memory the brain’s system for filing away new information and retrieving previously learned data...
TRANSCRIPT
Memory• The brain’s system for filing away new
information and retrieving previously learned data– A constructive process
• 3 types of memory– Sensory memory
• Lasts a few seconds
– Short-term (working) memory• 30-90 seconds
– Long-term memory• Indefinite time period
Information Processing Model
• Encoding– Sensory information is
converted into a form that can be stored
• Storage– Encoded information is placed
into memory
• Retrieval– Previously stored information is
moved form long-term memory to working
Memory
Types of Memory• Sensory Memory
– Iconic Memory• Visual stimuli
– Eidetic Memory• Ability to remember detailed stimuli• Short period of time
– Echoic Memory• Auditory stimuli
Types of Memory• Short-term (Working) Memory
- Encoding– Attention
• The act of applying the mind to a sense or thought
– Conscious encoding• Encoding information that you pay
specific attention to
– Unconscious encoding• Automatic processing
– Visual/ Auditory encoding– Semantic encoding
• Attaching meaning to a memory
Types of Memory• Short-term (Working)
Memory - Storage– Chunking
• Process of organizing large pieces of information into smaller chunks
– Rote Rehearsal• Repeating information with
the intent of learning that info
• Interference Task
Types of Memory• Short-term (Working)
Memory - Retrieval– Serial Position Effect
• The ability to recal information in a list depending on the position of the information on that list
• Recency Effect– The recall of information that
was most recently stored
• Primacy Effect– The recall of information learned
first
Types of Memory• Long-Term Memory - Encoding
– Explicit memories• Memories of which you are
consciously aware
– Implicit memories• Memories of which you are NOT
consciously aware
– Episodic memories• Memories in which you remember
an entire sequence of events
– Procedural memories• Memories of movement (usually)
Types of Memory• Long-Term Memory - Encoding
– Flashbulb memories• Memories that are immediately
stored in LTM and caused by emotional events
– Elaborative rehearsal• The process in which you give
meaning to information for the purpose of storing it
– Mnemonics• Memory aids that give rhyme and
reason to lists or other pieces of information
Memory• Long-Term Memory – Storage
– Levels of Processing Model• Shallow Processing• Deep Processing
– The Brain• Hippocampus• Frontal Lobe• Cerebellum• Basal Ganglia
Types of Memory• Long-term Memory - Retrieval
– Rehearsal• Connect meaning• Deep thinking
– Retrieval• Using cues• Recall
– General cue– Essay Question
• Recognition– Specific cue– Multiple Guess Question
PICK OUT THE 7 DWARFS
• BASHFUL• CRANKY• DOC• DUMPY• ZIPPO• HARPO• MOODY• DOPEY
• HAPPY
• PEPPY
• ROWDY
• SLEEPY
• SNEEZY
• SNIPPY
• YIPPY
• GRUMPY
Encoding Specificity Principle
• Retrieval improves when conditions of encoding are the same as conditions of recovery
• Context Dependent– Same seat to take test
• Mood Congruence– Be in the same mood
• State-Dependent – Be in the same state
Forgetting• Interference Theory
– Retroactive Interference• New info interferes with old info
– Proactive Interference• Old info interferes with new info
• Forgetting Curve– Decays over time biologically
Forgetting
• Motivated Forgetting– We have reason to forget
• Encoding Failure– We do not encode information properly
• Retrieval Failure– Synaptic connections have failed to retrieve
the information
Forgetting
• Amnesia – Memory Loss– Anterograde
• An inability to form new memories
– Retrograde• A loss of past memories