wZwb †QvU‡ejv †_‡K Dchy³ AwffveK Ges h_vh_ ZË¡veav‡bi Afv‡e
covïbvq AMÖMvgx n‡Z bv cvi‡jI cieZ©x‡Z Ávbvbykxj‡b h‡_ó AMÖMwZ jvf K‡ib Ges wkÿv
jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ kni cwiågY K‡ib|10
Avj-wgh&hx (i) ÁvbvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ g°v, g`xbv, Kvq‡iv, wgmi, Av‡jKRvw› ªqv, evj©xb, Kz`&m, wngm&,
nvgvZ, evÔjvevKmn cÖf„wZ kn‡i Mgb K‡i eû msL¨K wkÿ‡Ki wbKU †_‡K wkÿvMÖnY K‡ib|
Avj-wgh&hx (i) cÖ_gZ Aveyj ÔAveŸvm Avngv` Be&b Aveyj Lvqi Av` &-w`gvkKx Avj-nv¤^jx (i) (g„Z
678 wn.)-Gi wbKU †_‡K Ave~ byÔAvqg (i)-Gi iwPZ ÔwKZveyj wnjqvn&Õ MÖš’wU kªeY K‡ib| Gici
eû msL¨K gynvwÏQ, gydvm&wmi, dKxn& I ÔAvwjgM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K wkÿvR©b K‡ib| G m¤ú‡K©
ÔgyKvÏvgvn& Zvn&hxwej Kvgvj'Õ MÖ‡š’ ejv n‡q‡Q,
: يثم الايهاخ انكثار انكرة عههى سع انغفر، انجى ين فسع انحذث، ساع إن انز هح اذجهد
تغذاد انسلاو يذنح وذارخ انطثران، انقاسى لات انكثر وانعجى أحذ، الإياو ويسنذ انسرح، انكرة
وانسنن يانك، الإياو ويىطأ هشاو، لاتن وانسرج تكار، تن نهزتر اننسة وكراب انثغذاد، نهخطة
.نهثهق كلاها اننثىج ودلائم انكثر،
-ÔAvj-wgh&hx (i) AmsL¨ e¨w³ I we`» cwÐZM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K nv`xQ I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq Aa¨qb
K‡ib| †hgb, wmnvn& wmËvn&, Bgvg Avng` (i.)-Gi gymbv`y Avngv`, Aveyj Kvwmg AvZ&-wZeivbxi
gyÔRvgyj Kvexi, LZxe Avj-evM`v`xi ZvixLy gv`xbvwZm&-mvjvg, hyevqi Be&b evK&Kv‡ii wKZveyb&-
bvmve, Be&b wnkv‡gi mxivn&, Bgvg gvwj‡Ki gyIqvËv, evqnvKxi mybvbyj Kzeiv I `vjvBjyb&-
byeyIq¨vn&|Õ
wZwb †h me wkÿKM‡Yi wbKU wkÿvMÖnY K‡ib Zv‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb, Bebyj wnimZvbx,
Bebyj gyjvBe, Avi-ivnvfx, Bebyj webvÕ, Be&b Avex jyKgvn&, Bebyj evbœv, Bebyj gyKvi&ivg, Avj-
Kvhfxbx, Bebyj-jvZx, Be&b mveŸvn&, Bebyh&-hyevq`x, Aveyj ÔAveŸvm Avm&-mvjvgvn&, Be&b Avex ÔDgvi,
Be&b ÔAvjvb, kvqL gynxDÏxb Avb&-bvevfx, Kvgvj ÔAvãyi inxg, ÔBh&hyj nvi&ivbx, Beby`&-`vivRx,
Kvwmg Avj-Biwejx, Bebym& mve~bx, ikx` Avj-nvwgix, gynv¤§v` Bebyj KvIqvm, dvL&i Avj-eyLvix,
hvqbve, Be&b kvqevb, gynv¤§v` Be&b gynv¤§v` bvK&wKe, BmgvÔCj Bebyj ÔAvmKvjvbx, Avj-gvR&
nvwdh BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i): ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb
263
Bebyj Ljxjx, Avj-ÔBgv` Bebyk&-wkivRx, Avj-gywneŸx Be&b Avmiƒb, Ave~ eKi Be&byj AvbgvZx,
mvdx Ljxj, Mvwhqv Avj-nvjvex, KzZze Be&byj KzmZvjøvbx Ges GKwU RvgvÔAvZ †_‡K| kvidzÏxb
Av`&-w`gqvZx, Avj-dviIqvQx, Avj-BDbxbx, Be&b evjevb, Avi&-ixkx, Be&b `vKxKzj ÔC`, Avh&-
hvwnix, AvZ&-ZvKx Avj-AvmAvi`x, mvÔ yÏxb Avj-nvi&ivQx, Be&b bvdxm cÖgyL I Zuv‡`i GKwU
RvgvÔAvZ †_‡K wZwb Bmjvgx Áv‡bi wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© kªeY I wkÿvMÖnY K‡ib|11
Kg©Rxeb
nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) Zuvi mg‡qi me©‡kªô wkÿKM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K wkÿvMÖnY mgvß K‡i wkÿKZvi
b¨vq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ nb| me©cÖ_g wZwb w`gvk‡Ki weL¨vZ cÖwZôvb Ô`viæj nv`xwQj
Avkivwdq¨vn&Õi kvqL g‡bvbxZ nb| 718 †_‡K 738 wnRix ch©šÍ `xN© wek eQi G cÖwZôv‡b wZwb
nv`x‡Qi `vi&m cÖ`vb K‡ib|12
739 wnRix‡Z Ô`viæj nv`xQ Avb&-b~wiq¨vn&Õi kvqL g‡bvbxZ nb Ges
†mLv‡b `xN©w`b wkÿKZv K‡ib| GQvov `viæj nv`xQ Avj-wngwmq¨vn&‡ZI wZwb wkÿKZv K‡ib|13
G me cÖwZôv‡b wkÿKZvi d‡j Zuvi wbKU †_‡K eûmsL¨K QvÎ wkÿvR©b K‡ib; hviv cieZ©x‡Z mviv
we‡k¦ eo eo we`¨vb I cwÐZ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡ib| KviY Ggb GKRb cÖw_Zhkv wkÿ‡Ki
wbKU wkÿvMÖnY, ZË¡veavb, mwVK wb‡`©kbv, •bwZK mvnPvh© I Abycg wkÿvMÖn‡Yi d‡j Zuv‡`i Abyiƒc
we`¨vR©b mnR nq|
QvÎe„›`
wkÿKZv wQj Avj-wgh&hxi (i)-Gi me‡P‡q eo K…wZZ¡| wb‡R †hgb wkÿv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb ¯^bvgab¨
ÔAvwjgM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K Z`byiƒc Zuvi wbKU †_‡K wkÿv jv‡fi d‡j Zvi QvÎivI we‡kl K…wZ‡Z¡i
AwaKvix wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Qv‡Îi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb,
kvqLyj Bmjvg Be&b Zvqwgq¨vn& (g„Z 728 wn.), dvZû`&-`xb Be&b mvwq¨w`b&-bvm Avj-ÔDgvix (g„Z
734 wn.), Bgvgyj gynvwÏQxb kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (748 wn.), ZvKx DÏxb Avm&-myeKx (739 wn.),
BjgyÏxb weihvjx (g„Z 739 wn.), kvgmyÏxb Ave~ ÔAvwãjøvn& Be&b ÔAvãyj nv`x (g„Z 744 wn.), mvjvn&
DÏxb Avj-AvjvC (g„Z 761 wn.), AvjvDÏxb gyMjZvB Avj-nvbvdx (g„Z 762 wn.), ZvKx DÏxb
Be&b ivwd Avm&-mvjvgx (g„Z 774 wn.), ÔBgvgyÏxb Be&b KvQxi (g„Z 774 wn.) (i) cÖgyL|14
iPbvejx
Avj-wgh&hx (i) GKRb mycÖwZwôZ †jLK wQ‡jb| wZwb wewfbœ wel‡q eûmsL¨K MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib|
Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb,15
.وصنف وكرة ورحم انكثر سع -ÔwZwb eû ¯’vb cwiågY K‡i kªeY
K‡ib Ges †jLbxi gva¨‡g MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|Õ
Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’vejxi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU wbæiƒc,
1. Zzn&dvZzj Avkivd we gvÔwidvwZj AvZivd ( الاف رفاف بمف ربم ف بم الافش رفاف تح ف تح)
2. Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvj ( الر بمجفال ف فاابم بم ال كفمفال تف بم تح)
3. Avj-gybZvKv wgbvj Avnv`xQ (تتفقفى نت (الأفحفادبم ث مبمن افل متح
4. Avj-Kzbv, Avj-gyLZvmvi wgb Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj (،تف فر افل كتحنى (ال كفمفال تف بم بم مبمن افل متح
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
264
Zuvi m¤ú‡K© gbxlxM‡Yi AwfgZ
nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) wQ‡jb kvqLyj Bgvg, ÔAvjøvgvn&, nvwdh, gynvwÏQ, dKxn&, M‡elK I MÖš’vKvi|
Áv‡bi cÖwZwU kvLvq Zuvi AmvaviY cvwÐZ¨ wQj| we‡kl K‡i nv`xQ I wiRvj kv‡¯¿ Zuvi Ae`vb
Awe¯§iYxq| Zuvi m¤ú‡K© wiRvjwe`MY f~qmx cÖksmv K‡i eû gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ K‡qKwU gšÍe¨
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv, 1. mvjvûÏxb Avm&-mvdv`x (i) e‡jb,
لف بم، مفامتح ال لافمف ال فا بمظتح ال فربم د الرح ف تح ، ال متح فد بم بم بممفامتح ىتحوف الشي ختح الإبم ، فاابم 16 .وفالافل فاظ الأف فاابمي دتح ف بمدتح ال تح اظبم-ÔwZwb wQ‡jb kvqLyj Bgvg, ÔAvjøvgvn&, nvwdh, ågYKvix, gynvwÏQM‡Yi Bgvg, me©‡kl nvwdh, mb`
I kãmg ~‡ni mgv‡jvPK|Õ 2. gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) ÔZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvhÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb,
.مثلو ال يون ر لم بأعبائ ا، والقائم لوائ ا، حامل و الرجال، م ر و ما. الشام محدث الاوحد الا ظ البر ال الم الإمام17 -ÔAvgvi `„wó‡Z Zuvi b¨vq Bgvg, weØvb, Áv‡bi mgy`ª, nvwdh, GKK e¨w³Z¡, kv‡gi gynvwÏQ, wiRvj
kv‡¯¿i cÖwZwôZ cwÐZ I AMÖ ~Z Avi KvD‡K †`‡Lwb|Õ
3. gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) e‡jb,
كثير الا لاق، حسن ال لم، كثير حج ، ق وكان .ورجالو الد ث علم لي ا بق ما وم ضلات مشكلات وضح18.جدا الكلام ليل السكوت،
-ÔwZwb wQ‡jb ¯ífvlx, KZ©e¨wbô, mZ¨vbyivMx, Kg©civqY, DËg I •bwZK AvPi‡Yi AwaKvix, wek¦ Í
eY©bvKvix| GQvov ÔBjgyj nv`xQ I wiRvj kv‡¯¿i mgm¨v I RwUjZvi `ÿ mgvavbKvix|Õ
4. Avj-KvËvbx (i) e‡jb,
.المزي الجاج بي بالا ظ الت زي لوان اه ؤلف ال لائي يد بو الا ظ رده
-ÔAve~ mvÔC` Avj-Avjvqx nvwdh Avwej nv¾vR Avj-wgh&hx‡K GKwU MÖš’ iPbvi Kvi‡Y GKK e¨w³
wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|Õ
5. Be&b bvwmiæÏxb (i) e‡jb,
ال يد د يق ابن والمزي يمي ، وابن والدميا ي، ال يد، د يق ابن: رب ر ت من ح ظ: ال ىبي الله عبد بو الا ظ ال 19 .بالرجال عر م والمزي للمتون، ح ظ م يمي وابن بالأاساب، عر م والدميا ي الد ث، ق م
-Ônvwdh Ave~ ÔAvãyjøvn& Avh&-hvnvex e‡jb, Ônv`x‡Qi nvwdh wn‡m‡e Avwg PviRb‡K †`‡LwQ, Zuv‡`i
g‡a¨ Be&b `vKxKzj ÔC`, Av & w`gqvZx, Be&b Zvqwgq¨vn& Ges Avj-wgh&hx| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ Be&b `vKxKzj
ÔC` nv`xQ wel‡q †ewk cwÐZ| Av`& w`gqvZx n‡jb eskbvgv m¤ú‡K© me©vwaK Ávbx| Be&b Zvqwgq¨vn&
wQ‡jb me©vwaK gZb gyL¯ÍKvix Avi Avj-wgh&hx wQ‡jb wiRvj kv‡¯¿ me©vwaK AwfÁ|Õ
nvwdh BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i): ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb
265
6. gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) ÔgyÔRvgyk&-ïq ~LÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb,
20 .الا لام محدث الجاج، بو الد ن جمال الجماع تاذ البارع الا ظ ال لام -ÔRvgvjyÏxb Aveyj nv¾vR wQ‡jb ÔAvjøvgvn&, nvwdh, cwÐZ, Bmjv‡gi gynvwÏQ I GKRb †kªô
e¨w³Z¡|Õ
7. kvgmyÏxb Aveyj gvnvwmb ûmvqbx (i) e‡jb,
21 .الاوان و د ال ر، وحا ظ الزمان، شيخ الجاج بو الد ن جمال الج شي نا كان-ÔAvgv‡`i kvqL RvgvjyÏxb Aveyj nv¾vR wQ‡jb mg‡qi mgv‡jvPK, hy‡Mi nvwdh, mgKv‡ji kvqL
I nv`x‡Qi û¾vn|Õ
8. ZvRyÏxb Avm&-myeKx (i) e‡jb, بأعباا والقائم والجماع السن را حامل زماانا، حا ظ المزي، الجاج بو الد ن جمال الشيخ و دو نا و تاذ شي نا
22 .ال ناع ى ه-ÔkvqL RvgvjyÏxb Aveyj nv¾vR Avj-wgh&hx wQ‡jb Avgv‡`i kvqL, D Ív` I Avgv‡`i Av`k©|
Avgv‡`i hy‡Mi nvwdh, mybœvZ& I RvgvÔAv‡Zi wiIqv‡Zi iÿK|Õ
9. Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb,
23 المش ور ن ال اظ حد ع ره مام كان -ÔwZwb Zvi mg‡qi Bgvg wQ‡jb Ges mycwiwPZ nvwdh‡`i Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb|Õ
BwšÍKvj
nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) 742 wnRix mv‡ji 12 mdi †gvZv‡eK 1341 wLª÷v‡ãi kwbev‡ii w`b hyn&i I
ÔAvmi bvgv‡hi ga¨eZ©x mg‡q w`gvk&‡K BwšÍKvj K‡ib|24
wmÏxK Be&b nvmvb Avj-Kzb~Rx (i) e‡jb,
ÔwZwb 744 wnRix mv‡j BwšÍKvj K‡ib|Õ25
BwšÍKv‡ji mgq wZwb AvqvZzj Kzimx co‡Z co‡Z Nywg‡q
c‡ob| H w`b Zuv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| c‡ii w`b iweevi w`gvk‡Ki Mfb©i AvjvDÏxb
ZzbeyMvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Kvhx ZvKx DÏxb Avm&-myeKxi BgvgwZ‡Z Zuvi Rvbvhvn& mgvß nq| Zuvi Rvbvhvi
bvgv‡h †`‡ki ivRb¨eM©, ÔDjvgv m¤cÖ`vq, wePviKgÐjx, eyw×RxexmgvR I AMwbZ RbmvaviY
Dcw¯’Z nb|26
Gici HwZnvwmK m~dxqv Kei¯’v‡b kvqL Be&b Zvqwgq¨vi (i)-Gi cv‡k© Zuv‡K `vdb
Kiv nq|27
ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb
nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) wiRvj kv‡¯¿ GKRb cÖwm× e¨w³Z¡ wQ‡jb| Zuvi iwPZ ÔZvnhxeyj Kvgvj dx
AvmgvBi wiRvjÕ MÖš’wU wiRvj kv‡¯¿ GK gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e cieZ©x wiRvj kv¯¿we`M‡Yi g‡a¨ ¯’vb
jvf K‡i i‡q‡Q| G MÖš’wU iPbvi Kvi‡YB wZwb wiRvj kv ¿we`M‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P Avm‡b mgvmxb
n‡q‡Qb| G ch©šÍ wiRvj kv¯¿ welqK hZ¸‡jv MÖš’ iwPZ n‡q‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ GwU e„nr I Z_¨eûj MÖš’
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| G MÖš’wU iwPZ nIqvi c~‡e© G wel‡qi Dci Gi †P‡q DËg, my›`i I
mg„×kvjx †Kv‡bv MÖš’ iwPZ nqwb| we‡klZ Zuvi QvÎ gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) I Avngv`
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
266
Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) ZuviB c_ wb‡ ©kK| Zuvi AbyKiY, AbymiY I MÖš’wU Øviv wiRvj
kv‡¯¿ MÖš’ cÖYq‡b GwM‡q Av‡mb| Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i)-Gi ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-ZvnhxeÕ MÖš’wU
g~jZ Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi ÔZvnhxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvjÕ MÖ‡š’i mswÿß iƒc| cieZ©x‡Z
ÔZvnhxeyZ&-ZvnhxeÕ MÖš’wU mswÿß K‡i ÔZvKixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ bv‡g Av‡iv GKwU mswÿß ms¯‹iY iPbv
K‡ib| kvdx DÏxb Avngv` Be&b ÔAvwãjøvn& Avj-LvhivRx (i) (g„Z 923 wn.) ÔLyjvmvZzZ&-Zvhnxwej
KvgvjÕ bv‡g GKwU my›`i ms¯‹iY iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ wiRvj kv‡¯¿ Zuvi Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ
Kiv n‡jv,
1. Zzn&dvZzj Avkivd we gvÔwidvwZj AvZivd ( الاف رفاف بمف ربم ف بم الافش رفاف تح ف تح) nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi G MÖš’wU nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i Dci msKwjZ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iPbvejx| G‡Z
wmnvn& wmËvi mKj nv`xQ bKj Kiv QvovI mnxn gymwjg-Gi gyKvÏvgvn&, myjvqgvb Be&b AvkÔAvm
Ave~ `vD` (i)-Gi ÔwKZveyj gvivmxjÕ, gynv¤§v` Be&b ÔCmv AvZ&-wZiwghx (i)-Gi ÔwKZveyj ÔBjvjÕ,
wKZveyk&-kvgvBjÕ Ges Avngv` Be&b ïÔAvqe Avb&-bvmvC (i)-Gi ÔwKZvey Avgvwj BqvIwgb Iqv
jvqjvwZbÕ ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Qb| MÖš’wU‡Z wZwb mvnvev‡q wKivg (iv), ZvweÔCb (i) Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
ZvweÔ-ZvweÔC‡bi bvgvbymv‡i web¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb| wZwb MÖš’wUi GKwU cwiwkó iPbv K‡ib Ges Zvi
bvgKiY K‡ib ÔZzn&dvZzj AvZivdÕ|28
DwjøwLZ MÖš’wUi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i eû msL¨K gbxlx G MÖ‡š’i mswÿß ms¯‹iY iPbv
K‡ib| Zuvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi QvÎ gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex| G
m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q,
29 .مجلد ن ال ىبي الا لام مؤرخ ور يقو لمي ه ا ت ره
-ÔAvh&-hvnvex `yL‡Ð Gi GKwU mswÿß ms¯‹iY cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb|Õ
Aveyj ÔAveŸvm Avngv` Be&b mvÔ` Be&b gynv¤§v` Avj-Avb`vikx (i) (g„Z 750 wn.) ÔAvj-ÔDg`vZz
dx gyLZvmvwij AvZivdÕ bv‡g GKwU mswÿß ms¯‹iY cÖYqb K‡ib| ÔAvjøvgv ÔAvjvDÏxb gyMjZvC
Avj-nvbvdx (i) (g„Z 762 wn.) ÔgymZv`ivK ÔAvjv ZzndvZzj AvkivdÕ, nvwdh hvqbyÏxb ÔAvãyi
inxg Bebyj ûmvqb Avj-ÔBivK (i) (g„Z 806 wn.) Ges Zuvi cyÎ Iqvjx DÏxb Avj-ÔBivKx (i)
(g„Z 826 wn.)-Gi cwiwkó ¯^iƒc ÔAvj-gymZv`ivKÕ iPbv K‡ib| me©‡k‡l G me msKj‡bi mgwói
Av‡jv‡K nvwdh Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) ÔAvb&-byKvZz Avh&-hvwidÕ bv‡g Ges nvwdh Bebyj
dvn& Avj-gv°x (i) (g„Z 871 wn.) ÔAvj-Avkivd ÔAvjv Avj-RvgÔ evqbvb&-byKvZ Avh&-hvi&ivd
Iqv Zzn&dvwZj AvkivdÕ bv‡g mg„× ms¯‹iY cÖYqb K‡ib|
2. Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvj ( الر بمجفال ف فاابم بم ال كفمفال تف بم تح) GwU nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) wiRvj welqK me©vwaK cÖwm× I HwZnvwmK GKwU MÖš’| G MÖš’wU iPbvi
Kvi‡YB wZwb wiRvj kv¯¿we`M‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P Avm‡b mgvmxb n‡q‡Qb| G ch©šÍ wiRvj kv¯¿ welqK
hZ¸‡jv MÖš’ iwPZ n‡q‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ GwU e„nr I Z_¨eûj MÖš’ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| G MÖš’wU iwPZ
nvwdh BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i): ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb
267
nIqvi c~‡e© G wel‡qi Dci Gi †P‡q DËg, my›`i I mg„×kvjx †Kv‡bv MÖš’ iwPZ nqwb|30
MÖš’wU evi
L‡Ð wef³|31
cvÐywjwc
Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj MÖš’wUi †h me cvÐywjwc i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ ywU n ÍwjwLZ bym&Lv I GKwU cÖKvwkZ
bym&Lvi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb cieZ©x cÖKvkKiv|
cÖ_g n ÍwjwLZ bym&Lv| GwU W. mynvBj hvKvi-Gi e¨w³MZ MÖš’vMvi †_‡K msM„nxZ| wZwb ¯^qs
bym&LvwU Avgv‡`i wbKU †cuŠ‡Q †`b| G bym&LvwU e„n`vKv‡ii bq L‡Ð mgvß| cÖwZwU L‡Ði •`q© 36, cÖ¯Í
25 Ges †kl LÐ e¨wZZ cÖwZwU L‡Ð 200wU K‡i c„ôv i‡q‡Q| †kl L‡Ði c„ôv msL¨v 500wU| cÖwZwU
c„ôvq cuÂvkwU jvBb K‡i †jLv i‡q‡Q| c„ôv¸‡jv c„_K c„_K| MÖš’wU ¸iæ n‡jv, ر ال ي لله المد الله على للناس كون لئلا ومن ر ن، مبشر ن النبي وب ث الشب ، و زال ال ل ، و زاح الهدى، بيل و بان الق، ر ق من وص و و لقو، من ير و على الله وصلى .بين عن حي من ويحيى بين ، عن ىلك من ولي لك الر ل، ب د حجو
النبي و اتم المتق ، مام: بر تو ; mgvß n‡q‡Q G K_vi gva¨‡g, ى ا من جم و الى الله سر ما آ ر ى ا الكتاب، . ابيائو اتم على الله وصلى. جلالو وعز وج و لكرم نبغي كما وظاىرا وبا نا وآ را ولا لله والمد 32
G MÖš’wU msKjb ïiæ nq 705 wnRix mv‡j Ges mgvß n‡q‡Q 712 wnRix mv‡ji whjnv¾ gv‡m| G
n ÍwjwLZ bym&LvwUi Kfvi c„ôvq ZvgvjøvKvZ cvIqv hvq| wØZxq c„ôvq ÔZvh&wKivZzj ûd&dvhÕ †_‡K
†bqv Bgvg nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi Rxebx Ges bym &LvwUi cÖ¯‘ZKviK ev †jLK Beivnxg Be&b
ÔAvwãjøvn& kvidzÏxb Bebyj nvmvb (i)-Gi Rxebx msKwjZ Av‡Q| cvkvcvwk bym&LvwUi cÖ¯‘ZKvj 712
wnRix DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q|
wØZxq n ÍwjwLZ MÖš’ GwU cÖ_g n ÍwjwLZ MÖ‡š’i Abyiƒc| Dfq bym&LvwU GKwU n¯ÍwjwLZ bym&Lv †_‡K
†bqv hv Ô`viæj KzZzwej wgmwiq¨vn&Õ MÖš’vMv‡i msiwÿZ Av‡Q|
Dfq n ÍwjwLZ bym&Lv Ggb GK bym&Lv †_‡K †bqv †hwU Avwgiæj gyÕwgbxb gvbm~i wejøvn& Kvwmg Be&b
gynv¤§v` (967-1029 wn.)-Gi Aby‡iv‡a Beivnxg Be&b ÔAvwãjøvn& Be&b kvidzÏxb Bebyj nvmvb †jLv
Avi¤¢ K‡iwQ‡jb| Avi mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb mvwig DÏxb Beivnxg Be&b Avngv` Be&b ÔAvgxi (i)| wZwb
bym&LvwUi †jLv mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb 8 iexDQ-Qvbx 1105 wnRix‡Z|
Avgiv G MÖš’wU Zvn&KxK I cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î †hfv‡e Dc‡iv³ bym&Lv `ywU‡K g~j wfwË wn‡m‡e wb‡qwQ|
Ggwbfv‡e, gynvw°K W. ÔAvIhv` evkvi KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ MÖš’wUi DciI fimv K‡iwQ| G bym&Lv ywUi
gv‡S cv_©K¨ GB †h, wØZxq bym&LvwUi cÖKvkKMY cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, †Kbbv GwU Zvi gxgK…Z Ges
mw¾Z|33
G MÖš’wU •eiƒ‡Zi `viæj wdK&i †_‡K 24 L‡Ð gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU jvj-Kv‡jv yB i‡½i Kvwj
Øviv my›`i web¨v‡m Qvcv‡bv nq|
cieZ©x‡Z Zuvi G MÖš’wU‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ges Gi Dci wbf©i K‡iB gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i)
(g„Z 748 wn.) ÔZvh&nxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ bv‡g GKwU mswÿß msKjb iPbv K‡ib|34
Gici Be&b nvRvi
Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) (g„Z 852 wn.) ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU e„nr msKjb I
ÔZvKixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ bv‡g GKwU mswÿß ms¯‹iY iPbv K‡ib|35
kdx ÔDÏxb Avngv` Be&b ÔAvwãjøvn&
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
268
Avj-LvhivRx (i) (g„Z 923 wn.) ÔLyjvmvZzZ&-Zvhnxwej KvgvjÕ bv‡g GKwU my›`i ms¯‹iY iPbv
K‡i‡Qb|36
Zvn&KxK
Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj MÖš’wU cieZ©x mg‡q wewfbœ e¨w³ Zvn&KxK I m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡`i nv‡Z
Zvn&KxK I m¤úv`bvK…Z †h bym&LvwU G‡m †cuŠ‡Q‡Q Zv K‡i‡Qb wZb Rb e¨w³| Zvn&KxK K‡i‡Qb,
kvqL Avngv` ÔAvjx ÔAvex` I nvmvb Avngv` AvMv| m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb cÖ‡dmi W. mynvqj hvKvi|
MÖš’wU •eiƒ‡Zi Ô`viæj wdK&iÕ †_‡K 24 L‡Ð 1994 wn./1414 wLª. cÖKvwkZ nq| MÖ‡š’i
Zvn&KxKKvixØq e‡jb, ÒAvgiv MÖš’wU cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wKQy bxwZgvjv wba©viY K‡iwQ hv ms‡ÿ‡c
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv,
1. n Í wjwLZ bym&Lvmg~‡ni g~j ywU bym&Lv I cÖKvwkZ MÖ‡š’i mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lv, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©K¨ I
Kg-†ewk¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv| Avmj ev n ÍwjwLZ g~j bym&Lvi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡iwQ ÔLvÕ (فاا ) Aÿi
Øviv Ges cÖKvwkZ MÖ‡š’i cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡iwQ gxg (مبميم) Aÿi Øviv|
2. cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i wiRvj ev ivexM‡Yi bv‡gi evbvb msiÿY Z_v nvivKvZ cÖ`vb I Zv‡`i Kv‡iv
Kv‡iv Rxebx‡Z wKQy ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. Avj-KzZzeym& wmËvn&, gvRgvÔDh&-hvIqvwq` I gymbv y Avn&gv` †_‡K nv`xQmg~‡ni ZvLixR Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
4. Avj-KvwjgvZzj Mvixevn& Z_v KwVb k‡ãi I ev‡K¨i e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
5. nvwdh Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) Zuvi ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’ †h mKj ZvivwR‡g
AwZwi³ wKQy ms‡hvRb I Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb †m me ZvÔjxKvZ (قفات ( تف لبميت G cÖKvkbvi AšÍf©y³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q KzjZz ( تتحل تتح ) wk‡ivbv‡g|
6. cwic~Y© DcKvi jv‡fi Rb¨ G MÖ‡š’i †k‡l الإكمال من لو روا مسند الإمام حمد من الرجال وى.من ذكر ته الكمال bvgK MÖš’wUI mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk Avj-BKgvj ( مفال (الإبمك G
ZvivwRgmg~n G MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨B Zuvi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b evK¨wUi ga¨Lv‡b GKwU ZviKvwPý Øviv c„_K
K‡i mwbœ‡ek Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡iwQ| G‡ZI ÿvšÍ nqwb eis cÖwZ L‡Ði †k‡l †m LÐ mswkøó
mshyw³mg~n mshy³ K‡iwQ| †m mv‡_ Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rxeb e„ËvšÍ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
7. GQvovI G cÖKvkbvwU‡K cwic~Y©Zv cÖ`v‡bi Avkvq Avj-BKgvj ( مفال (الإبمك MÖ‡š’i Dci nvwdh
Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) KZ©„K ms‡hvRbmg~nI hv‡`i Av‡jvPbv bvgmn Bgvg Avj-
ûmvqbx (i) ¯^xq MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡bwb Avgiv G MÖ‡š’ Zv ms‡hvRb K‡iwQ|
8. nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) †h mKj bv‡gi D‡jøL K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, G bv‡gi Av‡jvPbv c~‡e© n‡q‡Q
ev mvg‡b Avm‡e A_ev AgyK e¨w³i Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ G‡m‡Q †m mKj bv‡gi c~‡e© GKwU K‡i
Kv‡jv †Mvje„Ë cÖ`vb K‡iwQ Ges †m bv‡g †Kv‡bv bv¤^vi (µwgK bs ev wmwiqvj bv¤^vi) †`Bwb|
Z‡e †m bvgwU c~‡e© †h bv¤^v‡i G‡m‡Q ev cieZ©x‡Z †h bv¤v‡i Avm‡e †m bv¤^vi Rxebxi †k‡l
eªv‡K‡Ui g‡a¨ jvj Kvwj w`‡q wj‡L w`‡qwQ Gfv‡e [ ......: ر]|
nvwdh BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i): ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb
269
9. cÖwZ L‡Ði †k‡l †m LÐ mswkøó ZvivRxg, AvInvg I ZvgÔCh cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki bv¤vimn D‡jøL K‡iwQ|
M‡elKM‡Yi myweav‡_© Ges hv‡Z Lye mn‡R Zviv DwÏó¨ j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡ib †mRb¨ c„ôvi
bv¤^viI cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
10. GKwU c„_KL‡Ð hv‡`i Rxebx g~j MÖ‡š’ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q I Avj-BKgvj ( مفال (الإبمك MÖ‡š’ Av‡jvwPZ
n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i bvgmg~‡ni ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GQvovI G MÖ‡š’i mv‡_ wb‡¤œv³ welqvejx m¤^wjZ GKwU c~Y©v½ ÔBjgx m~wPcÎ mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K. Avj-KziÕAv‡bi AvqvZmg~‡ni m~wP cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
L. Avj-nv`xQ I AvQvimg~‡ni m~wP cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M. e¨w³, `j I ’vbmg~‡ni bv‡gi m~wPmg~n cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Gme cÖ`vb Kivi Kvi‡Y G MÖš’wU GKwU cwic~Y© MÖš’ wn‡m‡e Zvi gh©v`v I ¸iæ‡Z¡ †cuŠQ‡Z mÿg
n‡q‡Q|37
Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj MÖš’wUi mswÿßKiY
nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi MÖš’wUi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i cieZ©x gbxlxMY G MÖš’wUi wKQy
mswÿßKiY Z_v ÔAvj-gyLZvQviÕ MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib| wb‡¤œ Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv,
K. nvwdh kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) (g„Z 748 wn.) Zuvi I¯Ív` Avj-wgh&hx (i) cÖYxZ ÔZvn&hxeyj
KvgvjÕ MÖ‡š’i `ywU mswÿß MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib| GK. Zvh&nxeyZ &-Zvn&hxe ( ىبمي تح التت بم ( ف | GwU eo
ai‡Yi GKwU mswÿßKiY| yB. Avj-Kvwkd ( ف (افل كفاشبم | GwU mswÿß ev †QvU ai‡Yi MÖš’|
L. Avj-Bgvg Aveyj ÔAveŸvm Avn&gv` Be&b mvÔC` Avj-ÔAvmKvix Avj-Avb`vikx (i) (g„Z 750
wn.) gyLZvmviæZ&-Zvn&hxe ( مختح تف فرتح التت بم) wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU mswÿß MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib|
M. Avj-Bgvg kvgmyÏxb gynv¤§v` Be&b ÔAvjx Av`&-w`gvkKx Avj-nvwdh (i) (g„Z 765 wn.) AvZ&-
ZvhwKivn& dx wiRvwjj ÔAvkvi ( افلت كبمرفةتح بم ربمجفالبم ال فشفر) wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU mswÿß MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|
N. Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) (g„Z 852 wn.) Zvn&hxeyj-Kvgvj MÖ‡š’i mswÿßKiY K‡i
bvgKiY K‡ib ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ ( تف بم تح التت بم ) | MÖš’wU cvVKgn‡j AZ¨šÍ mgv`„Z
n‡q‡Q|38
Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’i f~wgKvq e‡jb, Ônvwdh Avj-whg&hxi
ÔZvn&hxeyj-KvgvjÕ MÖš’wU AwZ g~j¨evb; Z‡e MÖš’wU `xN© nIqvi Kvi‡b cvVKeM© Drmvn nvwi‡q †d‡jb
GRb¨ GwU mswÿß Ki‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Gi mswÿßKi‡Y K‡qKwU MÖš’ iwPZ nq| hv Dc‡i D‡jøL
Kiv n‡q‡Q| G me mswÿß MÖ‡š’ Mfxi „wó w`‡q †`Ljvg kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) KZ©„K mswÿßiƒc
ÔAvj-KvwkdÕ bvgK MÖš’wUi eY©bv¸‡jv wk‡ivbvg AvKv‡i i‡q †M‡Q, hvi d‡j AviI wKQy Rvbvi AvMÖn
AZ…ß Ae¯’vq †_‡K hvq| Avevi Avh&-hvnvex (i) KZ©„K mswÿßK…Z MÖš’ ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’ `„wó
wbe× K‡i †`Ljvg †h, G‡Z eY©bvfw½ †ek `xN© Avi Zvn&hx‡ei AwaKvsk Av‡jvPbv AšÍf©y³ Kiv
nqwb| ewa©Z As‡k †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î aviYv I Abygv‡bi wfwˇZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q A_ev
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
270
mnxn I hÔCd wbY©‡qi g~j wfwË wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv I mgv‡jvPbvg~jK gšÍe¨ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Gwo‡q hvIqv
n‡q‡Q| GQvov ÔZvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’ Ggb KwZcq bvg i‡q‡Q hv‡`i †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© MÖš’Kvi
Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ibwb| ïay AgyK †_‡K AgyK eY©bv K‡ib Zv‡Z AgyK eY©bv K‡ib Gi †ewk wKQyB ejv
nqwb; G‡Z KviI Ávb wccvmv wbeviY nq bv, †Kv‡bv m‡›`n `~wif~Z nq bv| Gme Kvi‡Y Avwg
Avjøvn& ZvvÔAvjvi wbKU Bw¯ÍLviv K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kijvg †h, Zvn&hxe MÖ‡š’i Ggb GK c×wZ‡Z
ms‡ÿc Kie, hv‡Z m¤ú~Y© gbc~Z nq, Avj-Rvi&n I AvZ&-ZvÔ`x‡ji DcKvix welqwU we‡klfv‡e jÿ
ivLv n‡e Ges Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q `xN© Av‡jvPbv‡K mswÿß Kiv n‡e|39
ÔAvãym mvËvi Avk&-kvqL e‡jb,
و يم الكتاب ش ر من ن كر، واوصح من ان ش ر، قد بل عليو لاب الد ث وجمل ، وورد مناىلو ال ب 40 .ومن م ا ر ى ا الإمام الجليل. وىو حد ىشر كت الجرح والت د ل. الزا رة رجال ال لم و ئمتو
-ÔG MÖš’wU GZ g~j¨evb hvi cÖwm× D‡jøL Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB, Ges hv cÖPvi Kivi c~‡e©B AwaK
my¯úó| Gi cÖwZ nv`x‡Qi evnK I wkÿv_©xMY g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i‡Qb| myaxRb, gbxlx I BgvgMY Gi
eûj mywgó cvwbi Nv‡U AeZiY K‡i‡Qb| GwU Rvin& I ZvÕ`x‡ji me‡P‡q cÖwm× MÖš’ Ges G gnvb
Bgv‡gi Ab¨Zg †MŠi‡ei welq|Õ
ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖš’wU w`jøxi ÔnvRviÕ bvgK cÖKvkbv †_‡K 1891 wLª÷v‡ã gyw`ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq|
nvq`vivev‡`i wbRvwgqv †cÖm †_‡K 1325 wnRix mv‡j 12 L‡Ð gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU 807
wnRix/1404-5 wLª÷v‡ã AvswkKfv‡e cwi®‹vi AbywjwcK…Z nvq`vivev` †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| •eiƒ‡Zi
Ô`viæj wdK&iÕ †_‡K 1415 wnRix/1995 wLª÷v‡ã jvj-Kv‡jv i‡½i †jLvi mgš‡q 10 L‡Ð gyw`ªZ I
c ÖKvwkZ nq| G ms¯‹iYwUi Rve&Z I gvivwRÔAvn& K‡ib wm`&Kx Rvgxj Avj-ÔAvËvi| G ms¯‹iYwU
AZ¨šÍ cwi®‹vi I my›`i| hv †_‡K mn‡RB cvVK e¨w³M‡Yi Av‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cv‡ib|
O. Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) Zuvi iwPZ ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ ( تف بم تح التت بم ) MÖš’wU‡K Avevi
ms‡ÿc K‡i Av‡iv GKwU MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib| GwUi bvgKiY K‡ib, ÔZvK&ixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ تفق ربم تح )(التت بم | Gi ïiæ n‡”Q, دتح لله ال بمي رف ف ف بتف ف فل قبموبم عفلفى بتف بم دفرفجفاتبم .افل فم | AZtci wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvwg
nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) (g„Z 742 wn./1341 wLª.) KZ©„K iwPZ ÔZvn&hxeyj KvgvjÕ MÖš’wU mswÿß K‡i
ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ ( تف بم تح التت بم ) MÖš’ iPbv Kwi| G‡Z ÔZvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’i D‡Ïk¨ ev Íevqb K‡iwQ
A_©vr Zv‡Z DwjøwLZ ivexM‡Yi Rxebx c„_K K‡iwQ|
MÖš’wU j‡ÿèŠ nvRvi †cÖm †_‡K 482 c„ôv m¤wjZ 1272 wLª÷v‡ã yL‡Ð gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| w`jøx
†_‡K 1308-1320 wLª÷v‡ã 298 c„ôv m¤^wjZ gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| ÔAvj-gyMbxÕ bv‡g cvU`xKvmn
ÔZvKixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖš’wU cÖKvk K‡ib gynv¤§v` Be&b Zvwni Avj-evZ&bx| w`jøxi ÔnvRviÕ jvB‡eªix
1290 wLª÷v‡ã G MÖš’wU cÖKvk K‡i| Gi c„ôv msL¨v 348 wQj| w`jøx †_‡K 1320 wnRix mv‡j
cÖKvwkZ Aci bym&Lvi c„ôv msL¨v 198| hv 1398 wLª÷v‡ã ÔAvj-gyMbxÕ ÔZvK&ixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ-Gi
AbyKi‡Y cybtcÖKvwkZ nq| •eiƒ‡Zi Ô`viæj wdK&iÕ †_‡K 1425 wnRix/1995 wLª÷v‡ã `yL‡Ð
cÖKvwkZ nq|
Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj MÖš’wUi ms¯‹iY
nvwdh BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i): ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb
271
nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) iwPZ ÔZvn&hxeyj KvgvjÕ MÖš’wU wewfbœ ms¯’v †_‡K eûevi gyw`ªZ I cÖKvwkZ
nq| Avgiv wb‡¤œ K‡qKwU ms¯‹iY Gi D‡jøL Kijvg|
K. G MÖš’wU w`jøxi ÔnvRviÕ bvgK cÖKvkbv †_‡K 1981 wLª÷v‡ã gyw`ªZ nq| nvq`vivev‡`i wbRvwgqv
†cÖm †_‡K 1325 wnRix mv‡j 12 L‡Ð gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU 807 wnRix/1404-5
wLª÷v‡ã AvswkKfv‡e cwi®‹vi AbywjwcK…Z nvq`vivev` †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq|
L. W. evk&kvi ÔAvIqv` gvÔiƒd-Gi Zvn&KxKK…Z •eiƒ‡Zi gyÕAvm&mvmvZzi wimvjvn& †_‡K 1400
wnRix/1980 wLª÷v‡ã 35 L‡Ð cÖ_g ms¯‹iY gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq|
M. •eiƒ‡Zi Ô`viæj wdK&iÕ †_‡K 1494 wLª÷v‡ã 24 L‡Ð jvj-Kv‡jv is‡Mi Kvwjg Øviv gyw`ªZ I
cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU Zvn&KxK K‡ib kvqL Avn&gv` ÔAvjx Avex` I nvmvb Avn&gv` AvÔAv| Z_¨
ms‡hvRb K‡ib cÖ‡dmi W. mynvqj hvKvi|
Dcmsnvi
cwi‡k‡l G K_v ejv hvq, BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i) wQ‡jb GK cÖw_Zhkv nv`xQwe`, nv`x‡Qi ivexi
mgv‡jvPK I ÔBjgyi-wiRv‡j GK we‡kl e¨w³Z¡| wZwb eû †`k I Rbc` ågY K‡i Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ
wel‡q Ávb AvniY K‡i wkÿKZvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| wkÿKZvi cvkvcvwk wZwb MÖš’ iPbvq
RMZ‡Rvov L¨vZx jvf K‡ib| Zuvi iwPZ MÖš’vejx Zuvi Áv‡bi MfxiZv cÖgvY K‡i| Zuvi iwPZ
MÖš’vejx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÔBjgyi-wiRvj welqK MÖš’ ÔZvn&hxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvjÕ me‡P‡q †ewk
cÖwmw× jvf K‡i| GwU ÔBjgyi wiRvj welqK MÖš’mg~‡ni g‡a¨ me©vwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨| hv cieZ©x hy‡Mi
gbxlxM‡Yi c_ cÖ`k©K| Zuvi iwPZ MÖš’wUi Ici wfwË K‡i cieZ©x‡Z Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx
(i) ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ I ÔZvK&ixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖš’ `ywU iPbv K‡ib| kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i)-Gi
GKwU gyLZvi iPbv K‡i bvgKiY K‡ib ÔgyLZvmviæ Zvnhxwej KvgvjÕ| ZvB ejv hvq BDmyd Avj-
wgh&hx (i) wQ‡jb ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j c_ cÖ`k©K, `ÿ, cÖwm×| Zuvi G Ae`vb gvbemgv‡R wPiKvj
¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡e|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh (•eiƒZ: `viæj ÔBjwgj gvjvCb, 2q ms¯‹iY, 1414 wn./1994 wLª.),
c„. 521| 2 Avj-wgh&hx ( افل مبمز بمى) : w`gvk‡Ki wgh&hvn& kn‡ii cÖwZ wbmevZ K‡i Zuv‡K ÔAvj-wgh&hxÕ ejv n‡q _v‡K|
3 Be&b ZvMix evi`x, Avj-gvbnvjym& mvdx (•eiƒZ: Zv. we.), c„. 857; Be&b Zzj~b, Avj-KvjvBw`j RvInvwiq¨vn&
(cÖKvkbv ms¯’v D‡j øL wenxb, Zv. we.), c„. 329; ÔAvã yj Kvw`i Avb&-byqvqgx, Av`&-`vwim dx ZvixwLj gv`vwim, 1g
LÐ, c„. 35; nvRx Ljxdvn&, Kvkdzh&-hyb~b, 1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, 1402 wn./1982 wLª.), c„. 116; W. evk&kvi
AvIqv` gvÔiƒd, gyKvÏvgvZy Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: gyÕAvm&mvmvZzi wimvjvn&, 1406 wn./1985 wLª.), c„.
13; LvqiæÏxb Avh&-whivKjx (i) e‡jb, محمد بي الزكي ابن الد ن جمال الجاج، بو و ف، بن الرحمن عبد بن و ف الا ظ |ª. Avj-AvÔjvg, 8g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj ÔBjwgj gvjvCb, 15k ms¯‹iY, 2002 wLª.), c„. 236` .المزي الكلبي القضاعي
4 Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av`&-`yiviæj Kvwgbvn&, 5g LÐ (nvq`vivev`: `vBivZzj gvÔAvwid, 1348 wn.), c„.
233| 5 Be&b ZvMix evi`x, Avb&-bR~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ (Kvq‡iv: `viæj KzZzwej wgkwiq¨vn&, 1350 wn.), c„. 76|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
272
6 Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av &-`yiviæj Kvwgbvn&, 5g LÐ, c„. 233; Bebyj ÔBgv`, kvhvivZzh&-hvnve, 6ô LÐ
(wgki: gvKZvevZzj Kz`&mx, 1350 wn.), c„. 136; gynv¤§v` Avk&-kvIKvbx, Avj-ev`iæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ (Kvq‡iv:
gvZevÔAvZzm&-mvÔ`vn&, 1348 wn.), c„. 353; Zvk& Kzeiv hv`vn&, wgdZvûm& mvÔAv`vn&, 2q LÐ (nvq`vivev`: 1356
wn.), c„. 367; Be&b kvwKi, dvIqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 353; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mvKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvwZj
ÔAvivweq¨vn&, 1g LÐ (Kzg: gvbk~ivZ mvK&Zvevn& AvqvwZjøvn& Avj-AvÔhvgx, Zv. we.), c„. 300; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx,
ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521; Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb, و تمائ وخمس رب ن الآ ر ربي عاشر فى حل بظاىر ولد. `ª. Be&b ZvMix evi`x, Avb&-byR~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 76|
7 Bebyj ÔBgv`, kvhvivZzh&-hvnve, 6ô LÐ, c„. 136; gynv¤§v` Avk&-kvIKvbx, Avj-ev`iæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ, c„. 353;
Zvk& Kzeiv hv`vn&, wgdZvûm& mvÔAv`vn&, 2q LÐ, c„. 367; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mvKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvwZj
ÔAvivweq¨vn&, 1g LÐ, c„. 300; W. evk&kvi AvIqv` gvÔiƒd e‡jb, التي القضاعي كل بيل لى رج الاصل عربي عائل .من الشامي البلاد ا تو نت . مبكرة ترة `ª. gyKvÏvgvZy Zvnhxeyj Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 13|
8 ÔAviex fvl¨, ىت650 فالف ا مان ش الروض الغناا ن. `ª. AvZ&-ZvR Avj-gyKv¤§vj, c„. 480|
9 ÔAviex fvl¨, (دمشق ضواحي من )بالمزة واشأ `ª.Avj-AvÔjvg, 1g LÐ, c„. 13|
10 kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex, ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, Zv. we.), c„. 1498; kvgmyÏxb Avh&-
hvnvex, gyÔRvgyk kyq~L, 2q LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, Zv. we.), c„. 90; Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av`&-`yiviæj
Kvwgbvn&, 5g LÐ, c„. 233; Zuvi cwievi wkÿv-`xÿvq mg„×kvjx wQj bv| hvi Kvi‡Y wZwb 21 eQi eq‡m cÖ_g
nv`x‡Qi `vi‡m emvi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| hvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Be&b ÔAvwã`&-`vwqg, ÔAvjøvgv Kvigvbx, Be&b Aveyj BDmyd
(i) cÖgy‡Li b¨vq we‡klÁ gynvwχQi wbKU `vim kªeY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
`ª. gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 14; Avqvbyj Avmi, 12k LÐ, c„. 123; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx,
ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521| 11
gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 14; Be&b ivRve, hvqjy ZvevKvwZj nvbvwejvn&, 2q LÐ (wgki: gvKZvevZzm&-
mybœvwZj gynv¤§vw`q¨vn&, 1272 wn.), c„. 351; Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av`&-`yiviæj Kvwgbvn&, 5g LÐ, c„. 233;
Be&b KvQxi, Avj-we`vqvn& Iqvb&-wbnvqvn&, 14k LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj KzZzwej ÔBjwgq¨vn&, 1985 wLª.), c„. 191; Bebyj
ÔBgv`, kvhvivZzh&-hvnve, 6ô LÐ, c„. 136; Be&b bvwmi, Avi-ivÏyj Iqvwdi (wgki: gvZevÔAvn& Kzw`©¯’vb Avj-
Bmjvwgq¨vn&, 1329 wn.), c„. 128; ZvRyÏxb Avm&-myeKx, ZvevKvZzk&-kvwdq¨vn&, 6ô LÐ (wgki: gvZevÔAvZzj
ûmvqwbq¨vn&, 1g ms¯‹iY, Zv. we.), c„. 251; gynv¤§v` Avk&-kvIKvbx, Avj-ev`iæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ, c„. 353;
kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex, ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ, c„. 1498; nvRx Ljxdv, Kvkdzh& hyb~b, 1g LÐ, c„. 116;
BmgvÔCj evkv, nvw`qvZzj ÔAvwidxb, 2q LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, 1402 wn./1982 wLª.), c„. 556; gyKvÏvgvn&
Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 17; Kvj© eªæK¨vjg¨vb, ZvixLyZ&-ZzivwQj ÔAvivex, 2q LÐ, c„. 75| 12
RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521; gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 29; kvgmyÏxb Avh&-
hvnvex (i) e‡jb, بأماكن المشي وولي ورجالو، الد ث علم لي ا بق ما وم ضلات مشكلات و وضح مجالس و ملى لن سو رج .الأشر ي الدار من ا
`ª. ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ, c„. 1499; ÔDgvi wihv Kvn&nvjvn (i) e‡jb, ن وعشر ن لاثا الاشر ي الد ث دار وولي .وا ا
`ª. gyÔRvgyj gyAvwjødxb, 12k LÐ (•eiƒZ: gyÕAvm&mvmvZzi wimvjvn&, 1g ms¯‹iY, 1414 wn./1993 wLª.), c„. 208| 13
Avm&-mvdv`x, Avj-Iqvdx, 12k LÐ, c„. 128; Avb&-byqvBgx, `vwim, 1g LÐ, c„. 59; gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g
LÐ, c„. 28-29| 14
ÔZvnhxeyj KvgvjÕ MÖ‡š’i gyKvÏvgvq ewY©Z Av‡Q,
nvwdh BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i): ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb
273
ت )ال ىبي الد ن شمس والمحد المؤر و ما ،(734 ت )الي تحمفري الناس يد ابن الد ن و تح ،(728 ت )الراني يمي ابن الا لام شيخ عاظم تخرج وبو. وغيرىم( 756 ت )السبكي الد ن قي ال لام والإمام مرة، غير الب اري ص يح عنو و ،(694 ) ن منو ( 748 الد ن وصلاح ،(744 ت )الهادي عفب د ب ن اا عفب د بو الد ن وشمس ،(739 ت )البرزالي الد ن علم: علام م من والمؤر والمحد الرواة عماد والشيخ ،(774 ت )السلامي را ابن الد ن و قي ،( 762 ت )الن ي مغلطاي الد ن وعلاا ،(761 ت )ال لائي كيكلدي بن ليل .ذكرىم طول و لق ،(774 ت )ص ره كثير ابن الد ن
ª. Zvnhxeyj Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 30|
15 Be&b ZvMix evi`x, Avb-byh~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 76|
16 Avm&-mvdv`x, Avj-Iqvdx, 2q LÐ, c„. 164|
17 kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex, ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ, c„. 1497; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„.
521| 18
kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex, ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ, c„. 1497; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„.
521| 19
LvqiæÏxb whivKjx, Avj-AvÔjvg, 8g LÐ, c„. 236| 20
gyÔRvgyk&-kyq~L, 2q LÐ, c„. 90| 21
kvgmyÏxb Aveyj gvnvmxb ûmvqbx, hvqjy ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 229| 22
ZvRyÏxb Avm&-myeKx, ZvevKvZzk& kvwdq¨vn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 395| 23
Avb-byR~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 76| 24
Avj-we`vqvn& Iqvb&-wbnvqvn&, 14k LÐ, c„. 204; Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb, ص ر عشر ثانى فى بدمشق ومات.
