ABSTRACT

Geotechnical Engineering has been developed in the 20th century. The need for

the analysis of the behaviour of soils arose in many countries, often as a result of

spectacular accidents, such as landslides and failures of foundations.

Index properties of soil such as specific gravity, moisture content, dry density,

wet density etc. are the important parameters in geotechnical engineering and they

are changing from place to place both along the depth and width of the stratum. It is

important for the geotechnical engineers to know about variation of the index

properties of soil before carrying out design and construction of any geotechnical

structure. Any field or laboratory soil testing will provide result which is too specific

for a particular location to generalize over an extended area. In this project, an

attempt is made to develop a methodology to map the important index properties of

soil by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System

(GPS) using existing soil exploration reports. The method suggested in this project

will help all the soil exploration agencies and practicing geotechnical engineers for

immediate decision making process about soil suitability as foundation materials.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Soil is a natural material having variety of physical properties, most of which

are not constant and it is varying from place to place. Index properties of soils are those

properties which are mainly used in the identification and classification of soils and

help the geotechnical Engineer in predicting the suitability of soils as

foundation/construction material. Specific gravity of soil particles, particle size

distribution, Consistency limits and moisture content etc. are the index properties of

soil. Apart from that permeability, compressibility and shear strength are the

engineering properties of soil. Moisture content of soil is one of the important factor

depending upon which the shear strength of soil will change.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer based information system

capable of capturing, storing, analysing, and displaying geographically referenced

information, i.e. the data identified according to a particular location/region. GIS

software is interoperable, supporting the many data formats used in the infrastructure

life cycle and allowing civil engineers to provide data to various agencies in the

required format while maintaining the datas core integrity. GIS technology provides a

central location to conduct spatial analysis, overlay data, and integrate other solutions

and systems. Built on a database rather than individual project files, GIS enables civil

engineers to easily manage, reuse, share, and analyse data, saving time and resources.

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation and surveying

system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals received from

the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode. The use of GIS, which is capable

to analyse regional areas based on spatial distribution, is well known. As more and

more data become available in a digitized format it is possible to develop software

routines that can perform identification of Index soil properties and preparation of

thematic maps of soil type, moisture content, ground water depth, SPT value etc. in

conjunction with a GIS.

1.2 AIM OF PROJECT

Application of GPS and GIS for mapping Soil Index Properties like moisture

content, dry density of soil, specific gravity of soil, liquid limit etc. of Gorakhpur.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

Traditional methods of mapping soil index properties by using any other

information system fail to provide information pertaining to the spatial aspects in

geotechnical Engineering. The application of geographic information system in

geotechnical will be new in the Indian Construction industry. GIS will allow soil

investigators and different people involved in project with different backgrounds to get

the information about soil properties on a single click. Mapping of soil index properties

have following objectives:

Make easy to get detailed information about index properties of soil of Study area.

Easy to investigate and classify of soil.

Preparation of Soil index properties map using GPS &GIS provide information pertaining to the spatial aspects in geotechnical Engineering.

GIS will allow soil investigators and different people involved in project with different

backgrounds to get the information about soil properties on a single click.

1.4 NEED OF STUDY

It is traditional practice in civil engineering for construction of new civil

projects to carry out soil exploration by taking number boreholes in a given plot. It is

seen that the a reference sketch of bore holes drilled in the plot is prepared on a paper

by giving their location by taking reference of local permanent points such as corner of

any exiting building or any other point. Then the geotechnical Engineers will work out

the safe bearing capacity of soil at foundation level of entire building plot from

borehole data and laboratories soil test results. Many times the previous experience

regarding a local soil profile of a typical area and laboratories soil test result will help

to the geotechnical engineers regarding taking decision about the soil suitability as a

foundation material. The latitude, longitude of boreholes data are many time missing. In

this project an attempt is made to use Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to

map the exact location of boreholes which can be used as input data in GPS, GIS and

UTM software is used to run the queries to know various properties of soil.

1.5 ABOUT STUDY AREA (GORAKHPUR)

The district of Gorakhpur lies between Lat. 2613N and 2729N and Long.

