Memoryالذاكرة

Prof. Dr. Ramez N. Bedwani

Psychology MLPS- 201

Outcome

 

The concept of memory and how to memorize, how memory could be affected, forgetting, causes of memory disorders.

Definition:

The cognitive(المعرفية) ability (القدرة) to encode (تشفير) (impression بصمة) , store (يسترجع) and retrieve (تخزين)

bring them back to conscious awareness ( الواعى (المعلومات) information (اإلدراكwhen needed

So there are three stages of memory: 1. Encoding E2. Storage S3. Retrieval R

Encoding ( التشفير (اإلكتسابis putting physical information into the

kind of code that memory can accept

Storage (التخزين) is holding information for some time

Retrieval (اإلسترجاع)is the process of locating and recovering

(using) information from memory when needed

Relationship between the three levels of memory

Sensorystore

Short termmemory

Long termmemory

Attention, Motivation

Stimuli

Rehearsal

Levels (مستويات) (depths) of memory:

1. Sensory store memory ( / اللحظية الفورية الحواس :(مخزن brief , shallow, large amounts storage in the form in which it is

received by our sense receptors e.g: -visual (iconic) scenes last in the sensory memory for a fraction of

a second (0.4 sec)

-heard things (echoic) last for 4 seconds

).

2. Short term ( المدى memory (القصيرة(STM) (Working memory):

limited (محدودة)capacity (7+/-2 digits) and limited duration. It is keeping information for 40 seconds before using , fading or replaced by new information

Applied: dialing phone number (chunking 012/ 39/ 40/ 480) / important information to LTM

3. Long term ( المدى :memory(طويلة Unlimited capacity & long duration ( but

subject to replacement

Types of LTM

Proceduralخطوات) تطبيقية(

Episodic) أحداث)

Semantic) معانى)

Visual) الصورة)

Verbal) الصوت)

• Procedural: like riding a bike or driving a car , operating machines and tools

• Episodic: (time ordered) stores life experiences and events

• Semantic: facts like what is the capital of Egypt? , how many colors are there in the Egyptian flag?

• Visual: like remembering a picture

• Auditory: like remembering a song

How to measure memory (retrieval)?1. Able to Recall (اإلستدعاء): remembering objects

or ideas that are not apparent to the senses (e.g in short questions or as when remembering a

person’s name when not present)

2. Able to Recognition (التعرف): identification of an object presented to the senses

(e.g in MCQs or as when identifying the person’s name when seeing his face

How to improve our memory (retrieval) ?

• State of mind ( الذهنية (الحالة

• at retrieval similar to that at encoding (same physical state, place or high emotions at encoding easier to retrieve)

• Meaningfulness / Elaboration : ( معنى (إعطاءinformation having a meaning are easier to retrieve

• Relearning: learning for several times improves memory ability (saves time)

• Assisting devices( مساعدة أدوات : (للذاكرة

Key word initials : ESR Rhyming (سجع) (Abgadhawwaz)Mental images ( ذهنية (diagrams)(صور

Factors that inhibit retrieval from Long term memory (forgetting)

1. Interference (التداخل) information is blocked by information learned earlier or

laterكلمة سابقة تعترض إستدعاء كلمة جديدة/ كلمة )

(جديدة تعترض تذكر كلمة قديمة

2. time

2. Repression (الكبت) ( Motivated forgetting): Previously learned information is blocked by

psychological trauma and put into the unconscious

3. Disuse atrophy ( / عدم ضمور التضاؤل (اإلستعمال

Information not being used for a long

Disorders of Memory (Amnesia/ Hypermnesia / Pramnesia)

1. Amnesia : Loss of memory in the form of partial or total

inability to recall past experiences.a. Anterograde: amnesia for recent events. It occurs in senility and cerebral atherosclerosis

b. Retrograde: Amnesia for remote events. It occurs in normal forgetfulness and senility

c. Global amnesia: for both recent and remote events.

It occurs in senility and with advanced organic brain affections

d. Focal amnesia : an Amnesic gap, limited to a particular time or event. memories before and after that gap is normal.

It occurs in hysteria.

2. Hypermnesia ( الذاكرة :(زيادة Exaggerated Memory (high degree of retention and

recall). It occurs in hypomania and paranoia (see Aggression

lecture)

3. Paramnesia ( الذاكرة False memory by :(زيفdistortion of recall

Types of par amnesia are:a. Falsification ( رجعى بأثر remembers a true : (تزييف

memory to which the patient adds false details. occur in hysteria, psychosis and Korsakoff’s syndrome.

b. and epilepsy.

b. Confabulation: The patient Unconsciously fills gaps in memory by untrue experiences. occur in hysteria, psychosis and Korsakoff’s syndrome

c. Deja (already) vu (seen): “I saw this before happening” Illusion of visual recognition in which a new situation is incorrectly regarded as a repetition of an old memory

d. De ja (already) entendu (heared): “ I know he would say so” Illusion of auditory recognition

e. Jamais (never ) vu (seen): False feeling of

unfamiliarity with a real situation that one has experienced.

Deja and Jamais phenomena occur in fatigue, drug intoxication

AssignmentThe students are requested to prepare slides about the following topics:

Topic Student Name

Differences between emotion , mood and affect

Haidy Ahmed, Nehal Kamal El-Din, Fatema Ali, Kholoud Abd El-Kader, Marwa Ashraf

Questions:

All correct except oneI.How to measure retrieval • Recall• Recognition• Depression

II.Types of memory are• Short term memory• Perception• Long term memory

III.Disorders of memory are• Amnesia• recall• hypermnesia• paramnesia