`ª. Avb-byR~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 76; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx (i) e‡jb, م السبت ثانى عشر ص ر ن ا نت مفاتف تفو .و رب و ب مائ
`ª. ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521| 25
AvZ&-ZvR Avj-gyKv¤§vj, c„. 481| 26
gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 33; Be&b KvQxi (i) Zuvi Bwš ÍKvj m¤ú‡K© e‡jb,
ف رتحوحتحوتح تحببمضفت بم، بتف فوتح ال لاف تف مف ااتح رفحمبم ف السب تبم تفو نيبم لف ف، بمل كف ف بميزتحهتح تح كبمن تفلفم صف فر، عفشفرف ثاف عشر ثالث الأحد وم الغد مبمنف كفانف تفلفما الليت لج فامبم بم عفلفي وبم وفصتحل بميف وفكتح بمنف غسل اليوم، ذلك صبي ص ر ، بابم تحمفوبمي بم فع يفانتح ال قتحضفاةتح وفحفضفرف الأ ئبمقتح وفالأ نف لاف وف فلاف ثت رفة، يحتح فو فنفازف بموبم وف تحربمجف كف ببم مبمن بم باف
ئبم تح وف فرفجف الن ربم، فمبميرتح السل طفنف بم ف ، دبم وفانتح وفمف فوتح نبغا الد ن علاا الأ ر بم وفكفا بم تح وفال احبم تح السل طفانبم رتحىتحم الس بم تحمفرفاابم، مبمنف وفغفيت ا الأ فاربمجف عفلفي وبم ف فلو ببم ي عفلفي وبم فم تحم الن ربم، باف .الشا بم بمي السب كبمي الد بم نبم فقبمي ال قفاضبم
`ª. Avj-we`vqvn& Iqvb&-wbnvqvn&, 14k LÐ, c„. 204| 27
Be&b KvQxi, Avj-we`vqvn& Iqvb&-wbnvqvn&, 14k LÐ, c„. 204; Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av &- yiviæj Kvwgbvn&, 4_©
LÐ, c„. 135; Be&b kvwKi KzZex, Avj-dvIqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 353; Be&b Kvhx kvnev, ZvevKvZ, c„. 119-120; Be&b
ZvMix evi`x, Avj-gvbnvjym&-mvdx, c„. 857-858; Bebyj ÔBgv`, kvhvivZzh&-hvnve, 6ô LÐ, c„. 136-137; Avm&-
mvdv`x, Avqvbyj Avmvi, 12k LÐ, c„. 123-124; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521; gynv¤§v` Avk&-
kvIKvbx, Avj-ev`iæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ, c„. 253-254; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mvKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvwZj ÔAvivweq¨vn&,
1g LÐ, c„. 300; AvZ&-ZvR Avj-gyKv¤§vj, c„. 480; Dgvi wihv Kvn&nvjvn (i) e‡jb,
. يمي ابن صاحبو بر غربي ال و ي قابر ود ن ص ر، 12 بدمشق و و
`ª. gyÔRvgyj gyAvwjødxb, 12k LÐ, c„. 208|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
274
28
Be&b kvwKi KzZex, Avj-dvIqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 355; gynv¤§v` Avk&-kvIKvbx, Avj-ev`iæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ, c„. 353;
RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521; W. evk&kvi gvÔiƒd e‡jb,
مقدم ( ): الست ص اب ومؤل ات لواحق من لي ا ضاف بل ذكر ، كما الست الكت على يو قت ر لم المزي ن ذلك لى ضاف الشمائل كتاب (د). لو الجام كتاب آ ر ال ي وىو للترم ي، ال لل كتاب (ج). داود لابي المرا يل كتاب (ب). مسلم ص يح
.للنسائي وليل وم عمل كتاب (ه ). ضا للترم ي`ª. gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 28-29|
29 Avm&-mvdv`x, Avj-Iqvdx, 2q LÐ, c„. 164; ZvRyÏxb Avm&-myeKx, ZvevKvZzk kvdÔCq¨vn&, 9g LÐ, c„. 105; Be&b
kvwKi, DqybyZ&-ZvIqvixL, c„. 86; hviKvkx, DKy`yR&-wRgvb, c„. 79; gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 18| 30
gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 26; Be&b kvwKi KzZex, dvIqvZzj IqvdBqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 355| 31
Avj-AvÔjvg, 8g LÐ, c„. 236| 32
gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 15| 33
Z‡`e 34
nvRx Ljxdvn&, Kvkdzh&-hyb~b, 1g LÐ, c„. 117; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mviKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 300;
gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 53| 35
nvRx Ljxdvn&, Kvkdzh&-hyb~b, 1g LÐ, c„. 117; Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Zvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxe, 1g LÐ, c„. 4;
gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 53; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mviKxm e‡jb,
و اا ته الت ثم ا ت ره و اه قر الت . لخس منو ابن حجر ال سقلاني وزاد عليو شيئا كثيرا`ª. gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 300|
36 nvRx Ljxdvn&, Kvkdzh&-hyb~b, 1g LÐ, c„. 117; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mviKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 300;
W. evk&kvi AvIAv` gvÔiƒd e‡jb, 923 ن الأفا اربمي الخزرجي ال ليم عبد بن الخير فبي ب ن اابم عفبد ب ن فحم فد الد ن ص ي ام .بالروف الأف اا ب يد او و ائد و الرجال، اا الكمال ىي لاص "الم روف بكتابو بتل ي و
`ª. gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 53| 37
gyKvÏvgvn& Zvn&hxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 17-18| 38
c~‡e©v³, 1g LÐ, c„. 13| 39
Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Zvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxe, 1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY, 1415 wn./1995
wLª.), c„. 7| 40
ÔAve`ym&-mvËvi Avk&-kvqL, Avj-nvwdh Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx Avgxiæj-gyÕwgbxb wdj-nv`xQ (w`gvk&K:
`viæj-Kvjvg, 2q ms¯‹iY, 1423 wn./2002 wLª.), c„. 444|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
W. †gv. Avwgiæ¾vgvb
Abstract: The renowned playwright Selim Al Deen has dramatically represented a
patriarchal social system. From an ancient time in this land of Bengal a woman's life
has been controlled by the doctrines of patriarchy within the frame of her family and
society. The socio-economic conditions of women could never strengthen It's position
within this dominant power of control and along with these various dimensions of social
violence towards women can be observed. The type of women's society has been
depicted in Selim Al Deen's plays also contains extreme violence and intimidation
towards women. Women from different classes and occupations are characterised in
drama scripts of Selim Al Deen. These characters of women in his plays from different
classes and occupations of life are the representatives of women of this land. By
obtaining the socio-geographic realities these characters of women are immaculately
sketched by the playwright in his plays. These plays inherently represent the diversified
conditions of women in the society - where social problems and conflicts reveal
overall conditions and existences of these women characters. Objective of this essay is to
analyse the social manner and problems within the reflected social realities of these
women characters of Selim Al Deen's plays.
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†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K M„nea~ I M„nKb¨v †kÖwYi bvixi msL¨v AcÖZzj bq| M„n ’ GB bvix‡`i cÖavb
KvR Nimsmvi mvgjv‡bv hv g~jZ webv cvwikÖwg‡Ki KvR| †RÛvi wfwËK kÖg wefvRb‡K wZbwU
†kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv nq: Productive, Re-productive Ges Community Role|1 Productive KvR
n‡”Q N‡ii evwn‡ii kÖg hvi g~j¨ Av‡Q ev GB kÖ‡g gRywi cvIqv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K Re-productive
KvR n‡”Q M„nKg© ev N‡ii Af¨šÍ‡ii KvR †h Kv‡Ri †Kv‡bv A_©‣bwZK g~j¨ †bB| cÖPwjZ mgvR
e¨e¯’vq AwaKvsk bvix Re-productive Kv‡Ri m‡½ RwoZ, Ab¨w`‡K cyiæ‡liv mvaviYZ
Productive I Community Role ev KwgDwbwUi Kv‡Ri m‡½ mswkøó| d‡j M„n ’ ev M„nK‡g©
wb‡qwRZ bvixi Av_©mvgvwRK wfwË AZ¨šÍ `ye©j| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡Ki dn©v` mv‡n‡ei ¯¿x,
gyn¤§` web ZzNj‡Ki †eMg, cve`v, nvwg` mv‡n‡ei ¯¿x, bZz, wg‡mm gybZvwmi, kKzšÍjv, Abm~qv I
wcÖqse`v, b~iRvnvb, bIkv`xi gv, dzjgwZ, †eMgx, nv œv, Kvwj›`x, cix, gvjwZ, Kgjv, †mvbvgywL,
†bvjK, Aa¨vc‡Ki ¯¿x I Kb¨v, mvuSgvjv, Lwjkvi ¯¿x, wnRywj, AveQv Ges myeZx cÖgyL M„n ’ bvix ZvB
A_©‣bwZKfv‡e weËnxb| Av_©mvgvwRKfv‡e GmKj bvix ¯^vgx, wcZv A_ev cy‡Îi cwiPq I
wbf©kxjZvq cwiwPZ I cÖwZwôZ| g~jZ, bvix‡`i AaxbZvi g~j KviY GB Avw_©K ciwbf©iZv|2
A_‣bwZKfv‡e GB ciRxex bvix Pwi·`i mvgvwRKfv‡e we‡kl †Kv‡bv MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †hgb †bB Ñ
†Zgwb Zv‡`i wPšÍv-†PZbv, gZvgZ I B”Qv-Awb”Qvi ¸iæZ¡I AZ¨šÍ bMY¨ wnmv‡e bvU‡K cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q‡Q| KviY, Ô†h‡nZz bvix wKQzi gvwjK bq, †m gvby‡li gh©v`vI cvq bv; †m wb‡RB n‡q I‡V
cyiæ‡li DËivwaKvim~‡Î cÖvß welqm¤úwËi Ask : cÖ_‡g wcZvi, c‡i ¯vgxi|Õ3
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K weaev I ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³v bvix †M․Zgx, bIkv`x, kgjv, •KZix, gwbiv
†eMg, Av¼zix, Pz°zbx, mywK Ges wZwm| GB bvixiv Av_©mvgvwRK w`K †_‡K M„nea~ I AweevwnZ
Kb¨vmšÍvb‡`i Zzjbvq Av‡iv wcwQ‡q i‡q‡Q| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡Ki ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³v I weaev
bvixiv AwaKvskB wb¤œwe‡Ëi bvix Ñ hv‡`i mvgvwRK-A_©‣bwZK wbivcËvi Afve bvU‡K Zxeªfv‡e dz‡U
D‡V‡Q| mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I cÖ_vi Kv‡Q †hgb GB bvix‡`i e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv mxgve× †Zgwb
mvgvwRKfv‡e Zv‡`i Ae¯’vbI AZ¨šÍ `ye©j|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡Ki †ckvRxex bvix ebkªxevjv, Wvwjgb, gvjKv, Pz°zbx, cix, AÄwj, wgVy, iÄbv,
wgbvKzgvix, g½wj Ñ cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †ckv wb¤œ‡kÖwYi hv mvgvwRKfv‡e AMÖnY‡hvM¨ I †bwZevPK wn‡m‡e
¯xK…Z| ebkªxevjv, cix, wgVy, iÄbv hvÎvwf‡bÎx; Wvwjgb I gvjKv †e‡`wb; wgbvKzgvix I AÄjx cyZzj
bv‡Pi `‡j b„Z¨cwi‡ekbKvix| Avi Pz°zbx I g½wj fvmgvb †h․bKgx©| hvÎvcvjv I cyZzj bv‡Pi bvix‡`i
†hgb mvgvwRKfv‡e †Kv‡bv gh©v`v †bB Ñ †Zgwb †h․bKgx© bvixivI A¯ú„k¨ I mgvRPz¨Z bvix|
wKËb‡Lvjv bvU‡Ki †e‡`wb Wvwjgb I gvjKvi Ae ’vbI Abyiƒc| gvjKv-Wvwjgb‡`i msmv‡i †KD
†bB| Dciš‘ †b․Kvq evm Kiv jvDqviv mvaviYZ f~wgnxb| d‡j DËivwaKvim~‡ÎI GmKj bvix
m¤ú`nxb| Ab¨w`‡K •heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡Ki wgVz iÄbv cwievi-cwiRbnxb bvix| wcZ…gvZ…nxb AÄwj
•kk‡e wewµ n‡qwQ‡jv Zvici †_‡K cyZzj bv‡Pi Zvey‡Z †m b„Z¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i| nvZ n`vB bvU‡Ki
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
277
Pz°zbx cvwievwiK mwnsmZvi wkKvi n‡q cvwj‡q wM‡q †h․be„wË MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| Avi ebcvsïj
bvU‡Ki weaev g½wj A_©vfv‡e eva¨ n‡q †h․b‡ckv †e‡Q †bq| g~jZ, †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K
†ckvRxex †h bvix‡`i wPÎ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i A_©‣bwZK wfwËI AZ¨šÍ `ye©j| Zvui bvU‡Ki bvix
Pwi·`i ÿgZvqY †hgb †bB †Zgwb GB bvixiv mvgvwRKfv‡e bvbv my‡hvM myweav †_‡KI ewÂZ|
Av_©mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K mvgvwRK eÈb I ÿgZvi Amvg¨ evievi D‡V
G‡m‡Q|4 Avi bvixi GB Av_©mvgvwRK cwiP‡qi †fZi w`‡q aiv c‡o‡Q mgv‡R bvixi Aw ͇Z¡i
wewfbœ NvZ-cÖwZNvZ| d‡j Zvui bvU‡Ki bvix Pwi‡Îi Dci wewfbœ ai‡Yi mvgvwRK †kvlY I eÂbv
Zxeªfv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q| GB mvgvwRK †kvlY •elg¨g~jK msKU I msNvZ‡KB D”PwKZ K‡i‡Q|
bvixi cÖwZ mvgvwRK AvPiY I msNvZ
e¨w³i cÖwZ mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi aib •Zwi nq g~jZ mvgvwRK wek¦vm, agx©q †eva, ixwZ-bxwZ, ms¯‥vi,
AvPvi BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ| Avi mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi wfwˇZ e¨w³i mvgvwRK Ae¯’v I Ae¯’vb Abygvb
Kiv hvq| mvgšÍZvwš¿K I wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’vq mvg¨wfwËK mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Aeÿq I bvixi
cÖwZ •elg¨g~jK AvPiY cwijwÿZ nq| d‡j bvixi cÖwZ mvgvwRK AvPiY A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB wbg©g|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K GKB wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| ZvB †mwjg Avj `x‡bi AwaKvsk bvix Pwi‡Îi
cwiYwZ AZ¨šÍ gg©¯úk©x I KiæY| AwaKvsk bvix‡K we‡qvMvZ¥K cwiYwZ ev aŸs‡mi gy‡LvgywL `vuov‡Z
n‡q‡Q| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K mgv‡Ri KvQ †_‡K bvix Pwiθ‡jv g~jZ mwnsm AvPiY jvf
K‡i‡Q| bvixi cÖwZ †hmKj mwnsm AvPiY ev msNvZ I mgvRev ÍeZv †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zvi aib‡K mywbwÏ©ófv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| †hgb: mZx`vn, †h․ZzK I cYcÖ_v,
eûweevn, †h․be„wË, AcniY I †h․b wbcxob, bvix µq-weµq, mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi I wg_¨v Acev`,
†Rvic~e©K weevn I evj¨weevn, A¯xK…Z gvZ…Z¡ I åƒY nZ¨v, m¤ú`-m¤úwË `Lj, GKcvwÿK MÖvgxY-
wePvi BZ¨vw`| Zvui bvU‡K bvixi cÖwZ mgv‡Ri GmKj AvPiY I cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v mgvRev¯ÍeZviB
cÖwZdjb| GmKj mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi, ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPiY we‡køl‡Yi †fZi w`‡q mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’v
I Ae¯’vb Abyaveb Kiv hvq|
K. mZx`vn
cÖvPxb fviZe‡l© mZx`vn cÖ_vi cÖPjb wQ‡jv| AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki fviZe‡l© mZx`vn cÖ_vi cÖfve I
cÖwZôv GZB fqveniƒc jvf K‡i †h Gmg‡q AwaKvsk wn› y bvix‡KB mngiY eiY Ki‡Z n‡Zv|
A_v©r ¯^vgx g„Zz¨ eiY Ki‡j ¯¿x‡KI ¯^vgxi wPZvq RxešÍ cÖvY wemR©b w`‡Z n‡Zv| Bn‡jvK Ges
ci‡jv‡K cwZB me Ñ mbvZb a‡g©i GB aviYv mZx`vn cÖ_vi †cQ‡b Kvh©Ki wQ‡jv| GQvov cyiæ‡li
g„Zz¨i ci Zvi m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv wb‡q wbS©ÅvU nIqvi Rb¨I mvgv‡R GB cÖ_v Pvjy nq|5 †mwjg
Avj `x‡bi •heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡K mZx`v‡ni GKwU †jvgnl©K wPÎ cvIqv hvq| evgb cvovi
B›`yVvKz‡ii †e․gv fevbxi ¯^vgx gviv †M‡j fevbx‡K wPZvq IVv‡bv nq| wPZv †_‡K Aa©‡cvov kixi
wb‡q †`․u‡o cvjv‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K a‡i G‡b †Rvi K‡i cywo‡q nZ¨v Kiv nq| bvUKwU‡Z mZx`v‡ni
bv‡g bvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZvi exfrm eY©bv cvIqv hvq:
fevbxi Kvc‡o Av¸b a‡i hvq, GK Zxÿè AvZ©bv‡` mnmv Av¸b †_‡K †ewo‡q Av‡m| e‡j, bv bv Avwg
cvi‡ev bv †Mv Avwg wPZvi Av¸‡b cyo‡Z cvigy bv| VvKzi PxrKvi K‡i, a‡iv A‡i a‡iv| ... AmZxi
ev”Pv, wPZv †_‡K ZzB cvjvwe bv Avgvi esk gRvwe| IB hv mvay, aBiv Avb aBiv Avb|6
•heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡Ki K_vcy‡”Q bvU¨Kvi D‡jøL K‡ib, GB K_vbv‡U¨i cÖ_g L‡Ði †cÖÿvcU
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
278
Aóv`k kZK| GB mg‡q fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ A‡j mZx`vn cÖ_vi e¨vcK cÖPjb wQ‡jv Rvbv hvq|
1757 mv‡ji cjvkxi hy‡×i ci †_‡K 1829 wLª÷v‡ã mZx`vn wbwl× AvBb cvk nIqv ch©šÍ cÖvq
70000 mZx`vn n‡q‡Q Ggb cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|7 Av‡iv Rvbv hvq †h, †mmg‡q †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv bvix
†m¦”Qvq mZx n‡Zv ev wPZvi Av¸‡b Svuc w`‡Zv Ñ wKš‘ Awb”QzK weaev‡K kv‡¯¿i †`vnvB w`‡q bZzev
Ab¨‡Kv‡bv Dcv‡q GKevi ivwR Kwi‡q Zvici †m gi‡Z bv PvB‡jI †Rvi K‡i cywo‡q gviv n‡Zv|8
fevbxi †ÿ‡ÎI Abyiƒc NUbv N‡U‡Q| Gai‡bi wbôyi cÖ_vi g‡a¨ w`‡q wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡R bvixi cÖwZ
mwnsm AvPi‡Yi wbg©g cÖwZdjb jÿ Kiv hvq|
L. †hŠZzK I cYcÖ_v
†h․ZzK I cYcÖ_v GZ`&‡ji wbZ¨‣bwgwËK NUbv| †h․ZzK I c‡Yi Kvi‡Y eû bvix wbh©vwZZ I
wbg©gfv‡e wbM„nxZ nq| GK mgxÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q, evsjv‡`‡k ïay †h․Zz‡Ki Rb¨B 29% bvix
wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nb|9 †mwjg Avj `x‡bi A‡bK bvU‡K †h․Zz‡Ki cvkweKZv I cYcÖ_vi bvbv w`K
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| evmb bvU‡Ki •KZixi Rxe‡bi KiæY cwiYwZi Ab¨Zg KviY †h․ZzK| •KZix
PwiÎwU evOvwj mgv‡Ri ga¨ I wb¤œweË cwiev‡ii wbh©vwZZ M„nea~i cÖwZ”Qwe| †h․Zz‡Ki UvKv w`‡Z
AcviMZvi Kvi‡Y msmvi cwiZ¨³ GB bvix AvZ¥nZ¨vi ga¨ w`‡q Rxe‡bi gyw³ †Lvu‡R| bvix PwiÎ
A¼‡b GB bvUKwU‡Z bvU¨Kvi mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U bvix Rxe‡bi Aeg~j¨vq‡bi wbg©g iƒcwUB Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb|
nvZ n`vB bvU‡Ki †j`b Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨I †`Lv hvq †h․Zz‡Ki †jvf i‡q‡Q| †Kej UvKvi Kvi‡Y †m
we‡q Ki‡Z ivwR nq| †j`‡bi K‡_vcK_‡b welqwU my¯úó:
weqv Ki‡Z AvcwË bvB, hw` mZ¨B wKQz †Uuqv wg‡jÑ Avi †k‡l hw` weqv Kwi †`wL †h, kx‡c gv¯‘i
ABb; Zv AB‡jÑ ?10
†j`‡bi UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb Avi we‡q Ki‡j UvKv cvIqv hvq cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡Ui Ggb
gvbwmKZvB Zvi `„wófw½i ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GKB bvU‡K Pz°zbxi †ÿ‡Î D‡ëv NUbv
cwijwÿZ nq| Pz°zbx‡K we‡q Ki‡Z Pz°bxi wcZv‡KB cvuPkZ UvKv cY †`q †Ljvab| †Ljva‡bi
msmv‡i Av‡iv ywU eD Av‡Q Ñ G Kvi‡Y Zvi mv‡_ gwgb gvwS Kb¨v‡K we‡q w`‡Z ivwR bvI n‡Z
cv‡i aviYv K‡i Pz°zbxi wcZv‡K cvuPkZ UvKvi †jvf †`Lvq †m| Av‡Mi c‡ÿi ywU ¯¿x _vKv m‡Ë¡I
Z…Zxq ¯¿x wn‡m‡e UvKvi †jv‡f gwgb gvwS †g‡q‡K c‡Y¨i g‡Zv GKcÖKvi wewµ K‡i| cÖfvekvjx
wKsev a~Z© we‡q cvMj e¨w³i GKvwaK we‡qi mgq `wi`ª †g‡qi evev‡K UvKv cY †`Iqvi Ggb
Am½Z `„k¨ mgv‡R weij bq |
e„nËi gqgbwms‡ni mwLcyi A‡j AL¨vZ jyßcÖvq b„-†Mvôx gv›`vB‡`i emevm| gv›`vB‡`i mvgvwRK
cÖ_v‡Z we‡q Ki‡Z n‡j †g‡qi cwievi bq eis †Q‡j‡K cY w`‡Z nq| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi ebcvsïj
bvU‡K Ggb mvgvwRK cÖ_v †`Lv hvq| G bvU‡K †gNjvj gvjwZ‡K we‡q Kivi Rb¨ wZbkZ UvKv cY
†`q| Ab¨w`‡K lv‡UvaŸ© e„‡×i mv‡_ mywKi we‡q‡ZI nvRvi UvKv cY wba©viY Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv| †h
Kvi‡Y AKvj •eae¨ I kvixwiK-gvbwmK wech©¯Í Ae¯’v mywKi Rxe‡bi wba©vwiZ djvdj| GLv‡b
c‡Yi wewbg‡q msMwVZ n‡q‡Q GK Amg weevn Ges Gi dj¯^iƒc mywKi Rxe‡b †b‡g G‡m‡Q wbg©g
eÂbv| gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡RI cYcÖ_v I mvgvwRK wewae¨e¯’vq bvix A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB wbM„nxZ| †mwjg
Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K GmKj NUbvcÖev‡ni †fZi w`‡q wewfbœ RvwZ-†Mvôx I A‡ji bvixi mgvR
Rxe‡bi m~² e¨e‡”Q` jÿ Kiv hvq|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
279
M. eûweevn
bvixi cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi GKwU e‡ov mgm¨v n‡jv cyiæ‡li eûweevn| wn›`y, gymwjg Dfq
m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨B eûweev‡ni †iIqvR ag© I mgvR m¤§Z| Bmjvg a‡g© GKm‡½ Pvi we‡q Aby‡gv`b
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K wn›`y a‡g©i weavb g‡Z Kzjx‡b Kb¨v m¤úª`v‡bi weavb wQ‡jv| GKvi‡Y eqm
†hgbB †nvK GK eªvþY kZ kZ bvix we‡q Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| `ya‡g©B eûweev‡ni weavb _vKvq evOvwj
mgv‡R eûweevn GKwU ¯^vfvweK mvaviY NUbv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|11
eûweev‡ni Pj GLb ch©šÍ
gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖej| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡KI AmsL¨ eûweev‡ni D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
nvZn`vB bvU‡K gvRy` †RvZ`v‡ii yB ¿xi K_v D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q| G bvU‡Ki •ZqeyjøviI yB ¿x hv‡`i
g‡a¨ GKRb‡K mv¤úvb †_‡K jyU K‡i †Rvic~e©K we‡q K‡iwQj †m| GQvov Pz°zbx wQ‡jv †Ljva‡bi
Z…Zxq ¿x| Pz°zbxi Rxe‡bi wbg©g cwiYwZi gyL¨ KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq Ggb Am½Z we‡q| ¯vgx
mZx‡bi AgvbweK wbh©vZ‡bi Kvi‡Y Pz°ybxi msmvi webó n‡j Zvi g‡a¨ welqwU †h cÖfve •Zwi K‡i Zv
Zv‡K A¯vfvweK I weK…Z c‡_ †U‡b wb‡q †M‡Q| hvi djvdj wn‡m‡e AKvj g„Zz¨ Zvi Rxe‡bi KiæY
cwiYwZ e‡q G‡bwQ‡jv| ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki jyrdi gv÷v‡ii †RvZ`vi `v`vi yB eD-Gi K_v Rvbv
hvq| †KivgZg½j bvU‡Ki wgRv©iI `yB ¯¿x Ges avegvb bvU‡Ki Bgvg mv‡n‡ei wZb ¿xi cÖm½
bvU‡K D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK GmKj wewfbœ cÖ_v I †iIqv‡Ri Kvi‡Y bvixi cvwievwiK I mvgwRK
Rxeb AZ¨šÍ †kvPYxq| eûweevn g~jZ bvixi cÖvc¨ AwaKvi I gh©v`v‡K Le© K‡i| GKB mv‡_ bvixi
cÖwZ mwnsmZvi c_‡KI D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i| Pz°zbx PwiÎwU hvi Ab¨Zg D`vniY|
N. †hŠbe„wË
evsjvi bMi Rxe‡bi Acms¯‥…wZ I cyiæ‡li Dk„•Lj Rxe‡bi †fvM-jvjmvi R‡b¨ bvix‡K †h․bKgx©
evbv‡bvi †Póv mgv‡R cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K Ae¨ewnZfv‡e P‡j G‡m‡Q| weªwUk kvmbvg‡j Dwbk kZ‡K
†KvjKvZv bZzb ivRavbx-bMi wn‡m‡e mg„× n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡j GB kn‡i bvix cvPvi I AcniY K‡i
eviewbZv evbv‡bvi Ac‡Póv †e‡o hvq|12
wek kZK Ges GB GKzk kZ‡KI evsjv‡`‡k bvbv‡K․k‡j
bvix‡K †h․bK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ Kiv n‡”Q| GK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡k 27% bvix
`vwi‡ ª¨i Kvi‡Y, 42% bvix wewµ n‡q, 7% bvix †¯^”Qvq, 11% bvix cwZZvj‡q Rb¥ †bqvi Kvi‡Y
Ges 8% bvix Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK I gb ÍvwË¡K Kvi‡Y cwZZve„wˇZ Avm‡Qb|13
A_©vr, `vwi`ª¨ bZzev
cÖZvwiZ n‡q wewµ nevi Kvi‡Y GKwU e‡ov msL¨K bvix †h․bK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q| Ggb
mgvR ev¯ÍeZvq †mwjg Avj `x‡bi †ek K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvU‡K bvixi †h․be„wË Ges Gi †cQ‡bi
KiæY Kvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
Pz°zbx nvZ n`vB bvU‡Ki GK fvM¨ weow¤Z Ae‡nwjZ bvix| GKvwaK weevn Avi wbcxo‡bi g‡a¨I
Pz°zbx msmvi Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ w ’Z n‡Z †P‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cyiæl kvwmZ mgv‡R cÖwZwbqZ Zvi Avkvf½ nq|
ZvB msmvi Rxe‡bi eÂbvq †m †µva I N„Yvq cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Amvg¨wfwËK mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv| g~jZ
cÖ_vMZ Ro `k©‡bi weiæ‡× GK wech© Í mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U †m ’vcb K‡i‡Q †K›` ªvwfgyL gvbweK
mZ¨‡K| Pz°zbx ZvB evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨i GK ¯§iYxq cÖwZev`|14
Pz°zbxi cÖ_g msmvi †U‡Kwb|
wØZxqevi Z„Zxq ¿x wn‡m‡e †h †Ljva‡bi Kv‡Q cvuPkZ UvKvq wcZv Zv‡K wewµ K‡i †`q †m msmv‡iI
Pz°ybx wbM„nxZ nq| Zvi cÖwZ ïiæ nq AgvbweK kvixwiK wbh©vZb| Ggb exfrm AwfÁZv Zvi g‡a¨
mgvR msmv‡ii Dci Zxeª N„Yvi D‡ ªK K‡i‡Q| Avbvi fvÐvwi Zv‡K Ni-msmvi fvOvi cÖm‡½ K_v ej‡j
Pz°zbx e‡jÑ ÔNi? _yK _yK N‡ii gvB‡a!Õ15
†Ljva‡bi msmv‡i wbcxob mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i wcZvi M„‡n
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
280
wd‡i G‡j †mLv‡bI Zvi w ’Zve ’v •Zwi nqwb| wbh©vZK †Ljva‡bi msmv‡i wd‡i hvevi Rb¨ cïi g‡Zv
Pz°zbxi nvZcv †eu‡a ivLv nq| †m evuab †K‡U cvwj‡q hvq wKš‘ wcZ…M„n †_‡K cvwj‡q Av‡iK wbg©g
ev ÍeZvi mvg‡b `vuov‡Z nq Pz°zbx‡K| Lv`¨, e ¿, evm ’v‡bi cÖ‡jvfb †`wL‡q mgv‡Ri KwZcq
¯v_©v‡šlx gvbyl Zv‡K fvmgvb †h․bKgx©‡Z cwiYZ K‡i| g„Zz¨i c~‡e© gv‡qi Kv‡Q Pz°zbx eY©bv K‡i:
†Rvqv‡i fvwm †h †`‡k †MwQ, †m †`‡k Lvwj ivBÿm, Av¸‡bi ÔjyqvÕ Ô†avqvÑ †Mjv‡m i³ Lvq|
AvLvDovi kvgmy, weQiv evRv‡ii nvBÄy Kq, _vK _vK ivRivYx Kwi ivLyg †Zv‡i|16
Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Zvi GB AwfÁZv I mvgvwRK eÂbv Zv‡K `ywe©bxZ K‡i‡Q| g„Zz¨i gyn~‡Z© ZvB Zv‡K
¯§„wZ, †e`bv I †µv‡a Db¥Ë n‡q DV‡Z †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ †m mvnmx n‡qI Rxebhy‡× civwRZ bvix|
Z_vwc Zvi KÉ †_‡K D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`| G cÖm‡½ mgv‡jvPK D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb:
g„Zy¨ c_hvÎx Pz°zbxi Rxeb hš¿Yv ïay weeY© mgv‡Ri iæMœ `kv‡KB Zz‡j a‡iwb, †mB m‡½ cÖwZev‡`i
fvlv‡KI Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| ... †hLv‡b a‡g©i bv‡g bvixiv wbh©vwZZ nq, †mLv‡bI bvix‡`i Ic‡i Pvwc‡q
†`qv nq KwíZ cv‡ci †evSv| bvix ïay bvix nevi Aciv‡aB mvgvwRK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi| bvix‡K ejv
nq, Ae¨³ I AùzU| wKš‘ Py°zbx AùzU I Ae¨³ bq| G ai‡bi PwiÎ evsjv bvU‡K weij|17
†h fvmgvb Rxeb Pz°zbx‡K webvk K‡iwQj †mB c‡_i Rxeb •heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡Ki Kvwj›`x‡KI
c_åó K‡i Ñ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i fvmgvb †h․bKgx©‡Z| Kvwj›`x ïiæ‡Z wcZvi M„nPz¨Z Ges †k‡l
Avjv‡ji cÖewÂZ msmvi cwiZ¨vM K‡i †b․Kvq `my¨‡`i nv‡Z jyU nq| Zvici nvZe`‡j nvZe`‡j
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z eva¨ nq wewfbœ f~-¯^vgx‡`i †h․b`vmx‡Z| d‡j G bvU‡K GKRb bvix‡K mvgv‡Ri
AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi bvbv ¯Í‡i evievi cw¼jZvi g‡a¨ †V‡j †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| g~jZ, bvixi cvwievwiK-
mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb Aw ’wZkxj Ges agv©ÜZvi wbqg-bxwZ‡Z evuav| ZeyI Kvwj›`xi Rxe‡bi wbišÍi
msMÖvg I Ab¨v‡qi Kv‡Q gv_v bZ bv Kiv „p‡PZv g‡bvfw½ Ges AvZ¥nb‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi cÖ_g R‡b¥i
mie cÖ¯’vb cÖPwjZ mgvR I ag©vÜZvi weiæ‡× bvixi GK ¯§iYxq msNvZ|
ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki g½wj PwiÎwU Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y †h․be„wË †e‡Q †bq| mgv‡Ri mK‡j Zv‡K AeÁv K‡i
Gwo‡q Pj‡jI g½wji A_v©Mg‡bi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c_ †bB| g½wji ¯vgx wfUv `L‡ji jovB‡q wbiæ‡Ïk
nevi ci †m evOvwj gnvRb‡`i AvbyK~j¨ cvq kixi wewµ K‡i| GB †ckv Zvi †¯”QvK…Z bq
Awb”QvK…Z| RvZ, ag©, mgvR, msmvi Gm‡ei ZvB †Kv‡bv A_© †bB g½wji Kv‡Q| Rxe‡bi Ggb Øvw›ØK
cwiw ’wZ‡Z D‡cvm g½wj mywK‡K e‡j:
...MZ‡ii w`K Pvq kig K‡i| Dcvm Kvcvm gv‡b bv| •ea‡e¨i Qvqv c‡o bv| gi gi gi| ... bv| Avwg wfÿv
Davi wKQyB wbgy bv w`w`| iƒc Av‡Q MZi †eBPv Lvgy| GB RvZUv‡i _y| ZgvM‡i _y| MZi †ePzg| n n| n
w`w` \18
†Kej Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y †h g½wj †h․bZv wewµ K‡i †m mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q A”Qyr bó bvix wnmv‡e ¯^xK…Z|
gv›`vB‡`i cylywiqv Drm‡ei Avb‡›` ZvB Zvi AskMÖnY mvgvwRKfv‡e wbwl×| GB mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vw`
g½wj‡`i my¯’ bZzb Rxe‡b cybe©vmbI †hgb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Avevi GK cO&w³‡Z AvmbI w`‡Z cv‡i
bv| DfqgyLx GK msK‡Ui †fZ‡i g½wj Pwi‡Îi mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡bi cÖK…Z ¯iƒc Abyaveb Kiv hvq|
wKËb‡Lvjv bvU‡Ki ebkÖx †h․be„wËi KzrwmZ Rxeb †Q‡o hvÎv`‡j †hvM †`q| wKš‘ †mLv‡bI Zv‡K
†Rvi K‡i mgv‡Ri KwZcq ÿgZvai e¨w³‡`i kixixm½ w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq| hvÎv`‡ji gvwjK
my‡eva †Nv‡li ûKz‡g Awf‡bÎx bbxevjv‡KI ivZ KvUv‡Z nq kwdK †Pqvig¨v‡bi m‡½| g~jZ,
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
281
hvÎvwfbq‡ckvi g‡a¨I †h․be„wËi Abyiƒc RxebB wd‡i G‡m‡Q ebkÖxi Kv‡Q| nvZ n`vB bvU‡K
k¨vwjKv Av¼yix‡K †`L‡Z hvevi c‡_ nvgv©‡`i Nv‡U Avbvi fvÐvwii mv‡_ Rj‡ek¨v‡`i mvÿvr N‡U|
nvg©v‡`i Nv‡Ui mwLbv L‡Ïi Avbvi‡K e‡jÑ ÔwVK Av‡Q †`wL jb GKeviÑ †`wL jb| wb‡ivM kixi,
gvÎ bvBgwQ †Mj †evQ‡ii iv‡U ( ywf©‡ÿ)|Õ19
g~jZ Afv‡ei my‡hvM wb‡q G bvix‡K †h․bK‡g©i c‡_
cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv KvD‡K †Rvi K‡i Zz‡j wb‡q A_ev cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g
wewµ K‡i †h․bKv‡R eva¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q bZzev Afv‡ei my‡hvM wb‡q mgv‡Ri ÿgZvkvjxiv bvix‡K
†h․b`vmx‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| µ‡g mgvR-msmvi Py¨Z G mKj bvix ¯’vqxfv‡e cwiYZ n‡q‡Q fvmgvb
†h․bKgx©‡Z|
O. AcniY I †hŠb wbcxob
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvixi cÖwZ AmsL¨ †h․b wbcxo‡bi wPÎ jÿ Kiv hvq| †g․wLK KU~w³,
cÖ‡jvfb, cÖZviYv, AcniY ev jyÉb bvbvfv‡e GB †h․bnqivwb msMwVZ n‡q‡Q| DcišÍy al©‡Yi g‡Zv
ee©i mvgvwRK †kvl‡Yi AmsL¨ wPÎI D‡V G‡m‡Q †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K| evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZw`b
bvbv-eqmx bvbv †ckvi AmsL¨ bvix †h․b nqivwbi wkKvi nq| GK cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv †M‡Q,
evsjv‡`‡k M‡o cÖvq cÖwZw`b Kgc‡ÿ yBRb bvix al©‡Yi wkKvi nb|20
AcniY, jyÉb, al©Y,
MYal©Y cÖf…wZ Aciva bvixi gvbweK Aw ͇Z¡i msKU‡K Av‡iv fqveniƒc w`‡q‡Q| GB wbg©g
mvgvwRK m‡Z¨i cÖwZdjb bvbvfv‡e †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K cÖwZdwjZ|
¯^Y©‡evqvj bvU‡Ki wZwm †R‡j cvovi †g‡q| wZwmi ¯^vgx gvQ ai‡Z wM‡q wb‡LvuR n‡j eveyj gnvRb
†mB my‡hvM †bq| ¯^vgxi †LvuR G‡b †`‡e e‡j Uªjv‡i Zz‡j wb‡q hvq| mgy`ª †gvnbvi Zx‡i GK †Mvcb
N‡i GKgvm AvU‡K †i‡L al©Y Kiv nq wZwm‡K| gvmvwaKKvj gvb‡eZi Rxeb hvc‡bi ci cvwj‡q
Av‡m †m wKš‘ GB †h․b wbcxob wZwmi g‡a¨ ¯’vqxfv‡e GKwU weiƒc Qvc †i‡L hvq| bvU¨Kv‡ii
eY©bvq wZwmi AmnvqZ¡ Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e:
mgy‡`ªi K_v ïb‡jB wZwmi †PvL e‡ov n‡q †hZ| eveyj gnvRb ¯^vgxi †kvK gv‡b bvBÑ Zvi AmnvqZ¡
gv‡b bvB| ivZfi g`¨cvbÑ ivZfi al©Y| ...mevB Rv‡b wK N‡UwQj| wZwmi †Mvcb Mf©cv‡Zi Lei
iU‡Z †`qwb weaev gv|21
mgv‡R `wi`ª weaev wn‡m‡e Zvi k³ †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB Ñ Dciš‘ Ggb mvgvwRK †kvlY Zvi Rxeb‡K
Av‡iv wecbœ K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e awl©Z, cÖZvwiZ wZwm mvgvwRK eÂbvi ¯§viK n‡q D‡V‡Q ¯Y©‡evqvj
bvU‡K| G bvU‡K †h․b nqivwbi Av‡iv GKwU wPÎ wea„Z n‡q‡Q mvuSgvjvi cÖwZ e„× wmOov gvwSi
Kvg-jvjmv ewntcÖKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q| mvSugvjv‡K †`‡L wmOiv gvwS Kvg-jvjmvq weK…Z AvPiY K‡i,
g` †L‡q mvuSgvjvi evwo‡Z G‡m Akøxj fvlv cÖ‡qvM K‡i| G NUbvi cÖwZdjI mvuSgvjv‡KB enb
Ki‡Z nq| KviY Gai‡Yi mvgvwRK AbvPv‡ii Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK Abykvm‡bi MÐxi g‡a¨ Ave× n‡q
c‡o bvixi ¯^vaxbZv| mvuSgvjvi cÖwZI ewnR©M‡Zi ¯^vaxb Pjv‡divq wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv nq|
bvU‡K †`Lv hvq Gai‡bi cvwicvwk¦©K cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mvuSgvjvi PvPx wnRywj mvuSgvjv‡K e‡jÑ ÔgvI
KBwQbv Z‡i| eqm nB‡Q bv Zi| mvevjK nB‡j ûogyo KBiv †hLv‡b †mLv‡b hLb ZLb hvB‡Z nq
bv|Õ22
mvaviYZ cyiæ‡li Giƒc K…ZK‡g©i `vq wn‡m‡e bvixi cÖwZ bvbviKg cvwievwiK-mvgvwRK wewa
wb‡la Av‡iv‡ci †Póv `xN©Kvj †_‡K| wKš‘ Ggb AmvgÄm¨c~Y© †cÖÿvcU bvixi my¯’ ¯^vfvweK weKv‡ki
c‡_ e‡ov AšÍivq Ñ hv cieZx©‡Z M„ne›`x mvuSgvjvi Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q cwijwÿZ nq|
wKËb‡Lvjv bvU‡Ki NUbve„‡Ë †`Lv hvq, Wvwjgb GKiv‡Z ûKzg m`v©i KZ…©K al©‡Yi wkKvi nq| m¤£g
evuPv‡Z Wvwjgb wPrKvi Ki‡jI cÖwZ‡ewk †e‡`iv m ©v‡ii f‡q Zv‡K D×vi Ki‡Z Av‡mwb| Avkªqnxb
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
282
ebkªx‡K RxweKvi ZvwM‡` ÿgZvkvjx‡`i †fvMwejv‡mi `vmZ¡ Ki‡Z n‡qwQ‡jv wKš‘ Wvwjgb‡K RvZ-
ag©, †ckv I †e‡` mgv‡Ri GKbvqKZ‡š¿i †kvl‡Y ûKzg m`©v‡ii Kv‡Q mgwc©Z n‡Z n‡q‡Q| KviY,
`Ð gy‡Ði KZ©v ûKzg m ©vi Wvwjgb‡`i g‡Zv bvix‡`i wbR¯ m¤úwË g‡b K‡iÑ †Mv‡Îi ev †Mvôxi mK‡ji
Ges me wKQzi Ici †hgb Zvi AwaKvi we`¨gvb †Zgwb bvix‡`i kvmb Kievi, †fvM Kievi AwaKviI
Zvi i‡q‡Q|23
wKËb‡Lvjv bvU‡K ebkÖxi cÖwZ msMwVZ †h․b wbh©vZ‡bi †cÖÿvcU I aib Wvwjg‡bi †_‡K wfbœ|
ebkªxI mgvR msmv‡i GKRb cÖewÂZ bvix| cÖ_g Rxe‡b †h․bcjøxi †g‡q wnmv‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv
mvgvwRK cwiPq wQ‡jv bv Ñ Avevi hvÎvwf‡bÎx †ckvqI GKB Ae¯’v-Ae¯’vb cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq|
ebkªxi wewfbœ msjv‡c †evSv hvq hvÎv`‡ji †g‡qiv mvgvwRKfv‡e †hgb wbM„nxZ †Zgwb mgv‡Ri
KwZcq Kvgwjáy gvby‡liv my‡hvM mÜv‡b iZ| GKvi‡YB kwdK †Pqvig¨v‡bi N‡i eva¨ n‡q ivZ
KvUv‡Z nq bbxevjv‡K Ñ bvMicy‡ii †g¤i‡`i Kv‡Q ebkªx‡KI `yw`b _vK‡Z nq Ñ GQvov Awb”Qv
m‡Ë¡I g` †L‡q bvP‡Z nq B`y K›Uªv±‡ii mvg‡b| GmKj †h․bwbcxob ebkÖxi g‡a¨ Zxeª cÖwZwµqv
•Zwi K‡i‡Q| myej †Nv‡li wb‡`©‡k bbxevjv‡K Kv‡iv mv‡_ ivZ KvUv‡bv Ges ebkÖx‡K B`yi mvg‡b
g`¨c Ae¯’vq b„Z¨ cwi‡ek‡b iwe`v‡ki cÖwZev‡`i cÖZz¨Ë‡i ebkªxi †ÿv‡fi g‡a¨ Zv mn‡R Abyaveb
Kiv hvq:
...hLb `yB cv‡q NyOyi bv‡P Avi nvRvi gvbyl †Zvgv‡i †`‡LÑ Lywk nqÑ Lvivc K_v KqÑ wkm& gv‡iÑ
ZLb cywY¨| Avi hLb Avm‡ii evB‡i GKR‡b‡i †`eZv mvRvIÑ nv‡mvÑ K_v KIÑ ZLb cvc|Ñ
bbxevjvI hv‡eÑ AvwgI bvP‡ev|24
†h․be„wËi Rxeb †Q‡o my›`i Rxe‡bi †Lvu‡R ebkÖx hvÎvwfb‡qi †ckv †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jv| †P‡qwQ‡jv
Awfbq K‡i Rxeb I RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Z| wKš‘ hvÎv`‡j †h․b`vmZ¡ †_‡K †m gyw³ cvqwb| Zvi
Dcvqnxb Rxeb I mvgvwRK KjylZv Zv‡K cxwoZ K‡i| d‡j AvZ¥Møvwb I †ÿv‡f †m †d‡U c‡o|
ebkÖxi AvZ¥nZ¨vi g‡Zv wbg©g wm×v‡šÍi †fZi w`‡q cÖvwšÍK bvixi cÖwZ cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK `„wófw½ I
AvMÖvm‡bi MfxiZv Dcjwä Kiv hvq| RxweKvi ZvwM‡` ebkÖx wKsev bbxevjv g~jZ myej †Nv‡li
AvÁven wbh©vwZZ bvix| ebkªx‡K e¨w³MZ B”Qv-Awb”Qvi E‡aŸ© ¯’vb w`‡Z n‡q‡Q Rxeb I RxweKv‡K|
Zvi †Kv_vI wdievi †Kv‡bv c_ †bB †R‡b `‡ji AwaKvix myej †Nvl Zv‡K e¨envi K‡i‡Q
bvbvfv‡e| KviY my‡evj †Nv‡li Kv‡Q hvÎv †bkv bq, GUv e¨emv| GB e¨emv wUwK‡q ivL‡Z n‡j
mgv‡Ri cÖfvekvjx‡`i Lywk ivL‡Z nq myej †Nvl‡KI| wKš‘ GB Lywki ejx nq ebkÖxi g‡Zv
hvÎvwf‡bÎx bvixiv| g~jZ, wKËb‡Lvjv bvU‡K mvgšÍZvwš¿K †kvl‡Yi d‡j †ckvMZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii wP‡Î †h
mgvR e¨e¯’v D‡V G‡m‡Q Zv GgbB wbcxob hš¿ wn‡m‡e AwawôZ †h, GKRb †ek¨vI †ckv e`‡j
AvZ¥iÿv Ki‡Z wM‡q †kliÿv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i|25
ebkªxi KiæY g„Zz¨ mvgvwRK
Aeÿ‡qi GKwU wbg©g `„óvšÍ|
•heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡K Kvwj›`x Ges wgbvKzgvix Pwi‡Îi †h․b nqivwbi „óvšÍ i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv GK
MxwZKvi Avm‡i cÖfvekvjx GK f~-¯^vgx Kvwj›`x‡K †Rvi K‡i Zz‡j wb‡q †h‡Z Pvq| wfbœ ag©vj¤x
hyeK‡K we‡q Kivq Ges Avm‡i Avm‡i MxZ cwi‡ek‡bi R‡b¨ Kvwj›`x‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e KyjUv bvix
wn‡m‡e AvL¨v †`Iqv n‡j †mB f~¯vgx Zvi my‡hvM †bq| Avjvj I Kvwj›`x‡K Zviv AvU‡K †i‡L
Kvwj›`x‡K †h․b`vmx Ki‡Z Pvq| Kvwj›`x †m hvÎvq †K․k‡j gyw³ cvq e‡U wKš‘ bvix‡K Ggb
†h․bm‡¤¢v‡Mi e¯‘ wn‡m‡e †`Lvi cÖqv‡mi g‡a¨ †h mvgvwRK Aeÿ‡qi wPÎ D‡V G‡m‡Q Zv bvixi
