TYPES OF MEMORY

INTRODUCTION

Definitions Memory

ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving

Encoding refers to making mental representations of information

so that it can be placed into our memories

INTRODUCTION

Definitions Storing

process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall

Retrieving process of getting or recalling information that has been

placed into short-term or long-term storage

THREE TYPES OF MEMORY

Sensory memory refers to an initial process that receives and holds

environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds

Short-term memory also called working-memory, refers to another process

that can hold only a limited amount of information, an average of seven items - 2 to 30 seconds

Long-term memory refers to the process of storing almost unlimited

amounts of information over long periods of time

THREE TYPES OF MEMORY (CONT.)

THREE TYPES OF MEMORY (CONT.)

Memory processes sensory memory do not pay attention, information is forgotten pay attention, information is automatically transferred

into short-term memory short-term memory do not pay attention information is not encoded and is forgotten long-term memory encoded information will remain on a relatively

permanent basis

SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING

Iconic memory form of sensory memory that automatically holds

visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears

Echoic memory form of sensory memory that holds auditory

information for 1 to 2 seconds

SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING (CONT.)

Functions of sensory memory prevents being overwhelmed gives decision time provides stability, playback, and recognition

SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING

Short Term or Working Memory Definition

refers to a process that can hold a limited amount of information-an average of seven items-for a limited period of time –2 to 30 seconds

Two features limited duration maintenance rehearsal refers to the practice of intentionally repeating or

rehearsing information so that it remains longer in short-term memory

SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.)

Two features limited capacity

Interference results when new information enters short-term

memory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there

Chunking combining separate items of information into a larger

unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of information rather than individual items

SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.)

Functions of short-tem memory Attending

selectively attend to information that is relevant and disregard everything else

Rehearsing allows you to hold information for a short period of time

until you decide what to do with it Storing

helps to store or encode information in long-term memory

LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORINGPutting information into long-term memory

Long-term memory refers to the process of storing almost unlimited

amounts of information over long periods of time with the potential of retrieving, or remembering, such information in the future

Encoding process of transferring information from short-term to

long-term memory by paying attention to it, repeating or rehearsing it, or forming new associations

Retrieving process of selecting information from long-term

memory and transferring it back into short-term memory

LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)

Separate Memory SystemsPrimacy Versus Recency

primacy effect better recall, or improvement in retention, of

information presented at the beginning of a task recency effect

better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the end of a task

primary-recency effect better recall of information presented at the beginning

and end of a task

Short-Term Versus Long-Term Memory

LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)

Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative Declarative memory

involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events

Semantic memory type of declarative memory and that involves

knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules

LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)

Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative Episodic memory

type of declarative memory that involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences (episodes), or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants or hobbies

LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)

Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative Procedural or nondeclarative memory

involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis), some cognitive behaviors learned through classical conditioning

ENCODING: TRANSFERING

Two kinds of encoding Automatic encoding

transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory without any effort and usually without any awareness

personal events interesting facts skills and habits

ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)

Two kinds of encoding Effortful encoding

involves the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory either by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or, especially, by making associations between new and old information

ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)

Rehearsing and encoding Maintenance rehearsal

refers to simply repeating or rehearsing the information rather than forming any new associations

Elaborative rehearsal involves using effort to actively make meaningful

associations between new information that you wish to remember and old or familiar information that is already stored in long-term memory

ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)

Levels of processing theory says that remembering depends on how

information is encoded shallow processing: poor recall deeper and deepest processing: encode by making

new association

REPRESSED MEMORIES

Definition of repressed memory the process by which the mind pushes a memory of

some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious mind

Implanting false memories studies on implanting false memories simply show

that a false suggestion can grow into a vivid, detailed, and believable personal memory

Unusual Memories

photographic memory occurs in adults, is ability to form sharp, detailed

visual images after examining a picture or page for a short period of time and to recall the entire image at a later date

eidetic imagery Form of photographic memory that occurs in

children, is the ability to examine a picture or page for 10-3 seconds and then for several minutes hold in one’s mind a detailed visual image of the material

Unusual Memories

flashbulb memories vivid recollections, usually in great detail, of

dramatic or emotionally charged incidents that are of interest to the person

encoded effortlessly and may last for long periods of time

Unusual Memories (CONT.)