memory super memorist: 20 the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of...
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Memorysuper memorist: 20
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and
retrieval of information.
Was it easy or hard?
• It depends on several things….
• If you like Disney movies?
• When was the last time you have seen the movie?
• Are people around you being loud so you cannot concentrate?
Take out a piece of paper…..
• Name the seven dwarves…..
Now name them…..
Recall vs. Recognition
Recall• you must retrieve the
information from your memory
• fill-in-the blank or essay tests
Recognition• you must identify the
target from possible targets
• multiple-choice tests
The Memory Processcrash course
Three step process….
1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.
2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.
3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Three Stage Theory of Memory
Sensory Memoryreplication of Sperling's experiment
• A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information.– Iconic (Visual)– Echoic (Auditory)
Short Term Memory
• The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.
• Events are encoded visually (images), acoustically (sounds) or semantically (meanings).
• Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds.
• We recall digits better than letters.
Transferring from STM to LTM
• Chunking - organizing items into familiar, manageable units
• Mnemonic Devices
• Rehearsal – repetition, repetition, repetition
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
Long Term Memory
• unlimited storehouse of information
• Explicit Memories (Declarative)– Facts Memorized (Semantic)– Events / Experiences (Episodic)
• Implicit Memories (Non-declarative or Procedural)– Skills– Example: how to ride a bike,
shoot a basketball
Storing Memories - Encoding
Effortful Processing• done actively, “with
effort”, on purpose• Studying for a test• Completing AP Psych
reading assignment• Drilling with AP Psych
flashcards
Automatic Processing• done passively,
“without effort”, by “accident”
• Remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning
• Remembering the score of sporting event
• Remembering who you first spoke to today
Storing Memories - Encoding
• Amnesia - generally, the loss of memory
• The Physical Basis of Memory– No one area houses memories– Ongoing Electrical Activity– Synaptic Changes• Long-term Potentiation
(LTP) – increase in a synapse’s firing potential after stimulation (engram)
• program 17• modern example
Encoding Processes
• Visual Encoding: the encoding of imagesexample
• Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound
• Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning
the most effectiveencoding with multiple process
types is even more effective
Memory Strategiesstart @ 7:04
• Mnemonic devices are strategies to improve memory by organizing information– Method of Loci: ideas are associated with a
place or part of a building example– Peg-Word system: peg words are associated
with ideas (e.g. “one is a bun”)– Word Associations: verbal associations are
created for items to be learned
ChunkingChunking & other methods
#
• Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
• Often it will occur automatically.
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you?
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?
ChunkingWrite down as many of the states of the US as
you can remember!
Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents
Encoding Information• Serial Positioning
Effects – the tendency for recall to be affected by the order of encoding– Primacy Effect –more
likely to recall items at the beginning of a list
– Recency Effect – likely to recall items at the end of a list
– What else influenced your ability to recall?
Serial Positioning Effect
• Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.
PresidentsRecalled
Encoding – The Spacing Effect
• distributed study or practice yields better long term retention
• cramming is minimally effective
What, then, would be good strategies for preparing for AP Psych tests?
For the AP Exam in the spring?
The Context Matters!!!crash course
• Flashbulb Memories– a clear memory of an
emotionally significant moment or event
• Mood Congruent Memory– the tendency to recall
experiences that are consistent with your current mood
• State Dependent Memory– memory that is
recalled under the consciousness conditions it was formed
Memory Construction• Memories are not always
what they seem.• Misinformation Effect –
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
• Elizabeth Loftus
Misinformation Effect
Depiction of Accident
Leading Question: About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
Misinformation EffectLeading Question: About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
Forgetting – Encoding Failure
Which is the Right Penny?AUTOMATIC ENCODING(From Nickerson & Adams, 1979)
Forgetting – Retrieval Failure
• Retroactive Interference: recent information blocks out old information.
• Proactive Interference: previous information blocks out new information.
Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriend’s name.
Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.
Clive Wearing
• Repression – Freud’s concept of the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Forgetting - Storage Decay
• Even after encoding something well, we sometimes forget it.
• Herman Ebbinghaus’ experiments with non-sense syllables–Showed the memory fades quickly,
but then the speed at which it fades levels out.
Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
Types of AmnesiaClive Wearing
• Causes: Brain Damage, Shock, Repression, Stress and Illness
• Amnesia is forgetting produced by brain injury or trauma– Retrograde amnesia refers to
problems with recall of information prior to a trauma
– Anterograde amnesia refers to problems with recall of information after a trauma
– 50 1st dates trailer
– Infantile Amnesia: Before 3 years old
– Source amnesia-where did I hear or read that??
Significant People - MemoryGeorge Miller– Research on Short-term Memory Capacity– “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or
Minus Two” (1956, Harvard)• established 7, + or – 2 as the limit of storable
information• also first developed the concept of
“chunking” to aid in memory retention