mvgvwRK wbivcËvnxbZv‡K cÖKwUZ K‡i|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
283
wb¤œ‡kªwYi GKRb fvmgvb bvix †h cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq †ewk civaxb I cÖewÂZ Ñ GB bvU‡Ki gxbvKzgvix
PwiÎwU Zvi `„óvšÍ| gxbvKzgvixi Amy¯’ wcZvi APjve¯’v Zv‡K wfbœ ai‡bi RxweKvi c‡_ wb‡q †M‡Q|
KviY Zvi GB A_©‣bwZK ye©jZvi my‡hvM wb‡q‡Q iv¾v‡Ki g‡Zv ¯^v_©v‡šlx gvby‡liv| wgbvKzgvix
Avm‡i Avm‡i bvP †`Lvq Ñ Lv`¨ LiP ev‡` wZwik UvKv cvq cÖwZw`b| wKš‘ eva¨ n‡q Zv‡K `vjvj
iv¾vK‡K kix‡ii m½ w`‡Z nq| iv¾vK Zv‡K †bkv Kwi‡q al©Y K‡i cÖvqk| GgbwK †Kv‡bv Kv‡R
iv¾v‡Ki Aeva¨ n‡j iv¾vK Zv‡K kvixwiKfv‡e cÖnviI K‡i| Gfv‡e µ‡g `vjvj iv¾v‡Ki Aaxb¯Í
†h․b`vmx‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q wgbvKzgvix|
ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki NUbve„‡Ë †`Lv hvq, gnvRbiv Lvm Rwg †`wL‡q miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K gv›`vB‡`i
Rwg cËwb wb‡q hLb `Lj Ki‡Z Av‡m Ñ ZLb yc‡ÿi g‡a¨ ïiæ nq fxlY jovB| †mB `v½vq
MYal©‡Yi wkKvi nq mywK| GB mvgvwRK cvkweKZv wbj©¾ Qvc †i‡L hvq Ñ awl©Zv mywKi D`‡i Rb¥
†bq AbvKvw•ÿZ åƒY| G cÖm‡½ mgv‡jvP‡Ki we‡kølY n‡jv:
cÖvq Avw`g AbMÖmi mgv‡Ri GKRb bvix‡K m¤£g weKv‡Z nq wfbœ Rv‡Zi gvby‡li wnsmª _vevZ‡j|
cwiewZ©Z mvgvwRK cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mywKiv wcÖq gvbyl‡K wb‡Ri K‡i cvq hLb, ZLb Zv‡`i
bvix‡Z¡i mKj Hk¦h© jywÉZ wb‡R †m nZgvb|26
ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki ïiæ‡ZB cyivKv‡j †Kv‡bv GK `v½vq Zv‡`i eûbvix jywÉZ I awl©Z n‡q‡Q Ggb
BwZnv‡mi K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| †m `v½v‡Z mvZ-AvURb wg‡j al©Y K‡i gv›`vBKb¨v jÿèx‡K| GQvov
MYal©‡Yi wkKvi nq Av‡iv AmsL¨ gv›`vB bvix| hv‡`i g‡a¨ AwaKvsk bvix m¤£g nvwi‡q cvwj‡q hvq
`~i †`‡k| GQvov ebcvsïj bvU‡K †mvbvgywL Pwi‡Îi wfZi w`‡q bvU¨Kvi Av‡iK wbg©g mvgvwRK wPÎ
D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Qb| †mvbvgywL PwiÎwU bvbv mvgvwRK NvZ-cÖwZNvZ cvwo w`‡q weKwkZ n‡q‡Q|
e‡niv‣Zj MÖv‡g evOvwjiv cy‡iv GKwU gv›`vBcvov AwMœ-jyɇb gvbe k~b¨ K‡i| GB mv¤úª`vwqK `v½vq
cy‡o gviv hvq †mvbvgywLi ¯^Rb wKš‘ †m cvwj‡q Av‡m mywK‡`i MÖv‡g| GB M„nnxb bvix‡K my‡hvMmÜvbx
d‡i÷vi nvmvb †h․b m‡¤¢v‡Mi cÖ¯Íve †`q| d‡i÷v‡ii gy‡L _y_y wQwU‡q †mvbvgywL e‡j:
GB gy‡Li cyov Nv ïKvB bvB| me wbQ Zzgiv GLb evwKUvI byU Ki‡Z PvI| K¨vb †n fMevb K¨vb †mvbvgywLi
Ggb nj| evc cyoj fvB cyoj eyBbUv cyoj gvb‡mi Av¸‡b ciïiv‡gi `j|27
¯^Rbnviv †mvbvgywLi wech©¯Í gvbwmK Ae¯’vq d‡i÷vi nvmv‡bi †h․bwbcxob Zvi mvgwMÖK Ae¯’v‡K
wflYfv‡e AvnZ K‡i‡Q| †mB mv‡_ fvmgvb bvixi Rxeb hvc‡bi bvbv cÖwZeÜKZvI D‡V G‡m‡Q|
ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki d‡i÷vi nvmv‡bi K_v †_‡KI al©‡Yi GKwU exfrm Mí Rvbv hvq| d‡i÷vi
nvmvb ev›`iev‡b _vKvKvjxb wPs bv‡g GKRb gvigv bvixi †cÖ‡g c‡o| †g‡qwU Avwg©‡`i Øviv awl©Z
I wb‡LuvR nq| bvix‡K civf~Z Kivi Ab¨Zg A ¿ wn‡m‡e †h․bcxo‡bi cvkweK cÖeYZv KZ…©Z¡kxj
wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb cwi®‥vi K‡i|
†KivgZg½j bvU‡K Pkgv WvKvZ †R‡j e‡m G‡K G‡K Zvi wewfbœ al©‡Yi Mí e‡j| WvKvwZ Ki‡Z
wM‡q †m ZvjyK`v‡ii ¯¿x Ges Zvi e‡ov †Q‡ji ¯¿x‡K GKm‡½ al©Y K‡i| mvuB-evevi gyL †eu‡a al©Y
K‡i GK †evówg‡K| GQvov †KivgZg½j bvU‡K hy×Kvjxb bvixi cÖwZ †h․b mwnsmZvi wKQz wPÎI
wbLyuZfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| BwZnvm †_‡K Rvbv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki gnvb gyw³hy‡× cÖvq AvovB jÿ
bvix cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx Ges Zv‡`i c`‡jnx wek¦vmNvZK †`k‡ ªvnx‡`i wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi
n‡qwQ‡jv|28
1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k cvwK Ívbx •mb¨mn G †`wkq wek¦vmNvZKMY AmsL¨ bvix‡K
gv‡mi ci gvm AvU‡K †i‡L kvixwiKfv‡e jvwÂZ K‡i| †KivgZ g½j bvU‡K GKB ev ÍeZvi wPÎ
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
284
jÿ Kiv hvq| G bvU‡Ki b~iRvnvb‡K cÖ_‡g cvwK¯Ívbx K¨v‡¤ú e›`x K‡i Avbv nq| MÖv‡gi gyqvw¾‡bi
†g‡q b~iRvnvb‡K †mLv‡b GKgvm cvkweK †h․b wbh©vZb K‡i GKnvRvi UvKvq ivRvKvi KgvÛv‡ii
Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i †`qv nq| Zvici nvZ e`j n‡q kvwšÍ KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb Ñ †mLvb †_‡K Av‡iK
ivRvKvi †mvbvwgqvi nv‡Z| nvZe`‡ji †fZi w`‡q b~iRvnvb µgvMZ jvjmvi e¯‘‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ
n‡q‡Q| Dciš‘ Mf©ve¯’vq al©‡Yi cvkweKZvq Zvi †h Rxebm¼U †`Lv †`q ZvI AZ¨šÍ AgvbweK|
GB wbg©g wbh©vZb hy×Kvjxb ivwóªq mš¿vm n‡jI Gi cÖfve •Zwi n‡q‡Q bvixi hy×cieZx© mvgvwRK
Rxe‡b|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi avegvb bvU‡KI cvK-nvbv`vi evwnbxi exfrm al©‡Yi †cÖÿvcU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q:
GK †fv‡i wQwQ bv‡gi GK `xN©Kvq gvw›` hyeZx DiæZ wb‡q MvQZjv‡Z g„Z c‡o iB‡jv| M‡R© DV‡jv
gvw›` Mv‡ivMY Avi AvkÖq cÖv_x© DØv¯‘iv al©YKvix‡Z Avovj K‡i cvwK¯Ívb wR›`vev` w`‡q AvkÖq`vZv‡`i
Avµg‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZ wbj| gvw›` cvovq cÖ‡ek Ki‡jv cvwK¯Ív‡bi BwcAvi evwnbx| ... gymjgvb bMw`‡`i
mvg‡b GwM‡q w`‡q Zviv iBj †cQ‡b| Avi ïiæ n‡jv cy‡iv gvw›` GjvKv Ry‡o nZ¨v al©Y jyÉb I
Av¸b|29
G bvU‡Ki Av‡iv GKwU MYal©‡Yi wPÎ cvIqv hvq| †e‡` m ©v‡ii Kb¨v iƒcv GKiv‡Z MYal©‡Yi
wkKvi nq GK`j Dk„•Lj hye‡Ki Øviv| awl©Z GB bvixi al©Y cieZx© mvgvwRK wbh©vZb Av‡iv
fqvenfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| iƒcvi wbg©g nZ¨vKvÐ †e‡` mgv‡Ri bvixi Rxeb e¨e‡”Q‡`i GKwU
wbg©g `„óvšÍ|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi wbg¾b bvU‡K AmsL¨ al©‡Yi eY©bv †`Lv hvq| †hgbÑ ÔAvMš‘K MxZc‡`
Rje‡½i KvÂb Kb¨v‡K †`‡L| ... G‡K nZ¨vKvixiv al©Y K‡i‡Q †cU wP‡i w`‡q‡Q|Õ30
bvU‡Ki
Ab¨Î ewY©Z n‡q‡QÑ ÔAvMš‘K Avevi fq¼i AcP‡qi myo‡½ XzK‡Z _v‡K hLb ïb‡Z cvq
hyeZxwU‡K al©‡Yi ci nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj|Õ31
G bvU‡K mvwn‡Z¨i Aa¨vc‡Ki ¯¿x I Kb¨vI MYal©‡Yi
wkKvi nq| Aa¨vc‡Ki ¯¿x†K al©Y K‡i †gvU GMviRb Ñ Avi †g‡qwU‡K AvURb| Aa¨vc‡Ki †g‡q‡K
ïay al©YB bq wRfI †K‡U wb‡q hvq ye©„‡Ëiv| Ômf¨Zvi mv‡_ al©‡Yi GKUv mg‡SvZv nIqv
`iKviÕ32
Ñ bvU‡K GB msjv‡ci g‡a¨ mgv‡R bvixi Awbivc` c„w_exi iƒpiƒc wea„Z n‡q‡Q| G
bvU‡K mgmvgwqK mvgvwRK-ivR‣bwZK g~j¨‡eva I Aeÿ‡qi iƒp AvMÖvm‡b Aa¨vc‡Ki ¯¿x I Zvi
Kb¨vi m¤£g I Rxeb web‡ói wP‡Î bvixi wecbœ Aw ͇Z¡i KiæY Mí ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| wbg¾b bvU‡K
Av‡iv AmsL¨ al©‡Yi eY©bv g~jZ bvixi cÖwZ mvgvwRK-ivwóªK cyiælZvwš¿K `„wófw½i weK…Z cÖwZdjb
Ñ hvi wfZi w`‡q bvix n‡q D‡V‡Q †h․b-c‡Y¨i g‡Zv| wbg¾b bvU‡K †mB wech©¯Í ivwóªK I mvgvwRK
†cÖÿvc‡U c„w_ex Ry‡o bvbvwea gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi wbg©g NUbvi g‡a¨ Aw ͇Z¡i msK‡U cov bvix‡`i
wP‡Î D‡V G‡m‡Q bvixi wbivcËvnxb †kvwlZ Rxeb|
P. bvix µq-weµq
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB bvix `vm wn‡m‡e wewµi BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| AvVv‡iv Dwbk kZ‡Ki †KvjKvZvqI
cÖKv‡k¨ `vm`vmx †Kbv-†ePv n‡Zv| wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b nv‡Z cv‡q wkK‡j †eu‡a ivLv mvwi K‡i `vuov‡bv
`vm`vmx‡`i †µZviv Zv‡`i cQ›` K‡i wK‡b wb‡Zv|33
•heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡Ki NUbvI cÖvq
ZrKvjxb| G bvU‡K †`Lv hvq †P․Ï eQ‡ii AÂwj `vmx‡K GKnvRvi cuPvËi UvKvq `qvj wK‡b G‡b
cyZzj bv‡Pi `‡ji L‡Ïi †RvUvevi R‡b¨ b„Z¨wkíxi Kv‡R wbhy³ K‡i| cixi eY©bvq Z_¨ cvIqv
hvqÑ ÔAÄwjw`Õi †KD †bB| evev gvÕi cwiPqI †KD Rv‡b bv| †P․Ï eQi eq‡m `qvj KvKv Zv‡K
†Kv‡Ì‡K wK‡b G‡bwQ‡jb| BmgvBj PvPv e‡jwQj, nvRvi cuPvËi UvKvq|Õ34
cix †Kbv-†ePvi g~j¨
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
285
wn‡m‡e nvRvi UvKv A_© eyS‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ †K‡bv Zvi mv‡_ cuPvËi UvKv †hvM n‡q‡Q eyS‡Z cv‡i bv|
AÄwj `i`vg K‡i wewµ e‡jB nvRv‡ii m‡½ Av‡iv cuPvËi UvKv †hvM n‡q‡Q Ggb RxebvwfÁZv
cixi †evaMg¨ nqwb wKš‘ AÄwji Rxe‡bi GB wbg©g cwinvm cvVK-`k©K‡`i eyS‡Z Amywe‡a nq bv|
Q. mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi I wg_¨v Acev`
AvaywbK evOvwj mgv‡RI bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK ms¯‥v‡ii cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| we‡klZ cÖvwšÍK AwkwÿZ
Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ Gme ms¯‥vi †ewk| bvixi Pjv‡div, DVv-emv, KvR Kg© cÖf…wZ welq wb‡q AmsL¨
ms¯‥vi GL‡bv gvbyl Av¯’vi mv‡_ wek¦vm K‡i| Avi GB wek¦v‡mi wfwˇK †cv³ Kivi R‡b¨ mvaviYZ
e¨envi Kiv nq ag©‡K| wewfbœ mvgvwRK ms¯‥v‡ii d‡j cÖavYZ bvixi Rxe‡b i‡U bvbv Acev`,
wewfbœ cÖwZeÜKZv| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡KI bvixi cÖwZ GK‡c‡k ms¯‥viv”Qbœ a¨vb-aviYv I bvbv
Acev` †`qvi wewfbœ cÖm½ †`Lv hvq|
ebcvsïj bvU‡K mv¤úª`vwqK `v½vq gvbwmKfv‡e weaŸ¯Í bvix †mvbvgywLi †kvKven AmsjMœ K_v-evZ©vi
Kvi‡Y gv›`vB mgv‡Ri KwZcq e¨w³ Zv‡K f~Z wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| G cÖm‡½ we‡k¦k¦i mywK‡K
e‡jÑ ÔGB †QgwiWv‡i eb w_Kv †L`v| Aq‡Z f~Z\Õ35
µ‡g we‡k¦k¦‡ii K_vq mK‡j wek¦vm Ki‡Z ïiæ
K‡i †mvbvgywL Av¸‡b cy‡o f~Z †m‡R G‡m‡Q| GKvi‡Y we‡k¦k¦‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨ivI †mvbvgywL‡K cywo‡q
gvi‡Z D`¨Z nq| ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡c bvix‡`i WvBwb AvL¨v w`‡q cywo‡q gviv n‡Zv| wewfbœ
cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv hvq WvBwb bv‡g cÖvq lvU jÿ bvix‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| hy× Qvov GwUB mePvB‡Z
e‡ov MYnZ¨v wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|36
ga¨hyMxq †mB ee©iZvi „óvšÍ †`Lv hvq gv›`vB b„‡Mvôxi mvgvwRK
ms¯‥v‡i| WvBwb ev f~Z AvL¨v w`‡q cywo‡q gvi‡Z †mvbvgywLi D‡Ï‡k¨ mg‡eZ mK‡j e‡jÑ ÔA‡i
wdi Av¸‡b cyovqv gvi|Õ37
Ggb msKUgq cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mywK, jyrdi gv÷vi, Awbj †mvbvgywLi cv‡k
`vuov‡j †mvbvgywL‡K wb‡q •Zwi nq DfqgywL mvgvwRK msNvZ|
AvZi Avjx‡`i bxjvf cvU bvU‡K bvixi cÖwZ mvgwRK †kvl‡Yi Av‡iKiƒc cwijwÿZ nq| bvU‡K
bZz PwiÎwU cvwievwiK Ges mvgvwRK Dfqfv‡e mwnsm AvPi‡Yi wkKvi n‡q‡Q| bvU‡Ki ïiæ‡Z
cÖwZ‡ekx `yB e„‡×i K‡_vcK_‡bi g‡a¨ cÖvwšÍK MÖvgxY mgv‡R GKRb bvix‡K †`Lvi „wófw½ Abyaveb
Kiv hvq| bZz‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i cÖ_g e„× e‡jÑ Ômvu‡Si †ejv †Lvjv Pz‡j wR¡‡bi AvQi K‡i|Õ38
G
msjv‡ci gva¨‡g ¯úó †h, mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi GKgvÎ bvixi Dci Pvcv‡bv n‡”Q Ñ MwÐe× Kiv n‡”Q
Zvi Pjv‡div I ¯^vaxb B”Qv-Awb”Qv‡K| ag©xq m¤úK©hy³ A‡bK wel‡qi †g․jev`x `„wófw½ bvix‡K
`gb-cxob I cyiæ‡li myweav g‡Zv bvix‡K e¨env‡ii cÖavb A ¿| g~jZ, agx©q ms¯‥…wZ w`‡q cÖ_gZ
bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ mgv‡R A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î e¨eavb •Zwi n‡Z †`Lv hvq| G cÖm‡½ bvU‡Ki Av‡iv
GKwU msjvc AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| AvZ‡ii ¯¿x bZz cÖm‡½ wØZxq e„× cÖ_g e„ׇK e‡jÑ ÔKI †`wL †Kgyb
wewU †Q‡j|... †Kgyb e` wKwm‡gi wewU †Q‡j| †g․jfx KqцRbvbv nwZ‡Q RwgbÑAvev` bvB‡Zv
AvMvQv|Õ39
bvix‡K Avevw` Rwgi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K Ges DwjøwLZ msjv‡c Mf©aviY bv n‡j
GB Rwg AvMvQv cwic~Y© cwiZ¨³ I AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ggb aviYvi cÖwZdjb jÿ Kiv hvq| Giƒc
ms¯‥v‡ii †fZi w`‡q †`Lv hvq, bvixi cÖvK…wZK †cÖÿvcU I Rxe‡bi e¨vL¨v mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi Øviv
MwÐe×, hvi GK”QÎ AwaKvi cyiæ‡li| cyiælZvwš¿K mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi KZ…©K bvix‡K B‡”Q g‡Zv
e¨env‡ii AvKv•ÿv g~jZ bvix‡K wbqš¿‡Yi GKwU †K․kj| †g․jev`x wewa-e¨e¯’vi wb‡®úlY Øviv
mgv‡R bvixi cÖwZ †h g‡bvfve cÖKvk cvq †mLv‡b GKRb bvixi mvgvwRK m¤§vb I AvZ¥gh©v`v
f~jywÉZ n‡Z eva¨| ZvB bZzi cÖwZ agx©q AvMÖvmb‡K mvgvwRK ms¯‥viv”Qbœ AvPi‡Yi mv‡_ GKxf~Z
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
286
n‡Z †`Lv hvq G bvU‡K| gvbwmKfv‡e weaŸ¯Í bZzi AmsjMœ AvPiY‡K wR¡‡bi AvQi wn‡m‡e
AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| MÖv‡gi †g․jwf G‡m gvbwmKfv‡e Amy¯’ bZz‡K kvixiwKfv‡e wbh©vZ‡bi gva¨‡g
wPwKrmv ïiæ K‡i:
we‡`wk †Rbvbv| RvZ K~j bvB| D Avm‡Q Avi Kvu‡a wbqv AvB‡Q GK Lwek|Ñ wKš‘K RvB‡bvÑ B †eZÑ
†m †eZ DuPz K‡i evZvm Kv‡U|Ñ Avgvi cx‡ii †eZ|40
Gici bZzi Dci ïiæ nq AeY©bxq kvixwiK wbh©vZb| mg‡eZ mK‡j g‡b K‡i bZzi Mv‡q fi Kiv
wR¡b Zvi ¯^vgx e„× AvZ‡ii Amy‡Li KviY| d‡j bZzi Dci kvixwiK wbh©vZb mK‡j Dc‡fvM K‡i|
mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi A_ev wg_¨v Acev` w`‡q †g․jwf wKsev KweivRx wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g bvixi Dci
mwnsm AvPiY GL‡bv A‡bK MÖvg M‡Ä †`Lv hvq| mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi Avi ag©xq †Mvuovwgi Kvi‡Y bvixi
cÖwZ Ggb wbg©g mwnsm AvPiY AvZi Avjx‡`i bxjvf cvU bvU‡K cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|
•heZx Kb¨vi gb yBL‡Ð mgvc¨ bvixi we‡qvMvšÍ Rxe‡bi AvL¨vb| G bvU‡K yBR‡b¥ GK bvix
Rxe‡bi AZ…ßZvq, cÖeÂbvq yeviB †¯^”Qvq AvZ¥nZ¨vi ga¨ w`‡q c„w_ex‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| cÖ_g
L‡Ði bvix PiP› ªvbxi kªxKi Mv‡q‡bi Kb¨v Kvwj›`x| Kv‡jv †g‡q e‡j hvi we‡q †f‡½ wM‡qwQ‡jv Ñ
†mB Kv‡jv †g‡qi mv‡_ wfbœ ag©vej¤^x Avjvj Mv‡q‡bi †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© ’vwcZ n‡j msKU Nbxf~Z nq|
KviY Avjv‡ji m‡½ †cÖg ev msmvi meB mgvR weiæ× Ñ ag© weiæ×| g~jZ, evOvwj mgvR ag©, eY©,
abx-Mwie BZ¨vw` †f‡` eû fv‡M wef³| GKvi‡Y AmgeY© weevn A_ev GK a‡g©i cv‡Îi m‡½ Ab¨
a‡g©i cvÎxi weev‡n evOvwj mgv‡R cÖej evav i‡q‡Q|41
A_P Kvwj›`x Avjv‡ji mv‡_ msmvi ’vcb
K‡i mvn‡mi mv‡_ cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i‡Q mvgvwRK I agx©q ms¯‥vi| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki GB bvixi g‡a¨
†mKz¨jvi †PZbvi exR jÿ Kiv hvq| KviY Zvi Kv‡Q a‡g©i Abykvm‡bi †P‡q gvbyl I gvby‡li
ms¯‥…wZ e‡ov n‡q D‡V‡Q| wKš‘ Avjvj Mv‡q‡bi mv‡_ Ni cvjv‡bv †mB mvnmx Kvwj›`x civwRZ nq
a‡g©iB AvMÖvm‡b| gvbyl e›`bvi MxZmªóv Avjvj Mv‡qb MvRx cx‡ii gywi` n‡q MxwZKv †Q‡o w`‡j
cÖ_g R‡b¥ Kvwj›`x civR‡qi Møvwb‡Z bZ nq| Kvwj›`x Rxe‡bi Kv‡Q civwRZ wKš‘ †m GKRb mvnmx
bvix| ag©xq msKxY©Zvi weiæ‡× gvbeev`xZvi m‡Z¨ MxwZKvi aviv wb‡q `vuwo‡qwQ‡jv †m| mvnmx e‡jB
wkí I †cÖ‡gi Uv‡b Kvwj›`x Ni Qv‡o Ñ RvZ ag© wemR©b †`q Ñ ag©vÜZvi weiæ‡× ¯^vaxb wkímËv
wb‡q `vuovq| G bvU‡Ki bvixi mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Rwo‡q Av‡Q ag© I mvgvwRK gZv`‡k©i mv‡_
wkí I wkíxi Ø›Ø Ñ mv¤úª`vwqK mwnsm AviP‡Yi wPÎ|
ebcvsïj bvU‡K mywKi AKvj •ea‡e¨i ci gv›`vB mgv‡Ri agx©q ms¯‥v‡ii bv‡g wk‡ei KyPzbxiƒ‡c
Zv‡K DrmwM©Z Kiv nq| wKš‘ †h․eb •eae¨ gv‡b bv Ñ A‡j․wKK A`„k¨ †`eZvi †fv‡M Z…ß nq bv
gvby‡li kixi| d‡j †h․e‡bi ¯^vfvweK a‡g©i Kv‡Q A‡j․wKKZv wbf©i a‡g©i civRq N‡U hLb mywK
Awbj‡K fv‡jvev‡m Ges Zvi kvixwiK ms¯úk© †c‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ mvgvwRK ms¯‥viekZ Awbj wØav
wef³ gvbyl| †mI mywKi †cÖ‡g c‡o e‡U wKš‘ wk‡ei KyPzbx‡K †c‡Z PvIqvi A_© wk‡ei cÖwZØ›Øx n‡q
IVv Ñ GB wek¦vm Zv‡K wePwjZ K‡i| Gfv‡e bvix mywKi †h․e‡bi ¯^vfvweK ag© I ¯^cœ bm¨vZ nq
gv›`vB mgv‡Ri ixwZ-bxwZi Abykvm‡b| Gme m‡Ë¡I mywK Awb‡ji m¤úK© wKQyUv Nwbô n‡j mZx-
AmZxi cÖkœ I‡V Zvi cÖwZ| bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, mywK mZx‡Z¡i cixÿvq DËxY© nevi gvb‡m †¯”Qvq jvj
wcucovi Kvg‡o kixi‡K ÿZweÿZ K‡i| gvby‡li mnRvZ Av‡eM-AbyfywZ, B”Qv-AvKv•ÿvi cwigvc
hLb mvgvwRK m„ó cÖ_v I mZx-AmZx e¨vLvq gvcv nq, ZLb bvixi mnRvZ ¯^vfvweK Rxeb I gh©v`v
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
287
wbtm‡›`‡n ÿzYœ nq| ZvB mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZi Kv‡Q weaev mywKi †h․e‡bi ¯vfvweK ag© civwRZ
n‡q‡Q| †mB Ae¨³ †e`bv aiv c‡o‡Q mywKi cyÄxf~Z ÿzä msjv‡c:
†bkv ai‡Q i‡³i wfZ‡i A‡`Lv wk‡ei wbMv| evBk eQi nj bvB weqvi weaev n‡q‡Q mywK| Zvi wK gvZvj
n‡q wbwkfi wk‡ei †LvuR Kib DwPZ bv| ey‡K ayZiv dyj dzBUv eBmv _vwK| Avwg bó bvix| H g½wji bvMvj
†ek¨v †ek¨v| wk‡ei †ek¨v|42
mywKi Rxe‡bi Ggb Øvw›ØK cwiYwZi wfZi evuav c‡o‡Q K…Z¨wbf©i †KvP mgv‡Ri wek¦vm ms¯‥vi
mewKQzB Ñ †h wek¦vm Avi ms¯‥v‡ii mv‡_ GKm~‡Î evuav mywKi Rxeb| ZvB ejv hvq wj½xq we‡ePbvq
mvgvwRK AvPv‡i XvKv c‡o‡Q mywKi bvixmËvi mnRvZ •ewkó¨| mgv‡jvP‡Ki g‡Z:
mywKi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Zvi c~e©Zb mgv‡Ri mKj wØav ms‡KvP ms¯‥vi Kzms¯‥vi Ges wek¦vm Awek¦vm mgcwigv‡Y
we`¨gvb| †mwjg Avj `xb AmsL¨ f½yi †iLvq bvbv cÖwZK~j AwfÁZvi `nb `» mywKi PwiÎ A¼b
K‡i‡Qb|43
mvuSgvjv PwiÎwUi †ÿ‡ÎI e‡ov msNvZ •Zwi nq mvgvwRK ms ‥v‡ii Kvi‡Y| wZigb Ges mvuSgvjvi †cÖg
cÖZ¨vLvZ nevi KviY mvuSgvjvi PvPv Qwj‡gi åvšÍ wek¦vm| mgv‡Ri Ab¨‡`i g‡Zv †mI g‡b K‡i
wZig‡bi cwiev‡i ¯Y©‡evqvj wkKv‡ii AcNvZ i‡q‡Q| GB mvgvwRK ms ‥vi mvuSgvjvi Rxeb‡K wcó
K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ PvPxi ywðšÍv •Zwi nq wZig‡bi mv‡_ mvuSgvjvi kvixwiK m¤ú‡K©i wel‡q| wZwb fv‡ebÑ
Ôevmi N‡i wZigbB †Zv Rvb‡e mvuSgvjvi †K․gv‡h©i mZ¨| wfb _v‡b wfb gvbylÑ evmi N‡iB Nbv‡e
m‡›`n| i³ S‡i bvB †Zv wK‡mi mZx|Õ44
cyiæl wbqwš¿Z mgvRev ÍeZvq mZx-AmZxi cixÿvq
DËx‡Y©i welq †Kej GKvšÍ bvixi R‡b¨| wZigb‡K Zvi mZx‡Z¡i cixÿv w`‡Z n‡e bv KL‡bv|
GKvi‡Y ¯^Y©‡evqvj bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, bvix-cyiæ‡li mvgvwRK GK‡c‡k „wófw½i `vq †gvPb Ki‡Z
n‡q‡Q mvuSgvjv‡KB| Zv‡K Rxeb wemR©b w`‡q B”Qv-Awb”Qvi ¸iæZ¡‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e
bvix-cyiæ‡li Rxe‡bi mvgwMÖK mZ¨ wecbœ nq mvgvwRK wek¦v‡mi Kv‡Q hv mvuSgvjv‡K K‡i Zz‡j‡Q
EY-gvbyl|
eûKvj †_‡K P‡j Avmv bvbv mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi GKwU bvixi Rxeb wP·K K‡Zv wewPÎfv‡e wPwÎZ K‡i
cyÎ bvU‡Ki AveQv PwiÎwU Zvi D¾¡j „óvšÍ| †QvU †ejvq AveQvi wcZv gvZvi g„Zy¨, cici Zvi `ywU
AvwkÖZ cwiev‡ii emZwfUvq b`xi fv½b BZ¨vKvi ev ÍeZv‡K Acqv bvixi jÿY wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvix‡K Gfv‡e fv‡M¨i AjxK aviYv w`‡q cwigv‡ci welqwU mgv‡R bZzb bq| mvgvwRK
GmKj AmsL¨ ms¯‥vi bvixi gvbweK gh©v`v I e¨w³mËvi cwicwš’ wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K|
R. †Rvic~e©K weevn I evj¨weevn
mgKvjxb mgv‡RI bvix‡K †Rvic~e©K weev‡ni NUbv Anin N‡U _v‡K| cvwievwiK wbh©vZ‡b Ges
mgv‡R Aw ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z Ae‡k‡l eva¨ n‡q Gme bvix‡K msmvi Ki‡Z nq| Ggb mvgvwRK
ev ÍeZv †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡KI jÿ Kiv hvq| nvZ n`vB bvU‡Ki nv œv‡K †Rvi K‡i we‡q †`Iqv
nq Ñ evwo †_‡K cvwj‡qI iÿv nq bv Zvi| GKRb e¨w³ nv¯œvi B”Qv-Awb”Qvi †Kv‡bv g~j¨ †bB
mgvR-msmv‡i| Pz°zbxi g‡Zv †mI mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ gZv`‡k©i †eovRvj wQu‡o †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv| gvjy
nveR ZvB nv¯œv cÖm‡½ e‡jÑ ÔH Pz°zbx, Pz°zbxi f~‡Z aBi‡Q GwZ‡i|Õ45
G bvU‡Ki Pz°zbx‡KI Zvi
Ag‡Z †Ljva‡bi Z…Zxq ¯¿x wn‡m‡e we‡q w`‡q †`qv nq UvKvi †jv‡f| Ab¨w`‡K ebcvsïj bvU‡K
jyrdi gv÷v‡ii eY©bv †_‡K D‡V G‡m‡Q, Zvi `v`x wQ‡jv gv›`vB bvix| c~‡e©i GKUv ¯¿x _vKv m‡Ë¡I
Zvi cÖfvekvjx evOvwj †RvZ`vi `v`v †Rvi K‡i Zz‡j wb‡q we‡q K‡iwQ‡jv †mB bvix‡K| GQvov
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
288
¯^Y©‡evqvj bvU‡Ki mvuSgvjv‡K cici yevi we‡q †`Iqvi †Póv Kiv nq wKš‘ gZ bv _vKvq `yeviB
we‡qi w`b †m cvwj‡q euv‡P| e¯‘Z, cwievi I mgvR Dfq‡ÿ‡ÎB bvixi gZvg‡Zi Lye GKUv ¸iæZ¡
†`Iqv nq bv|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K evj¨ we‡qi GKwU NUbv cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| ebcvsïj bvU‡K wkï mywK‡K
GK e„‡×i mv‡_ we‡q †`qv nq cY w`‡q| BwZnvm AbymÜv‡b †`Lv hvq †h, Dwbk kZ‡K AKzjxb
AwffveK UvKvi wewbg‡q Kb¨v‡K wewµ Ki‡Zb| mgv‡R Kzjxb‡`i eûweevn †e‡o hvIqvq
weevn‡hvM¨ Kb¨vi Afve NU‡Z _v‡K| †mmg‡q A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cvÎ-AcvÎ we‡ePbv bv K‡iB AwffveK
A‡_©i †jv‡f Kb¨v‡K evj¨eq‡mB we‡q w`‡Zb| G cÖm‡½ Avwg bvix : wZbk eQ‡ii evOvwj bvixi
BwZnvm MÖ‡š’ M‡elK D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ ÔÔ†g‡qi evev g‡bi g‡Zv A_© †c‡j cv‡Îi iƒc, ¸Y, we`¨v,
eyw×, eqm cÖf„wZ wKQzB we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb bv|ÕÕ46
mywKi †ÿ‡ÎI Abyiƒc NUbv NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| nvRvi
UvKv c‡Yi wewbg‡q wkïKb¨v mywKi mv‡_ lv‡UvaŸ© e„‡×i we‡qi g‡Zv AmvgÄm¨ NUbv N‡U|
evj¨weev‡ni g‡Zv mvgvwRK Ggb Am½wZi wPÎI †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K D‡V G‡m‡Q|
S. A¯xK…Z gvZ…Z¡ I åƒY nZ¨v
mgv‡Ri Ae‡nwjZ cÖewÂZ bvix †hgb †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K Aejxjvq D‡V Av‡m Ñ †Zgwb
Zv‡`i AKvj åƒY web‡ói AvZ©bv`I Zvui wewfbœ bvU‡K D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq| †mwjg Avj
`x‡bi †ek K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvU‡K A¯xK…Z gvZ…Z¡ I åƒY-nZ¨vi cÖm½ jÿYxq| bvixi Awb”Qvq
Mf©cvZ NUv‡bv mvgvwRK AbvPv‡ii Av‡iKwUiƒc| GQvov KL‡bv KL‡bv bvix‡K †¯”Qvq Mf©cvZ
NUv‡Z nq mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K GmKj cÖm½ bvixi mgvR
ev ÍeZvi wbLuyZ cÖwZdjb wn‡m‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q|
•heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡K Kvwj›`x Ges cix Df‡qi Mf©cvZ NUv‡bvi cÖm½ i‡q‡Q| cix Zvi Awf‡bÎx
Rxe‡b bvbv Kvi‡Y †hgb c_åó nq †Zgwb bó Ki‡Z nq Zvi A¯xK…Z åƒY| wKš‘ cix mvgvwRK Pv‡c
Mf©cvZ NUvqwb Ñ Zvi wbtm½ Rxe‡bi gvbwmK Pvc Gi Ab¨Zg KviY| mnvq m¤^jnxb Rxe‡bi GB
`ye©n †e`bv jÿ Kiv hvq cixi AvZ¥K_‡b:
Avm‡ii dvu‡K dvu‡K, †Kvb †Kvb w`b wbR©b `ycy‡i, mܨvq wK Pvu‡`i iv‡Z †b․Kvq fvmv, ûjv weovj,
evevi gyL, mwKbv, Amnvq AÄwjw`, KiæY gxbvKzgvix, Avgvi D`i †_‡K L‡m hvIqv bó åƒY, ey‡Ki
cvuRi wQu‡o Av‡m `xN©k¦vm| †m k¦v‡m Avgvi cÖmva‡bi Avqbv †Nvjv‡U n‡q D‡V| wKš‘ Avwg †jvKj¾vq
åƒY nZ¨v Kwi wb| Avgvi g‡b n‡qwQj Avm‡ii c‡_ c‡_ GKRb cixi †Kvb ¯^vgx bvB, RbKRbbx bvB,
cyÎKb¨v bvB|47
g~jZ, wewPÎ RxebvwfÁZvB cixi wkí I e¨w³ Rxe‡b Zxeª QvqvcvZ K‡i‡Q| gv‡R`yj n‡Ki kvšÍ
Kb¨vi e`‡j hvevi BwZe„‡Ë †hvM n‡q‡Q hvÎvwf‡bÎxi cÖwZ mvgvwRK `„wófw½ I AvPiY|
¯^Y©‡evqvj bvU‡Ki wZwmi åƒY webó Ki‡Z nq mvgvwRK `„wófw½i Kvi‡Y| †KivgZg½j bvU‡K
cvwK¯Ívbx wgwjUvix K¨v‡¤ú wbh©vwZZv b~iRvnv‡bi åƒY bó nq Mf©ve¯’vq al©‡Yi d‡j| GQvov G
bvU‡Ki Ab¨`ywU bvix PwiÎ kgjv I bIkv`x‡K †Rvi K‡i åƒY nZ¨v Kiv‡bv nq cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK
g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y| A¯xK…Z m¤ú‡K©i d‡j Mf©avi‡Yi GKK `vq wb‡Z nq gvbwmK fvimg¨nxb
kgjv‡K| g„Zz¨i SzuwK m‡Ë¡I kgjvi Mf©cvZ NUv‡bvi g‡Zv wbg©g wm×všÍ †bq Zvi wcZv| d‡j
ÔB¾‡Zi Pvqv Rbg eoÕ48
Ñ †Kivg‡Zi GB Mfxi Dcjwä mgv‡Ri ixwZ-bxwZ I `„wófw½‡Z Ave×
kgjvi wcZv ev mgvR †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv g~j¨ enb K‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K bIkv`x eva¨ n‡q ZvjyK`vi
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
289
evwo‡Z M„nKgx©i Kv‡R wbhy³ n‡j †mLv‡b mgvR msmv‡ii Av‡iK Amf¨iƒc cwijwÿZ nq|
ZvjyK`v‡ii †fvM-jvjmvi Kv‡Q bIkv`x n‡q I‡V †h․bmvgMÖx| bIkv`xi `vwi ª I Amnvq‡Z¡i my‡hvM
wb‡q cÖfvekvjx ZvjyK`vi kvixwiKfv‡e bIkv`x‡K e¨envi K‡i| wKš‘ jÿYxq †h, ZvjyK`vi KZ…©K
Mf©eZx n‡q co‡j mvgvwRKfv‡e wZi¯‥…Z nq GKgvÎ bIkv`x| G‡Zvw`b evuRv †g‡q e‡j †h Acev`
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q Zvi mKj `vqI †m GKvB enb K‡i‡Q| mgvR †Kej bIkv`x‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i bv Ñ
wb®úvc åƒY‡KI cwiZ¨vM K‡i| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva Avi cÖfvekvjx mgvRcwZ‡`i Kvi‡Y AKvj
Mf©cvZ NUv‡bvi KwVb cwiYwZi ¯^vÿi n‡Z nq bIkv`x‡K| iv‡Zi Aby¾¡j Av‡jvq njy` i³v³
kvwo cwiwnZ hš¿Yvq weK…Z bIkv`x wejvc K‡i :
...bv bv gv‡MvÑ giY Aq bv K¨v| giY Aq bv K¨v| Avwg K¨v Ilya LvBjvg| Avwg †Zv Lvevi PvB bvB|
Avgv‡i †Rvi KBiv †cU Lgv‡bi Ilya LvIqvB‡Q| bvÑ In bv In bv In| Avgvi AvZzi Ni †KvB Zz‡li
gvjmv †KvBÑ myi fiv Avhvb K¨v D‡W bvÑ IBh¨v P›`ª‡Kvbvi nMj AvZzi N‡i `vBeywo Av‡n bv‡P Mvb
Mvq †cvjv nB‡j Avhvb †`q|49
GB msjv‡c Zxeª Awfgvb I †ÿv‡fi cvkvcvwk bIkv`xi AZ…ß bvixmËv †R‡M D‡V‡Q| wKš‘ mgv‡R
A¯xK…Z gvZ…‡Z¡i j¾vi cwiYvg AZ¨šÍ KwVb| we‡klZ †h․_Kg© n‡jI G Kg©d‡ji `vqfvi cÖ_gZ
I cÖavbZ wb‡Z nq bvix‡K| bIkv`x‡K ZvB †mB `vq wb‡q iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i MÖvg †Q‡o wbiæ‡Ï‡ki
c‡_ cv evov‡Z n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e mgv‡R bIkv`x, kgjvi g‡Zv bvix †hgb Zv‡`i my`„p f~wgKv •Zwi
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ñ †Zgwb wecixZ wj‡½i Zzjbvq bvixi Ae¯’v I Ae¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av‡iv †ewk cv_©K¨
m~wPZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
T. m¤ú`-m¤úwË `Lj
m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi wb‡q cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK msNvZ Anin NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| m¤ú` eÈb
e¨e¯’vq AvBbMZfv‡e bvixi Ask LyeB mvgvb¨ wKsev †Kv_vI †Kv_vI †m my‡hvMI †bB| ZeyI
DËivwaKvi ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv m~‡Î bvix †h mvgvb¨ m¤úwË †fvM Kievi my‡hvM cvq †mwUI ÿgZvi
†Rvi LvwU‡q n ÍMZ Kivi cÖqvm jÿ Kiv hvq| GKvi‡Y weaev bvix‡`i c‡ÿ m¤úwË iÿv GKUv
e‡ov P¨v‡jÄ| Ab¨w`‡K wn› y weaev bvix DËivwaKvi m~‡Î ¯vgxi m¤úwË †_‡K wKQz cvIqvi AwaKvi
jvf K‡ib bv| d‡j ¯vgxi g„Zz¨ cici A‡bK wn› y weaev‡`i †ÿ‡Î ¯vgxi wfUv †_‡K D‡”Q` Kivi
R‡b¨I bvbv cÖwµqv P‡j| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi A‡bK bvU‡K Ggb mvgvwRK ev ÍeZvi NUbv cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q‡Q| nvZ n`vB bvU‡Ki mybx‡ji weaev ¯¿x mxZvi ¯^vgxi m¤úwË †_‡K D‡”Q‡`i D‡Ïk¨ Zv‡K
nZ¨vi cwiKíbv K‡i ¯’vbxq cÖfvekvjx wbZvB m`©vi| cÖvY f‡q mxZv cvwj‡q †M‡j mxZvi ¯^vgxi
wf‡UgvwU `Lj K‡i wbZvB| Ab¨w`‡K ebcvsïj bvU‡K gvjwZi wcZv RxweZve¯’vq Zvi m¤ú`-m¤úwË
wewµ K‡iwQ‡jv Ggb Z_¨ cÖwZôv K‡i gv›`vB Kb¨v gvjwZ I Zvi weaev gv‡qi emZ-wfUv †_‡K
weZvwoZ K‡i evOvwj GK gnvRb| †Rvi K‡i Amnvq bvixi m¤ú`-m¤úwË `Lj I `L‡ji loh‡š¿i
g‡a¨ w`‡q wbcxobg~jK mvgvwRK ev ÍeZvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K|
U. GKcvwÿK MÖvgxY-wePvi
mvgvwRK ev cvwievwiK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡b MÖvg¨-mvwj‡ki †iIqvR GB Rbc‡` eûKvj †_‡K P‡j
Avm‡Q| me‡ÿ‡Î AvBbMZ wfwË bv _vK‡jI GL‡bv †Kv_vI †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv ’vbxq I cvwievwiK
mgm¨v MÖvg, †Mvôx ev †Kv‡bv m¤úª`v‡qi ÿgZvkvjx e¨w³ mvwj‡ki gva¨‡g mgvavb K‡i _v‡Kb|
mvaviYZ wewfbœ m¤úª`vq, wewfbœ RvwZ-†Mvôx wb‡R‡`i mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Av‡jv‡K MÖvg¨-mvwjk
Av‡qvRb I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ mgv‡R bvixi g‡Zi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I g~j¨vqb bv _vKvq GB
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
290
mvgvwRK wePviwU AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î n‡q I‡V GK‡c‡k I mwnsm| we‡klZ GB ai‡bi mvwj‡k Awfhy³
bvixB Pigfv‡e wbMÖ‡ni wkKvi nq Ñ ewÂZ nq b¨vq wePvi †_‡K| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î GKB Aciv‡a
Awfhy³ bvix I cyiæ‡li kvw¯Íi †ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K `yBwU mvgvwRK
wePv‡ii Kvwnwb i‡q‡Q| GLv‡bI †`Lv hvq bvix Pigfv‡e •elg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi wkKvi n‡q‡Q|
avegvb bvU‡K iƒcv bv‡g GKwU bvixi Rxe‡bi KiæY M‡íi †fZ‡i bvixi cÖwZ mvgvwRK wePvi I
wb`©q wm×v‡šÍi AgvbweK bvbv w`K D‡V G‡m‡Q| mvaywUqvi †gjvq †Kv‡bv GK ga¨iv‡Z †e‡` m`©v‡ii
Kb¨v iƒcv‡K K‡qKRb ee©i cyiæl N‡ii †eov †K‡U Zz‡j wb‡q b`x Zx‡i ivZfi al©Y K‡i †d‡j
†i‡L hvq| iv‡Z †gjv fvOvi Av‡MB welqwU wb‡q †Mvc‡b †e‡`i `j wePvi ïiæ K‡i| m`v©i wnmv‡e
wePv‡ii fvi eZ©vq wcZvi Dci| mvwj‡k wbh©vwZZ GB bvixi KiæY cwiw¯’wZ al©‡Yi †P‡qI cvkweK|
wePv‡i awl©Zv iƒcv‡KB Acivax wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í Kiv nq| kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e wbôzi wcZv Kb¨v‡K nZ¨vi
wm×všÍ Rvbvq| KviYÑ
Ai M‡f© QvIqvj n‡j Z‡e †K †b‡e A‡i| kvw¯Í n‡ev AiB| iƒcvi| Ai kvw¯Í giY| n nÑ giY| Lyb
Ki| ... Zvi kixi wNiv R‡b¥i cvc| my›`ix nI‡bi cvc| nvivwgi ev”Pv‡Mv `„wói cvc| e¨vwfPv‡ii
cvc| Avwg A‡i bvÑ Ai kixiUv‡i `Ð w`evi PvB|50
cvkweKfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv nq iƒcv‡K| cÖnm‡bi GK wePvi cwiPvwjZ nq Gfv‡e AÜ I †Lvuov hyw³i
Av‡jv‡K| webv †`v‡l mvgvwRK cÖ_v I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y Gfv‡e GKRb bvix Pig kvw¯Í jvf K‡i|
Ggb wePvi bvU‡Ki †e‡` mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’v I Ae¯’v‡bi my¯úó wPÎ D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Q| mgKv‡j
nZ¨vi g‡Zv Ggb wm×všÍ bv n‡jI MÖvgxY ev mv¤úª`vwqK wePvi-mvwj‡k bvixi cÖwZ AgvbweK mwnsm
AvPiY cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| m¤úªwZ AvBb Øviv wbwl× n‡jI d‡Zvqvi bv‡g MÖvg¨-mvwj‡k bvix‡K
AgvbweKfv‡e wbh©vZ‡bi BwZnvm i‡q‡Q gymjgvb mgv‡R|
wKËb‡Lvjv bvU‡KI GKwU mvgvwRK wePv‡ii cÖm½ jÿ Kiv hvq| bvU‡Ki NUbve„‡Ë †`Lv hvq, GK
mܨvq †e‡`wb Wvwjg‡bi †b․Kvq wM‡q g„M‡ivMx †mvbvB `vIqvB wn‡m‡e fjøy‡Ki bL Avb‡Z hvq| G
my‡hv‡M †e‡` Kweij Zvi †cÖg cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z Wvwjg‡bi bv‡g Acev` iUvq|
†e‡` mgv‡Ri ixwZ Abyhvqx mܨvq ev iv‡Z wfbœ cyiæ‡li mv‡_ †Kv‡bv jvDqv bvixi †gjv‡gkvi kvw¯Í
cÂvk Nv †e‡Zi AvNvZ| Wvwjg‡bi R‡b¨I GB kvw¯Í wba©vwiZ nq| wKš‘ †klch©šÍ †mvbvB‡qi
mvÿx‡Z Wvwjgb kvw¯Í †_‡K iÿv †c‡jI jÿYxq †h, jvDqv bvix Kvi m‡½ †Kv_vq K_v ej‡e wK
ej‡e bv †mUvI Zvi mgvR wba©vwiZ| d‡j Wvwjg‡bi ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³mËv I ¯^vaxbZv Pvcv c‡o‡Q †e‡`
m¤úª`v‡qi mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZi Abykvm‡b| GKvi‡Y mgv‡jvP‡Ki g‡Z, ÔÔcyiælkvwmZ yB wfbœ
mgv‡Ri AZ¨vPvwiZv bvixi cÖwZwbwa ebkÖx evjv Ges Wvwjgb mgvšÍivj bvix PwiÎ|ÕÕ51
mgv‡Ri bvbv NvZ-cÖwZNvZ, AvšÍtm¤úK©, NUgvb ev ÍeZv †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q‡Q| †mB mv‡_ iÿYkxj mgv‡R bvixi Rxeb-mZ¨ I msMÖv‡gi wel‡qI †mwjg Avj `xb AZ¨šÍ
m‡PZb wQ‡jb Zv ¯úó nq Zvui bvU‡Ki mgvR-ev ÍeZvq bvixi cÖwZ wewfbœ mvgvwRK mwnsm AvPiY I
msNvZ ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g| mZx`vn cÖ_vq bvixi iƒp Rxeb-ev¯ÍeZv, evj¨ weevn I eûweev‡ni g‡a¨
bvixi wecbœ Aw ͇Z¡i nvnvKvi, †h․be„wË I `vm‡Z¡i †fZi bvix Rxe‡bi eÂbv, bvixi wbivcËvnxbZv
I †h․b wbh©vZb, wcZ…Zvwš¿K mvgvwRK ms¯‥v‡i bvixmËv‡K GK‡c‡k Abyaveb, e¨vL¨v I `„wófw½,
wg_¨v Acev` I cÿcvZ`yó wePvi-mvwj‡k bvixi gvbweK gh©v`vi f~jyÉb, A¯xK…Z gvZ…‡Z¡i GKK
`vqfv‡i bvixi AmnvqZ¡ I åƒY nZ¨vi cvkweK ev ÍeZv cÖf…wZ w`K †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvixi
mvgvwRK Ae¯’v I Ae¯’v‡bi wbg©giƒc wbLyuZfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i| Giƒc msKUvcbœ mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U
Zvui bvU‡Ki bvix Pwiθ‡jvi cÖKvk I weKv‡ki †fZi †h RxebmsMÖvg I gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Bw½Z
wea„Z Zv‡Z bvU¨Kv‡ii mgvR‡PZbv I Mfxi Rxeb‡ev‡ai cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
291
Dcmsnvi
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvixi cÖwZ mvgvwRK AvPiY I Kg©Kv‡Ði ga¨ w`‡q GKRb bvixi ¯^vfvweK
gvbweK weKvk evavMÖ¯’ n‡q‡Q Ñ †Zgwb bvbvwea mvgvwRK †kvlY niY K‡i‡Q bvixi Rxeb, wbivcËv
I ¯^vaxbZv| d‡j †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡Ki AwaKvsk bvix PwiÎ mvgvwRKfv‡e Amnvq, ewÂZ I
wbcxwoZ| mgv‡R Zv‡`i my „p †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vb †bB| wewfbœ mvgvwRK Aeÿq I mwnsmZvi weiæ‡×
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Pwi·K cÖwZev`x n‡q DV‡Z †`Lv hvq wKš‘ P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q ZvivI K‡Vvi I KwVb
mvgvwRK Abykvmb I e¨e¯’vi Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| Kvwj›`x, ebkÖx, nv¯œv, Pz°zbx, bZz,
mywK cÖgyL bvix Pwi‡Îi cyÄxf~Z †ÿvf cÖwZev‡` R¡‡j DV‡jI iÿYkxj mgvR e¨e¯’vi mvg‡b wUK‡Z
cv‡iwb| d‡j cvwievwiK I mvgvwRKfv‡e bvixi Aa¯Íb Ae¯’v-Ae¯’vbB †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvix
Pwi‡Îi Ab¨Zg cwiYvg|
g~jZ, †mwjg Avj `x‡bi cÖvq AwaKvsk bvU‡K bvMwiK Rxeb †_‡K ~ieZx© mgvR I Rxeb D‡V
G‡m‡Q Ñ Avi Gi g‡a¨ cÖùywUZ n‡q‡Q mgv‡R bvixi f~wgKv I Ae¯’vb, †h․bZvi cÖm½, Cávi
cÖm½| jÿYxq †h, mvgvwRKfv‡e †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡Ki AwaKvsk bvix A_©‣bwZK Ae¯’v,
mvgvwRK gh©v`v, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, ÿgZvqY Ñ mKj †ÿ‡ÎB wcwQ‡q cov gvbyl| bvixi cÖwZ mvgvwRK
`„wófw½I AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î mwnsm| Avi ZvB GBmKj †kªwYi bvixi Rxe‡bi †fZ‡i D‡V G‡m‡Q bvbv
mvgvwRK AbvPvi, ms¯‥vi I wbg©g ev ÍeZv| GKRb cix, Kvwj›`x, kKzšÍjv, ebkªx, Wvwjgb, •KZix,
Pz°zbx, mvuSgvjv, AveQv wKsev mywKi g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖwZdwjZ mgvRev¯ÍeZv bvixi AwaKviewÂZ
gh©v`vnxb Ae¯’v I Ae¯’vb wPwýZ K‡i| cwievwiKfv‡e †hgb mvgvwRKfv‡eI †Zgwb bvixi Aa¯Íb
Ae¯’v I mvgvwRK mwnsm AvPiY Zv‡`i RxebvPi‡Yi Dci Zxeª cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| d‡j †mwjg Avj
`x‡bi AwaKvsk bvix PwiÎ mgvR-msmvi wKsev RvZ-ag© †_‡K µgk wehy³ n‡q‡Q| bvU‡K jÿYxq
AwaKvsk bvix PwiÎ mgvR-msmviPz¨Z bZzev AvZ¥nZ¨v I g„Zz¨i g‡Zv wbgg© cwiYwZ‡Z DcbxZ|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡Ki bvix PwiÎ Gfv‡e n‡q D‡V‡Q GB Rbc‡`i cwiwPZ bvixi cÖwZwbwa| Avi
GB †Pbv bvix‡`i M‡íi †fZi aiv c‡o‡Q wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’vq bvixi wbg©g mgvRev ÍeZv|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 Kamla Bhasin, Understanding Gender (New Delhi, India: Women Unlimited, 2003), 33.
