memory and cognition when studying material for tests/quizzes, what techniques or strategies do you...
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Memory and Cognition
When studying material for tests/quizzes, what techniques or strategies do you use to
remember the information?
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Memory The process by which information is
encoded, stored, and retrieved
Memory
Explicit – specific
information
Episodic - events
Semantic – general
knowledgeImplicit – skills,
procedures
Hippocampus =
Memory
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Flashbulb Memories Clear memories of emotionally significant
events (episodic)
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Memory Processes
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
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Encoding Translation of info into a form that can be
stored in memory
OTTFFSSENT
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Encoding Visual coding – create a mental picture/image
Acoustic coding – repetition out loud to sequence
Semantic coding – attempt to make/assign meaning
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Which penny is a REAL penny?
A
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Storage
The maintenance of encoded information over time Maintenance rehearsal: repetition of new info
to avoid forgetting Elaborative rehearsal: creating a link between
new and old info
Memory is organized into groups/classes like a filing cabinet
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Retrieval Recalling info from memory storage
Write the letters you attempted to memorize a few slides ago…
How did you remember these letters?
Success of retrieval relies on proper encoding and storage.
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Retrieval Context-dependent memories
info is more easily retrieved in the same context in which it was encoded and stored
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3 Stages of Memory
Sensory Memory
Attention
Short Term
MemoryRehearsal
Long Term
Memory
Forgetting
Forgetting
Forgetting
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Sensory Memory Iconic – mental images of visual stimuli
Echoic – traces of sounds are held and can be retrieved for a few seconds
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Short Term Memory
AKA “working memory”
7 +/- 2 pieces of info at a time
Chunking - organization of items into meaningful or manageable units How could you have chunked OTTFFSSENT?
Interference - when new info takes the place of other info in short term memory
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Long Term Memory Info stored by rehearsal
Unlimited, but we do not remember everything that we have ever experienced/learned
We reconstruct and shape memories to reflect the way in which we perceive the world. Loftus Car Crash and Eye Witnesses
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Types of Retrieval Recognition: identifying info you have already
encountered Multiple choice tests
Recall: retrieval of learned info Short answer/essays
Relearning: learning material a 2nd time Test corrections
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Types of Forgetting
Decay: fading of memories overtime
Amnesia: loss of memory, usually tied to a brain injury or biological problem
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How to Improve Your Memory
Maintenance rehearsal Flashcards, repetition
Elaborative rehearsal Make connections to past
info Use mnemonic devices
– any type of memory aid Please Excuse My Dear
Aunt Sally Form unusual
associations Peg method
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Marshmallow Challenge!!!! Build the Tallest Freestanding Structure: The winning team is the
one that has the tallest structure measured from the table top surface to the top of the marshmallow. That means the structure cannot be suspended from a higher structure, like a chair, ceiling or chandelier.
The Entire Marshmallow Must be on Top: The entire marshmallow needs to be on the top of the structure. Cutting or eating part of the marshmallow disqualifies the team.
Use as Much or as Little of the Kit: The team can use as many or as few of the 20 spaghetti sticks, as much or as little of the string or tape. The team cannot use the paper bag as part of their structure.
Break up the Spaghetti, String or Tape: Teams are free to break the spaghetti, cut up the tape and string to create new structures.
The Challenge Lasts 18 minutes: Teams cannot hold on to the structure when the time runs out. Those touching or supporting the structure at the end of the exercise will be disqualified.
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Cognition AKA “thinking” Manipulating info
stored in memory to create new info
Metacognition - thinking about thinking Awareness of your own
thought processes
We think to solve problems…
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Problem Solving The problem dictates the solving method
used.
Algorithm – specific step-by-step procedure that always solves a particular problem. EX: math formulas, a cooking recipe Time-consuming but always right
Heuristic – “rules of thumb,” shortcuts in problem solving that work most, but not all, of the time EX: common sense Fast but sometimes wrong
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Insight Sudden understanding
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Incubation Arriving at a conclusion after setting a
problem aside “Sleep on it…”
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Functional Fixedness The tendency to think of an object as being
useful for only the function that the object is usually used for
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Creativity The capacity to use info and
abilities in a new or original way
Convergent thinking - thinking limited to available facts
Divergent thinking - thinking that attempts to generate multiple solutions to a problem