mendel and meiosis chp 10 pp. 252-279. contents 10-2 meiosis 10-1 mendel
DESCRIPTION
Chromosome Rod shaped structures made of DNA and proteins Carrier of genetic material Located in the nucleus Copied and passed from generation to generationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mendel and Meiosis
Chp 10 Pp. 252-279
![Page 2: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Contents
• 10-2 Meiosis• 10-1 Mendel
![Page 3: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chromosome
Rod shaped structures made of DNA and proteinsCarrier of genetic materialLocated in the nucleusCopied and passed from generation to generation
![Page 4: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chromosomes
Sex chromosomes: chromosomes that determine the sex of an organismHumans X and Y Females: X XMales: X Y
Autosomes: all other types of chromosomes
![Page 6: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chromosomes
![Page 7: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Homologous Chromosomes
2 copies of each autosome Same size and shapeCarry genes for the same traitEx. If 1 homologous chromosome contains gene for eye color the other homologous chromosome will too.
![Page 8: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Homologous Chromosomes
![Page 9: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Diploid Cell
Cell with 2 sets of chromosomesContains chromosomes for each homologous pairSomatic Cells= Body Cells: DiploidAll human cells except sex cells are diploid. One from each parent 2nHumans 2n = 46
![Page 10: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Haploid
Cell containing one of each kind of chromosomeSperm and egg cells = Gametes1 set of chromosomesHalf the number of chromosomes of diploidnSperm + Egg = Zygoten + n = 2n
![Page 11: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
• Mitosis: t = two: Diploid 2n=46
• Meiosis: o = one: Haploid » n = 23
![Page 12: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Meiosis
Gametes are produced in specialized body cellsProduces Sperm and Egg Cells2 divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis IIMeiosis occurs in sex cells, not body cellsResults in 4 daughter cellsEach cell has half the chromosomes of the parent
![Page 13: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Meiosis I
Interphase occurs: the cell grows and DNA replicatesMeiosis I begins Original cell produces two new cells
![Page 14: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Prophase I
DNA Coils tightly into chromosomesspindle fibers appearEach chromosome lines up next to the homologueSynapis occurs: pairing of homologous chromosomes Tetrad: Each pair of homologous chromosomes
![Page 15: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Crossing Over
•Crossing Over: why we do not look Crossing Over: why we do not look exactly like our parents.exactly like our parents.
Portions of the chromatid breaks off and attaches to adjacent chromatids on the
homologous chromosomePermits the exchange of genetic material
between maternal and paternal chromosomes
•Occurs during Prophase
![Page 16: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Genetic Recombination
Crossing over produces a new mixture of genetic material
• Occurs during Prophase
![Page 18: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Causes of Variation
Chromosomes are assorted randomlyCrossing over may occurCells do not have identical genetic info as each other or the parentGood: more chance of survival and evolutionBad: mistakes more likely
![Page 19: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Metaphase I
Tetrads line up randomly along the mid-lineSpindle fibers attach to centromeres
![Page 20: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Anaphase IHomologous chromosomes move to the opposite polesRandom separation or Independent Assortment results in separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
![Page 21: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Telophase I
Chromosomes reach opposite ends of cellCytokinesis beginscell is haploid
![Page 22: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Meiosis II
Occurs in each cell formed in Meiosis IInterphase does not occur again
![Page 23: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Prophase II
Spindle fibers form and move the chromosomes to the mid-line of the dividing cell
![Page 24: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Metaphase II
Chromosomes move to the mid-line of the dividing cell facing opposite poles of the dividing cell
![Page 25: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Anaphase II
Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
![Page 26: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Telophase II
Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes in each of 4 new cells
![Page 27: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cytokinesis II
Cytoplasm divides Cell Membrane closes off
![Page 28: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
End Result:
Four new cells that contain half of the original cells number of chromosomes4 sex cells are created
![Page 30: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Haploid = one of each kind Diploid = two of each kind
• 2n = diploid n = haploid
![Page 32: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
WHY DO WE NEED HAPLOID?
• EGG
23
SPERM
Female gamete
Male gamete
23
![Page 33: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fertilization restores the diploid number
2n2n
1n1n1n
2n2n
fertilizationmeiosis
Mitosis and cell growth
![Page 34: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Gametes
formed by meiosishaploid reproductive cellshumans: meiosis occurs in the testes and ovaries
![Page 35: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Spermatogenesis: Male
![Page 36: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Oogenesis: FemaleOne Mature
Egg Cell
![Page 37: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Human Karotype
![Page 38: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Asexual Reproduction
Production of offspring from one parent Does not involve meiosisOffspring are genetically identical to parent
![Page 39: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Sexual Reproduction
Production of offspring through meiosis and the union of sperm and eggOffspring are genetically different form parentsGenes are combined in new ways in meiosisEvolutionary advantage is that it enables species to rapidly adapt to new conditions
![Page 40: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
• Mitosis vs. Meiosis Animation
![Page 42: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Nondisjunction
• Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.
• Both chromosomes of a homologous pair move to the same pole of the cell. • 1 gamete has an extra chromosome
• Or• 1 gamete is missing a chromosome
![Page 43: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Nondisjunction Animation
• Nondisjunction Animation
![Page 44: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
10-1 Mendel
• Gregor Mendel • Austrian monk• Studied how traits are
inherited from parents to offspring
• Father of heredity• Chose garden peas
for his meticulous experiments
![Page 45: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Garden Peas
• Reproduce sexually• W/ male & female
gametes (sex cells)• Fertilization results
in zygote • Becomes seed• Pollination male
pollen transferred to female pistil
![Page 46: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Monohybrid Cross• Hybrid- offspring of
parents with different forms of a trait
• Tall or short• crossed true-bred
tall plants w/ true-bred short plants to get heterozygous offspring which then self-pollinated
![Page 47: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Some Genes are Dominant
• Some Genes Are Dominant click to play
![Page 48: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Seven Traits of Peas
![Page 49: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Mendel’s Rules
• Alleles- different gene forms
• Rule of Dominance– Dominant –observed
trait– Recessive-
disappearing or hidden trait
![Page 50: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Mendel’s Rules
• Law of Segregation • Every individual has 2
alleles of each gene w/ each gamete receiving 1.
• During fertilization, gametes randomly pair to produce four combinations
![Page 51: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Phenotypes & Genotypes• Appearance=
Phenotype• Allele combination=
Genotype• Homozygous-Both
alleles alike• Heterozygous-
different alleles, one dominant & one recessive
![Page 52: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross
![Page 53: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Law of Independent Assortment
• Says that genes for different traits are inherited independently from each other.
• The alleles can recombine in four different ways.
![Page 54: Mendel and Meiosis Chp 10 Pp. 252-279. Contents 10-2 Meiosis 10-1 Mendel](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b5081/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Punnett Squares• Shorthand way to find
possible genotypes from crossing two known parents.
• Two heterozygous parents produce 1 homozygous dominant: 2 heterozygous:1 homozygous recessive1BB: 2Bb:1bb