2 ûgvqyb AvRv`, bvix (XvKv : AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, 2012), 33|
3 wm‡gvb `¨ †ev‡fvqvi, wØZxq wj½, m¤úv. ûgvqyb AvRv` (XvKv : AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, 2012), 85|
4 Aqb M‡½vcva¨vq, ÔÔ†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvUK : ms¯‥…wZ ebvg AvaywbK RvwZ ivóªÕÕ, mvZ mI`v, m¤úv. gwd`yj nK I
AiæY †mb (XvKv : mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, 2008), 20|
5 gv‡jKv †eMg I •mq` AvwRRyj nK, Avwg bvix: wZbk eQ‡ii evOvwj bvixi BwZnvm (XvKv : BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm
wjwg‡UW, 2001), 3|
6 †mwjg Avj `xb, •heZx Kb¨vi gb (XvKv: MÖwš’K, 1992), 18|
7 †eMg I nK, Avwg bvix: wZbk eQ‡ii evOvwj bvixi BwZnvm, 4|
8 webqf~lY ivq, evsjvq mZx vn: mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK g~j¨vqb (KjKvZv : mvwnZ¨kÖx, 1986), 4|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
292
9 †gvRv‡¤§j nK, ÔÔbvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZvi ¯^iƒcÕÕ, evsjv‡`‡ki bvix: eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I Dbœqb cÖm½, m¤úv. Avj gvmy`
nvmvbD¾vgvb (XvKv : w` BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm wjwg‡UW, 2005), 161|
10 †mwjg Avj `xb, nvZ n`vB (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1997), 56|
11 †eMg I nK, Avwg bvix: wZbk eQ‡ii evOvwj bvixi BwZnvm, 7|
12 Z‡`e, 56|
13 nK, ÔÔbvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZvi ¯^iƒcÕÕ, evsjv‡`‡ki bvix: eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I Dbœqb cÖm½, 164|
14 Avngv`yj evix, ÔÔnvZ n`vB Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mgy`ªcyivYÕÕ, eZ©gvb bvUK (XvKv : eZ©gvb bvUK cÖKvkbv, 1996), 23|
15 †mwjg Avj `xb, nvZ n`vB, 27
16 Z‡`e, 121|
17 gvngy` kwdK, ÔÔnvZ n`vB : XvKv w_‡qUv‡ii ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gvi mdj cÖ‡qvMÕÕ, mvßvwnK wewPÎv, 31 AvM÷ 1990|
18 †mwjg Avj `xb, ebcvsïj (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2001), 55|
19 †mwjg Avj `xb, nvZ n`vB, 102|
20 nK, ÔÔbvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZvi ¯^iƒcÕÕ, evsjv‡`‡ki bvix : eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I Dbœqb cÖm½, 159|
21 †mwjg Avj `xb, ¯^Y©‡evqvj (XvKv: mgq cÖKvkb, 2007), 91|
22 Z‡`e, 68|
23 jyrdi ingvb, ÔÔ†mwjg Avj `xb, KxËb‡Lvjv: HwZn¨ I m„RbÕÕ, evsjv bvUK I †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvUK (XvKv:
bv›`wbK, 2012), 144|
24 Z‡`e, 154|
25 ingvb, ÔÔAwfbœ Zx‡_©i Zx_©¼iÕÕ, evsjv bvUK I †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvUK, 126|
26 jyrdi ingvb, Kv‡ji fv¯‹i †mwjg Avj `xb (XvKv : †iv‡`jv cÖKvkbx, 2009), 168|
27 †mwjg Avj `xb, ebcvsïj, 194|
28 gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj, gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm (XvKv : cÖZxwZ, 2008), 21|
29 †mwjg Avj `xb, avegvb ( XvKv : RvM„wZ cÖKvkbx, 2008), 37|
30 †mwjg Avj `xb, wbg¾b (XvKv : µvwšÍK, 2004), 36|
31 Z‡`e, 110|
32 Z‡`e, 116|
33 †eMg I nK, Avwg bvix: wZbk eQ‡ii evOvwj bvixi BwZnvm, 86|
34 †mwjg Avj `xb, •heZx Kb¨vi gb, 74|
35 †mwjg Avj `xb, ebcvsïj, 186|
36 Avby gynv¤§`, bvix cyiæl I mgvR (XvKv : m‡›`k 2005), 20|
37 †mwjg Avj `xb, ebcvsïj, 212|
†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv
293
38
†mwjg Avj `xb, †mwjg Avj `xb iPbvmgMÖ-1, m¤úv. mvBgb RvKvwiqv (XvKv : gvIjv eªv`vm©, 2005), 281|
39 Z‡`e|
40 Z‡`e, 290|
41 †Mvjvg gyiwk`, nvRvi eQ‡ii evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ (XvKv : Aemi, 2012), 224|
42 †mwjg Avj `xb, ebcvsïj, 40-41|
43 ingvb, Kv‡ji fv¯‹i †mwjg Avj `xb, 168|
44 †mwjg Avj `xb, ¯^Y©‡evqvj, 96|
45 †mwjg Avj `xb, nvZ n`vB, 113|
46 †eMg I nK, Avwg bvix: wZbk eQ‡ii evOvwj bvixi BwZnvm, 85|
47 †mwjg Avj `xb, •heZx Kb¨vi gb, 136|
48 Z‡`e, 304|
49 Z‡`e, 243|
50 Z‡`e, 123|
51 ingvb, ÔÔ†mwjg Avj `xb, KxËb‡Lvjv : HwZn¨ I m„RbÕÕ, evsjv bvUK I †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvUK, 143|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
†`kvZ¥‡evaK evsjv bvU‡Ki avivq beve wmivR-D`-†`Šjv: cUf~wg
gyn¤§` AvjgMxi wcGBPwW
Abstract: In the second half of the nineteenth century, patriotic plays were widely
written in the creative literature, especially in the form of Bangla drama, due to the
development of homogeneity and nationalism in the middle-class society of Bengal. The
British government, frightened by the response of the staged patriotic drama, is trying to
block the trend of patriotic Bangla drama through British Law (AN ACT FOR THE
BETTER CONTROL OF PUBLIC DRAMATIC PERFORMANCES, 1876). This
situation of the Bangla drama inevitably took place in the stage of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula
and the war of Palashi. In this article, the context and causality of the presence of Nawab
Siraj-ud-Daula and the war of Palashi were discussed in terms of patriotic Bangla drama.
f~wgKv
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mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, bvU¨Kjv wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
296
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297
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evOvwji ¯^‡`k wPšÍvi cÖwZdjbI evsjv KweZvq cÖ_g jÿ Kiv hvq|11
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†K euvwP‡Z Pvq|
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w`‡b‡Ki ¯vaxbZv, ¯^M©myL Zvq †n,
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evsjv KweZvi GB ¯^‡`kwPšÍvq ¯^‡`‡ki cÖwZ ggZv I civaxbZvi Rb¨ AvZ¥Møvwb _vK‡jI RvwZi
A_©‣bwZK y`©kvi wPÎ †Kv_vI †`Lv hvq bv Ges Zv e¨vcK Rbms‡hv‡M mÿg wQj bv| KviY KweZvi
cvVK I †ev×v wQj mxwgZ Ges mvaviY gvbyl KweZvi imv¯v`b †_‡K wQj ewÂZ|
¯^‡`k †PZbv I evsjv bvUK
evsjvi ¯^‡`k‡PZbvi GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ¯^‡`k‡PZbv Rbvi‡Y¨ e¨vcK cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq
bvU‡Ki| `„k¨Kve¨ nIqvq bvU‡Ki im RbmvaviY mivmwi MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| bvU‡Ki m‡½ gÂI
mivmwi RwoZ Ges bvU¨Kvi bvUK iPbvKv‡j g mvd‡j¨i w`‡K jÿ iv‡Lb| ZvB bvU‡Ki welqe ‘
I gÂvqb m¤ú‡K© ejv nq-
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welqe¯‘ n‡q _v‡K| †h Rxeb mgm¨v gvby‡li Rxeb‡K ev Íe †ÿ‡Î Av‡jvwoZ K‡i Zvi GKwU
im iƒcvqY gvbyl †`L‡Z Pvq|15
ZvB mgKvjxb mvgvwRK cwi‡cÖwÿZ bvU‡K D¾¡j n‡q dz‡V D‡V| GB Kvi‡Y bvUK‡K ÔRvwZi
RxebwPšÍvi e¨v‡ivwgUviÕ ejv n‡q _v‡K|16
evsjv bvU‡Ki D‡b¥l c‡e©B ¯^‡`k‡PZbvi cÖfve †`Lv hvq bv| cÖ_g w`‡Ki evsjv bvU‡K evOvwj
mgv‡Ri bvbv Kzms¯‥vi I K`vPvi Ges A‣bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡ci cÖwZ e¨½-we`ªæc jÿ Kiv hvq| Aek¨
GB mg‡q bvU‡K ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ (1822-86) gvZ…fvlv wkÿvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i e‡jb-
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
298
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Kwi‡e bv; ev½jv GZ‡Ïkxq gvZ…fvlv, myZivs gvZ…er GB gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ fw³ ivLv wbZvšÍ Avek¨K|17
Ôwn›`y †cwUªqUÕ Gi m¤úv`K nwikP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1824-61) KjKvZvi abx‡`i eyjeywj cvwLi
jovB, bv‡Pi Rjmv BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv ÔBZi ZvgvkvÕ †Q‡o bvU‡Ki cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †`evi Rb¨ Avnevb
Rvbvb Ges KjKvZv‡Z evsjv bvUK Awfb‡qi Rb¨ ÔIwi‡q›Uvj w_‡qUviÕ (1853) KZ…©c‡ÿi `„wó
AvKl©Y K‡ib|18
civaxb fvi‡Zi GB ytmg‡q wmcvnx RbZvi Afz¨Ìvb N‡U (1857) Ges wkwÿZ ga¨weË m¤úª`v‡qi
Amn‡hvwMZv I myôz cwiKíbvi Afv‡e Zv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq| GB e¨_©Zvi †ÿ‡Î m‡e‡Pq
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡ib evsjv‡`‡ki f‚¯^vgxMY, evwYwR¨K ¯^v‡_© ewYK †kÖwY Ges RvwZ, ag© I eY©
wbwe©‡k‡l evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨weË †kÖwY|19
RvwZi GB µvwšÍj‡Mœ wØav wef³ evOvwj gvbm‡K GKm~‡Î MÖw_Z K‡i bxj we‡ ªv‡ni cUf‚wg‡Z iwPZ
Ôbxj`c©Y bvUKÕ (1860)| B‡Zvc~‡e© jÿ Kiv hvq wbh©vwZZ Rb‡Mvôxi m‡½ wkwÿZ m¤úª`vq KL‡bv
GKvZ¥Zv‡eva K‡ibwb| GB cÖ_g wbh©vwZZ K…lK †kÖwYi cÖwZ wkwÿZ m¤úª`v‡qi mnvbyf~wZ cÖKvk cvq
Ges Gi g~‡j i‡q‡Q `xbeÜz wg‡Îi Awe¯§iYxq m„wó- Ôbxj`c©YbvUK|Õ GB `c©‡YB cÖ_g cÖwZdwjZ
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AvnvRvwi I Zv‡`i m¤£g nviv‡bvi j¾v Ges GKB m‡½ †Zviv‡ci g‡Zv hye‡Ki mvÿvrI GLv‡b
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wjwLZ nq| G me `c©‡Yi g‡a¨ gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi (1847-1912) ÔRgx`vi `c©YÕ (1873)
Ges `wÿYv iÄb P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi (?) ÔPv-Ki `c©YÕ (1875) D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖ_g bvU‡K mvaviY K…l‡Ki
Dci Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPvi I e¨wfPv‡ii m‡½ wePv‡ii bv‡g cÖnmb Ges wØZxq bvU‡K Pv-evMv‡bi
Kzwj‡`i ytL `y ©kvi cvkvcvwk Pv-Ki‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| GB mg‡q Ôb¨vkbvj
w_‡qUviÕ (1872) cÖwZwôZ nq Ges Ôbxj`c©YÕ bvU‡Ki Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g Ôb¨vkbvj w_‡qUviÕ hvÎv
ïiæ K‡i|20
Ôb¨vkbvj w_‡qUv‡iÕ Ôbxj`c©‡YÕi Awfbq bvU‡Ki gva¨‡g ¯^‡`k wPšÍvi weKv‡k wfbœgvÎv
†hvM K‡i‡Q|
Dch©y³ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨g‡Âi BwZnv‡m Ges ¯^‡`kx wPšÍv we¯Ív‡i Ôbxj`c©YÕ bvU‡Ki f‚wgKv
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡eP¨| ZvB G bvU‡Ki g~j¨vqb cÖm‡½ ejv n‡q‡Q-
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weKvk N‡U‡Q| ...`xbeÜzi Ôbxj`c©YÕ bvUK ev½vjxi beRvMÖZ msNe× ivR‣bwZK m‡PZbZvi
`„k¨fvl¨|21
gvB‡Kj gaymy`b `‡Ëi ÔK…òKzgvix bvUKÕ w`‡q Dwbk kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `kK †_‡K †`kvZ¥‡evaK I
HwZnvwmK bvU‡Ki RqhvÎv ïiæ n‡jv| GB bvU‡K e‡j›`ª wms‡ni K‡É aŸwbZ nj Ôgnviv‡Ri wKsev
¯^‡`‡ki wnZ mva‡b, hw` Avgvi cÖvY ch©šÍ w`‡Z nq Zv‡ZI Avwg cÖ¯‘Z AvwQ|Õ22
e¯‘Z-
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ÔK…òKzgvixÕ bvU‡K| myZivs ÔK…òKzgvixÕ bvUK‡K evsjvi cÖ_g †`kvZ¥‡evaK HwZnvwmK bvU‡Ki gh©v`v
†`Iqv Am½Z bq|23
†`kvZ¥‡evaK evsjv bvU‡Ki avivq beve wmivR-D`-†`․jv: cUf~wg
299
†`kevmxi g‡a¨ †`kvZ¥‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î BwZnvm †PZbvi cÖfve Acwimxg| GB cÖfve m¤ú‡K©
ejv n‡q‡Q- gvbe Aw ÍZ¡ gvby‡li BwZnvm, e¨e¯’vcbv I Aemi wb‡qB e¨vL¨vZ nq| D³ Kvh©vewji
cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î wPšÍv I Av‡eM‡K cybt ’vc‡bi gva¨‡g G‡Kev‡i †Mvov †_‡KB gvbe Aw ÍZ¡ µgvMZ AMÖmi
n‡q‡Q| gvbewPšÍv memgq mZ¨‡K cÖvavb¨ †`q e‡j cÖK…wZi wbqg Abymv‡iB BwZnv‡mi mZ¨ gvbe
g‡b me©`v c~e©Mvgx| cÖwZwU wecøeB ïiæ‡Z GKRb gvby‡li GKK wPšÍv cÖm~Z Ges hLb GKB aviYv
Ab¨ gvby‡li †PZbv‡Z msµwgZ n‡q gvbyl‡K GKZve× K‡i ZLb Zv MYAv‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq| cÖwZwU
cwieZ©‡bi aviYv GKmgq ïayB GKK gZvgZ, Avevi D³ GKK gZvgZ hLb RbM‡Yi mw¤§wjZ
gZvgZ iƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ nq ZLbB Zv hyM mgm¨vi mgvav‡b m‡Pó nq|24
BwZnvm †PZbvi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z
†h gvbweK Abyf‚wZ, e¨w³¯^vZš¿ ‡eva Ges Rxeb I RMr m¤ú‡K© D`vi mgšqx `„wófw½ ¯úóZi n‡q
I‡V, mgv‡jvPK GLv‡b Zvi we¯Í…ZZi e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| RvwZi wP‡Ë BwZnvm †PZbvi Afve NU‡j
RvwZi AatcZb ïiæ nq| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq ZvB evsjvi BwZnv‡mi mwVK g~j¨vq‡bi AvnŸvb
Rvwb‡q e‡jb- Ôev½vjvi BwZnvm PvB| bwn‡j ev½vjx KLb gvbyl nB‡e bv| ...ev½vjvi BwZnvm PvB,
bwn‡j ev½vjvi fimv bvB|Õ25
†`kevmx‡K †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× Kivi m‡PZb cÖqvm wb‡qB AZtci bvU¨KviMY HwZnvwmK bvUK iPbvq
g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| Zuviv BwZnv‡mi we¯§„Z Aa¨vq‡K cybwe©b¨¯Í K‡i Kvwnwb iPbv K‡ib Ges
RvZxqZvev` cÖPv‡i cÖqvmx nb| GB cÖm‡½ gaymy`b cieZx© evsjv †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK bvUK
iPwqZv †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1849-1925) e‡jb-
Ôwn›`y †gjvi ci nB‡Z †KejB Avgvi g‡b nBZ- wK Dcv‡q †`‡ki cÖwZ †jv‡Ki AbyivM I ¯^‡`kcÖxwZ
D‡ØvwaZ nB‡Z cv‡i| †k‡l w¯’i Kwijvg bvU‡K HwZnvwmK exiZ¡Mv_v I fvi‡Zi †M․ie Kvwnbx KxZ©b
Kwi‡j nqZ KZKUv D‡Ïk¨ wm× nB‡Z cv‡i|26
D‡Ïk¨g~jK e‡jB ZrKvjxb bvU‡Ki gvb wb‡q cÖkœ †_‡KB hvq| msMZ Kvi‡YB ejv n‡q‡Q
†`kvZ¥‡evaK bvU‡Ki D³ cÖej †Rvqv‡i-
HwZnvwmK mZ¨ wb®‥vmb, HwZnvwmK Pwi‡Îi h_vh_ gh©v`v iÿY, G mKj fve HwZnvwmK bvg‡aq
bvUK nB‡Z µgk mwiqv wMqv‡Q| sensation ev D‡ËRbvB HwZnvwmK bvU‡Ki g~jgš¿ nBqv bvU¨
mvwnZ¨‡K GgbB nxb ¯Í‡i bvgvBqv w`qv‡Q †h, †m K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡ZI j¾v nq| mZ¨ A‡cÿv wg_¨v
Avùvjb Ges wg_¨v AwfgvbB eû HwZnvwmK bvU‡Ki cÖwZcv`¨ nBqv cwoqv‡Q| †`kgq ZLb GKUv
D‡ËRbvi cÖej Zi½ ewnqv Pwjqv‡Q| †mB D‡ËRbv‡K Aej¤^b Kwiqv ev½vjvi bvU¨kvjv D`i c~iY
Kwiqv‡Q| wKš‘ g‡bi †LvivK we‡kl wKQz AvniY Kwi‡Z cv‡i bvB|27
bvU‡K cÖwZdwjZ †`kvZ¥‡ev‡ai cÖK…wZ
†`kvZ¥‡evaK bvU‡Ki G evavaiv c¨vU©v‡bi Qvqvq A‡b‡KB †Kv‡bviƒc AvšÍwiKZv QvovB †¯ªd
e¨emvwqK mvdj¨ jv‡fi Rb¨ bvUK iPbvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| G cÖm‡½ cÖL¨vZ bU I bvU¨Kvi
wMwikP› ª †Nvl (1844-1912) e‡jb- ÔAvRKvj bvUK wjwL bv, KZK¸wj D‡ËRbv c~Y© `„k¨ wjwLqv
w`B, bvU¨kvjvi KZ…©cÿ hvnv B”Qv iv‡Lb, hvnv Zvnv‡`i gbtcyZ bv nq Zv †dwjqv †`b|Õ28
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †cÖÿvM„‡ni KiZvwj Ges e¨emvwqK mvdj¨‡K cÖvavb¨ †`evi d‡j AwaKvsk bvUKB n‡q
DV‡jv D‡Ïk¨g~jK bvUK, BwZnv‡mi we‡kølYI n‡jv D‡Ïk¨g~jK, AvwZkh¨ NU‡jv D‡ËRbv I
fvevjyZvi|29
†`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK bvU‡Ki GB cÖPwjZ avivi ïiæ‡Z †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii we‡kl
`„wófw½i cwiPq cvIqv hvq| wZwb ¯^v‡`wkKZvi Av`k© wewPšÍv‡Z GK mgšqx g‡bvfve MÖnY Ki‡jI
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
300
Zuvi bvU‡K wn›`y RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi cÖKvk N‡U| cieZx© ch©v‡q †R¨vwZwi› ªbv‡_i cÖ`wk©Z aviv
j²xbvivqY PµeZx© (?), D‡c›`ªbv_ `vm (1828-95), cÖg_bv_ wgÎ (1856-83), D‡gkP› ª ¸ß (?)
cÖgy‡Li Øviv Abym„Z n‡qwQj|30
bvU‡K GB wn›`y RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Aek¨ †`‡ki
ivR‣bwZK †giæKiY `vqx| GUv HwZnvwmK mZ¨ †h Bs‡iR kvwmZ fvi‡Zi wn› y m¤úª`vq wkÿv-`xÿv
I Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î gymjgvb‡`i †P‡q A‡bK †ewk AMÖmi wQj| Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a©, Ôwn›`y‡gjvÕ
(1867), ÔBwÛqvb jxMÕ (1875), ÔQvÎmfv ev ÷z‡W›Um A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ (1875-76), ÔfviZxq
weÁvb mfvÕ (1876), ÔfviZ mfv ev BwÛqvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ (1876), ÔmvaviY eªvþ mgvRÕ
(1878) BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g wn›`y m¤úª`vq hLb wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wb‡R‡`i cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Q ZLb
gymjgvb m¤úª`vq Ôgnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iwi †mvmvBwUÕ (1863), Ôb¨vkb¨vj gnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ
(1878) cÖf…wZ `yÕGKUv msMV‡bi D‡`¨v‡M gvÎB Zv‡`i ZrciZv ïiæ K‡i‡Q| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wn› y
ga¨weË †kÖwY KZ…©K cÖPvwiZ RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv g~jZ wQj wn›`y RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv Ges G‡`i
A‡NvwlZ †bZv wQ‡jb ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq| ew¼gP‡›`ªi wPšÍv †PZbvi g~j¨vqb cÖm‡½ mycÖKvk ivq
e‡jb-
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wecøexMY AmvaviY †cÖiYv jvf Kwiqv‡Qb| KviY, ew¼gP‡›`ªi Ôbe wn›`yev`Õ A_©vr wn› ya‡g©i cybiæÌvb
I wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi cybtcÖwZôv cÖf…wZi aŸwb Zuvnv‡`i g‡b h‡_ó mvov RvMvBqv wQj| GBfv‡e ew¼‡gi
wbKU nB‡Z Zvnviv jvf KwiqvwQj DMÖ wn›`y mv¤úª`vwqKZvi wkÿv|31
D³ wPšÍv †PZbvi aviK evnK n‡qB wn› y bvU¨KviMY evsjv bvU‡K Bs‡iR we‡Ø‡li cvkvcvwk
mv¤úª`vwqKZvi weKvk NUv‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh© evsjv bvU‡K ¯^‡`k‡PZbvi GB c‡e©i
bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb ÔeqtmwÜ ce©|Õ32
wKiYP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (?), nijvjivq (?) cÖgy‡Li bvUK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j cÖv¸³ e³‡e¨i mg_©b
cvIqv hvq| wKiYP› ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq ÔfviZ gvZvÕ (1873) Ges Ôfvi‡Z hebÕ (1874) bv‡g ywU bvU¨
gv¯‥ ev bvwUKv iPbv K‡ib| Ôfvi‡Z hebÕ bvwUKvi weÁvc‡b wZwb e‡jb-
GB gv¯‥Lvwb BsivR evnv`y‡ii ivR‡Z¡i yB, wZbkZ el© c~‡eŸ© cÖRvcxoK hebw`‡Mi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji NUbv
Aej¤^b Kwiqv wjwLZ nBqv‡Q| hbeM‡Yi Dci Avh©¨ mšÍvbw`‡Mi †hiƒc weRvZxq †µva Avkv Kwi GB
gv¯‥ cv‡V mK‡jB mš‘ó nB‡eb|33
weÁvc‡b mv¤úª`vwqKZvi †h BÜb Av‡Q msjv‡c Zv we¯ÍvwiZ n‡q‡Q-
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Avi¤¢ Ki, †Kvb Avk¼v †Kv‡iv bv, Avevje„×ewbZv, Kvnv‡iv cÖwZ `qv cÖKvk †Kv‡iv bv, †h hvnv jyÉb
†Kvi‡e †m mgy`vqB Zvi wb‡Ri ab n‡e| GB gw›`iB Kv‡diM‡Yi meŸ©v‡cÿv c~Rbxq ¯’vb, GB gw›`i¯’
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†Zvgv‡`i|
hebMY : Avjøv, Avjøv †nv (jyÉb Avi¤¢)
Ges Ab¨w`‡K: Òni ni †evg ni ni ni
heb webv‡k nI AMÖmi|Ó34
bvU¨Kv‡ii GB DMÖ wn›`y RvZxqZv‡eva I mv¤úª`vwqK `„wófw½ msMZKvi‡YB cieZx©Kv‡j wbw›`Z
n‡q‡Q-
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301
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RvZxqZvi welev®ú bvU¨Kv‡ii ¯^‡`k wPšÍv‡K Mfxifv‡e Av”Qbœ K‡i‡Q| RvZxq H‡K¨i †fuix wZwb
myD‡”P wbbvw`Z Ki‡jI mv¤úª`vwqKZvi †gvnN‡i m‡¤§vwnZ n‡q‡Qb Ges GiB d‡j Ôfvi‡Z he‡bÕ
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cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z n‡e|Õ wmivR GKvB ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ msMÖvg Ki‡eb- Ôfwel¨‡Z eQ‡ii ci eQi †`‡ki
mvaviY gvbyl †`k‡ ªvnx Ges we‡`kx `my¨i nv‡Z †hfv‡e DrcxwoZ n‡eÕ Zv wZwb †eu‡P †_‡K mn¨
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| ZvB Ôhw` †Zvi WvK ï‡b †KD bv Av‡m Z‡e GKjv Pj‡iÕ bxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx GB
AKz‡Zvfq exi †`‡ki Rb¨ wbR Rxeb DrmM© K‡ib| GB bvU‡K ievU© K¬vB‡fi Dw³wUI ¯§iY‡hvM¨
Ô...bev‡ei †Kvb ÿgZv †bB| hvi cÖavb †mbvcwZ wek¦vm NvZK, hvi LvRvwÂ, †`Iqvb, Avgxi Igivn
mevB cÖZviK, Zvi †Kv‡bv ÿgZv _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|Õ59
mvC` Avng‡`i (1931-2010) Ô†kl beveÕ (1989) bvU‡K g„Zz¨i †Kv‡j X‡j cov gxi g`©vb
beve‡K Rvwb‡q‡Q- ÔZiæY beve, G †`‡ki ivRbxwZi iƒc †h KZ exfrm Zv GLbI Avcbvi †Pv‡L
aiv c‡owb|Õ60
Ab¨w`‡K G‡`‡ki gvbyl m¤ú‡K© ievU© K¬vB‡fi Dcjwä-
G‡`‡ki cÖwZev` †Kej ZLbB †kvbv hvq hLb wb‡Ri ¯^v‡_© AvNvZ jv‡M| wb‡R wbivc` _vK‡j A‡b¨i
wKQz wb‡q gv_v Nvgv‡bv G‡`i ¯^fv‡e †bB| G †`‡ki wK n‡e, G Rv‡Zi wK n‡e Zv wb‡q Kv‡iv †Kvb
wPšÍv †bB| `j cvKv‡Z Giv I¯Ív`| PµvšÍ Ki‡Z Giv wm×n¯Í|61
mvC` Avn‡g‡`i wmivR evsjvi gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Dch©y³ welqvw` †R‡bI wb‡Ri wel wb‡R nRg
K‡i‡Qb| evsjvi gvby‡li cÖwZ Av¯’v I wek¦vm wb‡qB wZwb euvP‡Z †P‡q‡Qb-
†`kvZ¥‡evaK evsjv bvU‡Ki avivq beve wmivR-D`-†`․jv: cUf~wg
305
†Lv`vi Kmg hw` Avi R‡b¥ Avevi cjvkx‡Z Avmvi my‡hvM nq Zvn‡j Avevi Avwg gxi Rvdi‡K wek¦vm
Ki‡ev| muv‡d Reve `vI G †`‡ki kvmbKZ©v G †`‡ki wmcvnmvjvi‡K wek¦vm Ki‡e bvwK Avi KvD‡K
Ki‡e? we‡`kx AvMš‘K‡K Ki‡e?62
bvU‡K Dc¯’vwcZ wmiv‡Ri wPišÍbZv m¤ú‡K© mRvM mvC` Avng` Avkvev`x †h- ÔwmivR cjvkx‡Z
†n‡i †M‡Q e‡j †`k †n‡i hvq wb| G hy× AbšÍKv‡ji| G †`‡k A‡bK wmivR Rb¥ †b‡e cÖwZ‡kva
†bevi Rb¨|Õ63
mvC` Avng‡`i Ô†kl beveÕ bvU‡Ki wmivR‡Ï․jv Pwi‡Îi AšÍiv‡j msMZ Kvi‡Y
kvgmyi ivngvb (1929-2006) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi (1920-1975) AwZKvq Qvqv jÿ
K‡i‡Qb|64
Dcmsnvi
¯^‡`k‡cÖgg~jK evsjv bvU‡K beve wmivR-D`-†`․jvi Dcw ’wZ I PwiÎvqY we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h,
†i‡bmuv‡mi c_ a‡i evsjvq ¯^‡`k‡cÖg weKwkZ n‡jI Zv wQj wn›`y RvZxqZvev` cÖm~Z Ges LwÐZ|
msMZ Kvi‡YB ¯^‡`k‡cÖgg~jK evsjv bvU‡Ki cÖ_g ch©v‡q wn›`y RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv ¯’vb jvf K‡i‡Q
Ges AwZ Drmv‡ni Kvi‡Y Zv gvÎv Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| GB me bvU‡K †h †`k‡cÖg cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q
Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e AwaKvsk bvU¨Kvi wn›`y‡`i fviZxq gymjgvb kvmK‡`i cÖwZcÿ wn‡m‡e
e¨envi K‡i Bs‡iR‡`i RqMvb †M‡q‡Q| DÏk¨g~jK GBme bvU‡Ki Ab¨Zg jÿ wQj DcvR©b| ZvB
AwaKvsk bvUKB wkí mvdj¨ †c‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GK_v ¯^xKvh© †h, wkí mvdj¨ ev` w`‡jI
Rbgvbm‡K msMwVZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î bvU¨KviMY mdj n‡q‡Qb- hvi djkÖæwZ ÔAwfbq wbqš¿Y AvBb-
1876|Õ wMwikP›`ª †Nv‡li ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕq wn› y gymjgvb wbwe©‡k‡l fviZxq‡`i Bs‡iR‡`i cÖwZcÿ
wn‡m‡e uvo Kiv‡bv n‡q‡Q hv cieZx© ch©v‡qi †`k‡cÖgg~jK bvU‡K Ae¨vnZ wQj| wMwikP›`ª †Nv‡li
ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕ gÂvq‡bi cÖ_gw`‡K ms‡kvab Kiv n‡jI c‡i Zv ev‡Rqvß Kiv nq| G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ
nq †h, wMwikP› ª †Nv‡li ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕq ¯‡`k‡cÖg e¨vcKfv‡eB Abyf~Z n‡q‡Q| Aek¨ kPx›`ªbv_
†mb¸‡ßi ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕ ZrKvjxb evsjv miKv‡ii AvbyK~j¨ jvf Kivq gÂvq‡b †Kv‡bv weNœ N‡Uwb|
wMwikP› ª †Nv‡li ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕ †_‡K mvC` Avng‡`i Ô†kl beveÕ ch©šÍ beve wmivR-D`-†`․jv
†Kw›`ªK evsjv bvU‡K wmivR-D`-†`․jvi PwiÎvq‡Y †h ¯^‡`kvbyivM cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv fwel¨r
evsjvi MYbvqK wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvBKb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB fwel¨r evsjvi †h †Kv‡bv
m¼U †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi Rb¨ kw³gvb †Kv‡bv bvU¨Kvi wmivR-D`-†`․jv †Kw› ªK bvUK iPbv Ki‡ZB
cv‡ib| wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvd‡ii ÔwmivR-D-†Ï․jvÕ bvU‡K ievU© K¬vB‡fi Dw³‡Z evOvwj Pwi‡Îi †h
•ewkó¨ wPwýZ n‡q‡Q Ges ivR‣bwZK †bZv I Avgjv‡`i m¤ú‡K© †h gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q AvRI Zvi
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nqwb Ges fwel¨‡ZI Zv cwieZ©‡bi Avkv `~ivkvgvÎ| mvC` Avng‡`i Ô†kl beveÕ
bvU‡Ki evsjvi ivR‣bwZK †bZv I Avgjv m¤úKx©Z gšÍe¨I fwel¨r evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‣bwZK †bZv I
Avgjv m¤ú‡K© Dch©y³ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k 1 The inhabitants who were spectators upon that occasion must have amounted to some hundred
thousands; and if they had an inclination to have destroyed the Europeans, they might havedone it
with sticks and stones. Clive's evidence before Parliamentary Committe. D×…Z: g„Yvj PµeZx©, wmivR-
D`-†`Šjv (KjKvZv: cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯ÍK cl©`, 1981), c„. 348
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
306
2 gymjgvb Avg‡j fviZevmx ciZš¿vaxb nB‡jI Giƒc civaxb wQj bv| BsivR Avgj nB‡ZB fvi‡Z cÖK…Z civaxbZv
I ciZ‡¯¿i m~ÎcvZ nBqv‡Q| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx, †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv bvUK (KjKvZv: cy¯ÍK
wecYx, 1978), c„. 34
3 1825 nB‡Z 1845 Lªx÷vã ch©šÍ weskwZel©‡K e‡½i be hy‡Mi Rb¥Kvj ewjqv MYbv Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i| wkebv_
kv¯¿x, ivgZby jvwnox I ZrKvjxb e½ mgvR (cÖ_g wek¦evYx ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: wek¦evYx cÖKvkbx, 1983), c„. 71
4 From personal experience, I am impressed with the conviction that the greater our intercourse with
European gentlemen, the greater will be our improvement in literary, social and political affairs; ...
b‡M›`ªbv_ P‡Ævcva¨vq, gnvZ¥v ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi RxebPwiÎ (2q ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, 1974), c„.
226|
5 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), (KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨kÖx, 1979), c„. 20
6 dviwm fvlvq cÖKvwkZ mvßvwnK, cÖ_g msL¨v 11B GwcÖj, 1822 Ges †kl msL¨v 04Vv GwcÖj, 1823
7 eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Ôivg‡gvnb ivqÕ, mvwnZ¨ mvaK PwiZ gvjv, 1g LÐ (5g ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: e½xq mvwnZ¨-
cwilr, 1976), c„. 56
8 As a whole, the Press in India is conducted with singular ability; and it is astonishing to mark the
gaint strides with which it has advanced within last few year. Jhon Bruce Norton, The Rebellion in
India, p. 197 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 34
9 These middle classof inhabitants of Bengal offered the most checring indication of any that exists at
the present moment. Bengal Herald: June 13, 1829 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi
cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 14
10 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 47
11 W. myKzgvi †mb, ev½vjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, 2q LÐ (Z„Zxq ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: eשgvb mvwnZ¨ mfv, 1362), c„. 11
12 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 47
13 Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß, Ô¯^‡`kÕ, Ck¦i ¸‡ßi KweZv msMÖn, gyn¤§` Avãyj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv m¤úv. (2q ms¯‥iY; XvKv:
gvIjv eªv`vm©, 1994), c„. 245
14 i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ÔcwÙbx DcvL¨vbÕ, i½jvj MÖš’vejx (b~Zb ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: emygZx-mvwnZ¨-gw›`i, mvj †bB),
c„. 85
15 AwRZKzgvi †Nvl, bvU‡Ki K_v (5g ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨ †jvK, 2003), c„. 101
16 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 1
17 ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ, ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ iPbvejx, mܨv eKkx m¤úv. (KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨‡jvK, 1991), c„. 675
18 eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, e½uxq bvU¨kvjvi BwZnvm (1795-1876) (KjKvZv: KiæYv cÖKvkbx, 2013), c„. 31
19 eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi jvfRbK cwiw¯’wZ Abyaveb K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki f~¯^vgx, awbK I ga¨weË †kÖYx wmcvnx hy‡×
†Kv¤úvbx‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q m‡PZbfv‡e| iZbjvj PµeZx©, wmcvnxhy× I evsjv‡`k (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx,
1984), c„. 162
20 eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, e½xq bvU¨kvjvi BwZnvm (1795-1876), c„. 98
21 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 8-9
22 gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, ÔK…òKzgvix bvUKÕ, gaym~`b iPbvejx, †ÿÎ¸ß m¤úv. (ms‡kvwaZ I cwiewZ©Z ms¯‥iY;
KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨ msm`, 1999), c„. 331
23 gb¥_ ivq, ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g evsjv bvUK I bvU¨kvjv (KwjKvZv: 1965), c„. 6| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx,
†`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv bvUK, c„. 60
†`kvZ¥‡evaK evsjv bvU‡Ki avivq beve wmivR-D`-†`․jv: cUf~wg
307
24
Man is explicable by nothing less than all his history. Without hurry, without rest, the human spirit
goes forht from the beginning to embody every faculty, every thought, every emotion which belongs
to it, in appropriate events. But the thought is always priorto the facti all the acts of history preexist
in the mind as laws. ...Every revolution was first a thought in one man’s mind, and when the same
thought occurs to another men, it is the key to that era. Every reform was once a private opinion, and
when it shall be a private opinion again it will solve the problem of the age... Essays: Ralph Waldo
Emerson (First Series) D×…Z: W. cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 3-4
25 ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq: ev½vjvi BwZnvm m¤^‡Ü K‡qKwU K_v, ew¼g iPbvejx (mvwnZ¨ mgMÖ) (cÖ_g ZzwjKjg ms¯‥iY;
KjKvZv: ZzwjKjg, Kwecÿ 1939), c„. 336-37
26 emšÍKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv‡_i Rxeb ¯§„wZ, c„. 141| D×…Z: AwRZ Kzgvi †Nvl, evsjv bvU‡Ki BwZnvm
(8g ms¯‥iY; KwjKvZv: †Rbv‡ij, 1999), c„. 134
27 cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx, †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv bvUK, c„. 34-35
28 Ac‡ikP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq, i½vj‡q wÎk ermi, c„. 94| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx, †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv
bvUK, c„. 36
29 cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx, †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv bvUK, c„. 36
30 AwRZKzgvi †Nvl, evsjv bvU‡Ki BwZnvm, c„. 132
31 mycÖKvk ivq, fvi‡Zi •ecøweK msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ (KjKvZv: wW.Gg.we.G eªv`vm©, 1970), c„. 126
32 GKw`‡K Bs‡iR‡`i AZ¨vPvi bMœiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv I Aciw`‡K ivRvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b, GB `yB ci¯úi we‡ivax g‡bvfveB
n‡”Q ¯^v‡`wkKZvi eqtmwÜ c‡e©i •ewkó¨| cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914),
c„. 279
33 wKiYP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, fvi‡Z heb (weÁvcb) D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve
(1800-1914), c„. 281
34 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 286
35 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 285-86
36 Z‡`e, c„. 310
37 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 312
38 wewcbP›`ª cvj, behy‡Mi evsjv, c„. 255| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-
1914), 326
39 That the national feeling had been outrages at the price the babu paid for his honour. wn› y †cÖwUªqU-
05.01.1876, D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 332
40 †eu‡P _v‡Kv gyLy‡h©¨i †cv, †L‡jø fvj †Pv‡U| †Zvgvi †Ljvq ivs iƒ‡cv nq, †Mv‡ev‡i kvjyK †dv‡U \ ÒwdeªæÓ `v‡b, GK
Zvov‡Z, K‡jø evwR gvr| gvQ, KvZz‡i †f‡Kv n‡jv- †Kqvevr †Kqvevr \ †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, MÖš’vejx (KjKvZv:
K¨vwbs jvB‡eªix, 1884), c„. 301
41 †n‡g›`ªbv_ `vk¸ß, fviZxq i½ugÂ, c„. 80| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-
1914), c„. 342
42 H.N. Dasgupta, Indian stage, Vol. II. p. 284-85 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve
(1800-1914), c„. 345
43 Patrons and and countrymen, now or never is the opportunity to help us. H.N. Das Gupta. Ibid, P. 283
D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 347
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
308
44
cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 347-50
45 Z‡`e, c„. 350-51
46 It was the Bengalee stage which found expression to the new spirit of patriolism among our rising
generation of educated intellectuals... when Surendra Nath and Ananda Mohan returned from
England in 1875-76, ...they contributed as much as the ‘Banga darashan’ and the new Bengalee stage
to the birth and early development of our new mationalism. Bipin Chandra Pal, Memories of My Life
Times in the days of My Youth (1857-1884), P. 251-58
47 cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq, iex›`ª Rxebx, 1g LÐ (cÂg ms¯‥iY, 2008; KjKvZv: wek¦fviZx MÖš’b wefvM, cy.gy.,
2013), c„. 157
48 wMwikP›`ª †Nvl, wmivR‡ÏŠjv, †ÿÎ¸ß m¤úv. (wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 1996; KjKvZv: cy¯ÍK wecwY, wØZxq gy`ª©Y, 1998),
c„. f~wgKv cuvP
49 iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, Ò†jvKmvwnZ¨Ó, ÔKvjvšÍiÕ, iex› ª iPbvejx, PZzwe©sk LÐ; (KwjKvZv: wek¦fviZx MÖš’b wefvM,
1970), c„. 262
50 Avwbmy¾vgvb, gymwjg gvbm I evsjv mvwnZ¨ (XvKv: †jLK msL cÖKvkbx, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, 1964), c„. AeZiwYKv
GMvi/ev‡iv
51 wMwikP›`ª †Nvl, wmivR‡ÏŠjv, †ÿÎ¸ß m¤úv., c„. 25 I 36
52 wMwikP›`ª †Nvl, wmivR‡ÏŠjv, †ÿÎ¸ß m¤úv., c„. f~wgKv Qq
53 Z‡`e, c„. bvU¨Kv‡ii f~wgKv wZb
54 †mv‡g›`ªP›`ª b›`x, evsjv HwZnvwmK bvUK mgv‡jvPbv (KjKvZv: e½xq bvU¨ msm` cÖKvkbx, 1981), c„. 232
55 cÖ‡`¨vZ †mb¸ß, evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb I bvU¨ mvwnZ¨ (KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨ kÖx, 1976), c„. 389
56 Ac‡ikP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq, i½vj‡q wÎk ermi D×…Z: cÖ‡`¨vZ †mb¸ß, evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb I bvU¨ mvwnZ¨, c„. 389
57 kPx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß, wmivR‡ÏŠjv, cy‡®ú›`y †kLi wMwi m¤úv., (KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, 2009), c„. 139, 184,
218, 224
58 (K) c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †i‡bmuv †mvmvBwUi (1942) g~j K_v wQj: ÒRvZxq †i‡bmuvi D‡ØvaK cvwK¯Ívbev‡`i mvwnwZ¨K
iƒcvqY, cvwK¯Ívbev` m¤ú‡K© •eÁvwbK I gbbg~jK Av‡jvPbvi e¨e¯’v Kiv, mvwn‡Z¨ cvwK¯Ívb we‡ivax, cÖwZwµqvkxj
fveaviv‡K cÖwZnZ Kiv| c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †i‡bmuv †mvmvBwUi Kvh©¨weeiYx, gvwmK †gvnv¤§`x, c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †i‡bmuv
m‡¤§jb msL¨v, kÖveY-fv`ª, 1351, c„. 527-28| D×…Z: myKzgvi wek¦vm, evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨PP©v I bvU‡Ki aviv (XvKv:
evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1988), c„. 67 (L) Ôc~e© cvwK¯Ívb mvwnZ¨ msm`Õ (1942), ÔZgÏyb gRwjkÕ (1947) BZ¨vw`
msMVbI Abyiƒcg‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡Zb| myKzgvi wek¦vm, evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨PP©v I bvU‡Ki aviv, c„. 67-68
59 wmKvb& vi Avey Rvdi, wmivR-D-†ÏŠjv, wmKvb& vi Avey Rvdi iPbvejx 2, Avãyj gvbœvb •mq` m¤úv. (XvKv: evsjv
GK‡Wgx, 1997), c„. 67, 75, 90, 93, 94, 396-97
60 mvC` Avng`, †kl beve (XvKv: evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx, 1998), c„. 95
61 Z‡`e, c„. 43
62 Z‡`e, c„. 101
63 Z‡`e, c„. 102
64 Z‡`e, c„. c~e©‡jL
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
AvaywbK dviwm Kv‡e¨ †cÖg
W. Zvnwgbv †eMg
Abstract : The modern Persian literature is the reflection of life of the contemporary
Iranian people. Poetry is the most important part of Persian literature. Love is an
indivisible part of poetry as well. Especially, modern Persian poets expressed their
emotional feelings regarding love that is associated to all walks of life. Passionate love
inspired modern Persian poets to compose some of their profound and lasting poetry
whether for the Divine beloved or the earthly counterparts. This article attempts to
describe the diversity in interpretation of love as found in modern Persian poetry.
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`vuo Kwi‡q Zvi mv‡_ g‡bi Abyf~wZ¸‡jv Gfv‡eB e¨³ K‡i‡Qb:
! آخر بگو! تو چو کسی! ای نازنين يار نکو همرىا: گفتمش 4عشق: عشق چيستی کو بی قراری؟ گفت: کيستی؟ چو نام داری؟ گفت
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! قصو رنگ پريده، خون سرد من ندانم با کو گويم شرح درد عاقبت شيدا دل و ديوانو شد ىرکو با من همره و پيمانو شد عاقبت خواننده را مجنون کند قصو ام عشاق را دلخون کند
کاو ز سوز عشق می سوزد بسی آتش عشق است و گيرد در کسی : قصو ای از بخت و از دوران خويش قصو ای دارم من از ياران خويش
همره من بوده همواره يکی ياد می آيد مرا، کز کودکی همره خوش ظاىر بدخواه خود قصو ای دارم ازين همراه خود
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ای دل من، دل من دل من بی نوا مضطرا قابل من
با همو خوبی و قدر و دعوی از تو آخر چو شد حاصل من
جز سرشکی بو رخساره غم؟ می توانستی ای دل رىيدن
گر نخوردی فريب زمانو آنچو ديدی ز خود ديدی و بس
ىردم از يک ره و يک بهانو 6تا تو ای مست با من ستيزی
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داد مشعوقو بو عاشق پيغام کو کند مادر تو با من جنگ ىر کجا بيندم از دور کند چهره پر چين و جبين پر آژنگ
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در آن سرای کو زن نيست، انس و شفقت نيست در آن وجود کو دل مرده، مرده است روان8بهيچ مبحث و ديباچو ای، قضا ننوشت برای مرد کمال و برای زن نقصان
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cyiæ‡li Rb¨ c~Y©Zv Avi bvixi fv‡M¨ ÎæwU-Ac~Y©Zv|]
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Kwe Bivwb bvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© e‡jb,
مر مرا ىيچ گنو نيست بجز آنکو زنم زين گناه است کو تا زنده ام اندر کفنم
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
314
بخت تو منم من سيو پوشم و تا اين سيو از تن نکنم تو سيو بختی و بدبخت چو :شاعر از زن می پرسد کو کيست و پاسخ می شنود
من بو ويرانو ز ويران شدن ايرانم من ملک زاده اين مملکت ويرانم 9دختر خسرو شاىنشو ديرين بودم ناز پرورده در دامن شيرين بودم
[bvix nIqv e¨ZxZ Avgvi Avi †Kv‡bv Aciva †bB
GB Aciv‡a Avwg †hb Kvd‡bi gv‡S RxešÍ i‡qwQ|
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Zzwg `yf©vMv, Zzwg AfvMv, †Zvgvi G Ae¯’v AvgviB Rb¨|
Kwe bvix‡‡K wR‡Ám K‡ib, †K? Zvi DËi ïb‡e:
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Avwg G weivb †`‡ki es‡kv™¢zZ|
cÖvPxb mgªvU Lmiæi Kb¨v wQjvg Avwg
wkwi‡bi †Kv‡j Av`‡i h‡Zœ eo n‡qwQjvg|]
wbgvqx avivi KweZv iPbvq hviv wbixÿv Pvjvb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †g‡ni`v` Av‡f Ív (1929-1991) n‡jb
Ab¨Zg| Zvi g~j bvg †gvnv¤§` †ihv ivngvwb| GB Kwe Kve¨ iPbvq K¬vwmK dviwm Kwe Avãyi ingvb
Rvwgi Abymvix I AbyivMx wQ‡jb| Zvi iPbvq MRj, gvmbvwf, †KZAv cÖf…wZ Avw½‡Ki KweZv
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csw³ wb‡b¥ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
شکستی و نشکستم، بريدی و نبريدم وفا نکردی و کردم، خطا نديدی و ديدم کشيدم از تو کشيدم، شنيدم از تو شنيدم اگر ز خلق ملامت و گر ز کرده ندامت
چرا کو از همو عالم محبت تو گزيدم مرا نصيب غم آمد بو شادی همو عالم 10چو بخت، جلوه نکردی مگر بو موی سپيدم چو شمع خنده نکردی مگر بو روز سياىم
[Zzwg K_v ivLwb Avwg †i‡LwQ, †`vl Zzwg †`Lwb Avwg †`‡LwQ
†f‡½Q Zzwg Avwg fvw½wb, (m¤úK©) wQbœ K‡iQ Zzwg Avwg Kwiwb|
hw` m„wói fr©mbv Avi AbyZv‡ci wKQz †_‡K _v‡K
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hw`I Avgvi fvM¨, K‡iwb Avgvq D¾¡j Z‡e Pzj‡K K‡i‡Q mv`v|]
GQvovI †g‡ni`v` Av‡f Ív fv½v ü`q‡K kiv‡ei cv‡Îi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| fv‡jvevmvq K‡ói
Abyf~wZ e¨³ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, †hLv‡b Av‡kK Zvi gvï‡Ki fv‡jvevmvi e܇b wb‡R‡K Ave× K‡iI
Aby‡kvPbvi ü`q wb‡q feNy‡ii b¨vq Ny‡i †eiv‡”Q| †hgb AB‡bn‡q GkK KweZvq Kwe e‡jb,
AvaywbK dviwm Kv‡e¨ †cÖg
315
دل چو جام لعل، شکستمءاگر چو آينو بستم زخون ديده بو ىر قطره نقش روی تو از آشيان ندامت چو مرغ آه، پريدم
بر آستان ملامت چوگرد راه، نشستم کو را شناسم اگر زين سپس ترا نشناسم؟
11کو را پرستم اگر بعد ازين ترا نپرستم؟
[hw`I kiv‡ei cv‡Îi b¨vq G ü`q-`c©Y †f‡½ †d‡jwQ
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Aw¼Z nq Zvi KweZvq| †hgb wZwb ب_©nxb K‡Ú †cÖ‡gi myiS¼vi Zz‡j‡Qb Zvi Zviv‡b KweZvq,
تا تو با منی زمانو با منست بخت و کام جاودانو بامنست
تو بهار دلکشی و من چو باغ شور و شوق صد جوانو با منست
ياد دلنشينت ای اميد جان ىر کجا روم، روانو با منست
ناز نوشخند صبح اگر تراست 12شور گريو شبانو با منست
[hw` Zzwg Avgvi mv‡_ _vK Zvn‡j †m․fvM¨ Avgvi mv‡_
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iv‡Zi µ›`bgq e¨KzjZv ïayB Avgvi|]
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316
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13در کنج دلم عشق خانو ندارم کس جای در اين کلبو ويرانو ندارم[ü`‡qi AšÍwbwn©Z †cÖ‡gi †bB †Kv‡bv Rb¥f~wg
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14غمگين نيم اگر دل من نا شکفتو ماند آن بو کو ىيچ وانشود خون بستو ای
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K‡ib,
من ندانم بو نگو تو چو رازيست نهان کو مر آن راز، توان ديدن و گفتن نتوان کو شنيده است نهانی کو در آيد در چشم؟ يا کو ديده است پديدی کو نيايد بزبان؟ يک جهان راز، در آميختو داری بو نگاه در دو چشم تو فروختو مگر راز جهان؟ چو بسويم نگری لرزم و با خود گويم کو جهانی است پر از راز بسويم نگران
بسکو در راز جهان خيره فرو ماندستم 15شوم از ديدن همراز جهان سرگردان[Avwg Rvwb bv †Zvgvi ü`‡q wK inm¨ jy°vwqZ
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317
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m„wóKZ©vi Kv‡Q wd‡i †h‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡eB jvûwZ Aa¨vZ¥ †cÖ‡gi Kvwnbx eY©bv K‡ib Zvi Kv‡e¨,
عاشق شده ام گواىم اينست درد دل بی پناىم اينست جز درد نرويد از گل من من باغ غمم گياىم اينست شد موی سرم برنگ کافور پايان شب سياىم اينست
با مرگ، هميشو در ستيزم در زنده دلی گواىم اينست بارد بره وفا اگر تير 16واپس نروم کو راىم اينست
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خارم، ولی بسايو گل آرميده ام اشکم، ولی بپای عزيزان چکيده ام چون خاک، در ىوای تو از پا فتاده ام چون اشک، در قنای تو با سر دويده ام
.م بعمر خويش از ديگران حديث جوانی شنيده امد شباب ندیءمن جلوه 17
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gh©v`v, ewÂZ‡`i AvnvRvwi, abx-`wi`ª •elg¨, ¯^‡`k‡cÖg I gvbeZvi RqMv‡bi cvkvcvwk wPwÎZ
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2 Z‡`e, c„. 87|
3 †gvnv¤§` †nvKywK, Av`vweqv‡Z Gg‡iv‡h Bivb (†Znivb: bvk‡i K¡vZ‡i, 2001 wLª.), c„. 449|
4 W. †gvnv¤§` Rvdi BqvnvwK, Pzb mvey‡q †Zk‡b (†Znivb: G‡šÍkviv‡Z Rvwg, 1996 wLª.), c„. 88|
5 Z‡`e, c„. 87|
6 Z‡`e, c„. 93|
7 Z‡`e, c„. 47|
8 cviwfb G‡Zmvwg, w`Iqv‡b cviwfb G‡Zmvwg (†Znivb: bvk‡i K¡vZ‡i, 2002 wLª.), c„. 171|
9 †ev‡hvM© Avjvwf, ZvwiL I Zvnvf&‡fvj Av`vweqv‡Z †gvqv‡m‡i dviwm, W. mvC` wd‡ivR Avevw` (Aby.), (†Znivb:
G‡šÍkviv‡Z Rvwg, 2006 wLª.), c„. 124|
10 Pzb mvey‡q †Zk‡b, 185|
11 †Mviæ‡n dvinv½ Iqv Av`v‡e cvhv½, W. mvB‡q¨` wbqvh †Kigvwb †kÔwi †K †h‡›`wM Av¯Í (†Znivb: G‡šÍkviv‡Z
cvhv½, 1997 wLª.), c„. 461|
12 W. BmgvCj nvwKwg, Av`vweqv‡Z †gvAv‡m‡i Bivb (†Znivb: G‡šÍkviv‡Z AvmvwZi, 1996 wLª.), c„. 155-6|
13 Av`vweqv‡Z Gg‡iv‡h Bivb, c„. 517|
14 Z‡`e|
15 †kÔwi †K †h‡›`wM Av Í, c„. 242|
16 Z‡`e, c„. 109|
17 Z‡`e, c„. 269|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR wkivwRi Ae`vb
†gvnv¤§` bRiæj Bmjvg
Abstract: Hafiz is a great Poet of Persian literature. He is an outstanding literary genus in
the arena of Persian literature. He was one of the famous mystical poets of Iran. He is
wellknown as a sufi and bright star of Persian mystic literature. Hafiz was born in Siraj; a
holy famous city of Iran in the early decade of fourteenth century. The massacre of Iran
made by the Chengis Khan and Halaku Khan hampered the remarkable advancement of
Persian literary works at that time. But Persian education and literature got a
revolutionary resurgence with the patronage of Taimurlong and the subsequent rulers.
Poet Hafiz was one of the successful figures of that resurgence. Dewan-e-Hafiz is his
master piece. Religious song, Kassida, Masnovi, Robayee etc, have been placed in this
famous book. In this article, a short glimpse into the life and works of this great poet has
been given.
f~wgKv
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AÎ cÖe‡Ü Kwei mswÿß cwiwPwZ I dviwm Kv‡e¨ Zuvi Ae`vb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
nvwdR wkivwRi mswÿß Rxebx
dviwm mvwn‡Z¨i L¨vwZgvb Kwe nvwd‡Ri cyiv bvg LvRv kvgmywÏb gynv¤§v` nvwdR wkivwR| nvwd‡Ri
Avmj bvg gynv¤§v`| kvgmywÏb Zuvi Dcvwa| ÔnvwdRÕ Zuvi Dcbvg|1 Avi G Dcbv‡gB wZwb L¨vwZ
AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Biv‡bi wkivR kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb e‡j Zuv‡K wkivwR ejv nq|2 ZvB cÖvqk
Zuv‡K GKmv‡_ ÔnvwdR wkivwRÕ ejv nq| Z‡e MRj iPwqZv wn‡m‡e wZwb dviwm Kve¨RM‡Z Ôwjmvbyj
Mv‡qeÕ (A`„k¨ RM‡Zi Kɯ^i) Ges ÔZviRgvbyj AvmiviÕ (in‡m¨i D‡b¥vPK) Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ
n‡qwQ‡jb|3
dviwm Kv‡e¨i L¨vZbvgv Kwe LvRv kvgmywÏb gynv¤§v` nvwdR wkivwR 726 wnRwi †gvZv‡eK 1326
wLª÷v‡ã wkiv‡R Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|4 Zuvi `v`vi bvg kvqL wMqvm DwÏb| wcZvi bvg evnvDwÏb, whwb
†ckvq e¨emvqx wQ‡jb| nvwd‡Ri gvZvi bvg Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e GZUzKz Rvbv hvq †h wZwb ÔKv‡hiæbÕ
Gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb|5
Kwe nvwd‡Ri wcZv evnvDwÏb myjMvwi B¯úvnv‡bi GKRb cÖwm× e¨emvqx wQ‡jb| •kk‡eB wZwb
wcZv‡K nvivb Ges Avw_©K AbU‡bi Kvi‡Y iæwUi †`vKv‡b KvR †bb| GKB mv‡_ GjvKvi g³‡e fwZ©
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, dviwm fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
320
n‡q †jLvcov Pvwj‡q hvb|6 ax‡i ax‡i Bmjv‡gi weweaÁv‡b cvi`k©x n‡q I‡Vb| GKB mv‡_ hy‡Mi
†kªô gwblx‡`i wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡i Avjøvgv hvgvLkvwii Zvdwm‡i Kvkkvd, evqhvwfi gvZv‡jDj
AvbIqvi I mv°vwKi wgdZvûj Djyg cÖf„wZ MÖš’ Aa¨qb K‡ib| µgvš‡q nvwdR kwiqZ I mvwnZ¨
Dfq wel‡q cvwÐZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| KvIqvgywÏb Aveyj evKv‡q wkivwR †h‡nZz Bjgyj †KivAvZ Z_v
KziAvb gwR‡`i †ZjvIqvZ kv‡¯¿ cvi`k©x wQ‡jb †mB my‡hv‡M nvwdR Zuvi ZË¡veav‡b †KviAvb gwR`
gyL¯Í K‡ib| G Kvi‡YB nvwdR kãwU‡K Kwebvg wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| nvwdR ïay cweÎ KziAvb
gyL¯ÍB K‡ibwb, eis cweÎ KziAv‡bi †Z‡jvqv‡Zi 14wU wKiAvZ Z_v ixwZ‡Z cvi`k©x n‡q I‡Vb|7
†h․e‡b Kwe Ôkv‡L bvevZÕ bvgK GK igYxi †cÖ‡g c‡owQ‡jb| wKQz w`b ci Zvi mv‡_ weevn e܇b
Ave× nb| GB igYxi M‡f© K‡qK Rb mšÍvbI Rb¥ jvf K‡i| nvwd‡Ri MRj †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq
†h, Zuvi mšÍvbMY •kkeKv‡jB gviv hvq| GKgvÎ cyÎ kvn †bvgvbB RxweZ wQ‡jb|8
dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR wkivwR GK Agi cÖwZfv| Kwei G Kve¨ cÖwZfv I L¨vwZ Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q
co‡j BivK, Avie wn›`y¯Ívbmn c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K Zuv‡K md‡ii Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv nq|
we‡kl K‡i evM`v`, fviZel©, evsjvi myjZvbMY Kwe nvwdR‡K Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zuv‡`i
Avgš¿Y MÖnY Ki‡jI Avm‡Z cv‡ibwb| Z‡e Zv‡`i cÖksmvq KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wKQz wKQz Rxebx
†jLK D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, nvwdR Zvewih, Avi`vwej, †ev¯Ívg, †Lvivmvb, Kvievjv, bvRvd I g°v
mdi K‡i‡Qb|9
nvwd‡Ri †kl Rxeb wkivR bMix‡ZB AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q Ges G bMix‡ZB †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM
K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zz¨i ZvwiL wb‡q wewfbœ gZv‣bK¨ cwijwÿZ nq| Z‡e W. †ihv hv‡`n kvdvKmn
AwaKvsk HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡Z Kwe nvwdR wkivwR 791 wnRwi †gvZv‡eK 10B wW‡m¤^i 1389
wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|10
dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR wkivwR
nvwdR evj¨Kvj †_‡KB Kve¨ iPbv ïiæ K‡ib| Zuvi Kve¨ cÖwZfv wb‡q eû M‡íi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
nvwd‡Ri evox msjMœ GK †`vKvbx Lye fvj KweZv wjL‡Zv I Ave„wË Ki‡Zv| †h․e‡bi cÖvi‡¤¢ nvwdR
Zvi Kve¨ cÖwZfvq gy» nb| wZwbI KweZv iPbvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib, wKš‘ Zuvi KweZv †Zgb
gvbm¤§Z wQj bv e‡j mevB Zuv‡K Dcnvm Ki‡Zv| Ae‡k‡l GKw`b wZwb g‡bvK‡ó wkivR bMixi
DcK‡É Aew¯’Z ÔevevKzwnÕ bvgK cÖL¨vZ `i‡e‡ki gvhv‡i wM‡q †`vqv-`iæ` cvV I Kvbœv-KvwU Ki‡Z
_v‡Kb| GKw`b weMwjZfv‡e Kvbœv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Z›`ªv”Qbœ n‡j ¯^‡cœ †`‡Lb GK b~ivwb †Pnvivi †jvK
gyL †_‡K GK †jvKgv Lv`¨ †ei K‡i Zuv‡K LvB‡q †`b Ges e‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi Rb¨ Áv‡bi `iRv Ly‡j
†`Iqv n‡jv| †Zvgvi Kve¨Mv_v c„w_exi me©Î Agi n‡q _vK‡e|11
mKv‡j D‡V nvwdR wb‡gœv³ KweZv
iPbv K‡ib-
دادذ نجاتم غص اص عحش قت دػ
دادذ حياتم آب ؽة ظلوت آى اذس
ؽثی فشخذ چ تد عحشی هثاسک چ
دادذ تشاتم تاص ايي ک قذس ؽة آى
عجة چ دل خػ گؾتن سا کام اگش هي
دادذ صکاتم ت ا ايي تدم هغتحق
داد دلت ايي ۀهژد هي ت سص آى اتف
.دادذ ثثاتم صبر جفا جس تذاى ک 12
dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR wkivwRi Ae`vb
321
A_©: ÔMZ iv‡Zi †kl cÖni Avgv‡K g‡bv‡e`bv †_‡K gyw³ w`‡q‡Q
iv‡Zi †mB AÜKvi Avgv‡K Ag„Z myav (Kwe cÖwZfv) `vb K‡i‡Q|
wK eiKZgq cÖfvZ wQj Avi KZB bv †m․fvM¨gq iRbx
H ivZB fvM¨ iRbx hv G iƒc gh©v`v `vb K‡i‡Q|
hw` Avgvi Kvgbv-evmbv •ea Ges ü`q Lywk‡Z fiv G‡Z Avð‡h©i wK Av‡Q?
KvOvj wQjvg Avi G¸‡jv Avgv‡K hvKvZ wnmv‡e `vb K‡i‡Q|
H w`‡bi AvnevbKvix Avgv‡K G m¤ú‡`i mymsev` `vb K‡i‡Q
†R‡b †iL, Ryjyg AZ¨vPvi †_‡K Avgv‡K w ’iZv `vb K‡i‡Q|Õ
Nyg †_‡K †R‡M hLb wZwb kn‡i cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡jb, ZLb †jvKRb Zv‡K †`L‡Z †c‡q VvÆv K‡i
Zuvi KweZv I MRj †kvbvi cÖ¯Íve †`q| nvwdR MRj cvV Ki‡Z _vK‡j mevB we¯§‡q Awff~Z nq|
Gici †_‡K Zuvi Kve¨ L¨vwZ me©Î Qwo‡q c‡o|13
nvwd‡Ri KweZv¸‡jv msKjb K‡i GKwU w`Iqvb iPbv Kiv nq| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, wZwb cweÎ
KziAv‡bi Zvdwmi wj‡LwQ‡jb, wKš‘ G m¤ú‡K© †Zgb †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cvIqv hvq bv| Z‡e Zuvi Kve¨
cÖwZfvi GKgvÎ wb`k©b n‡jv w`Iqvb Kve¨MÖš’|14
w`Iqv‡b nvwdR
Kwe nvwdR wkivwRi GKgvÎ Kve¨ MÖš’ w`Iqv‡b nvwdR| Zuvi KweZvmg~n msMÖn K‡i w`Iqv‡b
nvwdR bv‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq| nvwd‡Ri RxeÏkvq Zuvi MRj¸‡jv msKjb Kiv nqwb| ïay RbwcÖq
MRj wnmv‡e †jvKgy‡L MxZ n‡qwQj| nvwd‡Ri g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi eÜz ¸jv›`vg †m¸‡jv msMÖn I
msKjb K‡ib| Zvi msM„nxZ MR‡ji msL¨v wQj cuvP k‡Zi GKUz †ekx| Z‡e GB msKjbwU
y®cÖvc¨| Aci w`‡K nvwd‡Ri g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi R‣bK f³ mvB‡q¨` Kwig Av‡bvqvi Zuvi mg¯Í
KweZv msMÖn K‡i Ôw`Iqv‡b nvwdRÕ bv‡g GKwU Kve¨ msKjb cÖKvk K‡ib| G Kve¨ msKj‡b
599wU KweZv i‡q‡Q| G KweZv¸‡jvi AwaKvskB Ava¨vwZ¥K fve-avivq c~Y©| eZ©gv‡b mvB‡q¨`
Avãyi iwng LvjLvwji m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ w`Iqv‡b 496wU MRj, 42wU †ivevC I GKwU gvmbvwf
KweZv i‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q cÖexY nvwdR M‡elK nv‡kg ivwh msKwjZ w`Iqvb MÖ‡š’ 495wU MRj, 3wU
Kvwm`v, 1wU gvmbvwf, 35wU †KZqv, 42wU †ivevC Ges 1wU mvwKbv‡g i‡q‡Q| nvwd‡Ri KweZvi
IRb Ôevn‡i igjÕ Gi gbgy»Ki Q›`ixwZ| w`Iqv‡b nvwd‡Ri 135wU MRjB G IR‡b iwPZ|15
†gvU K_v nvwd‡Ri MR‡ji msL¨v hvB †nvK bv †Kb- wZwb wQ‡jb Biv‡bi †kªô MRj iPwqZv|
Zv‡K MRj Kv‡e¨i I¯Ív` ejv nq|16
MRj iPbvq nvwdR
Kwe nvwdR wkivwRi Kve¨ mvwnZ¨ Zuvi iwPZ MRj, Kvwm`v, gvmbvwf, mvwKbv‡g, †KZqv Ges
†ivevC KweZvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zuvi †kªô iPbv n‡jv MRjKve¨ (MxwZ KweZv)| ejv
n‡q _v‡K nvwdR Biv‡bi MRj iPwqZv Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P gh©v`vi Avm‡b AwawôZ| wZwb Zuvi
MR‡j †cÖgv¯ú‡`i iƒc I †m․›`h©, Zvi cÖwZ Av`i-Abv`i, wein-we‡”Q`, ytL-K‡ói weeiY cÖ`vb
K‡i‡Qb| KL‡bv dzj I eyjeyj, kir I emšÍKvj, Avevi KL‡bv ZvmvD‡di M~pZË¡ I inm¨
cÖKvkmn mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK welqvejx Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|17
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
322
MRj k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© bvix‡`i mv‡_ K_v ejv, †cÖg wb‡e`b Kiv, †h․e‡bi ¯§„wZ †ivgš’b Ges
bvix‡`i cÖwZ fvjevmv I Zv‡`i iƒc¸‡Yi eY©bv|18
cvwifvwlK A‡_© MRj n‡”Q KweZvi mywbw`©ó
ixwZ| G‡Z GKB Q‡›`i K‡qKwU cOw³ (mvaviYZ mvZwU cOw³) _v‡K, cOw³mg~‡ni me¸‡jv
wØZxq jvBb cÖ_g jvB‡bi A_©vr Kwji mv‡_ GKB AšÍwgj n‡q _v‡K| MR‡ji †kl jvBb‡K
ÔgvKZvÕ ejv nq| G‡Z Kwe mvaviYZ Zuvi wb‡Ri mvwnZ¨ bvg D‡jøL K‡i _v‡Kb| cwifvlvq G‡K
ÔZvLvjøymÕ ejv nq|19
†cÖ‡gi Av‡jvPbv nvwd‡Ri MRj Kv‡e¨ GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| nvwdR wkivwR Zuvi
Kv‡e¨ yÕai‡bi †cÖ‡gi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Zvn‡jv Gk‡K gvRvwh ( مجاصی عؾق ) ev iƒcK †cÖg Ges
Gk‡K Gjvnx ( الهی عؾق ) ev Avjøvn †cÖg|
†cÖg hLb ïaygvÎ evwn¨K welqvejx Zz‡j a‡i Ges cÖK…Z m‡Z¨i mÜvb †`q bv ZLb Zv nq Gk‡K
gvRvwh ev iƒcK †cÖg| nvwd‡Ri MR‡j iƒcK †cÖ‡gi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G K_v cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ †h, Kwei
†h KweZv¸‡jv‡Z g`¨cvb, †cÖ‡gvb¥v`bv Avi D”Q„•Ljvq ficyi †m¸‡jv meB mwVK I mZ¨| Z‡e G
KweZv¸‡jv g~jZ Kwei †h․ebKv‡ji|20
†hgb wZwb GKwU KweZvq wj‡L‡Qb-
گشذن کن چ گشاهی سد تذاى دل
اصيي بهتر پغشی ذاسد دش دس ها21
ÔAvwg H my›`i my`k©b hye‡Ki cÖwZ Avm³ bv n‡q wK Kwi
RMZ Gi †P‡q DrK…ó evjK Avi Rb¥ †`qwb|Õ
Kwe Aci GKwU MR‡j e‡j‡Qb-
اص ها تگشفت ک ياس عزاس خط
اص سا يغت تذس ليک اعت ای خلق خػ22
Ô†cÖqmxi gy‡L bZzb MRv‡bv †jvgmg~n hv Zvi P› ªgyL‡K P›`ªMÖnY KewjZ K‡i‡Q
hv fvj GKwU Kov (hv‡K AvK‡o aiv hvq) Avi GQvov Ab¨ wKQz KiviI †bB|Õ
D‡jøL¨ †h, †cÖ‡gi wewPÎ iƒc eY©bvi †ÿ‡Î Kwe AZ¨šÍ mshZ fvlv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| †cÖ‡gi
Ae¯’vejx eY©bvi †ÿ‡Î Zuvi MRjmg~‡ni †Kv_vI AmsjMœ K_vgvjvi †jkgvÎ †bB|
Avi Gk‡K Gjvnx n‡jv †h †cÖg Avjøvni mvwbœ‡a¨ DcbxZ nevi w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K
ejv nq Avjøvn †cÖg| Kwe G †cÖ‡gi Av‡e‡kiB cÖZxKx bvg w`‡q‡Qb kive| Avi whwb Kwei ü`‡q
†cÖ‡gi mÂvi K‡ib †mB gywk©` n‡jv Zuvi mvwK ev kive cwi‡ekbKvix| Kwe Zuvi w`Iqv‡bi cÖ_g
MR‡j e‡j‡Qb-
الها کاعا ادس الغاقی ايا يا الا
هؾکلا افتاد لی ال نمد آعاى عؾق ک
تگؾايذ طش صاى صثا کاخش ۀاف تثی
دلها دس افتاد خى چ هؾکيؼ جعذ صتاب23
Ô†n mvwK kive †cqvjvq Xvj Ges mevB‡K wewj‡q `vI
dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR wkivwRi Ae`vb
323
†cÖ‡gi c_wU cÖ_‡g mnR g‡b nw”Qj, wKš‘ GLb †`LwQ Zv gykwK‡j cwic~Y©|
Ae‡k‡l cÖfvZ mgxi‡Y wcÖqvi †Kk †_‡K K¯‘ixi myMwÜ †f‡m Avm‡Z‡Q
Zvi †K‡ki myMwÜi AvKl©Y ü`q‡K i³mœvZ K‡i w`‡q‡Q|Õ
GkK ev †cÖ‡gi c_ wec¾bK G K_v nvwdR Zuvi Kv‡e¨ evisevi Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Aci GKwU
KweZvq wZwb e‡j‡Qb-
اعت خطشاک عجة طشيقی عؾق طشيق
بری هقصدی ت س اگش تالله عر
تاص ک غت اهيذ حافظ همت يمي ت
القوش ليلةليلای اعاهش اسی24
Ô†cÖ‡gi c_ †m †Zv A™¢yZ wec¾bK c_
Avjøvn Zvqvjvi Avkªq PvB hw` MšÍ‡e¨ bv †cu․Qvq|
nvwdR ¯^xq †Póv I wn¤§‡Zi Avkv K‡i †h †di
Puv`bx iv‡Z jvqjxi mv‡_ n‡e wbwkhvcb|Õ
†cÖg gvbeRxe‡bi GKwU kvk¦Z cÖZ¨q| Rxeb wKsev †cÖg †KvbwUB wew”Qbœ Ask bq| gnvb Avjøvn
gvbe RvwZ‡K Aeqe, AvKvi, AvK…wZ I ¯^fv‡ei w`K †_‡K me‡P‡q my›`i K‡i m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
Av‡id Z_v AvjøvnIqvjv‡`i „wófw½ †_‡K gvby‡li gh©v`v A‡bK D‡aŸ©| Zuv‡`i fvlvq gvbyl n‡jv
Avjøvni cwic~Y© cÖKvk¯’j| Avjøvni c~Y©v½ iƒc cÖ`k©bKvix `c©Y| Zvi iƒc I †m․›`h©B m„wóiƒ‡c
cÖKvk jvf K‡i‡Q|25
RM‡Z gvbe m„wói m~PbvB n‡q‡Q †cÖ‡gi gva¨‡g| Gw`‡K Bw½Z K‡i Kwe
nvwdR wj‡L‡Qb-
پشی آدهی عؾقذ غتی طفيل
تبری ععادتی تا توا اسادتی
هثاػ صية تی عؾق اص خاج تکػ
شی تی عية ت کظ نخشد سا تذ ک26
Ô†cÖ‡gi Rb¨B m„wó n‡q‡Q gvbyl I wRb-cix
GKUv B”Qv Ki, hv‡Z †m․fvM¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iv
nvwdR †Póv Ki, †cÖg n‡Z †hb ewÂZ bv nI
KviY A`ÿZvi †`vl †c‡j †KD †Mvjvg Lwi` K‡i bv|Õ
Kwe nvwdR wQ‡jb GKRb Ava¨vwZ¥K †cÖ‡gi Kwe| Zuvi w`Iqvb Kv‡e¨ cÖwZwU MR‡ji g‡a¨
Ava¨vwZ¥K cwiùzUb †`Lv hvq| †h mKj KweZv¸‡jv‡‡Z cvKcweÎZv, ZvKIqv ci‡nRMvix, dvbv
wdjøvn, mvabvi cwiågY, †gvivKvev, †gvnvmvev, †kl iv‡Î µ›`b BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv I Bw½Z
i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv mwVK I mZ¨| G KweZv¸‡jv Kwei †kl Rxe‡bi| Z‡e †jvK †`Lv‡bv, fÐvwg,
wg_¨v, †jvf, cÖZviYv, PvUzKvwiZv‡K wZwb Pigfv‡e N„Yv K‡i‡Qb| Kwe wQ‡jb Avjøvni Av‡kK, Avi
Zuvi gvïK n‡jb gnvb Avjøvn| ZvB wZwb gvïK Z_v Avjøvn‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ me©`v e¨vKzj wQ‡jb|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
324
Z‡e Avjøvn‡K †c‡Z n‡j cvw_©e RM‡Zi mewKQz‡K †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡R‡K m‡¤^vab
K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb-
حافظ هؾ غاية اص خای گشهمی حضسی
.اهملا الذيا دع تهی هي تلق ها هتی 27
Ô†n nvwdR wcÖqvi (Avjøvni) mvwbœa¨ †c‡Z n‡j Zuvi †_‡K gyn~Z©I `y‡i †_K bv
Kvw•LZ wcÖqvi mvwbœa¨ †c‡Z n‡j c„w_ex I Gi mewKQz cwinvi Ki I fy‡j hvI|Õ
Kvwm`v iPbvq nvwdR
dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg kvLv n‡”Q Kvwm`v| nvwd‡Ri w`Iqvb Kv‡e¨ 3wU Kvwm`v i‡q‡Q| Kwe
MRj iPwqZv wnmv‡e L¨vwZ AR©b Ki‡jI, Kvwm`v iPbvqI cvi`k©x wQ‡jb| Kvwm`v k‡ãi
AvwfavwbK A_© †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cÖwZ B”Qv ev AbyivM| cvwifvwlK A‡_© H KweZv‡K Kvwm`v ejv
nq, hvi Øviv mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cÖksmv Kiv nq|28
Kwe nvwdR kvn kvBL Avey
BmnvK, kvn ïRv Ges Zuvi gš¿x KvIqvg DwÏb †gvnv¤§v` mv‡n‡e Bqvi cÖgyL ivRv-ev`kvn‡`i
mgmvgwqK wQ‡jb| wZwb wewfbœ mgq Zv‡`i cÖksmvq Kvwm`v iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ev`kvn kvn
ïRvi cÖksmvq GKwU Kvwm`vq wj‡L‡Qb-
ؽؾ کاهگاس خاقاى
جاى
افشخت همتؼ ت ؽذ ک ؽای
صهاى
عاصد ا همت تاص ک جا آى
آؽياى
ت اجضای ؽد جذا دگش يک اص
أهاى
اعضاي دس سح چ نهاد هشػ
جاى اظ29
آفتاب ؽجاع ؽا دش داسای
هلک
طلعتؼ ت ؽذ ک های
صهين افشخت
عشج قت ثد سا ن عيرهغ
تيغ عکظ فقذ چشخ خيال دس گش
ا
دس تاد چ ساى حکوتؼ
بحش تش اطشاف
.
Ôhy‡Mi AwaKvix iv‡R¨i m~h©iZœ kvnïRv
Kg©V bI‡Rvqvb LvKv‡bi ivRvwaivR|
aibx‡Z Zvi Afy¨`q †hb c~Y©P‡›`ªi Av‡jvi cÖfv
wZwb n‡jb hyM‡kªô D`xqgvb kvnvbkvn|
wm‡gviM I ûgv †h_vq Av‡ivnY Ki‡Z Aÿg
D`¨gZv w`‡q Mo‡Z cÖvmv` Z_vq wZwb mÿg|
wZwb n‡jb Zxÿè-‡PZbvi g~Z© cÖwZ”Qwe
GKwU AciwU †_‡K c„_K Z‡e djvdj GKB|
Zvi cÖÁv mvM‡ii cÖevngvb evqyi b¨vq MwZkxj
dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR wkivwRi Ae`vb
325
Zvi e`vb¨Zvi wfwË, †hgb Nwbó AvZ¥vi mv‡_ kix‡ii m¤úK©|Õ
gvmbvwf iPbvq nvwdR
gvmbvwf k‡ãi kvwãK A_© wØc`x KweZv| cvwifvwlK A‡_© gvmbvwf H KweZv‡K ejv nq, hvi
cÖwZwU jvB‡bi Q›`gvÎv mgvb| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K cOw³i Q›`wgj c„_K| G Kvi‡Y G‡K yB jvB‡bi
AšÍwg‡ji myev‡` gvmbvwf Kve¨ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| gvmbvwfi †eB‡Zi msL¨v mxgve× bq| G
Kvi‡Y gvmbvwfi welqe¯‘‡Z wewfbœ Kvwnbx, Mí, BwZnvm I iƒcK_v ewY©Z n‡q _v‡K|30
KL‡bv
KL‡bv G‡Z ag©xq Kvwnbx, `vk©wbK, mvgvwRK, PvwiwÎK Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K welqvejxI ewY©Z nq|31
gvmbvwf Kv‡e¨i IRb Ôevn‡i †gvZvKv‡ieÕ dvDjyb, dvDjyb, dvDjyb, dvDj| iƒwgi gvmbvwf,
†di‡`․wmi kvnbvgv, mvw`i ey¯Ívb, nvwKg mvbvwqi nvw`KvZzj nvwKKv BZ¨vw` dviwm fvlvi weL¨vZ
†kªô gvmbvwf MÖš’|32
Kwe nvwdR wkivwRI wKQz gvmbvwf ev wØc`x KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| G‡Z me©‡gvU
48wU †eBZ i‡q‡Q| Zuvi w`Iqv‡b DwjøwLZ gvmbvwf KweZv †_‡K K‡qKwU †eBZ wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv
n‡jv-
آؽايی چذيي تاتغت هشا
اص پيؼ اص کوين داهت د
پظ
تاين اص جيين ت ن هشاد
خػ خشم ذاسد گای چشا33
.
کجايي حؾی آی ای الا
گشداى عش د تا د
کظ دتی
ت ديگش يک تاحال تيا
داين
دؽت ايي ک تين هی ک
هؾػ
.
Ômveavb, I‡n `yó wnsmª nwiY Zzwg †Kv_vq,
†Zvgvi wb‡Ri cwiPq Avgv‡K `vI|
ywU wew”Qbœ I wkswewkó Amnvq Awnsmª nwiY
wkKv‡ii Rb¨ Av‡Mwc‡Q Iur‡c‡Z e‡m Av‡Q|
G‡mv Avgiv G‡K A‡b¨i Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nB
mÿgZv w`‡q Avgv‡`i Kvw•ÿZ e¯‘I AbymÜvb Kwi|
Avwg †`‡LwQ †hb GB PivP‡i Zzwg weow¤^Z Aemv`MÖ¯Í
†Kb †Zvgvi gv‡S GK gyn~Z© Lywk I Avb›` †bB|Õ
†KZqv ev LÐ KweZv
†KZqv k‡ãi kvwãK A_© UzK‡iv ev †Kvb wKQzi KwZ©Z Ask| cvwifvwlK A‡_© †Kvb GKwU wel‡qi
Dci yB ev Z‡ZvwaK KweZv‡K †KZqv ejv nq|34
Kwe nvwdR wkivwRI †KZqv iPbvq wm×n¯Í|
wZwb cÖvq 35wU †KZqv ev LÐ KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †KZqv ev LÐ KweZvq •bwZK wkÿv, `k©b,
Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖksmv, e¨½-we`ªƒc, Awfb›`b, mg‡e`bv, ywU wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ ZK©-weZK©
BZ¨vw` welq Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|35
†hgb Kwe Zuvi eo fvB Lwjj Av‡`‡ji g„Zz¨‡Z mg‡e`bv Ávcb
K‡i GKwU †KZqv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zv n‡jv-
اص عال پجا اص پظ
حياتؼ
صفاتؼ صفعال ساضی خذا
طلة عادل خاج تشادس
هثا
عفش سضاى ۀسض عی ت
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
326
عال کي فن صانجا
فاتؼ36
.
کشد
پيعت عادلؼ خليل
تشخاى
.
ÔfvB LvRv Av‡`j wZwb myLgq ¯’v‡b kvwšÍ jvf Kiæb
AZtci wZwb 59 ermi †eu‡P wQ‡jb|
wZwb †e‡nk‡Zi evMv‡bi w`‡K hvÎv K‡i‡Qb
Avjøvn Zvqvjv Zuvi KvR I ¸Yvejxi Dci mš‘ó Av‡Qb|
Lwj‡ji b¨vqbxwZ Ae¨vnZfv‡e Rvb
Avi †mLvb †_‡K Zuvi g„Zz¨i ZvwiL ey‡S bvI|Õ
gyhvddvwi es‡ki (1313-1363 wLª.) cÖ_g kvmK wQ‡jb gyevwiRywÏb †gvnv¤§v`, whwb 1313 wLª÷v‡ã
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡iB wZwb ivR¨ R‡qi †bkvq †g‡Z D‡Vb| wZwb
Bqvh`, wKigvb Ges wkivRmn dvim kni `Lj K‡ib| 1357 wLª÷v‡ã Bmdvnvb AwaKvi K‡ib
Ges kvmK Avey BmnvK BbRy‡K ew›` K‡i wkiv‡R G‡b g„Zz¨`Ð †`b| `yt‡Li welq n‡jv, Zvi AvPiY
iæp nIqvq cyÎ RvjvjywÏb kvn ïRv Ges KzZzeywÏb gvngy` GK‡hv‡M we‡ ªvn †NvlYv K‡i Zv‡K AÜ I
e›`x K‡i wmsnvmbPz¨Z K‡ib|37
Kwe nvwdR Zvi AÜ nIqv wb‡q GKwU †KZqv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi
wKq`vsk n‡jv-
دل ه تش ديی اعثاب ا
نديد وفاداری کس ازوی زانکهبدو جهان بينش روشن بد آنکه
.کشيد جهان بينش چشم در ميل38
.
ÔZuvi Øxb I `ywbqvi Dci †Kvb gb w`‡q
†h‡nZz Zuvi wbKU †KD wek¦ ÍZvi wKQz †`‡Lwb|
hvi wek¦Ávb wQj Av‡jvwKZ,
†m Zvi cÖwZ ZvwK‡q‡Q ywbqv †`Lvi †Pv‡L|Õ
†ivevC ev PZz®ú`x KweZv
dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨i Aci GKwU cÖwm× kvLv n‡jv †ivevC ev PZz®ú`x KweZv| Kwe nvwdR Ab¨vb¨
KweZvi b¨vq †ivevC Kve¨ iPbvi †ÿ‡Î Amvgvb¨ K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb| †ivevC kãwU †ive
n‡Z D™¢~Z| †ive A_© Pvi jvBb wewkó| cwifvlvq †ivevC H KweZv‡K ejv nq hvi g‡a¨ ïaygvÎ
PviwU †gmiv ev cOw³ _v‡K| cÖvPxb mvwnwZ¨K‡`i iPbvq G‡K †`v-‡eBwZ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv
nq|39
Kwe nvwdR wkivwR cÖvq 42wU †ivevC ev PZz®ú`x KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| wZwb AwaKvsk
†ivevC‡Z m„wóinm¨, mywdZvwZ¡K „wófw½, †cÖg, kive BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb
GKwU †ivevCi g‡a¨ Gfv‡e †cÖ‡gi Abyf~wZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb-
dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR wkivwRi Ae`vb
327
هاسا ياهذ ظش دس ت قؼ جض
هاسا ياهذ سگزس ت کی جش
عذت دس سا هم آهذ خػ چ اص خاب
هاسا ياهذ دس چؾن ت ک حقا40.
evsjvi eyjeyj Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi fvlvvq Gi A_© n‡jv-
Ô†Zvgvi Qwei a¨v‡b wcÖq
„wó Avgvi cjK nviv|
†Zvgvi N‡i hvIqvi †h c_
cv P‡j bv †m c_ Qvov|
nvq! ywbqvi mevi †Pv‡L
wb`ªv bv‡g w`e¨ my‡L
Avgvi †Pv‡LB †bB wK †Mv Nyg
`» n‡jv bqb Zviv|Õ41
mvwKbv‡g
mvwKbv‡g MR‡ji GKwU cÖKvi, hv evn‡i gyZvKv‡ie Q‡›` iPbv Kiv nq| G ai‡bi MRj KweZv
Aviwe Lvgvwiq¨vZ KweZv †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| †iv`vwK mgiKw›`i hy‡M dviwm‡Z Aviwei AbyKi‡Y
G ai‡bi KweZvi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| Lvgvi (خمش) A_© kive| Lvgvwiq¨v‡Z kive msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡Zv| †iv`vwK wb‡RI G ai‡bi KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges wZwb Zvi KweZvq kive msµvšÍ
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| whwb kive cvb Kivb Zv‡K mvwK ejv nq| ZvB Aviwei Lvgvwiq¨vZ dviwm‡Z
G‡m mvwKbv‡g bv‡g AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| ïiæ‡Z mvwKbv‡g‡Z ev¯ÍweKfv‡e kive‡K †K›`ª K‡i
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡Zv, wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z Zv iƒcK A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| GLv‡b kive msµvšÍ kã w`‡q
ZvmvID‡di wewfbœ welq †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| Gidvwb wel‡q ficyi mvwKbv‡g iPbv K‡i‡Qb
wbhvwg MvÄywe| Gici G wel‡q `ÿZv cÖ`k©b K‡ib Kwe Avwgi Lmiæ †`njvwf I LvRy †Kigvwb|
•Zgywi hy‡M G‡m GK wfbœ ¯^v‡` wfbœiƒ‡c mvwKbv‡g iPbv K‡ib LvRv kvgmywÏb nvwdR wkivwR| Zuvi
mvwKbv‡g gbKvov my‡i MvIqv n‡q _v‡K|42
wb‡gœ mvwKbv‡gi wKq`sk Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-
آسد حال ک هی آى عاقی تيا
آسد کوال فضايذ کشاهت
ام افتاد تيذل تظ ک د هي ت
ام افتاد حاصل تي د ش صيي
صجام عکغؼ ک هی آى عاقی تيا
پيام فشعتذ جن کيخغش ت
ی آاص ت تگيم تا تذ
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
328
کی کاط تد کی جمؾيذ ک43
ÔmvwK, wb‡q G‡mv Ggb myiv, hv fve wb‡q Av‡m
KvivgZ e„w× K‡i, KvgvwjqvZ wb‡q Av‡m|
Avgv‡K `vI, hv †cÖgv”Qbœ nIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó
G ywUi †KvbwUB †hb AbwR©Z bv _v‡K|
mvwK wb‡q G‡mv Ggb myiv hvi cÖwZ”Qwe cvbcvÎ n‡Z
KvqLmiæ I Rv‡gi wbKU msev` †cu․Qvq|
Avgv‡KB `vI, hv euvkxi my‡i ewj
†K wQj Rvgwk`, Avi †K ev ev`kv KvqKvDm|Õ
Dcmsnvi
dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR Zuvi Kve¨ w`‡q cvim¨ Qvwo‡q wek¦ mvwnZ¨v½‡Y we‡kl ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb Zuvi Kve¨ cÖwZfv I `k©‡bi gva¨‡g wek¦e¨vcx mvwnZ¨‡cÖgx‡`i Kv‡Q GLbI Agi n‡q
i‡q‡Qb| hZw`b Zvi Kve¨ _vK‡e ZZw`b wZwb gvby‡li Kv‡Q ¯§iYxq n‡q ZvK‡eb| mvwe©K w`K
we‡kølY K‡i G K_v ejv hvq †h, Zuvi Kv‡e¨ †h welq fve I `k©b cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q, Zv gvbe
RvwZ‡K mwVK c‡_i mÜvb w`‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i nvwd‡Ri `vk©wbK I Ava¨vwZ¥K a¨vb-aviYv
gvby‡li cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxeb e¨e¯’vq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
Z_¨wb‡`©k
1. cviwfb kvwKev, †k‡i dviwm Avh AMvh Zv Ggiƒh (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z †nigv›`, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 1373 wn.kv.),
c„. 161|
2. wgR©v gKeyj †eM ev`vLkvwb, Av`vebv‡g‡q Bivb (jv‡nvi: BDwbfvwm©wU eyK G‡RwÝ, Zv.we.), c„. 555|
3. Edward G. Browne, A Literary History of Persia, Vol-III (London: New York: Melbourne:
Cambridge University Press, 1951), P. 271.
4. W. †ihv hv‡`n kvdvK, Zvwi‡L Av`vweqv‡Z Bivb (†Znivb: PvcLv‡b‡q Avigvb, 1369 wn.kv.), c„. 307; A. J.
Arberry, Classical Persian Literature (London: George Allen & Unwin LTD. 1958), P.
330.
5. wgi nvmvb fvjvwf, Zviwn Avh nvwdR (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z hvffvi, 1395 wn.kv.), c„. 47|
6. gvIjvbv wkewj †bvgvwb, †kiæj AvRg, wØZxq LÐ (jv‡nvi: gv‡jK bvwRi Avng`, ZvR eyK wW‡cv, D`©y evRvi,
Zv.we.), c„. 135|
dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR wkivwRi Ae`vb
329
7. evnvDwÏb Lyiig kvwn, nvwdRbv‡g, cÖ_g LÐ (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z Gjwg Iqv dvinvw½ Iqv Gb‡Zkviv‡Z mviƒk,
1366 wn.kv.), c„. 28; nv‡kg ivwh (m¤úvw`Z), w`Iqv‡b nvwdR (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z Kv‡fn, 1341 wn.kv.), c„.
c„. 43|
8. †kiæj AvRg, 2q LÐ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 143|
9. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, f~wgKv, c~‡e©v³, c„. 53|
10. Zvwi‡L Av`vweqv‡Z Bivb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 311; A Literary History of Persia, Vol-III, opcit, P. 283.
11. †kiæj AvRg, 2q LÐ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 136|
12. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 88|
13. †gv. Ckv kv‡n`x, Biv‡bi eyjeyj nvwdR wkivRx (XvKv: Bmjvgx M‡elYv I cÖwkÿY GKv‡Wgx, 1990 wLª.), c„. 16|
14. W. Ave`yj ûmvBb hviwibK‚e, ev KviIqv‡b û‡jø (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z Gjwg, beg gy`ªY, 1374 wn.kv.), c„.
270|
15. Biv‡bi eyjeyj nvwdR wkivRx, c~‡e©v³, c„. 63|
16. Rb wicKv I Ab¨vb¨, Aby. KvqLmiƒ †KkvIqviwh, Zvwi‡L Av`vweqv‡Z Bivb (†Znivb: PvcLv‡b‡q nvq`vwi, 1g
ms¯‥iY, 1370 wn.kv.), c„. 312|
17. cÖ‡dmi †gv. gyBRywÏb, ivnbygv‡q myLvb (XvKv: Av‡iwdb †cÖm gyËv‡m‡j AvÄygv‡b AvmjyK, 1960 wLª.), c„. 51|
18. W. gvbm~i ivmZMvi dvmvwq, AvbIqv‡q †k‡i dviwm (wkivR: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z †bvwf`, cÖ_g gy`ªY, 1372 wn.kv.), c„.
564|
19. Dr. A. Shakoor Ahsan, Studies In Persian Language And Literature (Lahore: Bazm-E-Iqbal, First
edn., 1992), P. 59.
20. D Ív` gyZ©vRv †gvZvnnvwi, Gidv‡b nvwdR (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z m`iv, 1373 wn.kv.), c„. 59-60|
21. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 188|
22. Z‡`e, c„. 192|
23. Z‡`e, c„. 15|
24. Z‡`e, c„. 223|
25. Gidv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 119|
26. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 223|
27. Z‡`e, c„. 15|
28. ivnbygv‡q myLvb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 51|
29. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 11|
30. W. Avng` Zvgxg`vix, ZvwiK wRqvDi ingvb wkivRx I gynv¤§` Ckv kv‡n`x Abyw`Z, dvm©x mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm
(†Znivb: Avj û`v AvšÍR©vwZK cÖKvkbv ms¯’v, cÖ_g cÖKvk, 2007 wLª.), c„. 195|
31. †k‡i dviwm Avh AMvh Zv Ggiƒh, c~‡e©v³, c„. 22|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
330
32. W. bv‡mi wbKzevLZ, Zvnwj‡j †k‡i dviwm (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z mv‡Rgv‡b †gvZvwjqv Djy‡g Bbmvwb, cÖ_g
cÖKvk, 1387 wn.kv.), c„. 71
33. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 232|
34. ivnbygv‡q myLvb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 57|
35. Zvnwj‡j †k‡i dviwm, c~‡e©v³, c„. 37|
36. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 240|
37. evnvDwÏb Lyiig kvwn, nvwdR (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z Zvi‡n †bv, PZz_© gy`ªY, 1387 wn.kv.), c„.7|
38. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 239|
39. dvm©x mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, c~‡e©v³, c„. 140|
40. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 244|
41. Avwbmy¾vgvb (m¤úv.), bRiæj iPbvejx (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, Rb¥kZel© ms¯‥iY, PZz_© LÐ, 1993 wLª.), c„. 131|
42. W. hvwen Djøvn mvdv, Zvwi‡L Av`vweqvZ `vi Bivb (†Znivb: PvcLv‡b‡q ivwgb, GMviZg gy`ªY, Z…Zxq L‡Ði cÖ_g
fvM, 1383 wn.kv.), c„. 334-335|
43. w`Iqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 333|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
wbhvgx MvÄyexi `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
W. †gv. AvZvDj¨vn
Abstract: Nizami Ganjavi (1141-1203) is one of the greatest epic poet and philosopher
of Persian literature in 12th century. He started his creation with lyric poems. His lyrics
stand out with high professionalism, worldly attitude to love and humanist thoughts about
a human’s destiny. Nizami entered the world literature with Khamsa a set of five poems:
Treasury of Mysteries, Khasrow and Shirin, Laili and Majnun, Seven Beauties, and
Iskander-name written in masnavi form. His poems greatly enriched the philosophical
theme which was widely spread in oriental literature. He brought the highest humane
ideals and new professional achievements into the literature and opened a new direction
in literature. He always aspired to link the literature with the real life. Being a great poet
of humanity he sang of a man’s dignity. The ideas of philosophers and cultural heritage
of humankind was skillfully introduced by Nizami as a model to make the dreams of
people for the perfect life true. This article attempts to describe the philosophical
thoughts of Nizami Ganjavi.
f~wgKv
wLªwóq Øv`k kZvãxi gvSvgvwS mg‡q Biv‡b Ggb wKQz Kwe-mvwnwZ¨‡Ki Rb¥ n‡q‡Q huviv wb‡R‡`i
myß †gav weKv‡ki gva¨‡g dviwm mvwnZ¨‡K wek¦mvwnZ¨ `iev‡i GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I gh©v`vi Avm‡b
mgvmxb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| GgbB GKRb gnvcwÐZ n‡jb dviwm Kv‡e¨i cÖvYcyiæl I cÖL¨vZ Kwe
wbhvgx MvÄyex| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨mvwnZ¨ dviwm mvwnZ¨fvÐvi‡K K‡i‡Q AjsK…Z I †m․›`h©gwÐZ|
dviwm Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi Kv‡e¨i Zyjbv weij| Zuvi †gvU cuvPwU gvmbex MÖš’ i‡q‡Q, hv GK‡Î
cvÄMv‡Ä wbhvgx ev wbhvgxi cÂiZ œ bv‡g L¨vZ| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv gvLhvbyj Avmivi,
Lmiæ Iqv wkwib, jvBjx Iqv gvRb~b, nvdZ †cBKvi, G‡¯‹›`vi bvgv I `xIqv‡b wbhvgx| Zuvi iwPZ
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Kve¨mvwnZ¨‡K K‡i‡Q AviI gh©v`vm¤úbœ I fveMv¤¢xh©c~Y©| G mKj welq‣ewP‡Îi gv‡S †h welqwU
AviI ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv|
wbhvgx MvÄyexi mswÿß cwiPq
wbhvgx MvÄyex wQ‡jb dviwm mvwn‡Z¨i GKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³Z¡| wZwb 1141 wLªóv‡ã Biv‡bi MvÄ bvgK
cÖ‡`‡k Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|1 Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg BjBqvm| Dcvwa wbhvg DÏxb I Rvgvj DÏxb| Dcbvg Ave~
gynv¤§v` I QÙbvg wbhvgx| Zuvi wcZvi bvg BDm~d, gvZvi bvg ivCmv Ges `v`vi bvg hvKx|2 •kk‡eB
Zuvi wcZv-gvZv g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Avi wcZv-gvZvi G we‡qvM †e`bv Kwe‡K †QvU‡ejv †_‡K fveyK I m~²
wPšÍvi AwaKvix n‡q M‡o DV‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
wbhvgx Zuvi wcZvi wbKU †_‡K cÖv_wgK wk¶v jvf K‡ib| •kk‡eB wZwb Aviex I dviwm‡Z ey¨rcwË
AR©b K‡ib| cvkvcvwk KyiAvb, nv`xm I wdK&n kv‡¯¿ Mfxi ÁvbvR©‡b m¶g nb| cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb
D”P wk¶vq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvI g~jZt GKRb Kwe wQ‡jb| Avi GRb¨B wZwb we`¨vj‡qi
wk¶v mgvcbv‡šÍ KweZv iPbv ïiæ K‡ib| cwÐZ es‡k Rb¥MÖn‡Yi d‡j cÖv_wgK Rxe‡bi KweZv¸‡jv
cÖ‡dmi I mfvcwZ, dviwm fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
332
†_‡KB Zuvi g‡a¨I cvwЇZ¨i fve cwijw¶Z nq| Avi Zuvi iwPZ G cvwÐZ¨c~Y© Kve¨mvwnZ¨ dviwm
mvwnZ¨ fvÐvi‡K K‡i‡Q mgybœZ| dviwm mvwn‡Z¨i G Agi Kwe 1203 wLªóv‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|3
wbhvgx MvÄyexi `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv
wbhvgx MvÄyex wQ‡jb g~jZ: GKRb †ivgvw›UK Kwe| †cÖg, fvjevmv I †ivgvw›UK fveavivq cwic~Y©
wQj Zuvi KweZv| GiciI Zvui KweZvq `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv m¤úwK©Z welq cwijw¶Z nq AZ¨šÍ
e¨vcKfv‡e| hv Zuvi KweZv‡K K‡i‡Q AviI gvbm¤§Z Ges cvVK I mvaviY gvbyl‡K `vk©wbK
wPšÍvavivi w`K †_‡K K‡i‡Q cvwÐZ¨c~Y© I cwiï×| wb‡gœ MvÄyexi Kv‡e¨ wewfbœ wel‡q DwjøwLZ
`vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
gvbyl m¤úwK©Z A‡šlY
gvbyl mgv‡Ri cÖavb DcKiY I wbqš¿K| gvbe Rxe‡bi a¨vb-aviYv, AvPvi-AvPiY‡K wfwË K‡iB
mgv‡Ri m„wó, e¨vwß Ges kªx e„w×|4 wbhvgx MvÄyexi „wó‡Z G gvbyl yÕwU †g․wjK Dcv`vb †_‡K •Zix,
G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU AvKvk I AciwU gvwUi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| A_©vr GKwU •`wnK Z_v gvby‡li gvwUi •Zix
†`n AciwU AvwZ¥K Z_v gnvb Avjøvni †`qv cÖvY| gvwU I cvwb Øviv Avjøvn gvby‡li Aeqe •Zix K‡i
†mLv‡b cÖvY mÂvi K‡i‡Qb| G cÖvY yÕai‡bi wPšÍvi AwaKvix| KL‡bv fvj wPšÍv K‡i Rxe‡b †m․fvM¨
e‡q wb‡q Av‡m| Avevi KL‡bv Lvivc wPšÍvi gva¨‡g yf©v‡M¨i AwaKvix n‡q e‡m| G yÕai‡bi wPšÍviB
¯vaxbZv Avjøvn gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Qb|5 mvgvb¨ GKUz cvwb I gvwUi •Zix wZb MR •`N© I GK MR cÖ‡ ’i
mgšq n‡”Q gvbyl| Gi gv‡S gvby‡li •`wnK I gvbwmK ¸Yvejxi wbqvgK e‡j Kw_Z im PZzóq Z_v
evqy wcË, Kd I i³ Gi AbycÖ‡ek NwU‡q‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡j‡Qb,
گزی تو وپهنی خاک گز سو ای رنگرزی دردکان چارخم
6برزد خود رنگ بو را آن خلطی توپزد معده کو ىرنوالو
Ô†n wZb MR •`N© I GK MR cÖ¯’ (gvbyl)|
Pvi ¯Íi wewkó †`vKv‡bi is wg¯¿x|
†Zvgvi cvK¯’wji cÖ‡Z¨KUv Lvwg‡ii †Mvjv hv •Zix Kiv n‡q‡Q,
H †kølv¸‡jv wbR¯ i‡O Si‡Z‡Q|Õ
cweÎ KyiAv‡bI gvbyl m„wói †g․wjK Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| †hgb gnvb Avjøvn G cÖm‡½ e‡jb,
ن قساز ف طفت جعيب ث- ط صييت الاضب خيقب ىقد7
ÔAvwg gvbyl‡K •Zix K‡iwQ gvwUi Dcv`vb †_‡K, Zvici Zv‡K GKwU msiw¶Z
¯’v‡b Uc‡K cov †dvUvq cwiewZ©Z K‡iwQ|Õ
gvbyl m„wói †kªô iƒcvqY| m„wó Rx‡ei cÖ‡Z¨‡KB gvby‡li †mevq wb‡qvwRZ| G c„w_exi mKj m„wó
RxeB G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †cÖ‡gi e܇b Ave×| gvbylI G †cÖ‡gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Mfxifv‡e| Kwe G
cÖm‡½ e‡jb,
تازگان اين جنبش از پيشتر آوازگان وکهن سفران نو
8ايم؟ خورده ما نو عشق دستکش ايم؟ کرده ما نو عشق پايگاه
wbhvgx MvÄyexi `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
333
ÔmRxeZvi G ¯ú›`b A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB,
bZzb ågYKvix Ges cyivZb AvIqvRKvix|
mgv‡Ri cÖwZ fvjevmv AvgivB ¯’vcb K‡iwQ,
fvjevmvi `v Ívbv AvgivB ¯’vcb K‡iwQ|Õ
wbhvgx MvÄyexi `„wó‡Z gvbyl m„wói g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, gnvb Avjøvni •bKU¨ AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Zuv‡K
†Pbv| hw` †Kvb gvbyl wbR©‡b GKv‡šÍ a¨v‡b gMœ †_‡K gnvb Avjøvn‡K wPb‡Z cv‡i Z‡eB †m Rxe‡b
Luy‡R cv‡e mdjZv| Avi Avjøvn‡K wPb‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g wb‡R‡K wPb‡Z n‡e| †h e¨w³ wb‡R‡K †Pbvi
gva¨‡g gnvb Avjøvn‡K wPb‡Z cvij bv Zvi gvbe Rbg e„_v, g~j¨nxb|9 G cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡jb,
شناخت بود چنانکو را خود ىرکو افراخت زندگی سربو ابد تا
نخواند خويش نقش کو شد آن فانی ماند باقی خواند نقش اين ىرکو
بدرست شناختی را خود تو چون نخست ز بگذری گرچو نگذری
.گذرند دگر وزان آيند در زين 10
خبرند بی وجود کز وانکسان
ÔcÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ wb‡R‡K Ggbfv‡e †Pbv DwPZ,
hv‡Z †m AbšÍKvj cÖ¾¡wjZ _v‡K|
H Aw¯ÍZ¡ aŸsm n‡q‡Q †h Zvi wb‡Ri wPÎ m¤ú‡K© AÁ,
†h G wPÎ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ †mB w¯’wZkxj _v‡K|
hLb Zzwg wb‡R‡K mwVK fv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡e,
ïiæ‡Z †hLv‡b wQ‡j †mLv‡b wb‡R‡K †i‡Lv bv|
H e¨w³ †h Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© AÁ,
GwU AbvMZ fwel¨Z Dnv AwZµvšÍ AZxZ|Õ
gvbyl wb‡R‡K †Pbvi A_© n‡”Q Avjøvn‡K †Pbvi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nIqv Ges G †Pbvi cwimgvwß
N‡U wb‡R‡K Avjøvni i‡O ivwO‡q Zuv‡K cvIqvi gva¨‡gB| Avjøvn gvbyl‡K †h Ávb, eyw×, we‡eK I
†gav w`‡q‡Qb G¸‡jvi mgš‡q gnvb Avjøvn‡K wPb‡Z cvivi g‡a¨B wbwnZ i‡q‡Q gvby‡li mv_©KZv|
gvbyl Áv‡bi gva¨‡gB G c„w_exi †kªô iƒcvq‡Y cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ gvby‡liI DwPZ m„wói †kªô
iƒcvqY wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ Áv‡bi RM‡Z wePiY Kiv| Zvn‡jB †m Avjøvn, Zuvi m„wó,
Zuvi cÖf~Z¡, eoZ¡, gnZ¡, GKZ¡ev`, cÖK…wZ I Zuv‡K †Pbvi †g․wjK c_mg~n Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| Avi
wb‡R‡K cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡e m„wói †kªô I †hvM¨ wn‡m‡e| G K_v¸‡jvi mv‡_B GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb
Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex|11
G cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡jb,
تاريک وکوی پای آبلو عقل باريک موی چو رىی وآنگاه
نمايد ره توگرنو توفيق گشايد کی عقل بو عقده اين
فروزده بصر تو در از عقل بسوزد نهد درون گرپای
تو از کفايت مرا عقل ای ازتو وىدايت من ز جستن
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
334
بيمناکست وراه بيدل من باکست چو تويی راىنما چون
12کار اين باشد چگونو نو طاقت بار گرانی از شدم عاجز
ÔÁvb hLb cv‡qi ¸wUemšÍ I Mwjc_ hLb AÜKvi,
iv Ív ZLb Pz‡ji b¨vq miæ nq|
†Zvgvi †Lv`vqx mvdj¨ hw` iv Ív Luy‡R bv cvq,
Áv‡bi G RwUjZv‡K D‡b¥vwPZ Ki‡e|
Ávb †Zvgvi KvQ †_‡KB P¶z cÖ¾¡wjZ K‡i‡Q,
hw`I Zvi wfZ‡i ’vwcZ n‡q‡Q cÖ¾¡jb|
†n Ávb Avgvi G Ae¯’vb †Zvgvi †_‡KB,
Avgv‡K Luy‡R cvIqv I †n`v‡qZ †Zvgvi †_‡KB|
Avwg wb`©q Zzwg c_fªó †K,
hLb Zzwg c_ cÖ`k©bKvix †K Ges Kvi|
g~j¨ùxwZi fv‡i Avwg wbiæcvq,
kw³ †bB wKfv‡e m¤úvw`Z n‡e G KvR|Õ
ivm~j (mv.) Gi g~j¨vqb
gvbyl G aiYx‡Z gnvb Avjøvni †kªô m„wó| Avi G m„wói me©‡kªô iƒc n‡jb Avgv‡`i †kl bex nhiZ
gynv¤§` (mv.)| wZwb n‡jb mKj bexM‡Yi bex I mgMÖ RvwZi wk¶K| G c„w_ex‡Z Zvui me‡P‡q eo
gyÕ‡Rhv n‡jv Avj-KyiAvb| Avi G KyiAvb‡K Aej¤b K‡i wZwb we‡k¦i me‡P‡q g~L©, AÁ, KziæwPc~Y© I
Amf¨ RvwZ‡K ywbqvi †kªô RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i GKRb `¶
kvmK, mgi bvqK, †kªô mgvRcwZ, DrK…ó ivRbxwZwe`, mdj msMVK, cwiev‡ii DËg KZ©v I mdj
K~U‣bwZK| GK K_vq, fvj ¸‡Yi hZ¸‡jv w`K Av‡Q me wKQyB Zvui gv‡S weivRgvb wQj| wZwb mgMÖ
wek¦evmxi Rb¨ Avjøvni c¶ †_‡K ingZ ¯iƒc †cÖwiZ n‡q‡Qb| G `k©‡bB wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Kwe wbhvgx
MvÄyex| gynv¤§` (mv.) m¤ú‡K© cweÎ KyiAv‡bi wewfbœ RvqMvq D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| gnvb Avjøvn e‡jb,
ىقد زصه جبءم عزز أفضن ب عي خ ن حسص ع عي ئ زإف ببى زح13
Ô†Zvgv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K †Zvgv‡`i wbKU GKRb ivm~j G‡m‡Qb| †Zvgv‡`i ytL-Kó
Zvui Rb¨ Kó`vqK| wZwb †Zvgv‡`i g½jKvgx, gywgb‡`i cÖwZ wZwb †mœnkxj I
cig `qvjy|Õ
G cÖm‡½ gnvb Avjøvn AviI e‡j‡Qb,
أزصو اىر د زصى ببى اىحق د س ظ عي ى اىد مف مي دا ببىي ش14
ÔwZwb †mB gnvb mËv, whwb Zvui ivm~j‡K c_-wb‡ ©k (Avj-KyiAvb) I mZ¨ Øxbmn
(Avj-Bmjvg) cvwV‡q‡Qb| hv‡Z G‡K Ab¨ me gZev‡`i Dci weRqx K‡ib| G
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avjøvni mv¶¨B h‡_ó|Õ
wbhvgx MvÄyexi `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
335
G m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn AviI e‡jb,
ب بك ت اىب أزصي زح ىيعبى15
ÔAvwg Avcbv‡K mviv we‡k¦i Rb¨ ingZ wn‡m‡e †cÖiY K‡iwQ|Õ
G cÖm‡½ ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb,
.ابى فقد عصانى ومن.الجنة دخل اطاعنى من قال ابى ومن قيل ابى من الا الجنة يدخلون امتى كل16
ÔAvgvi D¤§‡Zi mKj †jvKB †e‡nkZevmx n‡e| wKš‘ †h A¯xKvi K‡i (†m †e‡nk‡Z hv‡e
bv)| wRÁvmv Kiv nj, †K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q †n ivm~j? Dˇi wZwb ej‡jb, †h Avgvi
AbymiY Kij, †m †e‡nk‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, Avi †h Avgvi AbymiY Kij bv †mB A¯xKvi
Kij|Õ
ivm~j (mv.) m¤ú‡K© G GKB `k©‡b wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex hv Zuvi ev Íe Rxe‡bI cwijw¶Z
nq| G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb,
خاکش ىست کافرينش محمد پاکش جان بر آفرينش ىزاران
بينش اىل چشم افروز چراغ آفرينش کارگاه طراز
نارا و ميدان سرىنگ و سر انبيارا خيل و سالار سپو
17چند افتاده کار خواه شفاعت چند ۀنرماد برکش مرقع
Ôgynv¤§`‡K m„wó K‡iwQ ZvB c„w_exi Aw ÍZ¡ Av‡Q,
Zvui cweÎ AvZ¥vi e‡`․j‡Z Ggb nvRv‡iv AvZ¥v m„wó n‡q‡Q|
Zvui cwievi cwiRb Zvu‡K cÖ¾¡wjZ Av‡jv wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb,
wZwbB G m„wóRMr •Zixi gva¨g|
hy‡×i gq`v‡b, •mb¨ mvg‡šÍi gv‡S,
mKj bex‡`i gv‡S wZwb †kªô I wek¦ Í|
Zvui †RvovZvwj †`qv Rvgv bvix-cyiæl mevB cwiavb Ki,
Zvui kvdvqvZ Kvgbv Ki Z‡eB wKQyUv mdj n‡e|Õ
†gÕivR m¤ú‡K© fvebv
gnvb Avjøvn nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) †K mgMÖ RvwZi c_ cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e G aivq cwV‡q‡Qb| b‡fvgÐj I
f~gЇj Zuvi wbKU me‡P‡q wcÖq n‡jb nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)| ZvB Zuv‡K BnKvj I ciKvj m¤ú‡K© ¯úó
aviYv I Zuvi Acwimxg ¶gZvi ewntcÖKvk NUv‡bvi Rb¨ Zuvi Øviv †gÕivR msNwUZ Kwi‡q‡Qb| nhiZ
gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi Rxe‡b N‡U hvIqv me©v‡c¶v we¯§qKi I Avðh©RbK A‡j․wKK NUbv †gÕivR | Zvui
Rxe‡b †gÕivR wb‡q hZ ZK©-weZ‡K©i D™¢e n‡q‡Q Avi †Kvb wel‡q nqwb| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib,
†gÕivR msNwUZ n‡q‡Q nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi ¯cœ‡hv‡M| Avevi †KD †KD aviYv K‡ib, †gÕivR
ej‡Z †Kvb wKQzB †bB, GwU m¤ú~Y© GKwU AevšÍi NUbv| Z‡e Pig mZ¨ K_v n‡jv gnvb Avjøvn Zuvi
wcÖq nvexe‡K w`‡q G gnvA‡j․wKK NUbvwU ¯kix‡i m¤úv`b Kwi‡qwQ‡jb hvi h‡_ó cÖgvY KyiAvb I
nv`x‡m i‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn cweÎ KyiAv‡b e‡jb,
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
336
أصس اىر صبحب لا بعبد ى ضجد اى ضجد اى اىحسا ب اىر الأقص اى ببزم ى ح س ى
ب بح آ ا ع اىبصس اىض 18
ÔwZwb (Avjøvn) cig cweÎ I gwngvgq mËv, whwb ¯xq ev›`v‡K ivw·ejvq ågY
Kwi‡qwQ‡jb gmwR‡` nvivg †_‡K gmwR‡` AvKmv ch©šÍ, hvi Pvwiw`‡K Avwg
eiKZ `vb K‡iwQ, hv‡Z Avwg Zvu‡K Kz`i‡Zi wKQy wb`k©b †`wL‡q †`B| wbðqB
wZwb cig kªeYKvix I `k©bkxj|Õ
†gÕivR m¤ú‡K© nv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q,
ى الله فجي اىحجس ف قج قسش مرب ىب قه( صيع )الله زصه صع ا عبدالله ب جببس ع
.اى اظس اب اببح ع اخبس فطفقج اىقدس بج19
ÔnhiZ Rvwei Be‡b Ave`yjøvn (iv.) n‡Z ewY©Z, wZwb ivm~j (mv.) †K ej‡Z
ï‡b‡Qb, †giv‡Ri e¨vcv‡i KzivBkiv hLb Avgv‡K wg_¨v cÖwZcbœ Ki‡Z †Póv
Kij, ZLb Avwg Kvevi wnRi As‡k uvovjvg| Avi Avj øvn evBZzj gyKvÏvm
gmwR`wU‡K Avgvi mvg‡b D™¢vwmZ Ki‡jb| d‡j Avwg †m w`‡K ZvwK‡q ZvwK‡q
Zvi wPý I wb`k©b¸‡jv e‡j w`‡Z _vKjvg|Õ
Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyexI †gÕivR m¤ú‡K© KyiAvb I nv`x‡mi G `k©‡bi mv‡_ wQ‡jb m¤ú~Y© GKgZ| gnvb
Avjøvn Bmjvg‡K c~Y©v½ Rxebe¨e¯’v I gynv¤§` (mv.) †K me©‡kªô bex †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Bmjvg
Z_v gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi †kªô‡Z¡i cÖgvY¯^iƒc †gÕiv‡Ri gZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbvi AeZviYv K‡ib| wZwb
me©Kv‡ji me©‡kªô gnvgvbe‡K Zvui GKvšÍ mvwbœ‡a¨ †W‡K wb‡q we‡k¦i M~p–inm¨ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ Kivb|
hv Ab¨ †Kvb bexi †m․fvM¨ nqwb| †hgb †gÕivR m¤ú‡K© Kwe e‡jb,
نيمروز ملک کان شبان نيم فروز گيتی مشعل روان کرد
کرد عماريش ديده از فلک خود کرد داريش مشعلو ومو زىره
کاينات حرم در رىا کرد جهات وشش حد چاره و خط ىفت
20سماع در شب آمده آمدنش ز وداع در قدمش با شده روز
Ôga¨ivZ †hb cwiYZ n‡jv ga¨v‡ý,
MwZkxj n‡jv Av‡jv‡Kv™¢vwmZ cÖ¾¡wjZ G c„w_ex|
b‡fvgÐj wb‡RB Zvui evn‡bi e¨e¯’v Kij,
ïµ I Pvu` Zvu‡K Av‡jv w`j|
wek¦RMr †n‡i‡gi `iRv D‡b¥vwPZ Kij,
mvZ Íi Pvimxgv I Qq w`K|
Zvui AvMg‡b we`vq n‡jv w`em,
Zviu AvMg‡b ivwÎ †M‡q DVj|Õ
wbhvgx MvÄyexi `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
337
Cmv )Av.( m¤ú‡K© AwfgZ
nhiZ Cmv (Av.) wQ‡jb Avjøvn †cÖwiZ GKRb bex I ivm~j| Zvui Dci gnvb Avjøvn Avmgvbx wKZve
BwÄj AeZxY© K‡ib| ZviciI hLb wZwb †kl bex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi D¤§Z‡`i gh©v`vi K_v
ï‡bb, ZLb †kl bexi D¤§Z nIqvi Rb¨ wZwb Avjøvni wbKU cÖv_©bv K‡ib| Avi gnvb Avjøvn Zvui G
cÖv_©bv gÄyi K‡i Zuv‡K Avmgv‡b DwV‡q wb‡q hvb| c„w_ex aŸs‡mi c~‡e© AveviI Zvu‡K Avjøvn G
`ywbqvq †kl bex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi D¤§Z wn‡m‡e †cÖiY Ki‡eb| wKš‘ nhiZ Cmv (Av.) †K
AvKv‡k DwV‡q wb‡q hvIqv Ges Zvu‡K cybivq c„w_ex‡Z †cÖiY Kiv n‡e GwU mK‡j wek¦vm K‡i bv|
Z‡e hviv KyiAvb I nv`x‡mi AbymiY K‡i Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib Ges g‡b
cÖv‡Y G K_v‡K wbtm‡¼vPwP‡Ë wek¦vm K‡ib| dviwm Kv‡e¨i Agi Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyexI Gi mv‡_
cwic~Y©fv‡e GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡ib Ges G `k©‡b wek¦vm K‡ib| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib Cmv (Av.) wQ‡jb
Avjøvni cyÎ| †Kbbv Zvui Rb¥`vZv †Kvb wcZv wQj bv; eis wZwb Avjøvni A‡kl †g‡nievbx‡Z wewe
gwiq‡gi Mf© n‡Z G c„w_ex‡Z f~wgô nb| g~jZ wZwb wQ‡jb Avjøvni †cÖwiZ GKRb bex I ivm~j| G
cÖm‡½ gnvb Avjøvn e‡jb,
عض قبه اذ اب ب س زصه ا اصسائو ب ن اىي ب صدقب اى ى ب د زاة اىخ
بشسا بعد ؤح بسصه د اص ب أح في بث جبء صحس را قبىا ببىب ب21
ÔAvi hLb gwiq‡gi cyÎ Cmv (Av.) ej‡jb, †n ebx BmivBj, Avwg †Zvgv‡`i
wbKU Avjøvni †cÖwiZ ivm~j wn‡m‡e AvMgb K‡iwQ| Avgvi c~e©eZ©x ZvIiv‡Zi
Avwg mZ¨vqbKvix| Avi Avwg Ggb GKRb ivm~‡ji mymsev``vZv, whwb Avgvi
c‡i AvMgb Ki‡eb, Zvui bvg Avng`| AZtci hLb †m ¯úó cÖgvYvw` wb‡q
AvMgb Ki‡jb, ZLb Zviv ej‡jv G‡Zv GK cÖKvk¨ hv`y|Õ
Cmv (Av.) m¤ú‡K© wbhvgx MvÄyex e‡jb,
نبشت می جهان کو مسيحا پای ميگذشت چو بازار سر بر
22ديد افتاده پدر چو از يوسفش ديد افتاده گذر بر سگی گرگ
Ô`xN©Rxwe Cmv (Av.) †K c„w_ex Kei Ly‡o Zz‡j Avb‡e,
evRv‡ii gvSLv‡b wKfv‡e ivL‡e|
†bK‡o evN I KzKzi Zvui DÌvb‡K †`‡LwQj,
BDmyd wKfv‡e Zvui DÌvb‡K †`Lj|Õ
wbhvgx MvÄyex Zvui G KweZvq G K_vB eywS‡q‡Qb †h, Cmv (Av.) G c„w_ex‡Z GKevi bex I ivm~j
wn‡m‡e G‡mwQ‡jb Ges cybivq †kl bexi D¤§Z wn‡m‡e G c„w_ex‡Z AvMgb Ki‡eb| G e¨vcv‡i
wbhvgxi `k©b I KyiAv‡bi eY©bv cy‡ivcywifv‡e wg‡j hvq| G‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi wØgZ cwijw¶Z nqwb|
myZivs wbhvgx MvÄyexi `k©‡bi mZ¨Zv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|
cvw_©e Rxeb m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ
wbhvgx MvÄyexi „wó‡Z cvw_©e RMr †Kvb myLKi ¯’vb bq| GwU cvc-cw¼jZv I RNb¨Zvq cwic~Y©|
Gi wbK…óZv I †bvsivgx m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q wZwb G‡K Zyjbv K‡i‡Qb wewfbœ Dcgvi mv‡_| †hgb
cvw_©e RMr m¤ú‡K© wbhvgx e‡jb, GwU Ggb GKwU RvqMv †hLv‡b gvbyl ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ AšÍi½ eÜzi
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
338
mv‡_ kÎæZv •Zix Ki‡Z wØav‡eva K‡i bv we›`ygvÎ| GLv‡b †cÖg I fvjevmvi ZxeªZv †hgb A‡bK
†ewk, cvkvcvwk N„Yvi cwigvYI †Kvb As‡k Kg bq| fvj‡e‡m GKRb bvix hLb †Kvb cyiæ‡li N‡i
eD n‡q hvq, `xN©Kvj msmvi Kivi ciI mg‡qi e¨eav‡b ¯^v‡_©i Uv‡b Df‡qi gv‡S •Zix nq e¨eavb,
N‡U we‡”Q`| GKRb gymvwdi‡K †W‡K wb‡q evox‡Z †gngvbiƒ‡c Avc¨vqY K‡i Z…wß mnKv‡i Lvevi
LvIqvb, Avevi G gymvwd‡ii mv‡_B gZcv_©K¨ nIqvq Zvi gy‡Li Avnvi †K‡o wb‡q Zv‡K K‡ib
weZvwoZ| GwUB wbôzi G cvw_©e RM‡Zi PwiÎ| wbhvgx `ywbqvi cwiPq w`‡Z wM‡q Ab¨Î e‡jb,
wKqvg‡Zi w`b `ywbqv GKRb KzrmxZ e„×v bvixi AvK…wZ‡Z †ewi‡q Avm‡e, mevB Zv‡K †`‡L ej‡e
bvDRywejøvwn wgb hvwjK (Avgiv Gi Awbó †_‡K Avjøvni wbKU cvbv PvB)| RvMwZK Rxe‡b †h
e¨w³B G `ywbqv‡K hZ †ekx †c‡Z †P‡q‡Q Ges Zvi cÖwZ Avm³ n‡q‡Q, †m ZZ †ekx aŸsm n‡q‡Q|
ZvB `ywbqvi wbKU †_‡K kvwšÍ cvIqv G †jvK¸‡jv ej‡e Zv‡K †`vh‡L wb‡¶c Kiv nDK, hv‡Z †m
j¾v cvq Zvi K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨|23
wbhvgx AviI e‡jb, G `ywbqv n‡”Q Z…òvZ© †`vh‡Li b¨vq| †`vhL
†hgb Zvi ¶zav I Z…òv †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ memgq KvZiv‡e, wVK †Zgwb wbôzi G ywbqvI gvbyl‡K Zvi
†jvf-jvjmv I wbwl× K‡g©i w`‡K Wv‡K Zvi gbylZ¡‡K wejxb K‡i †`qvi Rb¨|24
†hgb G cÖm‡½
Kwe e‡jb,
25رستن ديو زين توان خوشخويی بو بستن وقت و ديواست جهان
Ô`ywbqvUv GKwU •`Z¨ Ges e܇bi mgq,
gvwRZ© ¯^fv‡ei †jvK G •ØZ¨ n‡Z gyw³ †cZ cv‡i|Õ
m‡e©vcwi, wbhvgx MvÄyexi e³e¨ we‡køl‡Y G wm×v‡šÍ DcYxZ nIqv hvq †h, ywbqv Ggb GKwU `ytmn
RvqMv †hLv‡b cÖwZwbqZ N‡U hv‡”Q nvRv‡iv wbK…óZg NUbv| Avi Gi Awbó †_‡K wb‡R‡K gy³ ivLv
A‡bK KwVb KvR| †Kbbv GLv‡b Ggb †Kvb AcKg© †bB hv msNwUZ nq bv| gvbyl Avjøvni fq‡K
c‡ivqv bv K‡i wb‡Ri we‡eK-eywׇK Kv‡R bv jvwM‡q w`‡b w`‡b aŸsm †_‡K aŸs‡mi AZj Mnx‡b
Zwj‡q hv‡”Q| Avi GRb¨ wbhvgx G‡K †`vh‡Li mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
ciKv‡ji Aw ÍZ¡
c„w_ex‡Z Ggb †Kvb fqvbK wRwbm †bB hv g„Zy¨i †P‡q †ewk fq¼i| A‡bK `vbkxj gvbyl i‡q‡Qb
huviv m¤ú‡`i wekvj GKwU Ask gvbeZvi Kj¨v‡Y `vb K‡i †`b| wKš‘ Ggb †Kvb gvbyl †bB †h,
g„Zz¨‡K Avwj½b Kivi Rb¨ wb‡RiB nvqvZ Ab¨Rb‡K D`viwP‡Ë `vb K‡ib| †Kbbv, g„Zz¨ GZB
fqvbK †h †KD Zvi KvQvKvwQ n‡Z Pvq bv| wKš‘ cÖK…Z mZ¨ K_v n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Zvi wba©vwiZ
mg‡qB g„Zz¨ eiY Ki‡Z n‡e| †KD kZ B‡”Q K‡iI Gi †_‡K gyw³ cv‡e bv|26
cweÎ KyiAv‡bI
g„Zy¨i K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q GKvwaKevi| †hgb gnvb Avjøvn G cÖm‡½ e‡jb,
اىث ذائقت فش مو27
ÔcÖ‡Z¨K cÖvYx‡KB g„Zz¨i ¯^v` Av¯v`b Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ
G cÖm‡½ gnvb Avjøvn AviI e‡jb,
ئخس لا جبء اذا الله اجو ا28
ÔwbðqB Avjøvn ZvAvjvi wbw`©óKvj hLb n‡e, ZLb AeKvk †`qv n‡e bv|Õ
wbhvgx MvÄyexi `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
339
G cÖm‡½ wbhvgx e‡jb,
نماند وکس رويم و اورفت ستاند دىد جهان کو وامی
.خواىيست وام شوخ کو ترس می 29
ىيست گيا اگر جهان وام از
Ô†m P‡j †M‡Q AvgivI hve †KD _vK‡e bv,
c„w_ex †h FY w`‡qwQj Zv wb‡q wb‡q‡Q|
c„w_exi FY n‡Z hw` Dw™¢` _v‡K,
fq cv‡”Q †h FY hw` D”QjZv Pvq|Õ
g„Zz¨i cieZx© Rxe‡bi bvgB n‡jv ciKvj ev AvwLivZ| Rb¥ †hgb mZ¨, g„Zz¨ I ciKvjI †Zgb
mZ¨| hw`I c„w_exi mKj gvbylB Rb¥ I g„Zz¨i †¶‡Î HKgZ¨ †cvlY K‡ib| Z‡e ciKvj Z_v
AvwLiv‡Zi Rxeb m¤ú‡K© A‡b‡KB GKgZ bb| ZvInx` Z_v G‡Kk¦iev‡` wek¦vmx gvbylB †Kej
AvwLiv‡Zi Rxeb‡K wek¦vm K‡ib| Avi Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex wQ‡jb AvwLiv‡Zi cÖwZ wbtm‡¼vPwP‡Ë
wek¦vmx I G `k©‡bi mv‡_ HKgZ¨ †cvlYKvix GKRb gvbyl| whwb G m¤ú‡K© memgq KyiAvb I
nv`x‡mi AbyK~‡j gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡ib AZ¨šÍ `„pZvi mv‡_| AvwLivZ m¤ú‡K© Avj-KyiAv‡b gnvb
Avjøvn e‡jb,
ادازك بو بو اىآخسة ف عي ب شل ف ب بو ع 30
Ôeis ciKvj m¤ú‡K© Zvu‡`i Ávb wbt‡kl n‡q †M‡Q; eis Zviv G wel‡q m‡›`n
†cvlY Ki‡Q Ges G wel‡q Zviv AÜ|Õ
ciKvj m¤ú‡K© wZwb AviI e‡jb,
حنا ىب ضا مبىر اىي فؤضب ىئل أفض أ ىب. اىفبصق أصحبة اىبز أصحبة ضخ
اىجت أصحبة اىجت اىفبئز31
Ô†Zvgiv Zv‡`i gZ n‡qv bv, hviv Avjøvn‡K fy‡j †M‡Q| d‡j Avjøvn Zv‡`i‡K
AZ¥we¯§„Z K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| ZvivB Aeva¨ Rvnvbœv‡gi Awaevmx| Rvnvbœv‡gi
Awaevmx Ges Rvbœv‡Zi Awaevmx mgvb n‡Z cv‡i bv| hviv Rvbœv‡Zi Awaevmx
ZvivB mdjKvg|Õ
ciKvj m¤ú‡K© ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,
بى ع ابد فب شببب ع افب فب عس ع خش ع ضئو حخ اد اب قدب حزه لا
عي فب عو ب افق فب امخضب ا32
ÔwKqvg‡Zi w`b gvby‡li cv GKwe›`y bo‡Z cvi‡e bv hZ¶Y bv Zv‡K cvuPwU cÖ‡kœi
wRÁvmvev` Kiv n‡e: wb‡Ri Rxeb †m †Kvb c‡_ AwZevwnZ K‡i‡Q, †h․e‡bi
kw³ mvg_© †Kvb c‡_ e¨q K‡i‡Q, m¤ú` †Kv_v n‡Z DcvR©b K‡i‡Q Ges †Kv_vq
LiP K‡i‡Q| †h Ávb jvf K‡i‡Q, Z`byhvqx KZUzKz Avgj K‡i‡Q|Õ
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
340
ciKvj m¤ú‡K© wbhvgx MvÄyex e‡jb,
آراستو نگر خلوت مجلس ناکاستو مو چون خوش و روشن
33آموختو غاليو زده تخت ريختو شکر و فروزان شمع
Ôj¶¨ Ki wbR©b gRwjm mymw¾¦Z n‡q‡Q,
D¾¦jZv I Avb›` †hb NvUwZnxb Pvu`|
cÖ¾¦wjZ †gvgevwZ I Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv wPwb,
AvNvZcÖvwß wmsnvmb weRqx n‡Z wkwL‡q‡Q|Õ
DcwiD³ KweZvq wbR©b gRwjk Øviv g~jZ Kwe ciKvj‡KB eywS‡q‡Qb hv GLb duvKv i‡q‡Q|
wKqvgZ msNwUZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †mLv‡b mKj gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cwic~Y© n‡q hv‡e| Avi G
cwic~Y©Uv‡K wZwb mymw¾¦Z eywS‡q‡Qb| wbhvgx MvÄyex ciKvj‡K g‡b cÖv‡Y wek¦vm K‡i‡Qb hv Zvui
KweZvq ¯úófv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ZvK¡`xi ev fvM¨ m¤úwK©Z aviYv
wbhvgx MvÄyex wQ‡jb ZvK¡`xi Z_v fv‡M¨ wek¦vmx GKRb gvbyl| •`bw›`b Rxe‡b hv wKQzB N‡U Zv
m¤ú~Y© c~e© †_‡KB Avjøvni c¶ †_‡K wba©vwiZ| ZvB wZwb g‡b K‡ib gnvb Avjøvn gvby‡li fv‡M¨ hv
wjwce× K‡i w`‡q‡Qb Zv e¨ZxZ †Kvb wKQyB N‡U bv| GRb¨B Zuvi g‡Z Acivag~jK †h mg Í KvR
gvby‡li Øviv msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K Zvi Rb¨ bv gvbyl‡K Z_v AcivaKvix‡K N„Yv Kiv hv‡e, bv
Avjøvn‡K; eis ïay †mB Ab¨vq ev Acivag~jK KvR‡K N„Yv Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv gnvb Avjøvn ev›`vi
Ab¨v‡qi Rb¨ †hgwb mvRv w`‡eb Zvi fvj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avevi cÖwZ`vbI w`‡eb| Avi Avjøvn cvc-
c~Y¨ †Kvb †¶‡ÎB K‡Vvi bb; eis b¨vqcivqY| Avi •`bw›`b Rxe‡b hv wKQy N‡U meB Avjøvni c¶
†_‡K wba©vwiZ G `k©‡b wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex|34
†hgb G cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡jb,
زخاک کافريدی مرا سرشت پاک و بناپاک کردی تو سرشتو
35نبشت من در نقش اين تو قضای سرشت در وگربدم نيکم اگر
ÔAvgvi cÖK…wZ‡K Zzwg m„wó K‡iQ gvwU †_‡K,
Avgv‡K Zzwg cweÎ I Acwe‡Îi mgšq K‡iQ|
Avwg KL‡bv c~Y¨evb Avevi Ac~Y¨evb cÖK…wZi,
Avgvi fv‡M¨i wjwc‡K Zzwg Gfv‡eB wPwÎZ K‡iQ|Õ
Dcmsnvi
wbhvgx MvÄyex wQ‡jb dviwm Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨gwY| whwb dviwm fvlvq G Ag~j¨ m¤ú` Z_v cÂiZœ
I GKwU `xIqvb iPbv K‡i wek¦ Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨ n‡q‡Qb mgv`„Z| Zvui G cÂi‡Zœi Kvwe¨K gvb GZ
DuPz¯Í‡ii †h, ejv n‡q _v‡K hZw`b c„w_ex _vK‡e ZZw`b gnvKv‡ji Nl©‡YI Zv gy‡Q hvevi bq|
eY©bv, cÖKvk-f½x I `k©bwPšÍv mewgwj‡q Zuvi Kv‡e¨ GK Abe`¨ g~j¨gv‡bi ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q|
we‡kl K‡i Zuvi Kv‡e¨ D‡jøwLZ wewfbœ `vk©wbK welqvejx Zuvi Kv‡e¨i g~j welqe ‘‡K K‡i‡Q AviI
fveMv¤¢xh©c~Y© I †g․wjKZv mg„×| Avi GRb¨B Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’mg~n dviwm Kv‡e¨i cwigЇj n‡q‡Q
wbhvgx MvÄyexi `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
341
AviI mve©Rbxb I MÖnY‡hvM¨| m‡e©vcwi ejv hvq, Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex Zuvi G AmvaviY cÖwZfvi Rb¨
Kve¨wccvmy gvby‡li ü`‡q wPi ¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb|
Z_¨wb‡`©k
1 Tanwir Ahmad, A Short History of Persian Literature (Calcutta: Naaz Publishing Centre, 2nd edit.,
1991), p. 145.
2 W. evivAvr hvbhvbx, AvnIqvj Iqv Amvi Iqv kvi‡n gvLhvbyj Avmiv‡i wbhvgx MvÄyex (†Znivb: gyqvmmv‡m‡q
G‡šÍkvivZ Iqv Pv‡c `v‡bkMv‡n †Znivb, 3q ms. 1372 wn.kv./ 1993wLª.), c„. 1|
3 wbhvgx MvÄyex, gvLhvbyj Avmivi, cÖ‡dmi iæ¯Íg Avjx Dd (m¤úv.) (†Znivb: G‡šÍkviv‡Z †eBbyj wgjvjx Avj û`v,
1374 wn.kv./ 1995wLª.), c„. 9|
4 gyn¤§` Ave`yj Rwjj, †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i bvbv w`K (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1993wLª.), c„. 1|
5 gvbmyi mvifvZ, MvÄx‡b‡q †nKgvZ `vi Amv‡i wbhvgx (†Znivb: gyqvmmv‡m‡q G‡šÍkviv‡Z Avgxi Kexi, 1991wLª.),
c„. 81|
6 mve‡q‡q nvKxg wbhvgx, 2q LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 354|
7 m~iv Avj gywgbyb, AvqvZ: 12-13|
8 mve‡q‡q nvKxg wbhvgx, 1g LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 99|
9 MvÄx‡b‡q †nKgZ `vi Amv‡i wbhvgx, cÖv¸³, c„. 84|
10 Kzwjøqv‡Z Lvg‡m‡q wbhvgx MvÄyex, cÖv¸³, c„. 513|
11 MvÄx‡b‡q †nKgZ `vi Amv‡i wbhvgx, cÖv¸³, c„. 87|
12 Kzwjøqv‡Z Lvg‡m‡q wbhvgx MvÄyex, cÖv¸³, c„. 351|
13 m~iv ZIev, AvqvZ: 128|
14 m~iv Avj dvZvn&, AvqvZ: 27|
15 m~iv Avw¤^qv, AvqvZ: 107|
16 gyn¤§` Beb BmgvCj Avj-eyLvix, mnxûj eyLvix, 1g LÐ (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzm mvdv, 2003wLª.), c„. 248|
17 Kzwjøqv‡Z Lvg‡m‡q wbhvgx MvÄyex, cÖv¸³, c„. 100|
18 m~iv ewb BmivBj, AvqvZ: 1|
19 mnxûj eyLvix, 2q LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 449|
20 gvLhvbyj Avmiv‡i wbhvgx MvÄyex, cÖv¸³, c„. 19|
21 m~iv Avmmvd, AvqvZ: 6|
22 Kzwjøqv‡Z Lvg‡m‡q wbhvgx MvÄyex, cÖv¸³, c„. 43|
23 MvÄx‡b‡q †nKgZ `vi Amv‡i wbhvgx, cÖv¸³, c„. 102|
24 Z‡`e, c„. 104|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
342
25
mve‡q‡q nvKxg wbhvgx, 2q LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 258|
26 MvÄx‡b‡q †nKgZ `vi Amv‡i wbhvgx, cÖv¸³, c„. 113-114|
27 m~iv Avw¤^qv, AvqvZ: 35|
28 m~iv b~n, AvqvZ: 4|
29 mve‡q‡q nvKxg wbhvgx, 1g LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 235|
30 m~iv bvgj, AvqvZ: 66|
31 m~iv nvki, AvqvZ: 19, 20|
32 gynv¤§v` Beb Cmv AvZ-wZiwghx, Avm-mybvb, 8g LÐ (†`Ie›`: KzZzeLvbv iwkw`q¨vn, Zv.we.), c„. 443|
33 Kzwjøqv‡Z Lvg‡m‡q wbhvgx MvÄyex, cÖv¸³, c„. 86|
34 MvÄx‡b‡q †nKgZ `vi Amv‡i wbhvgx, cÖv¸³, c„. 96|
35 Kzwjøqv‡Z Lvg‡m‡q wbhvgx MvÄyex, cÖv¸³, c„. 700|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc : wn›`y ag©-`k©‡bi Av‡jv‡K GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
W. Ry‡qjx wek¦vm
Abstract: Most of the people of the world believe that there is a power beyond the
created universe and creatures. He guides and controls everything. He is known by
different names by different people. Some people call him Ishwara, some call him Allah,
some other call him God etc. In the Hindu Shatras He has innumerable name. A question
arises in the mind of the thoughtful men what the nature of Him. There are different
opinions regarding the nature of God which are as follows – (1) Is He corporeal or
incorporeal? (2) Is He attributed or non-attributed (3) Is He in the mind’s eye or out of
the mind’s eye and so on. It is not possible to give answers to these questions for general
people. Only a devoted person who has attained spritual knowledge can give answer to
these questions. Yet they have different opinions regarding this. Some philosophy like
Charvaka, Samkhya, Mimamsa do not believe in God. But Vedanta, Yoga, Nyaya,
Vaisheshika philosophy believe in God. In Hindu religion and philosophy there are
different opinions regarding the nature of God. In this article an attempt has been made to
explain the nature of God only according to that philosophy that beliefs in God.
f~wgKv
c„w_exi AwaKvsk gvbyl wek¦vm K‡i GB RMr I Rxe m„wói wcQ‡b GK AZxw›`ªq mËv we`¨gvb| †mB
AZxw›`ªq mËv‡K Avgiv ewj Ck¦i| whwb GB wek¦RM‡Zi ¯ªóv wZwb bvbv bv‡g AwfwnZ| †KD Zuv‡K
Ck¦i, †KD fMevb, †KD Avjøvn&, †KD MW e‡j _v‡K| c„w_exi wewfbœ RvwZ, ag©, eY© Zuv‡K bvbv bv‡g
†W‡K _v‡K| c„w_exi wPšÍvkxj mKj gvby‡liB g‡b cÖkœ Rv‡M, GB wek¦RM‡Zi whwb mªóv Zuvi ¯^i~c
Kx| wZwb mvKvi bv wbivKvi, wZwb m¸Y bv wbM©yY, wZwb gvbm‡MvPi bv AevO&gbm‡MvPi| Ck¦‡ii
¯^iƒc KxÑ Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j AZxw›`ªq Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| mvabvq wmw×cÖvß gywb-Fwliv AZxw›`ªq Áv‡bi
AwaKvix| ZuvivB cv‡ib Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc Rvb‡Z| Z‡e Zuv‡`i g‡a¨I Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© gZ‡f`
j¶¨ Kiv hvq| KviY huv‡K Avgiv †Pv‡L †`L‡Z cvB bv, ai‡Z cvwi bv, Quy‡Z cvwi bv, †Kej Abyfe
Ki‡Z cvwi Zuvi ¯^iƒc wbY©q Kiv `ytmva¨B e‡U| †Kvb †Kvb ag© I `k©b Avevi Ck¦‡ii Aw ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi
K‡i bv| †e․× I •Rb a‡g© Ck¦‡ii Aw ÍZ¡ †bB| Pve©vK, mvsL¨ I gxgvsmv `k©bI Ck¦‡ii Aw ÍZ¡
¯^xKvi K‡i bv| wKš‧ †e`všÍ, †hvM, b¨vq I •e‡kwlK `k©b Ck¦‡ii Aw ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i| †e`všÍ `k©b
Dcwbl‡`i wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ| wn›`y ag© I `k©‡b †hLv‡b Ck¦‡ii Aw ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi
Av‡jv‡K eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| huviv Ck¦‡ii Aw ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv
Zuv‡`i hyw³ GLv‡b Av‡jvP¨ welq bq| †h me wn›`y `k©b Ck¦‡ii Aw ÍÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i Zvi Av‡jv‡KB
eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q GB wek¦RM‡Zi
¯ªóv whwb Zuv‡K †KD Ck¦i, †KD fMevb, †KD Avjøvn, †KD ev MW e‡j _v‡K| Ck¦i k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ
A_© ‡kÖô, cÖfz, ¯vgx BZ¨vw`|
Ck+eiP&= Ck¦i| wn›`ykv‡¯¿ Ck¦i bvbv Awfavq AwfwnZ| fw³ev`xiv Ck¦i‡K fMevb e‡j WvK‡Z
fvjev‡mb| †e` Ges Dcwbl‡` wZwb eªþ, cigvZ¥v cÖf…wZ Awfavq AwfwnZ|
cÖ‡dmi, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
344
†e`, Dcwbl` I †e`všÍ `k©‡b Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc
‡e` wn›`y‡`i g~j ag©MÖš| Ô‡e‡`vÕwL‡jv ag©g~js.......Õ|1 †e`‡K AvkÖq K‡i iwPZ n‡q‡Q wewfbœ wn› y
ag©kv ¿ I `k©b| Dcwbl` †e‡`i ÁvbKvÐ| Dcwbl`‡K wfwË K‡i iwPZ n‡q‡Q †e`všÍ `k©b|
kÖxg™¢Me`&MxZv Mvfxiƒc Dcwbl‡`i Ag„Z ev `y»¯^iƒc| fviZxq lo `k©‡bi wfwËI †e`| cyivYmg~‡n
†`eZvev` †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †`eZviv †mB cig mËviB wewfbœ iƒc‡f`gvÎ|
F‡M¦`mswnZvq wewfbœ †`eZvi ¯‧wZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| •ew`K †`eZviv wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK kw³iB wewfbœ
cÖKvk| AwMœ, eiæY, evqy, m~h©, Elv cÖf…wZ †`eZv cÖvK…wZK kw³iB cÖwZf~| Z‡e Gme †`eZviv GK
cig mËviB wewfbœ cÖKvk| F‡M¦`mswnZvi cÖ_g gЇj ejv n‡q‡QÑ
GKs mwØcÖv eûav e`wšÍ AwMœs hgs gvZwik¦vbgvût|2
A_©vr †mB m &e¯‧ ev eªþ GK, we‡cÖiv Zuv‡K eû e‡j _v‡Kb|
•ZwËixq Dcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ
gvb‡ei evK¨ I gb huv‡K bv †c‡q wd‡i wd‡i Av‡m Zuvi ¯iƒc wbY©q Kiv `ytmva¨|
Òh‡Zv ev‡Pv wbeZ©‡šÍ| AcÖvc¨ gbmv mn|Ó3
ivgc` P‡Ævcva¨vq Zuvi †e`všÍ cÖ‡ek MÖ‡š e‡jb,
Òwhwb e‡jb †h, wZwb eªþ‡K Rvwbqv‡Qb, wZwb eªþZË¡ m¤‡Ü m¤ú~Y© AÁ, whwb ey‡Sb †h eªþZË¡
wPšÍvq AvqË Kwievi e¯‧ bq, wZwb eªþZ‡Ë¡i K_wÂr ü`q½g Kwiqv‡Qb|Ó4
†K‡bvcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ
Òhm¨vgZs Zm¨ gZs gZs hm¨ b †e` mt|Ó5
A_©vr whwb g‡b K‡ib Avwg eªþ‡K Rvb‡Z cvwiwb e¯‧Z wZwbB Zuv‡K †R‡b‡Qb| Avi whwb g‡b K‡ib
Avwg eªþ‡K †R‡bwQ wZwb Zuv‡K Rv‡bb bv|
eªþÁvb `ytmva¨ n‡jI mva‡Kiv Zuvi ¯^iƒc Rvb‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb| hyM hyM a‡i Zuviv mvabv K‡i‡Qb
Zuv‡K Rvb‡Z Ges †c‡Z| mvabvi Øviv A‡bK gnr KvR mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i| mvaK‡`i g‡Zv
`vk©wb‡KivI GB Rxeb I RM‡Zi AšÍiv‡j †h gnZx mËv i‡q‡Qb Zuvi ¯^iƒc Rvb‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
`vk©wb‡KivI cÖK…Zc‡¶ mvaK| `k©b n‡”Q eyw×i Av‡jv‡K m‡Z¨i AbymÜvb (an intellectual quest
for truth)| cvðv˨ `vk©wb‡Kiv cÖavbZ eyw×i (Intution) Øviv Ges fviZxq `vk©wb‡Kiv Ava¨vwZ¥K
Ávb (Spritual knowledge) Øviv Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc Rvb‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
Dcwbl‡`i Fwliv Ô†bwZ †bwZÕ (b BwZ, b BwZ) K‡i eª‡þi ¯^iƒc Rvb‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb| e„n`viY¨K
Dcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ
ÒZ`¶isMvwM©,eªvþYvAwfe`šÍ ¯~jgbY¦n« ^g`xN©g‡jvwnZg‡¯œng”QvqgZ‡gvÕevh¦bvKvkgm½gimgMÜgP
ÿz®‥g‡kÖvÎg& AevMg‡bvÕ‡ZR®‥KgcÖvYggyLgvÎgbšÍigevn¨s b Z`kœvwZ wKsPb b Z`kœvwZ Kðb|Ó6
A_©vr hvÁeé¨ ej‡jb, †n MvwM©Ñ †mB eªþ ¯~j bb, AYy bb, n«¯ bb, `xN© bb, †jvwnZ bb, †mœn bb,
Qvqv bb, Zgt bb, evqy bb, AvKvk bb, im bb, kã bb, MÜ bb, P¶z bb, †kªvÎ bb, evK¨ bb, gb
bb, †ZRt bb, cÖvY bb, gyL bb, gvÎv bb, AšÍi bb, evwni bb, AZGe wZwb wbwe©‡kl|
Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc : wn›`y ag©-`k©‡bi Av‡jv‡K GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
345
gvÐ~K¨ Dcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ
ÒbvšÍtcÖÁs b ewntcÖÁs †bvfqZtcÖÁs b cÖÁvbNbs b cÖÁs bvcÖÁg&| A`„k¨g& Ae¨envh©g&
AMÖvn¨gj¶Yg& AwPšÍ g& Ae¨c‡`k¨g& GKvZ¥cÖZ¨qmvis cÖc‡Âvckgs kvšÍs wkes A‣ØZs PZz_©s
gb¨‡šÍ| m AvZ¥v m we‡Áqt|Ó7
A_©vr Bwb ewnwe©l‡qi ÁvZv bb, AšÍwe©l‡qi ÁvZvI bb, RvMÖZ I ¯^cœve¯vi ga¨eZ©x bb, mylyß
Ae¯vq cÖÁvmg„× bb, me©Á bb, A‣Pb¨I bb| Bwb `k©‡bi AZxZ, †j․wKK e¨env‡ii AZxZ,
Bw›`ª‡qi AMÖvn¨, Abygv‡bi AZxZ, j¶‡Yi AZxZ, g‡bi A‡MvPi, cÖgvY ewnf©~Z, GKgvÎ AvZ¥viƒ‡cB
Bwb Abyfe‡hvM¨, RMr PivPi n‡Z Bwb wfbœ| Bwb kvšÍ, wke, A‣ØZ| Z uv‡KB AvZ¥v e‡j Rvb‡e|
†K‡bvcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ
b ZÎ PÿyM©”QwZ b evM&M”QwZ †bv g‡bv
b we‡Ùv b weRvbx‡gv h‣_Z`bywkl¨vr
Ab¨‡`e Z &wew`Zv`‡_v Awew`Zv`wa
BwZ ïkÖƒg c~‡e©lvs †h b Í`& e¨vPPwÿ‡i|Ó8
†mB eª‡þ Pÿz Mgb K‡i bv A_©vr Zuv‡K Pÿz Øviv †`Lv hvq bv| evK¨ Øviv Zuv‡K cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv,
gb ØvivI Zuv‡K wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv| wZwb Bw›`ªq I g‡bi A‡MvPi| †h cÖKv‡i AvPvh© eªþ wel‡q
Dc‡`k †`b ZvI Rvwb bv| GB eªþ Bw›`ªq Øviv wew`Z mg Í e¯‧ n‡Z c„_K, Bw›`ªqvw`i A‡MvPi
wel‡qiI Dc‡i| †h me c~e©Mvgx AvPvh© eªþwel‡q Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb Zuv‡`‡i wbKU †_‡K G K_vB
Avgiv ï‡bwQ|
gyÐK Dcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ
b Pÿzlv M„n¨‡Z bvwc evPv bv‣b¨‡`©‣e¯Ícmv Kg©Yv ev|
ÁvbcÖmv‡`b weï×mË¡¯ÍZ¯‧ Zs ck¨‡Z wb®‥js a¨vqgvbt\9
A_©vr ‡mB eªþ‡K Pÿz Øviv MÖnY Kiv hvq bv, evK¨ ØvivI wZwb MÖnYxq
K‡Vvcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ
Akãg¯úk©g& Aiƒcge¨qs
Z_vims wbZ¨gMÜg”P hr|
Abv`¨šÍs gnZt cis aªæes
wbPvh¨ Zs g„Zz¨gyLvr cÖgyP¨‡Z\10
A_©vr whwb kã, ¯úk©, iƒc, im I MÜ ¸Y ewR©Z, whwb wbZ¨ Ae¨q, whwb Avw`nxb I AšÍnxb, whwb
gnr ZË¡ n‡ZI †kªô, Zuv‡KB AvZ¥v‡K Rvb‡Z cvi‡j Rxe g„Zz¨i AwaKvi †_‡K m¤ú~Y© gy³ nq |
Dcwbl‡`i Fwliv Gfv‡e †bwZ †bwZ K‡i eªþ‡K Rvb‡Z PvB‡jI Ae‡k‡l e‡j‡Qb,
ÒZ‡`Z & eªþ Ac~e©g& Abcig& AbšÍig& Aevn¨g& Aqg& AvZ¥v eªþ me©vbyf~wiZ¨bykvmbg&|Ó11
A_©vr GB AvZ¥vB Bw›`ªq, GB AvZ¥vB eû I AbšÍ| BwbB eªþ, KviYiwnZ, Kvh©iwnZ, AšÍiiwnZ,
evn¨iwnZ; GB AvZ¥vB eªþ I me©vbyf~| BnvB Abykvmb|
Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ Òme©s Lwj¦`s eªþ|Ó12
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
346
A_©vr wek¦RM‡Zi meB eªþ|
Òm Ge Aa Ívr m Dcweóvr m cðvr m cyi¯Ívr m `w¶YZt m DËiZt m G‡e`s me©g &|Ó13
A_©vr wZwb A‡av‡`‡k, DaŸ©‡`‡k, wZwb cðv‡Z, wZwb m¤§y‡L, wZwb `w¶‡Y, wZwb Dˇi, wZwb me©Î
Av‡Qb|
eªþ mw”P`vb›`¯iƒc, wZwb mr¯^iƒc, wZwbB GKgvÎ mZ¨Ñ ÒmZ¨s ÁvbgbšÍs eªþÓ|14
e„n`viY¨‡Kvcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, GKLÐ jeY R‡j †dj‡j †hgb Zv R‡jB wejxb nq, Avi Zv Zz‡j
Avbv hvq bv; wKš‧ †Kv‡bv ¯vb †_‡K Rj wb‡j Zv‡Z jeY¯^v` cvIqv hvq, †Zgwb GB gnvf~Z AbšÍ,
Acvi I weÁvbgq| GB me©f~Z n‡Z RxevZ¥v DwÌZ n‡q Zv‡ZB Avevi wejxb nq| g„Zy¨i ci Avi
msÁv _v‡K bv|15
•ZwËixq Dcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ hv †_‡K GB AwLj f~ZeM© Drcbœ nq, Drcbœ n‡q hvi Øviv ewa©Z nq
Ges webvkKv‡j hv‡Z Mgb K‡i I hv‡Z wejxb nq, wZwbB eªþ|16
Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, GB me wKQzB eªþ, KviY Zuvi †_‡KB mg Í wKQz Drcbœ nq, Zv‡ZB
jxb nq Ges Zuv‡ZB RxweZ _v‡K|17
Ck¦‡ii m¸YZ¡ I wbM©yYZ¡
Dcwbl‡`i Fwliv eªþ‡K m¸Y Ges wbM©yY `yÕfv‡eB †`‡L‡Qb| Zuviv wbM©yY eªþ‡K ÔZrÕ Ges m¸Y
eªþ‡K ÔmtÕ kã w`‡q cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| DfqB GK| Df‡qi g‡a¨ †Kej fv‡ei cÖ‡f`| gvqv e‡j
wbM©yY eªþ m¸Y nb| EY©bvf †hgb Rvj eywb‡q †mB Rv‡j wb‡R‡K Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L, †Zgwb wbM©yY eªþ
gvqvRv‡j Avcbv‡K Ave„Z †i‡L m¸Y nb| •e`vwšÍK I A‣ØZev‡`i cÖev`cyiæl k¼ivPvh© Ck¦‡ii
¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb, eªþ wbZ¨, ï×, ey×, gy³, AbšÍ, Amxg I wbM©yY| eªþ Ges AvZ¥vi
g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB, AvZ¥vB eªþÑ ÒRx‡ev eª‣þe bvcitÓ| eªþ I AvZ¥v mgv_©K| AZ& avZzi A_©
me©e¨vcx| Ar+gwbb&= AvZ¥v| whwb me©e¨vcx wZwbB AvZ¥v| e„n`viY¨K Dcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ whwb
AvZ¥v wZwb Aek¨B eªþ| Bwb ARi, Agi, Ag„Z, Afq eªþ|18
k¼ivPvh© wQ‡jb †Kejv‣ØZev`x| Zuvi g‡Z, eªþB GKgvÎ mZ¨, RMr wg_¨v Ges Rxe eªþ¯^iƒcÑ
Òeªþ mZ¨s RMwb¥_¨v, Rxe eª‣þe bvcit|Ó eªþ mr, wPr I Avb›`¯^iƒc| k¼‡ii g‡Z yB cÖKvi
`„wófw½ n‡Z eªþ‡K wePvi Kiv hvq| h_v, e¨envwiK `„wófw½ I cvigvw_©K `„wófw½| cvigvw_©K
`„wófw½ nj Ávb-cÖm~Z| e¨envwiK `„wófw½‡Z GB RMr mZ¨ Ges eªþB GB RM‡Zi m„wóKZ©v,
i¶vKZ©v Ges msnviKZ©v| G `„wó‡Z eªþ bvbvwea ¸Yevb| GB eªþ‡KB k¼i m¸Y eªþ ev Ck¦i
e‡j‡Qb| GB Ck¦‡iiB Avgiv c~RvP©bv K‡i _vwK| cvigvw_©K `„wófw½‡Z eªþ wbivKvi I wb ©Y| Zuvi
†Kvb cÖKvi ‡f` †bB| G `„wó‡Z eªþ‡K ÔcieªþÕ (Supreme Lord) ejv n‡q‡Q| k¼‡ii g‡Z eªþ
wbM©yY e‡j k~b¨ bq|19
wZwb Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl‡`i fv‡l¨ e‡j‡Qb, g›`gwZivB wbM©yY eªþ‡K k~b¨ e‡j
_v‡Kb| eªþ c~Y©¯iƒc| Av‡jvPbvi mgq Avgiv GB wbM©yY eªþ‡KB bvg-iƒc Ges Kg©Øviv we‡kwlZ
Kwi| mr, wPr I Avb›` eª‡þi ¯^iƒc-jÿY Ges ¯ªóv, iÿK, msnviK Zuvi ZU¯-jÿY| †e`všÍg‡Z
eª‡þi ywU iƒcÑ cieªþ I Acieªþ| cieªþ nj wbM©yY eªþ Ges Acieªþ nj mMyY eªþ|
Òcieªþ wbwe©‡kl, Dcvwanxb I wbM©yY| Acieªþ nj Awe‡kl, Dcvwahy³ Ges m¸Y| cieªþ nj
Awe‡kwlZ Ges `y‡Á©q| Acic‡ÿ Acieªþ nj we‡kwlZ I †Áq| cieªþ nj wb®úÖcÂ, Acieªþ nj
Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc : wn›`y ag©-`k©‡bi Av‡jv‡K GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
347
mcÖcÂ| cieªþ nj A-‣`wkK, A-KvwjK I KviYiwnZ| Acieªþ nj •`wkK, KvwjK Ges RMr m„wói
KviY| cieªþ mr, wPr I Avb›`¯^iƒc|Ó20
wewkóv‣ØZev‡`i cÖeZ©K ivgvby‡Ri g‡Z eªþB Pig mZ¨ I mËv| eªþvwZwi³ ev eªþ wfbœ †Kvb mËv
†bB| eª‡þi ywU Awew”Qbœ AskÑ wPr I AwPr| m„wóKv‡j eª‡þi AwPr Ask wewfbœ Roe¯‧‡Z cwiYZ
nq| wewfbœ RxevZ¥v eª‡þi wPr Ask| wPr I AwPr Ask Ae¨³iƒ‡c hLb eª‡þ Ae¯vb K‡i ZLb
Zuv‡K ÔKviY-eªþÕ ejv nq| Avi RMrm„wóKv‡j hLb eª‡þi AwPr Ask RoRM‡Z cwiYZ nq Ges wPr
Ask RxevZ¥viƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq ZLb Zuv‡K ÔKvh©-eªþÕ ejv nq|
†e`v‡šÍi cieªþ I Acieª‡þi e¨vL¨v kÖxg™¢Me`&MxZvq GKUz wfbœfv‡e †`qv n‡q‡Q| MxZvq eªþ ev
cigvZ¥v‡K cyiæliƒ‡c AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvsL¨ `k©‡bI AvZ¥v‡K cyiæl ejv n‡q‡Q|21
fMe`&MxZvq
wZb cÖKvi cyiæ‡li K_v ejv n‡q‡QÑ (1) ÿicyiæl (2) Aÿicyiæl I (3) cyiæ‡lvËg|
Øvwe‡g․ cyiæ‡l․ †jv‡K ÿiðvÿi Ge P|22
ÿit me©vwY f~Zvwb K~U‡¯vÕÿi DP¨‡Z \
Bn‡jv‡K ÿi I Aÿi GB yB cyiæl cÖwm× Av‡Q| me©f~‡Z weivRgvb cyiæl n‡”Qb ÿi cyiæl Avi
K~U¯ ev AweKvix cyiæl Aÿi cyiæl e‡j Kw_Z|
h¯§vr ÿigZx‡ZvÕgÿiv`wc †PvËgt|
A‡ZvÕw¯§ †jv‡K †e‡` P cÖw_Zt cyiæ‡lvËgt \23
†h‡nZz Avwg (kÖxK…ò) ÿ‡ii AZxZ Ges Aÿi n‡ZI DËg, ZvB †jvK-e¨env‡i Ges †e‡` Avwg
cyiæ‡lvËg e‡j L¨vZ|
ÿi cyiæl n‡”Q cigvZ¥v ev cieª‡þi cwiYvgx iƒc| †PZb Ges A‡PZb mKj f~Z (me©f~Zvwb) Rj-
ey`&ey‡`i b¨vq Zuvi (cieªþ) †_‡KB Drcbœ n‡q Zv‡ZB wejxb nq| cieª‡þi ÿifve ev AcwiYvgx
(weKviiwnZ), wbwe©‡kl, K~U¯ I wbM©yY iƒcB Aÿi-cyiæl| Avi cyiæ‡lvËgfv‡e wZwb wbM©yY n‡qI
m¸Y; m„wó-w¯wZ-cÖj‡qi AwaKZ©v, hÁ-Zcm¨vi †fv³v|
MxZvkv¯¿x kÖxRM`xkP› ª †Nvl kÖxAiwe‡›`i D×…wZ w`‡q GB wZb cÖKvi cyiæ‡li e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb
Gfv‡eÑ
Òÿi nB‡Z‡Q mPj, cwiYvgxÑ AvZ¥vi eûf~Z eûiƒ‡c †h cwiYvg, Zvnv‡KB ÿicyiæl ejv nB‡Z‡Q|
GLv‡b cyiæl ewj‡Z fMev‡bi eûiƒc (Multiplicity of the Divine Being) eySvB‡Z‡QÑ cyiæl GB
cÖK…wZ nB‡Z ¯^Zš¿ b‡n, Bnv cÖK…wZiB AšÍM©Z| Aÿi nB‡Z‡Q APj, AcwiYvgx, bxie, wbw®…q cyiælÑ
Bnv fMev‡bi GK-iƒc (The Unity of the Divine Being), cÖK…wZi ¯^vÿx; wKš‧ cÖK…wZ I Zvnvi Kvh©
nB‡Z GB cyiæl gy³| ci‡gk¦i, cieªþ, cigcyiælB DËg, DwjøwLZ cwiYvgx eûZ¡ I AcwiYvgx GKZ¡
GB `yB-B Dˇgi| Zuvnvi cÖK…wZi, Zuvnvi kw³i weivU wµqvi e‡j, Zuvnvi B”Qv I cÖfv‡ei e‡kB wZwb
wb‡R‡K msmv‡i e¨³ Kwiqv‡Qb| Avevi gnvb& bxieZv I APjZvi Øviv wb‡R‡K ¯^Zš¿ wbwj©ß
ivwLqv‡Qb; Z_vwc wZwb cyiæ‡lvËgiƒ‡c cÖK„wZ nB‡Z ¯^Zš¿Zv Ges cÖK…wZ‡Z wjßZv GB `yB‡qiB
Dc‡i|Ó24
fMe`&MxZvq cyiæ‡lvËg ev ci‡gk¦‡ii ¯^iƒc‡K AviI bvbvfv‡e e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| MxZvq whwb Ae¨³,
†e`všÍ `k©‡b wZwb wbM©yY ev cieªþ| Avevi †e`všÍ `k©‡b whwb m¸Y ev Acieªþ MxZvq wZwb e¨³ ev
ÿicyiæl|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
348
gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv‡_i AwfgZ
gnvZ¥v Myiæbv_ Ck¦‡ii m¸YZ¡ Ges wbM©yYZ¡ wfbœ `„wó†KvY †_‡K wePvi K‡i‡Qb| m¸Y ej‡Z mvaviYZ
Avgiv ¸Yhy³ c`v_©‡K ey‡S _vwK Ges wbM©yY ej‡j ¸Ynxb c`v_© ev hvi †Kvb ¸Y †bB Zv‡K ey‡S
_vwK| wKš‧ RM‡Z ¸Y wfbœ †Kvb c`v_© †bB| Avgiv †h mg¯Í c`v_©‡K `ªe¨ e‡j we‡ePbv Kwi, †m me
c`v_© KZK¸‡jv ¸YmgwógvÎ| RM‡Zi hveZxq c`v_©B Ck¦‡ii m¸Y Ask †_‡K m„ó| Ck¦i †h‡nZz
¸Ygq ZvB Zvui Askf~Z e¯‧wbPqI ¸Ymshy³| w¶wZ, Ac, †ZR, giær, †e¨vg, Zzwg, Avwg cÖf„wZ
mg Í c`v_©B KZK¸‡jv ¸‡Yi mgwógvÎ| •e‡kwlK `k©‡b ªe¨ Ges Zvi ¸Y‡K Avjv`v wn‡m‡e †`Lv
n‡q‡Q| ZvB Avgiv e‡j _vwK, Kv‡ôi ¸Y, R‡ji ¸Y, AwMœi ¸Y, AvZ¥vi ¸Y BZ¨vw`| Avgiv ewj bv
†h, Kvô¸Y, Rj¸Y, AwMœ¸Y, AvZ¥¸Y| myZivs `ªe¨ Ges Zvi ¸Y c„_K| gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv_ G gZ
mg_©b K‡ib bv| wZwb e‡jbÑ
Ò`ªe¨ Ges Zvi ¸Y ev ÍweK GKB c`v_©| cÖ‡f` GB †h ¸Y e¨vwófve-ÁvcK Ges `ªe¨ ¸‡Yi
mgwócÖKvkK| `ªe¨ ewj‡j K,L, M, N, BZ¨vw` ¸Y-mgwó eySvq, Avi ¸Y ewj‡j, nq ÔKÕ, bv nq ÔLÕ
BZ¨vw` wfbœ wfbœ ev wfbœ wfbœ AwfcÖvqvbymv‡i D”PvwiZ ¸Y ev ¸Yvewj eySvq| Avevi ªe¨gvÎB †h ¸‡Yi
Avavi, Zvnv‡ZI m‡›`n bvB| †Kb bv H ¸Y-mgwóB cÖ‡Z¨K ¸‡Yi Avavi| myZivs G wek¦eªþv‡Ði whwb
m„wó-w¯wZ I jqKZ©v wZwbI AbšÍ ¸‡YiB Avavi|Ó25
wZwb e‡jb AviI,
ÒG RM‡Z hv wKQz Av‡Q meB ¸Yhy³ I ¸Ygq| ¸Y wfbœ †Kvb ªe¨ bvB, ¸Y e¨ZxZ †Kvb wµqv n‡Z
cv‡i bv| †h ª‡e¨i wµqv n‡e ZvB ¸Ymgwó| `ªe¨Z¡vw` RvwZI ¸Ymv‡c¶| c`v‡_©i m¤^ÜI ¸Y Qvov
Am¤¢e| Afve c`v_©I ¸Y ev ¸Ymgwó wfbœ Ab¨ wKQz nIqvi m¤¢vebv †bB| wK Ro c`v_©, wK AvZ¥v,
†hw`‡K ZvKv‡bv hvq, †`Lv hv‡e meB ¸Ymgwó| wK m„ó, wK mªóv, hvi welqB fvev †nvK bv †Kb, †`Lv
hv‡e meB MyYmgwó| AZGe †h ¸Y n‡Z m„wó, †h ¸‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó, †h ¸Y Øviv m„wó, †h ¸‡Y‡Z m„wó,
†h ¸Y m¤^‡Ü m„wó, †h ¸Y mªóv I †h ¸YB m„ó, †mB wbwLj RM‡Zi GKgvÎ cig c`v_©, †mB AbšÍ
eªþv‡Ði AwØZxq c`v_©I †h ¸Ygq Zv‡Z Avi m‡›`n wK|Ó26
Ck¦i wbM©yY ej‡Z Ck¦i‡K ¸Ynxb eySvq bv| ¸iæbv‡_i g‡Z huvi AbšÍ ¸‡Yi mg¨K Ávb ev AeaviY
G ch©šÍ KviI nqwb Ges n‡ZI cv‡i bv, wZwbB wbM©yY| cvwYwb e¨vKi‡Yi evwË©KKvi KvZ¨vqb
wj‡L‡Qb, Òc~eŸ©-c`všÍM©Zm¨ cÖvw`f¨t cim¨ DËifvMm¨ avZzRm¨ ev †jvctÓ| A_©vr cÖvw`i (cÖ,civ,
wbi&, `yi& cÖf„wZi) ciw¯Z c~e© c`všÍM©Z DËifvM hw` avZz †_‡K Drcbœ nq, Z‡e eûeªxwn mgv‡m Zvi
weK‡í †jvc nq| †hgb, cÖ-cwZZs cY©s h¯§vr mt cÖcwZZcY©t cÖc‡Y©v ev (e„¶t)| G wbqgvbymv‡i
gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv_ ÔwbM©yYÕ c‡`i e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ
ÒwbweŸ©w`Zvt wb‡e©`¨vt ev (wbieavwiZvt wbieavh©¨vt ev BqËqv msL¨qv ev) ¸Yvt hm¨ Zr wbM©yYt, Z‣¯§
wbM©yYvqÓ|27
A_©vr wbwe©w`Z ev AÁvZ n‡q‡Q ¸Y huvi A_ev G ch©šÍ huvi ¸Yivwk msL¨vq AeavwiZ nqwb, wZwb
wbM©yY| myZivs wbM©yY k‡ãi ØvivI Ck¦i‡K ¸YgqB eySvq|
†hvM `k©‡b Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, Ck¦i cigcyiæl; wZwb Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY cyiæl n‡Z wfbœ|
mvsL¨ `k©‡b AvZ¥v‡K cyiæl ejv n‡q‡Q| †`niƒc cywi‡Z whwb evm K‡ib wZwb cyiæl A_©vr RxevZ¥v|
Dcwbl` I Ab¨vb¨ `k©‡b GB AvZ¥v‡K yB fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v, RxevZ¥v I cigvZ¥v|
cigvZ¥vB me©kw³gvb Ck¦i| †hvM `k©‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, mvaviY cyiæl ev RxevZ¥v Awe`¨v, Aw¯§Zv,
Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc : wn›`y ag©-`k©‡bi Av‡jv‡K GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
349
Kg©dj, evmbv cÖf…wZi Øviv cÖcxwoZ| wKš‧ Ck¦i Gm‡ei D‡aŸ©| wZwb GK I AwØZxq| wZwb
me©kw³gvb, me©Á, c~Y©, Abvw` I AbšÍ| Zuvi B”QvqB GB RMr P‡j| wZwb RM‡Zi kvmK|
b¨vq `k©‡bI cigvZ¥v‡K Ck¦i ejv n‡q‡Q Ges wZwb me©Á I me©kw³gvb| wZwb RM‡Zi ¯ªóv, iÿK
I msnviK| cigvYy, †`k, Kvj, AvKvk, gb I AvZ¥v RM‡Zi Dcv`vb KviY; Ck¦i wbwgË KviY|
•e‡kwlK `k©‡bi cÖwZôvZv gnwl© KYv` Zuvi Ô•e‡kwlK m~‡ÎÕ Ck¦i m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Av‡jvPbv K‡ibwb|
wKš‧ cieZ©xKv‡ji •e‡kwlK fvl¨KviMY Ck¦‡ii Aw ͇Z¡i c‡ÿ hyw³ w`‡q‡Qb| Zu‡`i fv‡l¨ Ck¦‡ii
¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, Ck¦i me©Á I me©e¨vcx| wZwb mKj cÖKvi ivM, †Øl I ms¯‥vigy³| Ck¦i
RM‡Zi wbwgË KviY Avi cigvYy RM‡Zi Dcv`vb KviY| Ck¦i I cigvYy mn-Ae¯vbKvix|
Ck¦‡ii GKZ¡ I eûZ¡
wn›`yiv eû †`e‡`exi c~Rv K‡i _v‡Kb| ZvB A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib wn› yiv eû Ck¦‡i wek¦vmx| wKš‧ wn› y
kv¯¿ I `k©b ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GB wek¦RM‡Zi whwb ¯ªóv, cÖwZcvjK I iÿvKZ©v wZwb
GK| a‡g©i BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ag©Rxe‡bi cÖ_g ¯Í‡i gvbyl eû †`e‡`exi Aw¯Í‡Z¡
wek¦vm KiZ| m„wói Avw` †_‡KB gvby‡li g‡b Ck¦i m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv M‡o D‡V‡Q| cÖv‣MwZnvwmK
hy‡Mi gvbyl ÁvbweÁv‡b DbœZ wQj bv| †Kvb †Kvb g‡Z, fq Ges A‡j․wKK wek¦vm †_‡K Ck¦‡ii
aviYv Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q| Avw`g gvbyl P› ª, m~h©, MÖn, b¶Î, AvKvk, b`-b`x, mvMi, Rjcøveb, gnvgvix,
f~K¤úb, So cÖf„wZi •bmwM©K e¯‧i iƒc I kw³ †`‡L f‡q I we¯§‡q Awff~Z n‡q‡Q| ZLb Zviv
Gme‡KB Ck¦i e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Q| gvby‡li Ávb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ aviYviI cwieZ©b nq| Zvici
gvbyl wek¦vm K‡i G m‡ei wcQ‡b GK AwZeZx© mËv we`¨gvb| †mB AwZeZ©x mËvB Ck¦i|
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cÖvPxb MÖxm, wgki I fviZe‡l©i gvby‡liv eû †`e‡`exi Aw ͇Z¡ wek¦vmx wQj| ZLbKvi
gvbyl AvKv‡ki wekvjZv, Mnxb Ai‡Y¨i MfxiZv, k¦vc` Rš‧i wnsmªZv Ges cÖK…wZi fqvenZv †`‡L
wew¯§Z n‡q‡Q Ges f‡q I AÜ wek¦v‡m cÖvK…wZK kw³‡K c~Rv K‡i‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z †m me cÖvK…wZK
kw³B GK GK Rb †`eZvq DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| GLbI wn›`yiv P›`ª, m~h©, b¶Î, MvQcvjv, wewfbœ RxeRš‧i
c~Rv K‡i _v‡K| wn›`ykv‡¯¿ wewfbœ †`e‡`exi ¯‧wZ I cÖksmv Av‡Q| cyivY mvwnZ¨ †Zv †`e‡`ex‡`i
GK weivU GbmvB‡K¬vwcwWqv| wbiæ³Kvi hv¯‥ †`eZv wePviKv‡j e‡j‡QbÑ
Ò†`eZvqv GK AvZ¥v eûav ¯Í~q‡ZÓÑ A_v©r †`eZvM‡Yi GK AvZ¥v eûiƒ‡c KxwZ©Z|28
†hgb GKB
†`‡ni wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨½ †mB †`‡niB wfbœ wfbœ Ask Ges A½vw½iƒ‡c m¤^Ü, †miƒc mKj †`e‡`ex †mB
GK AvZ¥vi wfbœ wfbœ A½-cÖZ¨½¯^iƒcÑ ÒGKm¨vZ¥‡bvÕ†b¨ †`evt cÖZ¨½vwb fewšÍÓ|29
†e‡`i mswnZv fv‡MI †`eZv‡`i ¯^iƒc m¤^‡Ü GB ZË¡ ¯úófv‡e †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b ejv
n‡q‡QÑ
ÒGKs mwØcÖv eûav e`wšÍ, AwMœs hgs gvZwik¦vbgvûtÓÑ A_©vr †mB GK kvk¦Z mËv‡K wecÖMY AwMœ,
hg, gvZwik¦v BZ¨vw` eû cÖKvi e‡j _v‡Kb|30
ÒGKs mšÍs eûav KíqwšÍÓÑ †mB GK mr‡K FwlMY eûiƒ‡c Kíbv K‡ib|31
ÒGK‡gevwØZxqs eªþÓ Ñ eªþ GK, Zvui †Kvb wØZxq †bB|32
cÖvPxb cviwmK a‡g© wØ-Ck¦iev` cÖPwjZ wQj| Zvu‡`i aviYv wQj GB RMr ïf I Aïf, fvj I g›`,
Kj¨vY I AKj¨v‡Yi mswgkªY| †h Ck¦i Kj¨v‡Yi cÖZxK Zv‡K ÔAvûi gR`vÕ Ges †h Ck¦i AKj¨v‡Yi
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
350
cÖZxK Zv‡K ÔAvwn©gvbÕ ejv nZ| Avûi gRWv me mgq gvbyl‡K Kj¨v‡Yi c‡_ wb‡q hvq Ges
Avwn©gvb gvbyl‡K AKj¨vY ev Lvivc c‡_ wb‡q hvq- GB wQj Zv‡`i aviYv|
eû-Ck¦iev` ev eû-†`eZvev` Ges wØ-Ck¦iev` bvbv †`v‡l yó| GRb¨ G‡Kk¦iev‡`i D™¢e| eZ©gv‡b
G‡Kk¦iev` AwaKvsk gvby‡li mg_©b jvf K‡i‡Q| G gZvbymv‡i Ck¦i GK I AwØZxq| wZwb Amxg,
AbšÍ, me©e¨vcx, me©kw³gvb, me©Á I c~Y©|
ci‡gk¦‡ii GKZ¡ m¤^‡Ü ¯qs m`vwke e‡j‡QbÑ
Z¡‡gKs kiY¨s Z¡‡gKs e‡iY¨s
Z¡‡gKs RMrcvjKs ¯cÖKvkg&|
Z¡‡gKs RMrKË©„-cvË©„-cÖnË©„
Z¡‡gKs cis wbõjs wbwe©eKíg&\33
cyivYKv‡iivB eªþv, weòz, wke, PÐx cÖf„wZ †`e‡`exi gvnvZ¥¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zvu‡`i‡K ci‡gk¦‡ii
Avm‡b ewm‡q‡Qb| GLbI wn› y mgv‡Ri A‡b‡K whwb †h †`eZvi f³ Zuv‡K ci‡gk¦‡‡ii Avm‡b
ewm‡q _v‡Kb| mgv‡Ri A‡b‡K Avevi gbyl¨‡`nx ¸iæ‡KI ci‡gk¦‡ii Avm‡b emv‡Z Awfjvl K‡ib|
Ck¦‡ii mvKviZ¡ I wbivKviZ¡
ci‡gk¦i mvKvi bv wbivKviÑ G e¨vcv‡iI bvbv gZ‡f` Av‡Q| wn›`ya‡g© mvKvi Ges wbivKvi Dfq
cÖKvi Dcvmbvi Aby‡gv`b Av‡Q| wn›`yag© AwZ cÖvPxb ag©| GLv‡b wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ AeZvicyiæl,
mvaK Ges `vk©wbK‡`i Avwefv©e N‡U‡Q| Zuv‡`i mvabvjä Ávb, wPšÍv-‡PZbv I `k©‡bi mgwóB
wn›`yag©| GB ag© †Kvb gZ‡KB AMÖvn¨ K‡iwb| G Kvi‡Y GB a‡g© bvbv gZ I c‡_i m„wó n‡q‡Q|
wn›`ya‡g©i ‣ewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b mvKvi DcvmbvI Av‡Q, Avevi wbivKvi
DcvmbvI Av‡Q| •ew`K hy‡M †Kvb g~wZ© c~Rv wQj bv| •ew`K †`eZviv wQ‡jb Akixix| Fwliv Zuv‡`i
iƒc Kíbv K‡i A½-cÖZ‡½i eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb e‡U, wKš‧ eZ©gvbKv‡ji g‡Zv Zvu‡`i †Kvb g~wZ© wQj bv|
ZLb hÁ‡e`x •Zwi K‡i †`eZv‡`i D‡Ï‡k hÁ Kiv n‡Zv| †mLv‡b †Kvb †`eZvi g~wZ© _vKZ bv|
Dcwbl‡`i Fwliv KLbI KLbI Ck¦i ev eª‡þi iƒc Kíbv K‡i‡Qb e‡U, wKš‧ Zv i³-gvs‡m Mov
gvbe-gvbex bq| A_ev wn›`yiv eZ©gv‡b †hfv‡e wewfbœ †`e‡`exi g~wZ© M‡o c~Rv K‡ib, †miƒc bq|
Dcwbl‡` ÔI¼viÕ kã w`‡q eª‡þi iƒc Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|34
KV, gvÐ~K¨, Qv‡›`vM¨, cÖkœ cÖf„wZ
Dcwbl‡` I¼vi (Ig&-Kvi) k‡ãi e¨vL¨v Av‡Q| gvÐ~‡K¨vcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ
Iwg‡Z¨Z`¶iwg`s me©s Z‡m¨vce¨vL¨bg& f~Zs fe`&fwel¨w`wZ|
me©‡gv¼vi Ge h”Pvb¨r wÎKvjvZxZs Z`‡c¨v¼vi Ge \35
A_©vr ÔIg&Õ cigvZ¥v ev eª‡þi cÖZxK ev bvg| G mg Í RMrB ÔIg&Õ GB A¶i¯iƒc| hv wKQz AZxZ,
eZ©gvb I fwel¨r G meB I¼vi, wÎKv‡ji AZxZ AviI hv wKQz Av‡Q ZvI I¼vi| ÔDcwbl`Õ MÖ‡š
Dch©y³ g‡š¿i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔIg&Õ kã‡K eª‡þi cÖZxK e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
kvjMÖvg‡K Aej¤b K‡i †hgb weòzc~Rv Kiv nq (GLv‡b kvjMÖvg weòzi cÖZxK) †miƒc I¼vi‡K
Aej¤^b K‡i eª‡þi Dcvmbv Kiv nq|36
wn›`ya‡g© kv³, •ke, •eòe cÖf„wZ g‡Z mvKvi Dcvmbvi weavb i‡q‡Q| G g‡Z ejv nq, Ck¦‡ii
wbivKvi fve mK‡j aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB wbK…ó‡PZv DcvmK‡`i wn‡Zi Rb¨ wbivKvi cig
mËvi i~c Kíbv Kiv nq| cÖ_‡g mvKvi Dcvmbv Ki‡j Ávb‡hvM nq, †mB Ávb‡hvM Qvov gvbyl
Ck¦‡ii ¯^iƒc : wn›`y ag©-`k©‡bi Av‡jv‡K GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
351
KLbI wbivKvi eªþ‡K aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †hvMkv ¿ cÖ‡YZv cZÄwj Ges Zuvi fvl¨Kv‡iiv
wbivKviev‡`i mg_©K n‡qI e‡j‡Qb †h, cÖ_g Ae¯vq wbM©y‡Y wPË cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †m Kvi‡Y
m¸‡Y wPË g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z nq| wPË m¸‡Y wbweó n‡j GKvMÖZv R‡b¥| ZLb DcvwmZ Ck¦‡ii
AbyMÖ‡nB mgvwa‡hvM wm× n‡e| gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv_ wb‡RB mvKviev‡`i c‡¶ hyw³ D‡jøL K‡i Zv Avevi
LÐb K‡i e‡j‡QbÑ
ÒCk¦i †h wbivKvi, Zvnv †hgb hyw³wm×, †ZgbB kv¯¿wm×| mvKviev‡`i AbyK~‡j wbgœwjwLZ evK¨wbPq
wjwce× nB‡Z cv‡iÑ huvnvi Ávbvwfgvb Av‡Q, wZwb mvKvi bv gvwb‡ZI cv‡ib| wKš‧, †n f³, †n
†cÖwgK! Zzwg wKQz‡ZB mvKvi bv gvwbqv cvi bv| hLb Afxó-`k©bv‡_© †Zvgvi AwZ gnZx evmbv RvwM‡e,
hLb Zzwg Aviva¨ †`e‡K bqb-†MvPi bv Kwiqv •ah©¨ aviY Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e bv, cÖZy¨Z gyûgy©nyt †gvncÖvß
nB‡e, hLb †Zvgvi bqb-hyMj nB‡Z M½v-mwj‡ji b¨vq †e‡M AkÖæaviv cwZZ nB‡e, gy‡L nvnvKvi-kã
nB‡Z _vwK‡e, wK Kwi‡ZQ, wK bv Kwi‡ZQ, wKQziB w`‡K j¶¨ _vwK‡e bv, †Kej Ônv bv_! nv †`eÕ!
ewjqv fxgbv‡` PxrKvi, µ›`b, I û¼vi Kwi‡Z _vwK‡e, ZLb wK ‡Kn †Zvgv‡K eySvB‡Z cvwi‡e †h,
†Zvgvi Dcvm¨ †`e‡K Zzwg KLbI †`wL‡Z cvB‡e bv? A_ev †Kn Hiƒc ewj‡j wK Zywg Zvnvi K_v mZ¨
ewjqv KLbI MÖnY Kwi‡e? KLbB b‡n| ¸‡Yi g‡a¨ fw³ I †cÖg AwZ cÖavb, myZivs ¸Yxi g‡a¨ f³ I
†cÖwgK †kªô, †mB †kªô e¨w³iv hvnv bv gvwbqv cv‡ib bv Zvnv KLbB wg_¨v nB‡Z cv‡i bv| AZGe
mvKviev` mZ¨| mvKviev` mZ¨ ewjqv †h wbivKviev` wg_¨v Zvnv b‡n| Z‡e e³e¨ †h, Ck¦i wbivKvi
I meŸ©kw³gvb; myZivs meŸ©kw³gËv a¤§© _vKvq wZwb wbivKvi nBqvI mvKvi nB‡Z cv‡ibÓ|37
¸iæbv_ D³iƒc gšÍe¨ K‡i cybivq wbivKviev‡`i c‡¶ hyw³ w`‡q e‡j‡QbÑ
ÒBnvi Dˇi e³e¨ GB †h, wK Ávbx, wK f³, wK †cÖwgK, Bunviv ¯vej¤^¨ ¸‡Y ci‡gvrKl© cÖvß nB‡jB
H mKj ¸‡Yi Pi‡gvrKl©-¯vb A_©vr Ck¦i wbixw¶Z nb| GZwØl‡q gZvšÍi bvB| wKš‧ D³ `k©bKv‡j
wK Ck¦i †Zvgvi Avgvi g‡Zv cigvYy mgyrcbœ †`n aviY K‡ib? hw` ej, K‡ib, Z‡e †Zv wZwb
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1 kÖxhy³ cÂvbb ZK©iZœ m¤úvw`Z gbymswnZv (KwjKvZv: ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi, 1993) , 2/6 c„. 20|
2 i‡gkP›`ª `Ë Ab~w`Z F‡M¦`-mswnZv (KjKvZv: nid cÖKvkbx, 1993) 1/164/46 c„. 299|
3 AZzj P›`ª †mb, mxZvbv_ ZË¡f~lY I g‡nk P›`ª †Nvl m¤úvw`Z Dcwbl` (KjKvZv: nid cÖKvkbx, 1998) (•ZwËixq
Dcwbl`, 2/4/1) c„. 294 |
4 ivgc` P‡Ævcva¨vq, †e`všÍ cÖ‡ek (KjKvZv: dvg©v †KGjGg cÖv. wj. 1996) c„. 11|
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P›`ª †Nvl m¤úvw`Z, Dcwbl`, cÖv¸³ (†K‡bvcwbl`, 2/3,) c„. 42 |
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769|
7 Z‡`e, (gvÐ~‡K¨vcwbl`, gš¿ bs7), c„. 258|
9 Z‡`e, (†K‡bvcwbl`, 1/3), c„. 36|
9 Z‡`e, (gyÐK Dcwbl`, 3/1/8), c„. 243|
10 Z‡`e, (K‡Vvcwbl`, 1/3/15), c„. 114|
11 Z‡`e, (e„n`viY¨K Dcwbl`, 2/5/19), c„. 743|
12 Z‡`e, (Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl`, 3/14/1), c„. 493|
13 Z‡`e, (Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl`, 7/25/1), c„. 622 |
14 Z‡`e, (•ZwËixq Dcwbl`, 2/1/2), c„. 288|
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20 cÖ‡gv`eÜz †mb¸ß, fviZxq `k©b, Z…Zxq LÐ (†KvjKvZv: Gg. miKvi cvwjwks nvDR, 2006) c„. 58|
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23 Z‡`e, 15/18 c„.
24 Z‡`e, c„. 461|
25 ¸iæbv_ †mb¸ß, ZË¡Ávb, (cÖKvkKÑ Áv‡b›`ªbv_ AwaKvix, mfvcwZ, mZ¨a¤§© gnvgÐj, evsjv‡`k) 1g LÐ (Dcvmbv)
c„. 152|
26 Z‡`e, c„. 152Ñ53|
27 Z‡`e, c„. 155Ñ 56|
28 hv¯‥, wbiæ³, (KjKvZv: `wÿ‡Yk¦i ivgK…ò msN, Av`¨vcxV evjKvkÖg KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ, 1987) •`eZKvÐ, mßg
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29 Z‡`e, c„. 270|
30 cÖv¸³, F‡M¦`-mswnZv (KjKvZv, nid cÖKvkbx) 1/164/46 c„, 299|
31 Z‡`e, 10/114/5 c„. 624 |
32 cÖv¸³, (Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl`, 6/2/1), c„. 577|
33 ¸iæbv_ †mb¸ß, cÖv¸³, c„. 121|
34 IsKvi kã w`‡q eª‡þi iƒc Kíbv gvÛ~‡K¨vcwbl‡`B cÖ_g †`Lv hvq|
35 cÖv¸³, (gvÛ~‡K¨vcwbl`, gš¿ msL¨v 1) c„. 254|
36 Z‡`e, c„. 254|
37 ¸iæbv_ †mb¸ß, cÖv¸³, c„. 37|
38 Z‡`e, c„. 137
39 ¯^vgx RM`xk¦ivb›` m¤úvw`Z I Ab~w`Z kÖxkÖxPÐx (KwjKvZv: D‡Øvab Kvh©vjq, 1997) 5/34 c„. 137|
40 Z‡`e, 5/73 c„. 194|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡K mgvRfvebv
W. wecyj Kzgvi wek¦vm
Abstract: Bhāsa is a renowned dramatist of Sanskrit literature in pre-Kālidasa era.
Thirteen dramas written by him are the invaluable asset of Sanskrit literature. The drama
Avimāraka is one of them. The hero of drama is Avimāraka. His family got degraded
caste being cursed by the Sage. Living a life of low caste he also keeps implicit
relationship with his family. Then incidentally he developed deep love relationship with
princess Kurangī. The hero and the heroine’s unequal social status and caste became a
hindrance to the recognition of their marriage. In this context the hero’s real identity was
revealed through the presence and truth telling of the sage. By order of the sage the social
marriage of hero and heroine was completed. It is true that literature is bound on the
society. That is why a picture of the society can be found through the analysis of
litlerature. The drama Avimāraka by Bhāsa is not an exception. Therefore, a picture of
the contemporary society can be found through the analysis of this play’s characters,
dialogues and plot. The picture of that social life is neatly presented step by step in this
paper.
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GK_v ejv hvq †h, bvU¨Kvi fvm gnvKwe Kvwj`v‡mi c~‡e© Avwef©~Z n‡qwQ‡jb| KviY, Kvwj`v‡mi
gvjweKvwMœwgÎ bvU‡Ki cÖ¯Ívebvq fv‡mi bvg DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b Kvwj`vm wb‡R‡K eZ©gvb
mg‡qi Ges fvm‡K cyivZb Kv‡ji Kve¨Kvi e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb7| Avevi,fv‡mi bvU‡K Ak‡Nv‡li
iPbvi cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Ak^‡Nv‡li ey×Pwi‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q
ÒKvôs wn g_œb& jf‡Z ûZvks f~wgs Lbb& we›`wZ Pvwc †Zvqg& \
wbe©wÜbt wKÂb bv ͨvmva¨s b¨v‡qb hy³s P K…Zs P me©g& \Ó8
(KvV Nl‡j Av¸b, gvwU Lyuo‡j Rj cvIqv hvq| cÖPÐ AvMÖnkxj e¨w³i Kv‡Q wKQzB Amva¨ bq|
b¨v‡qi mv‡_ wZwb mewKQzB jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib|)
fv‡mi cÖwZÁv‡hŠMÜivq‡Y ejv n‡q‡Q-
ÒKvôv`wMœR©vq‡Z g_¨gvbv`&f~wg‡¯Ívqs Lb¨gvbv ``vwZ|
†mvrmvnvbvs bv¯Í¨mva¨s bivYvs gvM©viävt me©hZœvt djwšÍ \Ó9
(KvV Nl‡j Av¸b m„wó nq, gvwU Lyuo‡j Rvj`vb K‡i| Drmvnhy³ cyiæ‡li Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv wKQzB Amva¨
bq| gvby‡li me ïf †Póv myc‡_ cwiPvwjZ n‡j mvdj¨ Aek¨B Av‡m|)
Dch©y³ †køvK`ywUi kã I A_© we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq, fv‡mi iPbvq Ak‡Nv‡li cÖfve i‡q‡Q10
|
AZGe fvm Ak‡Nv‡li cieZx©| GLb, cÖkœ n‡jv fvm wK Kvwj`v‡mi KvQvKvwQ, bvwK Ak‡Nv‡li? G.
we. wK_ g‡b K‡ib, fvm Ak‡Nv‡li KvQvKvwQ| fv‡mi bvU‡Ki MVb‣kjx, bvU¨-Avw½‡Ki cÖ‡qvM,
fvlv BZ¨vw` w`K we‡kølY K‡i ejv hvq, Kvwj`v‡mi mv‡_ Zuvi mv`„k¨ †ewk| AZGe, ejv hvq fvm
Kvwj`v‡mi KvQvKvwQ| ¸ßhy‡Mi Kwe wnmv‡e Kvwj`vm hw` wLª. PZz_© kZ‡Ki nb Z‡e fvm‡K Zvi
c~e©eZx© mg‡qi g‡b K‡i wLª. Z…Zxq kZ‡Ki Kve¨Kvi g‡b KivB hyw³hy³|
fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡K mgvRfvebv
357
fv‡mi †Z‡ivLvwb iƒcK Avwe®‥vi ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU wekvj gvBjdjK| ms¯‥…Z bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨
wewPÎ kvLvhy³, bvU¨¸‡Y mymg„× iPbv Dcnvi †`Iqvi †hvM¨Zv GKgvÎ fvmB †`wL‡q‡Qb|
bvU¨wccvmy‡`i Kv‡Q †m-Kvi‡Y wZwb bgm¨ n‡q Av‡Qb| Avevi, iƒcK¸wji bv›`x‡køvK we‡kølY Ki‡j
†`Lv hvqPviæ`Ë, Awf‡lK, cÖwZgvbvUKe¨ZxZ evwK `kwU iƒc‡K fMevb bvivqY ev weòzi ¯‘wZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G-†_‡K mgv‡jvPKiv g‡b K‡ib, bvU¨Kvi fvm weòzf³ wQ‡jb| Kve¨Kvi Ak‡Nvl †e․×
a‡g©i Abymvix wQ‡jb| Zuvi iPbvq †e․×a‡g©iB K_vejv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ fv‡mi iƒc‡K mbvZb a‡g©iB
gh©v`v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| mgv‡jvPKiv †m-Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K e¨vm ev evj¥xwKi mgZzj¨ g‡b K‡i gywb
we‡kl‡Y AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib11
|
fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡Ki welqe¯‘
Awegvi‡Ki mv‡_ Kzi½xi †cÖg I weevn welqK Kvwnbx wb‡q iwPZ Qq A‡¼i bvUK AwegviK|
Awegvi‡Ki cÖK…Z bvg weòz‡mb| Awe(†gl)-iƒcavix Amyi‡K ea Kivi Kvi‡Y wZwb AwegviK Dcvwa
cvb|†h․ebeq‡m cwiev‡ii Dci ewl©Z Fwl-Awfkv‡ci cÖfv‡e PÐvjZ¡ MÖnY K‡i wZwb cwiev‡ii
mv‡_ cÖ”Qbœ fv‡e emevm ïiæ K‡ib| †mB mg‡q •eišÍ¨ bMixi ivRv KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri Kb¨v Kzi½x
nw ÍKZ…©K AvµvšÍ n‡q Zuvi mvg‡b co‡j wZwb AmgmvnwmKZvi mv‡_ ivRKzgvix‡K iÿv K‡ib|†mB
NUbv †_‡K `yR‡b ci¯ú‡ii †cÖ‡g c‡o hvb| AZtci Kzi½xi avÎxgvÎv I avÎxKb¨vi mdj
†`․ZK‡g© ci AwegviK AvZ¥kw³‡K AvkÖq K‡i ga¨iv‡Z Kzi½xi evmfeb Kb¨vcyi cÖmv‡` P‡j
Av‡mb| yR‡bi MvÜe© weevnI m¤úbœ nq| c‡i †jvKj¾vi f‡q AwegviK P‡jI Av‡mb|
Avevi,we`¨vai †gNbv‡`i †`Iqv A‡j․wKK AvswUi cÖfv‡e A`„k¨ n‡q AwegviK wØZxqevi Kb¨vcyi
cÖmv‡` Kzi½xi Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q hvb| GB chv©‡q KzwšÍ‡fvR-fe‡b †`ewl© bvi‡`i Avwefv©e N‡U| wZwb
AwegviK I ivRKzgvixi †cÖg, cÖ”Qbœfv‡e AšÍtcy‡i Ae¯’vb, AwMœ‡`eZvi Avkxe©v‡` KvwkivRgwnlx
my`k©bvi M‡f© Awegvi‡K Rb¥, wb‡Ri gvmx †m․exiivRgwnlx my‡PZbvi †Kv‡j†e‡o DVvÑ mvwe©K NUbv
Ly‡j e‡jb| †k‡l AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡`i Dcw ’wZ‡Z AwMœmvÿx K‡i AwegviK I Kzi½xi cÖvRvcZ¨ weevn
m¤úbœ nq|
AwegviKbvU‡K mgvR
ivR¨kvmb e¨e¯’v
Awegvi‡Ki mgv‡R ivRZš¿ cÖPwjZ wQj| gš¿x, mwPe, †mbv, cvnviv`vi, ¸ßPi, Kg©KZv©-Kg©Pvix,
wek^ ÍRb cÖgyL‡`i wb‡q ivRv ivR¨ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡Ki gwš¿mfvi K‡jei
Lye `xN© bq| †K․ÄvqbI f~wZK GB yB Rb gš¿xi bvg Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| †K․wU‡j¨i A_©kv¯¿
Abymv‡i iv‡R¨i gwš¿cwil‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v n‡e ev‡iv, †lv‡jv ev wek Rb|A_ev iv‡R¨i mvg_©¨ ev
gš¿x‡`i `ÿZv Abymv‡iI cwil‡`i msL¨v evov‡bv-Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i12
| gwš¿cwil` MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î
AwegviK bvU‡K n«¯^Zv‡K AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi †Mvcbxq I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqmn
cvwievwiK wel‡q wm×všÍ †bIqvi †ÿ‡Î ZLbKvi ivRv‡`i gš¿x‡`i mv‡_ civgk© K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z
†`Lv hvq| Kzi½xi weevn wel‡q ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR wb‡Ri mnawg©Yxmn gš¿x‡`i mv‡_ civgk© K‡i wm×všÍ
wb‡q‡QbGK_vB Zvi cÖgvY|
ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv wnmv‡e wKQz ¸Y ZLbKvi mgv‡Ri ivRv‡`i g‡a¨jÿ Kiv hvq| ivRv n‡ebÑ
kv¯¿Á, k¯¿Á, wR‡Zw›`ªq Ges ciü`q-exÿ‡Y cvi`kx©| wbqwgZ e¨vqvg PPv©i d‡j wZwb myMwVZ
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
358
kix‡ii AwaKvix n‡eb13
| cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î wZwb K‡Vvi n‡eb, Avevi †Kvgj AvPiYI Ki‡eb|
cÖRvcvjK ivRv hyׇÿ‡Î mevi AMÖfv‡M Ae¯’vb Ki‡eb| bvU‡K ejv n‡q‡Q
Òag©t cÖv‡Me wPšÍ¨t mwPegwZMwZt †cÖwÿZe¨v ¯eyרqv
cÖ”Qv‡`¨․ ivM‡iv‡l․ g„ yciæl¸‡Y․ Kvj‡hv‡Mb Kv‡h©․|
†Áqs †jvKvbye„Ës ciPibq•bg©Ðjs †cÖwÿZe¨s
i‡ÿ¨v hZœvw`nvZ¥v iYwkiwm cybt †mv’wc bv‡ewÿZe¨t \Ó14
¯^ivR¨ I ciivR¨ wel‡q ivRv‡`i yiKg bxwZmgv‡R jÿ Kiv hvq| eªvþY‡`i `v‡bi gva¨‡gev
•a‡h©¨i mv‡_, AvwkÖZ‡`i `qvi mv‡_ Rq Kiv wQj ¯^ivR¨bxwZ|Z‡e, ciiv‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î †k․h© cÖ`k©b
KivB ivRvi ag©| beRvgvZv AwegviK‡K Avkx©ev` Ki‡Z wM‡q †m․exiiv‡Ri gy‡L ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi
GmKj M~pbxwZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q
Òÿgqv Rq we‡cÖ›`ªvb& `qqv Rq mswkªZvb&|
ZË¡ey×qv RqvZ¥vbs †ZRmv Rq cvw_©evb& \Ó15
Avevi, hvM&h‡Ái gva¨‡g †`eivR B›`ªZzj¨ Ges m‡Z¨i aviK wnmv‡e ivRv `ki_Zzj¨ nIqv wQj
ZLbKvi ivRv‡`i Av`k©16
|
ivRZvwš¿K mgvRKvVv‡gvq ZLbKvi ivR¨¸wji g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© jÿ Kiv hvq|
Avevi, cvi¯úwiK kÎæZv, GgbwK AvµgY cÖwZ-AvµgYI cwiPvwjZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| ivRv
KzwšÍ‡fvR, †m․exiivR, KvkxivRG‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥xqZvi E‡aŸ©cvi¯úwiK Nwbô m¤úK© we`¨gvb wQj|
Avevi,ÒAvwg GKvB kÎæ‣mb¨‡`i aŸsm K‡iwQ| GLbI ch©šÍ Zuviv Zuv‡`i üZ‡M․ie‡K D×vi Ki‡Z
cv‡i wb|Ó17 Awegvi‡Ki GB Dw³ kÎæivR¨ KZ…©K KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri •eišÍ¨ bMix AvµgY Ges exi
Awegvi‡Ki Zv cÖwZnZ Kivi D`vniY| Avf¨šÍixY w`K †_‡KI ivRv‡K kÎæZvi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z
n‡Zv| ivRvi NwbôRb, AvZ¥xq¯^Rb ev D”Pc`¯’ ivRcvl©‡`iv ivRvi mv‡_ †Mvcb kÎæZv Ki‡Zb|
e¨mbvm³ ivRv‡K ms‡kvab Kivi cwie‡Z© KLbI KLbI loh‡š¿i gva¨‡g ivRÿgZv `L‡ji my‡hv‡M
_vK‡Zb| cÿvšÍ‡i ivóªbxwZÁ, `~i`kx© ivRviv ¯^v_©‡jvfx, my‡hvMmÜvbx lohš¿Kvix‡`i wPwýZ Kivi
Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi †K․k‡jiI AvkÖq wb‡Zb 18
|
ZLbKvi mgv‡RivRv-mn ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl wbivcËve¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ wQj| bvU‡K
DwjøwLZ •eišÍ¨bMixi D`¨vb GKwU mve©Rbxb D`¨vb| ivRKzgvix Kzi½x †mLv‡b åg‡Y †M‡j Zuvi Rb¨
we‡kl wbivcËv †`Iqv nq|D`¨v‡b MgbvMg‡bi †ÿ‡Î mvaviY gvbyl‡`i cÖwZ wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv
nq| ivRKzgvixi ågY †kl n‡j me©mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ ZvAvevi Db¥y³ K‡i †`Iqv nq| welqwU ivRv I
ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi D`vniY|
cvwievwiK eÜb I gvbeZv‡eva
AwegviK bvU‡Ki mgv‡R Nwbô cvwievwiK e܇bi wPÎ jÿ Kiv hvq| wcZvgvZv, mšÍvb-mšÍwZ,
m‡nv`i-m‡nv`iv G‡`i g‡a¨ GB m¤úK© weivRgvb wQj| mvevwjKv Kb¨v Kzi½x‡K mycvÎ ’ Kivi Rb¨
evev-gv‡qi`ywðšÍv, mšÍv‡bi wec‡`i Avk¼vq Zvu‡`i DrKÉv meB AcZ¨ †¯œ‡ni D`vniY| Avevi
†`Lv hvq, cwiev‡ii Dci ewl©Z Fwli Awfkv‡ci cÖfv‡e AwegviK PÐvjZ¡ †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb| ÒmšÍv‡bi
Rb¨ Avgvi ¯Íb`y» wbtmwiZ n‡”Q; AvR Avwg cyÎabim Abyfe KiwQÓ19 GmeI AcZ¨ †¯œ‡ni
fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡K mgvRfvebv
359
D`vniY| Avcb fMœxi Rb¨ Z¨v‡Mi „óvšÍ bvUKwU‡Z i‡q‡Q? AwMœ‡`eZvi Avkx©ev‡` Rb¥ †bIqv
my`k©bv Zuvi cÖ_g mšÍvb‡K †evb my‡PZbv‡K `vb K‡ib| d‡j mšÍvbnxbv my‡PZbvi †KvjcyÎ †¯œ‡n f‡i
D‡V| †ev‡bi cÖwZ Ggb Z¨vM Nwbô cvwievwiK e܇bi „óvšÍ|
cvwievwiK MÐxi evB‡iI ZLbKvi mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡`i g‡a¨ AvšÍwiKZv, mngwg©Zv jÿ Kiv hvq|
bvU‡Ki we`~lK mš‘ó wb‡Ri wcÖqeqm¨ Awegvi‡Ki wec‡`i w`‡b GwM‡q G‡m‡Qb| eÜzi wbiæ‡Ï‡k
wZwb e‡j‡Qb ÒAvwg mviv c„w_ex Ry‡o AwegviK‡K ev Awegvi‡Ki kixi‡K Luy‡R Avbe| hw` Zv bv
cvwi, Z‡e ciR‡b¥ Zvi mnvq n‡ev|Ó20
†`e‡hvbx wewkó we`¨vai †gNbv` bvqK-bvwqKvi wgj‡bi
e¨vcv‡i mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| †gNbv‡`i †`Iqv A‡j․wKK AvswUi cÖfv‡eB AwegviK wØZxq evi
ivRKzgvixi Kv‡Q A`„k¨ n‡q †h‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| we`vq †ejvq wZwb AwegviK‡K Dc‡`k w`‡q
e‡j‡QbÒcÖxwZmnKv‡i ivRKzgvix Kzi½x‡K fvjevm‡e| hLbB cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Avwg †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨
Kie|Ó21
†`ewl© bvi`I KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri ivRfe‡b †b‡g G‡m mg Í inm¨ cÖKvk K‡i bvqK-bvwqKvi
wgj‡bi ¯xK…wZ †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb|
¯’vcZ¨wkí
bvUKwU‡Z DbœZ ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri ivRavbx •eišÍ¨ bMix DbœZ ¯’vcZ¨
wk‡íi wb`k©‡b ficyi| •eišÍ¨ GKwU Rbeûj bMix| biMx‡Z i‡q‡Q my „k¨ ivRc_, c‡_i yav‡i
`wawc‡Ði g‡Zv cvÐzeY© cÖvmv`, cÖvmv‡`i wb‡P c‡Y¨ ficyi wecwYweZvb| bvU‡Ki wØZxq A‡¼ we`~lK
bM‡ii †kvfv †`L‡Z †ewi‡q‡Qb| †mLv‡b ivRevwoi †PUx Pw›`ªKv we`~lK‡K VwK‡q Zuvi nv‡Zi AvswU
nvwZ‡q wb‡q wf‡oi g‡a¨ jywK‡q c‡o|
ivRv KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri ivRfe‡b myKviæKvh©LwPZ DbœZ ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íimvÿ¨ i‡q‡Q| iv‡Zi Avuav‡i •eišÍ¨
bMixmn ivRfe‡bi †m․›`h© †`‡LAwgeviK Zvi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| iv Ív¸wj †hb b`x n‡q e‡q P‡j‡Q|
my-D”P cÖvmv`¸wj †hb a¨v‡b gMœ| cÖvmv`¸wj fv‡M fv‡M wbwg©Z| cÖvmv`mg~‡ni g‡a¨ me‡P‡q DuPz
Kb¨vcyi| ÔKb¨vcyi cÖvmv`Õ GB bvgwUi g‡a¨ ZrKvjxb mgv‡Ri ivRfeb wbg©v‡Y ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi
mycwiKíbv aiv c‡o| A_©kv‡¯¿i ÔwbkvšÍcÖwYwaÕ Abymv‡i ivRvi evmfe‡bi cv‡k Avjv`v fv‡e wbwg©Z
n‡e ¯¿xwb‡ek (ivRgwnlx‡`i evm ’vb), Mf©ms¯’v (m~wZKvMvi), e¨vwams¯’v (gwnlx‡`i iæMœvjq),
•e`¨cÖZ¨vLvZ ms¯’v (•e`¨KZ„©K cÖZ¨vL¨vZv †`ex‡`i evm ’vb), e„ÿ¯’vb I D`K¯’vb (Dceb I
Rjvkq)| GiB cðv‡Z Kb¨vcyi Ges Kzgvicyi cÖvmv` wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e, †hLv‡b ivRKzgvix I
ivRKzgv‡iiv _vK‡eb22
| bvUKwU‡Z †`Lv hvq, Kb¨vcyi cÖvmv‡` i‡q‡Q Rj wb®‥vk‡bi e¨e¯’v|
Rvbvjv¸wj Lye KvQvKvwQ| cÖvmv‡`i Af¨šÍixY †m․›`h©I g‡bvgy»Ki KviæKvh©LwPZ Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ,
•e`~h©¨gwYmn g~j¨evb iZœ w`‡q •Zix •mKZf~wg m`„k†g‡S, cÖevj cv_i w`‡q •Zix ¯Í¤¢ hvi †m․›`h©
¯^Mx©q mylgv‡KI nvi gvbvq23
| GQvov, bMixi `k©KM„n Ges mve©Rbxb D`¨vbI DbœZ ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi
wb`k©b|
wkíms¯‹…wZ I we‡bv`b
wkíms¯‥…wZ I we‡bv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB m½xZ-PPv©i K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| iv‡Zi †ejv ev`¨-evRbvi
mv‡_ mv‡_ ZLbKvi myLx `¤úwZiv cvi¯úwiK m½xZvb›` Dc‡fvM Ki‡Zb| bvU‡Ki Z…Zxq A‡¼
gvSiv‡Z •eišÍ¨ bMix‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i AwegviK G mKj `„k¨ †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| †mLv‡b GKRb igYx
mKj ytL-Kó fy‡j wM‡q g‡bi my‡L m½xZ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Qb, Zvui ¯^vgxabwU exYv evwR‡q Zv‡K m½
w`‡q‡Qb| bvU‡Ki fvlvq Ò†Kv by Lj¦qs me©KvjmyLx cyiælt KvšÍqv mn MvÜe©gbyfewZ| e¨³s ¯^qs
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
360
exYvs ev`qwZ|Ó24
m½xZPP©vi cvkvcvwk †m hy‡Mi †g‡qivI †Ljvayjvq Af¨¯Í wQ‡jb| mvevwjKv
Kb¨viv †Ljvayjv †_‡K wb‡R‡`i ¸wU‡q ivL‡Zb bv| bvU‡Ki cÖ_g A‡¼ †`Lv hvq, `vm`vmx‡`i mv‡_
wb‡q ivRcvl©`‡`i wbivcËvq weevn‡hvM¨v ivRKzgvix Kzi½x cvk©¦eZx© D`¨vb-wenv‡i wM‡q‡Qb Ges
†mLv‡b Lywkg‡Zv †LjvayjvI K‡i‡Qb|
bvUKwU‡Z nw Ícvjb I nw¯Í-wbqš¿Y ev ekxf~ZKiY we`¨vi GKwU Bw½Z cvIqv hvq|
KzwšÍ‡fv‡RiivRfe‡bnw¯Íkvjv wQj| iv‡Zi Avuav‡i iwk †e‡q fe‡bi Dc‡i D‡V AwegviK H
nw Íkvjv †_‡K Avmv g`MÜ AvNªvY K‡ib Ges wb‡Ri †Kvg‡i evuav iwk Ly‡j MRkvjvq Qz‡o †`b|
fv‡mi cÖwZÁv‡hŠMÜivqY bvU‡K †`Lv hvq,nw¯Íwbqš¿Y wel‡q bvqK D`q‡bi e¨envwiK Ávb wQj|
exYv evwR‡q wZwb eb¨n¯Íx‡K ch©šÍ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| evme`Ëvi wcZv ivRv cÖ‡`¨vZ bKj
nvwZi dvu‡` †d‡j D`qb‡K Kvive›`x K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡`¨v‡Zi ivRfe‡bi gËn Íx‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi
Rb¨ Kviviæ× D`qb‡K evB‡i wb‡q G‡m Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi D‡`¨vM †bIqv nq| my‡hvM ey‡S D`qb
†cÖwgKv evme`Ëv‡K wb‡q cvwj‡q Av‡mb| fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡Ki bvqK Awegvi‡KiI
nw Íwbqš¿‡Yi ev Íe `ÿZv †`Lv hvq| g`gË n¯ÍxKZ…©K ivRKzgvix Kzi½x AvµvšÍ n‡j AwegviK
Kb¨v‡K iÿv K‡ib| gš¿x f~wZ‡Ki eY©bv Abymv‡i, Ò†mB cyiæl †Kvb w`‡K „wó bv w`‡q kvšÍfv‡e
jxjvf‡i wcÖqeÜzi g‡Zv †mB nvwZwUi mv‡_ †Ljv Ki‡jb| KLbI mvg‡b, KLbI wcQ‡b wM‡q
nvwZwU‡K G‡Kev‡i †gvwnZ K‡i Zzj‡jb|Ó25
Gfv‡e Awegvi‡Ki nw Íwbqš¿Y †K․k‡ji d‡j
ivRKygvix Kzi½x iÿv †c‡jb| Avevi, nw Íbxi AvKl©‡Y g`gË n Íx‡K eÜbkvjvq wb‡q Avmvi
†K․kjI nw¯Íwe`¨vi Ask26
|
ag©
mbvZb a‡g©i AšÍM©Z •ew`K Kg©KvÐwfwËK hvM&hÁ ZLbKvi mgv‡R AbywôZ n‡Zv| ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR
wb‡R •ew`K hvM&h‡Ái Abymvix wQ‡jb| wZwb wb‡R e‡j‡Qb ÒA‡bK hvM&hÁ m¤úbœ K‡iwQ, †kÖô
eªvþY‡`i `vb`wÿYvi gva¨‡g cÖmbœ K‡iwQ|Ó27
KvwkivRI •ew`K hvM&h‡Ái Abymvix wQ‡jb| hÁK‡g©
e¨¯ÍZvi Kvi‡Y wZwb ei‡ekx Rqegv©i mv‡_ KzwšÍ‡fvR-Avj‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib wb| mbvZb a‡g©i
cvkvcvwk †m mgv‡R †e․× I •Rb a‡g©iI cÖPjb wQj| we`~lK mš‘ó nvm¨imvZ¥Kfv‡e
e‡j‡QbÒh‡Ávcex‡Zb eªvþYt Pxe‡iY i³cUt| hw` e¯¿gcbqvwg kªgY‡Kv fevwg|Ó28
D³ ev‡K¨
h‡ÁvcexZ (•cZv) hy³ eªvþY, Pxei (†Miæqv) cwiwnZ †e․× mbœ¨vmx Ges w`M¤^i •Rb mbœ¨vmx‡`i K_v
ejv n‡q‡Q| G-‡_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq mbvZb a‡g©i cvkvcvwk †e․× I ‣Rb agv©bymvixiv ZLbKvi mgv‡R
eZ©gvb wQ‡jb|
•ew`K †`e¯‘wZi cvkvcvwk Awegvi‡Ki mgv‡R †c․ivwYK †`efw³i Aw ÍZ¡ jÿ Kiv hvq| wek¦mªóv
cÖK„wZ‡Z bvbv iƒ‡c bvbv kw³‡Z weivwRZ| c~e©-MM‡b m~h© Dw`Z nq, ga¨ MM‡b wKiY †`q, Avevi
cwðg MM‡b A Í hvq| m~‡hv© ‡qi c~‡e© AvKv‡k †Kgb GK Av‡jv-Avuav‡ii †Ljv| Avevi, †g‡Ni
ga¨Kvi AvšÍtAvYweK kw³ †f` K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó AvKl©‡Yi cÖfv‡e Rjivwk c„w_ex‡Z †b‡g Av‡m|
GQvov, cvw_©e RM‡Zi mv‡_ Nwbô wKQy kw³ i‡q‡Q, hv gvby‡li DcKv‡i Av‡m A_ev hv-†_‡K
gvby‡li fxwZ Drcbœ nq; ~¨‡jvK, f~‡jvK I AšÍixÿ¨ ¯’v‡bi GB kw³, hv Fwl-gvb‡mi gva¨‡g RM‡Z
cªwZfvZ n‡qwQjÑ ZvB •ew`K †`eZv| †hgb AwMœ, B› ª, weòz, eiæY, wgÎ, iæ ª, gÐ~K cÖgyL| wKš‘
†c․ivwYK †`eZvi ¯iƒc G †_‡K wfbœ| †c․ivwYK †`eZv A‡bKUv f‡³i fMevb| KLbI KLbI wZwb
f‡³i evÃvKíZiæ| cÂjÿY-m¤^wjZ, AvL¨vb-DcvL¨vb wfwËK †`eZvB †c․ivwYK †`eZv| ZvB
fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡K mgvRfvebv
361
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î bv‡gi mv‡_ mv „k¨ _vK‡jI •ew`K †`eZv †_‡K †c․ivwYK †`eZv Avjv`v| G cÖm‡½
RvýexKzgvi PµeZx© e‡jb
Ò†e‡`i weòz I iæ`ª †c․ivwYK weòz I iæ`ª nB‡Z ¯^Zš¿| †e‡` weòz m~‡h©i cÖKvi‡f`, cyiv‡Y weòz
w¯’wZi †`eZv| †e‡`i wÎcv`‡ÿcx weòy, cyiv‡Y wÎweµg, wZwb ewji kv¯Ív, evgb AeZvi| ïay ZvB
bq wZwb k•L-Pµ-M`v-cÙavix, †cÖwgK KgjvcwZ Ges f³ermj fMevb|Ó29
AwegviK bvU‡K AwMœ‡`eZvi Avkxev©‡` KvwkivRgwnlx my`k©bvi M‡f© Awegvi‡Ki (weòz‡m‡bi) Rb¥
n‡q‡Q| bvU‡Ki PZz_© A‡¼ †`Lv hvq, Rxe‡bi cÖwZ nZvkvMÖ¯Í AwegviK AvZ¥nZ¨vi wm×všÍ wb‡q
AwMœ‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib| wKš‘ AwMœ‡`eZv Zvu‡K `» bv K‡i cy·¯œ‡n evuwP‡q iv‡Lb| we`¨vai †gNbv`
AwegviK‡K GKwU A‡j․wKK AvswU †`b, hvi cÖfv‡e A`„k¨ n‡q AwegviK wØZxq evi Kzi½x Avj‡q
P‡j Avm‡Z mÿg nb| bvU‡Ki †kl A‡¼ Fwl bvi` KzwšÍ‡fvR Avj‡q Avwef~©Z n‡q mvwe©K NUbv
cÖKvk K‡i AwegviK I Kzi½xi wgjb‡K Z¡ivwšZ K‡i‡Qb| GB †h AwMœ‡`eZv, we`¨vai,
Fwlbvi`meB †c․ivwYK PwiÎ| AvVv‡ivwU gnvcyiv‡Yi g‡a¨ AwMœcyivY GKwU| D³ cyiv‡Y AwMœ
Dcvm¨ †`eZv| Avevi cÂjÿYwewkó30
cyiv‡Yi jÿ‡Yi esk-As‡k †`eesk, ag© I Aa‡g©i esk,
cyivZb Fwl‡`i esk cÖf…wZi eY©bv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| †`ees‡ki AšÍf©y³ n‡jb we`¨va‡iiv, cyivZb
Fwles‡ki AšÍf©y³ n‡jb Fwl bvi`31
| GmKj †`eZv, Fwl ev †`e‡hvbxwewkó we`¨va‡iiv f‡³i
fMevb wn‡m‡e, wec‡`i ÎvYKZv© wn‡m‡e cvw_©e gvby‡li Kv‡Q Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Qb| ZvB •ew`K
†`e¯‘wZi cvkvcvwk †m-mgv‡Ri gvbyl †c․ivwYK †`efw³i w`‡K Szu‡K c‡owQj e‡j Avgv‡`i wek^vm|
A‡jŠwKK wekvm
†c․ivwYK †`efw³ I AvL¨vb-DcvL¨v‡bi wfZi w`‡q bvbvA‡j․wKK wek^vm ZLbKvi mgv‡R ¯’vb
†c‡qwQj| D`vniY wn‡m‡e cÖ_‡g •`eevYxi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| ivRKzgvix Kzi½xi mv‡_
AšÍtRKz‡ji Awegvi‡Ki wgjb Kx K‡i m¤¢e, Gwel‡q cÖkœwe×g‡b avÎxgvZv I avÎxKb¨v
bwjwbKvhLb AwegviK-Avj‡q hvw”Q‡jb, ZLb •`eevYx‡Z †kvbv hvq
Òhw` P wefeiƒcÁvbmË¡v`qt my¨-
b© Zz KzjweKjvbvs eZ©‡Z e„Ëïw×t|Ó32
(hw` Hkh©, iƒc, Ávb, civµg cÖf…wZ _v‡K Kzjnxb‡`i Avi PwiÎïw×i `iKvi nq bv|)
†mB wek^v‡m fi K‡i gv-†g‡q `yR‡b AwegviK I Kzi½xi wgj‡bi wel‡q Av¯’vkxj n‡q Kv‡R AMÖmi
nb| wØZxqwU Fwli Awfkvc| bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, PÐfvM©e bv‡g GKRb gnvcÖZvckvjx Fwli GK wkl¨
Mfxi R½‡j e¨vNªvµvšÍ n‡q gviv hvb| NUbvµ‡g †m․exiivR †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡j Fwl Zvui Dci
†µva cÖKvk Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Ò†Kvb KviY bv †`wL‡q †µva cÖKvk Kiv PÐvj‡Z¡i mgvb|Ó33
†m․exiivR Fwl‡K Ggb K_v ej‡j Fwl ÿzä n‡q ivRv‡K Awfkvc w`‡q e‡jbÒ ¿xcyÎmn AwP‡iB
Zzwg PÐvjZ¡ cÖvß n‡eÓ34
| kvcvšÍ w`‡q e‡jb, ÒGK ermi cÖ”Qbœfv‡e KvUv‡bvi ci GB Awfkv‡ci
Aemvb n‡e|Ó35
Avevi, we`¨vai †gNbv`AwegviK‡K GKwU A‡j․wKK AvswU Dcnvi †`b| AvswUwU
Wvb nv‡Z ci‡j A „k¨ nIqv hvq, Avevi evg nv‡Z ci‡j c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avmv hvq| AvswU-
cwiwnZ e¨w³‡K †KD ¯úk© K‡i _vK‡j wZwbI A`„k¨ n‡q hvb| GB AvswUi A‡j․wKK kw³‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q AwegviK I we`~lK A`„k¨ n‡q Kzi½xi Kv‡Q Dcw¯’Z nb| †c․ivwYK AvL¨vb wfwËK GmKj
A‡j․wKK NUbv bvU‡K ms‡hvwRZ nIqv †_‡K g‡b nq Awegvi‡Ki mgv‡Ri gvby‡liv A‡j․wKK NUbvi
cÖwZ wek^vm ¯’vcb Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
362
eY©‡f` cÖ_v
ZLbKvi mgv‡R eªvþY, ÿwÎq, •ek¨, k~`ªmbvZb a‡g©i GB Pvi e‡Y©i gvbyl‡`i cwiPqcvIqv hvq|
eªvþY‡`i g‡a¨ •ew`K Ges A‣ew`K `ywU †kªwY bvUKwU‡Zjÿ Kiv hvq|hvM&hÁmn †c․‡ivwnZ¨ K‡g©
`ÿ eªvþ‡Yiv n‡jb •ew`K| Ò†f․‡MvwjK „wó‡KvY †_‡K Guiv DËi Kwj½ ev Dwol¨vq emevm
Ki‡Zb| Ab¨w`‡K hvM&hÁ I †c․‡ivwnZ¨ K‡g© A`ÿ eªvþ‡Yiv n‡jb A‣ew`K| Guiv ivp I e‡i› ª
A‡j emevm Ki‡Zb|Ó36
•ew`K eªvþY‡`i †fvRb Kiv‡bvGKwU cy‡Y¨i KvR mgv‡Ri gvby‡liv Zv
wek^vm Ki‡Zb| bvU‡Ki wØZxq A‡¼ †`Lv hvq, we ~l‡Ki mv‡_ Pw› ªKv bv‡g GKRb †PUxi msjvc
R‡g D‡V‡Q| †PUx Rvbvb, GKRb eªvþY‡K wbgš¿Y K‡i wZwb †fvRb Kiv‡Z Pvb| †fvRbwejvmx A_P
mnRmij we`~lK wbgš¿Y cvIqvi Rb¨ wb‡RB Drmvnx n‡q D‡Vb| wKš‘ PZziv †PUx Rvbvb, Zvu‡K
wbgš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e bq| KviY, wZwb A‣ew`K eªvþY| †PUxi GB K_vi wfZi w`‡q •ew`K I A‣ew`K
`ywU †kÖwYi eªvþY‡`i K_v ¯úó cÖKvk cvq|mgv‡R eªvþY‡`i Avmb wQj mevi Dc‡i| ÿgZvai
bicwZivI weÁ eªvþY‡`i m¤§vb Ki‡Zb Ges h‡_vchy³ `vb`wÿYvi gva¨‡g Zvu‡`i cÖmbœ ivL‡Zb|
ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR ¯^qs e‡j‡Qb, A‡bK hvM&hÁ m¤úbœ K‡iwQ, †kªôeªvþ‡Yiv Avgvi cÖwZ cÖmbœ i‡q‡Qb|
eªvþY‡`i cvkvcvwk gywb-Fwl, ¸wYR‡biv m¤§vwbZ n‡Zb| †`ewl© bvi` ivRv KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri fe‡b
Dcw¯’Z n‡j Zvu‡K h‡_vchy³ Af¨_©bv Rvbvb nq| †`ewl©i Avwefv©‡e Zuvi M„n AvR cweÎ n‡jv, ivRv
KzwšÍ‡fvR Ggb gšÍe¨ K‡ib| gvby‡liv †hgb Fwl‡`i AP©bv Ki‡Zb, †`e‡hvbx wewkó we`¨va‡iiv I
†Zgwb gnvb, AvZ¥Z¨vMx, mvivwe‡k^i Kj¨vYKvgx Fwl‡`i‡K mg‡eZfv‡e e›`bv Ki‡Zb| Fwl
AM¯Í¨‡K e›`bv Zvi D`vniY| cyivY Abymv‡i, weܨ ce©‡Zi Acwimxg EaŸ©ea©bkxjZvi Kvi‡Y m~‡h©i
MwZc_ iæ× n‡q cÖvK…wZK wech©q NUvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv ‡`q| fMevb weòzi civg‡k© †`eZviv ZLb Fwl
AM‡ ͨi kiYvcbœ nb| KviY, we‡Ü¨i GB †¯^”QvPvwiZv ¸iæ wn‡m‡e GKgvÎ AM‡¯Í¨i gva¨‡gB †iva
Kiv m¤¢e| AM¯Í¨ we‡Ü¨i Kv‡Q Dcw¯’Z n‡j wkl¨ wn‡m‡e wZwb Zvu‡K cÖYvg Rvbvb| GB my‡hv‡M Fwl
Zvu‡K gv_v bZ K‡i _vK‡Z e‡jb, hZÿY bv wZwb wd‡i Av‡mb| AM‡¯Í¨i Avi wd‡i Avmv n‡jv bv|
weܨI AebZ g ͇K †_‡K †M‡jb| d‡j weܨ-ce©‡Zi EaŸ©ea©kxjZv †iva n‡jv Ges m~‡h©i MwZc_
AUzU iBj37
| Avevi, mgy‡`ªi Rj cvb K‡i AM¯Í¨Fwl Kvj‡Kq bvgK Amyi‡`i †Mvcb AvkÖq bó K‡i
†`b| d‡j Amyi‡`i AZ¨vPvi †_‡K †`eZviv iÿv cvb|AwegviK bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, †`e‡hvbxwewkó
we`¨va‡iiv gjqce©‡Z mg‡eZ n‡q AM ͨFwli e›`bv Ki‡Qb38
| gnvb, AvZ¥Z¨vMx Fwl‡`i‡Ke›`bv
K‡i m¤§vb Rvbv‡bv Gi D`vniY|
ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR, †m․exiivR, KvwkivR I Gu‡`i cwievi mevB ÿw·qi D`vniY| ÿwÎq‡`i kixi
MVb, ÁvbPPv©, ivR¨ cwiPvjbv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q| •eišÍ¨ bMixi iv Ívi `ycv‡k mvwi
mvwi wecwYweZvb, †mLv‡b cmivm¤¢vi mgv‡R •ek¨ †kÖwY‡`i Dcw¯’wZ cÖgvY K‡i| Avevi `vm-`vmx,
weU, †PU cÖf…wZ wb¤œRvwZ k~`ª-†kÖwYi D`vniY|
RvwZ‡f`cÖ_v
†m mgv‡R RvwZ‡f` cÖ_v eo cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj| ZLbKvi kv¯¿cxwoZ, ivóªxq bxwZwbav©iYx
gn‡ji aviYvÑ AvPvi-AvPi‡Y, •`wnK Aeq‡e wbw ©ó RvwZ wbw`©ó •ewk‡ó¨i aviK| gš¿x f~wZ‡Ki
g‡Z- KzjxbivB mykªx, myfvlx, mykxj, webqx, ejevb, D`¨gx Ges mrmvnmx| nw Í-AvµvšÍ ivRKzgvix‡K
iÿvKvix AwegviK AvZ¥cwiPq †Mvcb K‡i wb‡R‡K PÐvj e‡j cwiwPZ Ki‡jI gš¿x f~wZK Zv †g‡b
wb‡Z ivwR bb| kv¯¿xq weavb AbymiY K‡i wZwb gšÍe¨ K‡i e‡j‡Qb, Awegvi‡Ki ¯Mx©q iƒc, wgwó
fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡K mgvRfvebv
363
K_v, ÿvÎ †ZR, †m․Kzgvh© I ejeËv cÖf„wZ hw` AšÍ¨R‡Z¡i cwiPq nq, Z‡e Zvui cwikÖgjã
kv¯¿ÁvbB e„_v| bvU‡Ki fvlvq
Ò•`es iƒcs eªþRs Zm¨ evK¨s
ÿvÎs †ZRt †m․Kzgvh©s ejs P|
h‡`¨es m¨vr mZ¨gm¨všÍ¨RZ¡s
e¨‡_v© ’¯§vKs kv ¿gv‡M©ly †L`t \Ó39
•eevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI ZLbKvi gvby‡liv eY©wePvi Ki‡Zb| Amg-e‡Y© weevn mgvR¯^xK…Z
wQj bv| we‡kl †cÖgvbyivM m„wó nIqv m‡Ë¡I AwegviK I Kzi½xi g‡a¨ weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î GKgvÎ AšÍivq
`yR‡bi e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ GKRb PÐvjKzgvi, Ab¨Rb ivRKzgvix| G wel‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z ~Ziƒcx
avÎx I avÎxKb¨v bwjwbKv hLb Awegvi‡Ki evwo hvw”Q‡jb ZLb•`eevYx‡Z †kvbv hvq hw` Hk¦h©,
iƒc, Ávb, mË¡v cÖf„wZ _v‡K Z‡e Kzjnxb‡`i Avi PwiÎïw×i `iKvi nq bv| h_vKv‡j Awegvi‡Ki
eskcwiPq Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| AZGe, Kzj m¤ú‡K© m‡›`n Z¨vM K‡i †Zvgiv AwegviK I Kzi½xi
ïfcwiY‡qi w`‡K AMÖmi nI| bvU‡Ki fvlvq
Òaªæewgn Kzjgm¨ †kªvl¨wm cÖvßKv‡j
Z¨R KzjMZk¼vs mva¨Zvs ¯^šÍ‡gZr \Ó40
GB wb‡ ©kbvi Dci Av¯’v †i‡LB avÎx I bwjwbKv `ywU weiwnZ g‡bi wgj‡bi e¨vcv‡i wb®‥jyl g‡b
AMÖmi nb| Avevi,bvU‡Ki †kl A‡¼ Fwl bvi‡`i gva¨‡gI Avgiv AwegviK Dcvwaavix weòz‡m‡bi
cÖK„Z cwiPq Rvb‡Z cvwi| G-mKj Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZv QvovB
AwegviK I ivRKzgvix Kzi½xi ïfweevn mym¤úbœ nq| D‡jøL¨, GLv‡b •`eevYxi Zvrch© n‡jv, Hk¦h©,
iƒc, Ávb cÖf„wZ ¸Y _vK‡j Kzjnxb e¨w³I mrKz‡ji gh©v`v †c‡Zb|
weevn
ZLbKvi mgv‡R MvÜe© weev‡ni cvkvcvwk AwMœmvÿx K‡i cªvRvcZ¨ weev‡ni cÖPjb wQj| †cÖgvm³
AwegviK I Kzi½xi wgj‡bi c~‡e©B Zvu‡`i MvÜe© g‡Z weevn m¤úbœ n‡qwQj| d‡j, kv¯¿m¤§Zfv‡e
Zvu‡`i wgjb •eaZv †c‡qwQj| Avevi, c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, bvU‡Ki †kl A‡¼ cvwievwiK
m¤§wZ‡ZZvu‡`i cÖvRvcZ¨ weevn41
m¤úbœ n‡qwQj|Gai‡bi mvgvwRK weevn GKRb Dcva¨v‡qi
cwiPvjbvq AbywôZ n‡Zv| •ew`K kv‡¯¿i wewaweavb I Gi e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡M we‡klÁ e¨w³ whwb
RxweKvi Rb¨ wb‡Ri AwR©Z Ávb I AwfÁZv‡K Kv‡R jvMvb wZwbB Dcva¨vq| gbymswnZvq ejv
n‡q‡Q
ÒGK‡`k ‘ †e`m¨ †e`v½vb¨wc ev cybt|
†hv’a¨vcqwZ e„˨_©gycva¨vqt m DP¨‡Z \Ó42
AwegviK bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, GKRb Dcva¨v‡qi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AwegviK I Kzi½xi mvgvwRK weevn
AbywôZ n‡q‡Q43
| weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î Kb¨v A‡cÿv e‡ii eqm †ewk nIqvB evÃbxq wQj| Kzi½x A‡cÿv
KvwkivR-cyÎ Rqegv© Kwbô nIqvq Zvu‡`i weevn nIqv mgxPxb bq44 Fwl bvi` GB gšÍe¨ K‡ib |
gvgv‡Zv-wcmZz‡Zv fvB‡evb‡`i g‡a¨ •eevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK AvcwË
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
364
wQj bv| †m․exiivR Ges ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR ci¯úi k¨vjK Ges fwMœcwZ| wKš‘ Zvu‡`i mšÍvb‡`i g‡a¨
mgvR¯xK…Z weevn mym¤úbœ n‡qwQj| mbvZb a‡g©i cÖPwjZ eZ©gvbwbqg †_‡K Zv e¨wZµg|
cÖvK…wZK mf¨Zv
AwegviK bvU‡K gbyl¨wbwg©Z myKvh©LwPZ ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi cvkvcvwk g‡bvig•bmwM©K †m․›`h©†`L‡Z
cvIqv hvq| cvnvo, ¸nv, b`x, m‡ivei, mvMi, eb-ebvbxÑ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki GmKj Dc`vb wg‡j
mvgwMÖKfv‡e Zv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| g›`vwKbx b`x we‡a․Z, `viæce©Z †kvwfZ •eišÍ¨ bMix| iv‡Zi
Avuav‡i myD”P cÖmv` †_‡K AwegviK KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri ivRavbxi G †m․›`h© †`L‡Z cvb| Ab¨w`‡K we`¨vai
†gNbv`mgMÖ c„w_exi †m․›`h© †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb wfbœ Ae¯’vb †_‡K, wfbœ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z| AvKvk †_‡K
c„w_ex‡Z AeZiYKv‡j wZwb ce©Z¸wj‡K nw Íkve‡iK g‡Zv, mgy`ª¸wj‡K µxovm‡ive‡ii g‡Zv,
b`x¸wj‡K mxgvšÍ‡iLvi g‡Zv, e„ÿ¸wj‡K •kev‡ji g‡Zv †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| bvU‡Ki fvlvq
Ò•k‡j› ªvt Kj‡fvcgv Rjaqt µxovZUv‡Kvcgv
e„ÿvt •kejmwbœfvt wÿwZZjs cÖ”Qbœwbgœ¯’jg&|
mxgšÍv Be wbgœMvt mywecyjvt †m․avð we›`~cgv
`„ós eµwgevwffvwZ mKjs mswÿßiƒcs RMr \Ó45
Avevi, Rxeb KLbI KLbI Pvq myLvbyf~wZ| cvw_©e gvbyl ev †`e‡hvbxwewkó we`¨vai whwbB †nvK bv
†Kb Avnv‡i, wenv‡i, kq‡b, †fvR‡b, †cÖ‡g, µxov‡K․Zz‡K Zuvi PvB m‡ev©Ëg myL| myLvwfjvlx we`¨vai
wb‡Ri cQ›` Abymv‡i c„w_exi mywbw`©ó ’vbI †e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb| cÖvK…wZK †kvfvmg„×, mycÖwm× Ges GKK
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i‡q‡Q GUvB Avgv‡`i e³e¨|
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
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1982), 1/15|
2 Òmywef³gyLv`¨‣½e¨©³jÿYe„wËwft| c‡i‡Zv ’ wc w¯’‡Zv fvmt kix‣iwie bvU‣Kt \Ó`Ðx, AešÍxmy›`ixK_v, Gg
ivgK…òKwe m¤úv. (gv`ªvR: g½‡jv`qg& †cÖm, 1924), 11 |
3 Òfv‡mv nvmt, KweKzj¸iæt Kvwj`v‡mv wejvmt|ÓRq‡`e, cÖmbœivNeg &, †klivRkgv©kv¯¿x m¤úv. (ebvim: †P․L¤^v
we`¨vfeb, 1956), 1/22 |
4 wecÿev`xiv g‡b K‡ib iƒcK¸‡jvi iPwqZv fvm bb| Zvu‡`i hyw³, D×viK…Z iƒcK¸‡jvi †KvbwU‡Z fv‡mi bvg
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bvU‡K D³ †køvK Abycw¯’Z|
5 fM`Ë Rj&nY, m~w³gy³vejx, K…ògvPvh© m¤úv. (e‡iv`v: MvB‡KvqvW© Awi‡q›Uvj wmwiR, 1938), 4/48
6 A. D.Pusalker, BhāsaA Study (Lahore: Sanskrit book deport, 1940), page 61; Bhāsa,
Ūrubhańgam, S. Rangachar ed. (Mysore: Sanskrit Sahitya Sadana, 1967), page 13.
7 ÒcÖw_Zhkmvs fvmKwecy·m․wgjøKv`xbvs cÖeÜvbwZµg¨ eZ©gvbK‡et Kvwj`vmm¨ wµqvqvs K_s cwil‡`v
eûgvbt|ÓKvwj`vm, gvjweKvwMœwgÎg&, ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 11Õ k LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„ôvÑ259; ÒcyivYwg‡Z¨e b mvay
me©s b Pvwc Kve¨s bewgZ¨e`¨g&|ÓZ‡`e, 1/2
8 Ak^‡Nvl, ey×PwiZg&, ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 1g LÐ, †M․ixbv_ kv¯¿x (cÖavb Dc‡`óv), gyivwi‡gvnb †mb m¤úv. cÖv¸³,
13/60|
9 fvm, cÖwZÁv‡hŠMÜivqYg&, ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 10g LÐ, †M․ixbv_ kv¯¿x (cÖavb Dc‡`óv), †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx m¤úv.
cÖv¸³, 1/18|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
366
10
“An upper limit is given by the fact that Bhāsa is doubtless later than Açvaghoşa, whose
Buddhacarita is probably the source of a verse in the Pratijñāyaugandharāyaņa.” A. Berriedale
Keith, The Sanaskrit drama (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1992), page93- 94.
11 “Precious little is known about Bhāsa’s life. All that can be said about him is that he is a very
ancient writer, even a Muni of the class of Vyāsa or Vālmīki. He has strong predilections for the
Viș ņuite cult.”Bhāsa, Ūrubhańgam, S. Rangachar ed. op. cit., page15.
12 Ògwš¿cwil`s Øv`kvgZ¨vb&Kzex©Z BwZ gvbevt | ‡lvok BwZ evn©¯úZ¨vt| weskwZg& B‡Z․kbmvt| h_vmvg_©¨g& BwZ
†K․wUj¨t|Ó†KŠwUjxqg& A_©kv¯¿g&, gvb‡e›`y e‡›`¨vcva¨vq kv¯¿x m¤úv.,cÖ_g LÐ (KjKvZv: ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi,
2002), 1/15/7|
13 Òe¨vqvgw¯’iwecy‡jvwQ«ZvqZvs‡mv
R¨vNvZcÖwPZwK‡Yvj¦YcÖ‡Kvôt|
cÖ”Q‡bœv ’c¨byK…wZjÿ¨ivRfv‡ev
‡gNvšÍM©Ziweer cÖfvby‡gqt \Ófvm, AwegviKg&, fvmbvUKPµg&, wm. Avi.†`eai m¤úv. (cybv: AwiG›Uvj eyK
G‡RwÝ, 1937), 1/8|
14 Z‡`e, 1/12|
15 Z‡`e, 6/17|
16 Z‡`e, 6/9|
17 ÒfMœv g‣q‡Kb civt m‣mb¨v
A`¨vwc M‡Üb b mskªq‡šÍ|
wKs gvby‣lt †mv ’c¨my‡ik¦‡iv †g
n‡Zv fyRvf¨vgweiƒcavix \Ófvm, AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, 2/9|
18 ÒKvgvnZt KzgwZwft mwP‣eM„©nx‡Zv
‡ivMvZzit ¯^RbivMg‡eÿ‡Z ev|
k‡ßv wØ‣Reª©Zgy‡cZ¨ K‡ivwZ kvwšÍs
‡Kv ev f‡ebœic‡ZM„©n‡iva‡nZzt \ÓZ‡`e, 1/11
19 Òm¤cÖmªe`&`y»c‡qv`hyM¥vg& |ÓZ‡`e, 6/20|
ÒA`¨ gqvbyfyZt cyÎm¤úwËimtÓ (ms¯‥…ZQvqv)Z‡`e, lô A¼, c„ôvÑ186|
20 ÒAngwc Kzgvis ev Kzgvim¨ kixis ev †cÖwÿ‡l¨ Zver me©‡jvKs cwiåg¨| hw` b †cÖ‡ÿ, ZÎfeZt ciÎ mnv‡qv
fevwg|Ó(ms¯‥…ZQvqv)Z‡`e, PZz_© A¼, c„ôv–158|
21 Òµxovi‣mt cÖwZwe‡jvfq ivRcyÎxs
Kvh©všÍ‡ily cybic¨ngw¯§ cv‡k^© \ÓZ‡`e, 4/18,
22 Òc„ôZt Kÿv¨wefv‡M ¯¿xwb‡e‡kv Mf©e¨wa‣e`¨cÖZvL¨vZms ’v e„‡ÿv`K¯’vbs P| ewnt Kb¨vKygvicyig&|Ó†KŠwUjxqg
A_©kv¯¿g&, gvb‡e›`y e‡›`¨vcva¨vq kv¯¿x m¤úv., cÖ_g LÐ, cÖv¸³, 1/20/3|
fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡K mgvRfvebv
367
23 fvm, AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, Z…Zxq A¼,c„ 138-43
24 Z‡`e, c„ôv139|
25 Òm gyn~Z©gbv`igZ¡wiZs mjwjZs wcÖqeq‡m¨‡be †Zb nw¯Íbv cÖµxW¨ wbeZ©bvbyeZ©bMwZwe‡k‣lwe©‡gvn¨ jw¾Z Be †Zb
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26 ÒA_ Z`bšÍigycjf¨ nw¯Íbxwf Ís MReis msMÖv‡n¨gvs MRkvjvs cÖ‡ek¨vns Zm¨ cyiælm¨ cÖe„wËgšqs P
ÁvZzgb¨vc‡`‡kb MZevbw¯§|ÓZ‡`e|
27 ÒBóv gLv wØReivð gwq cÖmbœ&vtÓZ‡`e, 1/2|
28 Z‡`e, cÂg A¼, c„ôv-169|
29 RvýexKzgvi PµeZx©, cÖPxb fviZxq mvwnZ¨ I ev½vjxi DËivwaKvi, cÖ_g LÐ (KjKvZv: wW. Gg. jvB‡eªix, 1371
e½vã), c„ôv255|
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eskvbyPwiZ‣Âe cyivYs cÂjÿYg& \ evqycyivY, 4/13, weòzcyivY, 3/6/25|
31 RvýexKzgvi PµeZx©, cÖPxb fviZxq mvwnZ¨ I ev½vjxi DËivwaKvi, cÖ_g LÐ, cÖv¸³, 245|
32 fvm, AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, 2/5
33 Òb fvl‡m e„Ëgy‣cwl †ivls wb®‥viYs cÖwÿcwm cÖKvgg&|
AfvRbs Z¡s Zcmvs cÖ‡Kvcv`& eªþwl©iƒ‡cY fevæcvKt\ÓZ‡`e, 6/5
34 Òh¯§v`& eªþwl©gy‡L¨v ’ns kcvK BwZ fvwlZt |
Z¯§vr mcyÎ`vi¯Í¡s k^cvKZ¡gevá¨wm \ÓZ‡`e,6/6
35 Òhver cÖ”Qbœiæ‡cY Zver msermis eª‡Rt|
ZZt mserm‡i c~‡Y© gy³kv‡cv fwel¨wm \ÓZ‡`e, 6/8
36 bxnviiÄb ivq, ev½vjxi BwZnvm (KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, Avwk¦b, 1402), c„ôv243|
37 myaxiP›`ª miKvi, †cŠivwYK Awfavb (KjKvZv: Gg. wm miKvi GÐ mÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, beg ms¯‥iY, 1412
e½vã), c„4|
38 ÒA`¨ fMešÍgM¯Í¨gvivawqZzs gjqce©‡Z we`¨va‣iiærmet cÖvi×tÓfvm, AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, PZz_© A¼,c„ôv153|
39 Z‡`e, 1/7
40 Z‡`e, 2/5
41 Òmnv‡f․ PiZvs ag©wgwZ evPvbyfvl¨ P|
Kb¨vcÖ vbgf¨P¨© cÖvRvc‡Z¨v wewat ¯§„Zt \
B”Qqv‡b¨vb¨ms‡hvMt Kb¨vqvð eim¨ P|
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MvÜe©t m Zz we‡Á‡qv •g_yb¨t Kvgm¤¢et \Ó my‡ikP›`ª e‡&`¨cva¨vq m¤úv., gbymswnZv (KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjmvm©,
2002), 3/30, 3/32|
42 Z‡`e, 2/141
43 ÒZ_vwc ¯^Rbcwi‡ZvlYv_©gf¨šÍimgqgvÎgycva¨v‡qb KviwqZ¡v kxNªgvbxqZvwgn Kzgvit mn fvh©qv|Ó fvm,
AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, lô A¼,c„ôv182
44 ÒK_wg`vbxs †R¨ôcZœx Kbxq‡m `xq‡Z|ÓÑ Z‡`e, lô A¼, c„ 184
45 Z‡`e, 4/11
46 Z‡`e, 4/10
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
fef~wZi gnexiPwiZ bvU‡K iveY PwiÎ
W. †eex wek¦vm
Abstract: Sanskrit rhetoricals considered dramatic literature as a part of poetic literature.
According to their opinion drama is one kind of visual poetry. Dialogue is one of the
most significant parts of drama. This dialogue presented through the characters used in
the drama. This characters take the story forward with the dialogues. Raban is a very
important character in the Mahavircharita drama by Bhavabhuti which keeps the drama
momentum. He acted as a villain to get Seeta. He frequently misused his power though
he was possessed in domitable power. He is craved for Seeta by hook or by crook which
is not the sign of the flourising character. He involved immoral conflict with Ram
frequently. But his heart determined techinics and the planning materialisation strategy
really adorable. Thus the dramatist capables to upholds Raban as powerful and eventual
character by dint of his own merit which enlightened this treatise.
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welq| Zuvi es‡ki Dcvwa wQj D`y¤i| Zuvi wcZvg‡ni bvg fƇMvcvj Ges wcZvi bvg †Mvcvj| Zuvi
gvZvi bvg wQj RvZzKY©x| fef~wZi cÖK…Z bvg wQj kÖxKÉ| Avevi wk‡ei DcvmK e‡j Zuv‡K fef~wZ
AvL¨vI †`Iqv nq| wZwb e¨vKiY, gxgvsmv b¨vqkv‡¯¿ cvi`k©x wQ‡jb|
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e¨envi cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î A‡bK ¯’v‡b fef~wZ Kvwj`v‡mi AbyKiY K‡i‡Qb| Kvwj`v‡mi †gN ~Z, iNyesk,
AwfÁvbkKzšÍj Ges fef~wZi gvjZxgvae, gnvexiPwiZ I DËiivgPwiZ GB Kve¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Zv
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mgmvgwqK ev cieZ©x hy‡Mi Kve¨Kvi g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Df‡qB ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Z¨i ¯^Y©hyM PZz_©
kZK‡K Kvwj`v‡mi Avwef©veKvj a‡i wb‡q fef~wZ‡K Zvi mgmvgwqK ev cieZ©x mg‡qi g‡b Kiv
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wKš‘ fef~wZi bvg D‡jøL K‡ib wb| weL¨vZ bvU¨Kvi fef~wZi bvg evYfÆ Rvb‡Zb bv A_ev †R‡bI
D‡jøL Ki‡eb bv–– GgbwU nIqv A‡h․w³K| A_©vr H mg‡q fef~wZi Rb¥B nq wb| ZvB fef~wZ‡K
evYf‡Æi cieZ©x mg‡qi g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|1 HwZnvwm‡K‡`i Z_¨vbymv‡i evYfÆ KvY¦Kzâ iv‡R¨i
(606-648) mfvKwe wQ‡jb| H mg‡q wZwb nl©PwiZ iPbv K‡ib| ZvB evYf‡Æi Kvj wLªóxq mßg
kZK a‡i fef~wZ‡K Zvi cieZ©x mg‡qi g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Avj¼vwiK ivR‡kLi iwPZ Kve¨gxgvsmv MÖ‡š’ GKwU †køvK D×…Z n‡q‡Q| †køvKwUi Drm D‡jøL Kiv bv
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DËiivgPwi‡Z4 cvIqv hvq| ivR‡kL‡ii Kvj wLªóxq beg kZ‡K Ges AvPvh© evg‡bi Kvj wLªóxq
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†mRb¨B bvUKwUi bvg gnvexiPwiZ GK_v g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
iveY PwiÎ we‡kølY
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Zm¨vwc cªvwZfvU¨vw`ªcywiwZ KwjZt †Kv ’c¨c~e©t cÖgv`t \11
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KvwšÍgq hk‡K ¤øvb K‡i w`‡q P›`ª ev m~‡h©i gZ wb‡Ri cÖZvc m„wó Ki‡Z Pvb| bvU‡Ki fvlvq––
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bœ m¨v`vjm¨‡`vlt mKiæYg_ev †Kv ’byK‡¤ú¨ly †Kvct \12
ive‡Yi hyׇÿ‡Î kÎæcÿ bi Ges evbi| wKš‘ eªþvi e‡i †`e, `vbe hÿ †_‡K Zuvi †Kvb fxwZ †bB;
bi-evbi‡Zv `~‡ii K_v| ZvB `kgv_v weknvZ wewkó iveY †µv‡ai mv‡_ e‡jb, evûi AvNv‡Z gyL¨
evbi‡`i ~‡i Qz‡o †dj‡eb| hy×wbcyY Ab¨ evû w`‡q ivg-j²Y‡K nZ¨v Ki‡eb| †`eZviv my‡hvM
ey‡S AvR iv‡gi cÿ Aej¤b Kiv my‡hvMmÜvbx, wQ ªv‡Y¦lx evwK †`eZ`v‡`i evû w`‡q a‡i KvivMvi
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GLv‡b fef~wZi gnvexiPwi‡Z `kgv_v weknvZwewkó `vw¤¢K ive‡Yi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
evj¥xwKivgvq‡Y †`Lv hvq, iveY †`eZv‡`i civwRZ K‡i‡Qb| Kz‡ei cy®úK i_ AwaKvi K‡i‡Qb|
w`wM¦R‡q †ei n‡q m~h© es‡ki mšÍvb (iv‡gi c~e©cyiæl) AbiY¨K‡K ea K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î
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K‡i wZwb iveY‡K evûg~‡ji M‡Z© †i‡L mvZ mgy‡`ªi Dcvmbv †kl K‡i †d‡j †`b| evjxi mvg‡_©i
cÖgvY †c‡q iveY Zuvi mv‡_ wgÎZv ’vcb K‡ib| bvU‡Ki fvlvq––
•Kjv‡m Zzwj‡Z wR‡Z wÎfze‡b `„c¨šÍgfy¨`¨Zs
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byb¥y³vq bZvq bvw_Ze‡Z mL¨s P Z‣¯§ `‡`․ \14
me‡P‡q eo welq iveY GKRb KvgvÜ e¨w³| mxZvi m‡¤¢v‡M jvjvwqZ iveY G‡Kev‡iB wbqš¿Ynxb|
fef~wZi gnvexiPwiZ Abymv‡i ive‡Yi Kwbô gvZvgn gvj¨evb wb‡Ri †`․wn‡Îi GB KvgvÜZvi K_v
Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡ÿ‡Î iveY Pvb mxZv‡K AcniY Ki‡Z| wKš‘ gvj¨ev‡bi B”Qv mxZvi mv‡_
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B›`ª‡K †Q‡o ive‡Yi AwaKv‡i Av‡m; Avi Kb¨v‡Zv c‡ii abB| RbK es‡ki †h A‡hvwbm¤¢~Zv Kb¨v
i‡q‡Q iveY Zuvi cvwYcÖv_©x| Gi gva¨‡g RbK es‡ki mv‡_ †c․j¯Í¨ es‡ki AvZ¥xqZvi m¤§Ü ¯’vcb
Kiv †nvK| bvU‡Ki fvlvq––
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374
Kb¨viZœg‡hvwbRb¥ feZvgv‡¯Í eqs Pvw_©‡bv
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Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1. We may say that he must have flourished later than Bana (generally placed in the first
half of the 7th
century) who mentions several authors and works such as Kalidasa, Bhasa,
Pravarasena,Vasavadatta and Bihatkatha but is silent about Bhavabhuti; and who must
have lived before the second quarter of the 8th
century, for, he is referred to by
Vakpatiraja (Bappairaa) belonging to the second quarter of the 8th
century.––Vimla Gera,
Mind and Art of Bhavabhuti (Delhi: The Sanskrit book depot. 1973), p. 19.
2. fef~wZ, gvjZxgvaeg&, ivgK…ò †Mvcvj fvÐviKvi m¤úv. (†ev‡¤^: Mfb©‡g›U †m›Uªvj eyK wWcvU©‡g›U, 1905),
3/16|
3. fef~wZ, DËiivgPwiZg &, mxZvbv_ AvPvh©, †`eKzgvi `vm m¤úv. (KjKvZv: ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi, 2q ms¯‥iY,
†deªæqvwi, 2001), 1/38; evgb, Kve¨vj¼vi m~Îe„wË, Awbj P›`ª emy m¤úv. (KjKvZv: ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi, 1g
ms¯‥iY, gvP©, 1977), 4/3/6|
4. fef~wZ, gnvexiPwiZg&, Rxevb›` we`¨vmvMi m¤úv. (KjKvZv: mi¯^Zxh‡š¿, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 1860), 1/54; evgb,
Kve¨vj¼vi m~Îe„wË, cÖv¸³, 1/2/12|
5. fef~wZ, gnvexiPwiZg &, ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 13k LÐ, †M․ixbv_ kv¯¿x (cÖavb Dc‡`óv), Zvivc` fÆvPvh© m¤úv.
(KjKvZv: becÎ cÖKvkb, AvM÷, 1982), 1/28|
6. Z‡`e, 4/38|
7. Z‡`e, c„. 94|
8. †cŠivwYK Awfavb, myaxiP›`ª miKvi m¼wjZ (KjKvZv: Gg. wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖv: wj:, `kg ms¯‥iY, •ekvL,
1415), c„. 370|
9. evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg&, cÂvbb ZK©iZœ m¤úv. (KjKvZv: †eYxgvae kxjÕm jvB‡eªix, cÖ_g c ÖKvk, Avlvp, 1407 e½vã),
7/2/4-33|
10. fef~wZ, gnvexiPwiZg&, cÖv¸³, 6/14|
11. Z‡`e, 6/11|
12. Z‡`e, 6/10|
13. Z‡`e, 6/25|
14. Z‡`e, 5/37|
15. Z‡`e, 1/30|
16. evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg&, cÖv¸³, 3/46/19-20|
17. fef~wZ, gnvexiPwiZg&, cÖv¸³, 5/17|
18. evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg&, ØviKvcÖmv` kg©v Abyw`Z (Gjvnvev`: ivgbvivqY jvj cÖKvwkZ, 1987), 7/26/55-56|
19. fef~wZ, gnvexiPwiZg&, cÖv¸³, 6/9|
20. Z‡`e, 1g A¼, c„. 12|
21. Z‡`e, 5/18|
22. Z‡`e, 6/26|
23. evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg&, cÖv¸³, 6/19/9-16|
24. Z‡`e, 6/37/16-17|
25. fef~wZ, gnvexiPwiZg&, cÖv¸³, 6/62|
26. myLgq fÆvPvh© kv¯¿x mßZx_©, ivgvq‡Yi PwiZvejx (KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, cÖ_g cÖKvk,
AMÖnvqY, 1376), c„. 204|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402
gbymswnZvq bvixi gh©v`v I Agh©v`v: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
W. RqkÖx `vl
Abstract : Smritishastra is the part of Hindu scriptures. The authors of the Smritishastras
wrote the same accordance with the principles of Grihyasutra. Manusamhita is main
Smritishastra of the Hindu community. It contains the social rules of the Hindus.From
the age of Manusamhita till now Hindu society has been conducted by it. There was an
honourable position of the women in the age of the Veda. But in the age of the
Smritishastra the women have lost it. Somewhere the authors of the Smritishastra had
given higher position in their writings but they were very conservative in the question of
the freedom of the women. In this article it has been tried to focus the honourable
position and also dishonourable position of the women in the Manusmritishastra.
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wb‡ ©kbv gby cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, wZwb e‡jb ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki weev‡`i †¶‡Î ¿x‡jv‡KivB mv¶x cÖ`vb
Ki‡eb|32
wKš‘ hw` ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki m‡½ cyiæ‡li weev` nq Zvn‡j ¿x‡jv‡Ki mvÿx Acwinvh©|
Avevi hw` †Kvb wbR©b ¯’v‡b †KD AvµvšÍ nq Zvn‡j cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x wn‡m‡e bvixi mvÿ¨ MªnY Kiv
hv‡e|33
Avevi hw` Lye cÖ‡qvRb bv _v‡K Zvn‡j bvix‡`i mvÿ¨ †bIqv hv‡e bv| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e gby e‡jb,
bvix‡`i eyw× wbZvšÍB PÂj|34
gbyi mgq cyiæl KZ…©Z¡vaxb kvmb e¨e¯’v wQj| GKvi‡Y gby memgq
cyiæl KZ…©Z¡‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Ges ivRKv‡h© bvix‡K Abycw¯’Z †i‡L‡Qb| gby AZ¨šÍ my‡K․k‡j
cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e ivRKvh© cvj‡b bvixRvwZi f~wgKv G‡Kev‡iB Gwo‡q †M‡Qb
A_ev Zv‡`i Abychy³ g‡b K‡i‡Qb|
M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq
384
gbymswnZvq bvix‡`i Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvq m¤ú‡`i K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| wcZvi
AeZ©gv‡b ev ¯^vgxi AeZ©gv‡b wKsev wcZv ¯^vgx Df‡qi AeZ©gv‡b bvixiv hv‡Z `ytLK‡ó w`bvwZcvZ
bv K‡ib †mw`‡K j¶¨ †i‡LB gby bvix‡`i DËivwaKvim~‡Î m¤ú` cÖvwßi weavb †i‡L‡Qb| nq‡Zv G
m¤ú` bvixi †mvcvwR©Z bq, nq‡Zv Zviv Gi gvwjKI bb, wKsev Zviv GB m¤ú` µq-weµq AwaKvix
i‡q‡Q Zv †m AwaKvi hZB bMY¨ †nvK bv †Kb †mUv GKvšÍB Zv‡`i|
ZvB ejv hvq, bvixRvwZ m¤ú‡K© gbyi †bwZevPK g‡bvfve hZB _vKzK bv †Kb bvixi Rxebavi‡Yi
Rb¨ we‡kl K‡i ZrKvjxb mgv‡R Amnvq bvix‡`i Rxebavi‡Yi K_vI gby e‡j‡Qb| ZvB ZrKvjxb
cyiælZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’vq bvixi cÖwZ gbyi GK ai‡bi D`viZv wQj e‡jB g‡b Kiv nq|
Avevi †Kvb †Kvb ¯’‡j gbyi ag©kv‡¯¿ bvixi cÖwZ †h wbg©g AZ¨vPvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi †Kvb Zj Luy‡R
cvIqv hvq bv| gbymswnZvq bvixi ¯¿xa‡bi AwaKvi _vK‡jI Zv cwic~Y©Zv cvqwb| mewKQz †_‡KB
bvix‡K ewÂZ Kiv n‡q‡Q | ZvB A‡kvK iæ`ª e‡j‡Qb,
ÔÔme‡`‡kB meKv‡jB bvix‡`i cyiæ‡liv A‡bKfv‡eB ewÂZ K‡i G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ bvixRvwZ m¤^‡Ü †h
mxgvnxb N„Yv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki mgvR-kvmK cyiæ‡liv †cvlY Ki‡Zb Ges †h N„Yv‡K cÖKvk¨fv‡e
†NvlYv K‡i bvix m¤úwK©Z mg¯Í mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vi wfwË ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Zzjbv Ab¨ †Kvb
†`‡ki BwZnv‡m cvIqv hvq bv| Avi bvixiv Zv‡`i GB Ae¯’vb‡K †hfv‡e †g‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Qb ZvI
Zzjbvwenxb|Ó35
Z_¨wb‡ ©k
1 ÔkÖywZ¯‘ †e‡`v we‡Á‡qv ag©kv¯¿¯‘ ‣e ¯§„wZÕ, cÂvbb ZK©iZœ (m¤úvw`Z) gbymswnZv (KwjKvZv: ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi,
1913) 2/10, c„ôv-21|
2 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, c„. cÖvK&K_b- K|
3 Pandurang Vaman Kane, History of Dharmasastra, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona,
1941, p. 6.
4 kÖxhy³ cÂvbb ZK©iZœ m¤úvw`Z, gbymswnZv, (KjKvZv, ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÛvi), 1/32, c„.8|
5 AgZ©¨ †mb, The Idea of Justice: bxwZ I b¨vh¨Zv, evsjv ms¯‥iY, (KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©, 2013) c„ôv-
33|
6 KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, mvg¨ev`x Kv‡e¨i Ôbvix Õ KweZv, AviRygvb Aviv evby m¤úvw`Z (XvKv : AvMvgx cÖKvkbx,
2010) c„t 2|
7 cÖv¸³, gbymswnZv, 3/56, c„ôv-62|
8 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 3/57, c„ôv-62|
9 i‡gkP›`ª `Ë Abyw`Z, F‡M¦`, 2q LÐ, (KjKvZv: nid cÖKvkbx, 1976), 10/28/05, c„. 504|
10 cÖv¸³, gbymswnZv, 3/60, c„ôv-62|
11 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/26, c„ôv-251|
12 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/138, c„ôv-265|
gbymswnZvq bvixi gh©v`v I Agh©v`v: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
385
13
Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/7, c„ôv-249|
14 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/12, c„ôv-249|
15 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv 9/90. c„ôv-258|
16 my‡ikP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (Abyw`Z), gbymswnZv, (KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©, 2007) 2/67, c„. 64|
17 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/88, c„. 257|
18 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv 5/147, c„. 162|
19 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 5/148, c„ôv-162|
20 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/3, c„ôv-248|
21 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 2/214, c„ôv-79|
22 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 3/45, c„ôv-90|
23 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 8/371, c„ôv-240|
24 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv,8/372, c„ôv-240|
25 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/14, c„. 249|
26 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/15, c„. 250|
27 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/17, c„.250|
28 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 9/18, c„.250|
29 Z‡`e, gbymsvwnZv, 2/213, c„.47|
30 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 2/214, c„. 47|
31 Z‡`e, gbymswnZv, 2/215, c„.48|
32 cÖv¸³, 8/69, c„.206|
33 Z‡`e, 8/70,c„.206|
34 Z‡`e, 8/77,c„.207|
35 K¼i wmsn,gbymswnZv I bvix, KjKvZv: i¨vwWK¨vj B‡¤úkb, 2015, c„.79|