8305E and 8356E. The district occupies the north-eastern corner of the state. The

district is located in the Terai region, in the foothills of the Shiwalik Himalayas. It is

located on the bank of river Rapti and Rohin rivers originating in Nepal that often

causes severe floods. The Rapti is interconnected through many other small rivers

following meandering courses across the Gangetic Plain. Situated on the basin of rivers

Rapti and Rohin, the geographical shape of the Gorakhpur City is of bowl, surrounded

by the river and other small streams from three sides.

The district geology is primarily river born alluvium. Few mineral products are

mined in Gorakhpur, with the most common being a nodular limestone conglomerate

known as kankar, brick, and salt petre. Gorakhpur District population constituted 2.27

percent of total Uttar Pradesh population in 2001 census. The Kppen Climate

Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid Subtropical Climate)

Avg. annual temperature 26 C (79 F)

Avg. summer temperature 40 C (104 F)

Avg. winter temperature 18 C (64 F)

Study Area = 156 km2

Gorakhpur Area = 81.5 km2

1.6 IMORTANCE OF MAPPING OF SOIL INDEX PROPERTY

Geographic Information System (GIS) is rooted in intellectual practices, populated by

data and powered by mathematical analysis. A survey conducted by Schuurman suggested

that currently, the main use of GIS is for spatial analysis, predictive modelling, cartography

and visualisation.

Geographic Information Systems are computer based tools for mapping and

analysing features and events on earth. GIS technology integrates common database

operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualisation and geographic

analysis benefits offered by maps

o It helps in selection of site for different engineering project. Dry density of soil

help in determining amount of water for compaction of soil for road

construction.

o Soil index properties predict the engineering property of soil such

compressibility, shear strength durability etc.

o Mapping of soil index property will help in identification of soil without

performing any test which will save time and cost.

o Map of different area having different soil properties can be prepared.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 SOIL MECHANICS

Soil mechanics has become a distinct and separate branch of engineering mechanics

because soils have a number of special properties, which distinguish the material from other

materials. Its development has also been stimulated, of course, by the wide range of

applications of soil engineering in civil engineering, as all structures require a sound

foundation and should transfer its loads to the soil.

Important pioneering contributions to the development of soil mechanics were made

by Karl Terzaghi, who, among many other things, has described how to deal with the

influence of the pressures of the pore water on the behaviour of soils. This is an essential

element of soil mechanics theory.

2.2 PROPERTIES OF SOILS

The properties of soil can be divided as Index properties and Engineering properties.

The main Engineering properties are permeability, compressibility and shear strength. The

brief description of few engineering and index properties of soil are given below.

Soil Index properties

1. Moisture content

2. Unit Weight of soil

3. Specific gravity

4. Soil grain size

5. Consistency

Soil Engineering properties

1. Permeability

2. Compressibility

3. Shear strength

Permeability indicates the ease with which the water can flow through soils.

Compressibility is related with the deformations which soil undergoes when subjected to

compressive loads.

The Shear strength helps in determining stability of slopes, bearing capacity of soils and

the earth pressures on retaining structures.

The specific gravity of soil solids is the ratio of the density of a given volume of soil

solids to the greatest density (at +4C) of an equal volume of pure water.

The principal soil grain properties are the size and shape of grains and the mineralogical

character of the finer fractions. The most significant aggregate property of cohesion less

soils is the relative density, whereas that of cohesive soils is the consistency.

Moisture content is that amount of water which is contained in the voids of the soil. It is

one of the important factor depending upon which the shear strength of soil will change.

Consistency is the property of materials which shows its resistance to flow. When

referred to soil, it means, the degree of resistance offered by fine grained soil to

deformation. The water content at which the soil changes from one state to another state

termed as consistency limit.

Dry density of soil mass is the ratio of mass of soil solids to the volume of soil mass.

Therefore the properties of soil such as specific gravity, moisture content, dry density,

wet density and consistency limits such as liquid limit, plastic limits and shrinkage limits

are the essential for determination of engineering properties of soil, which will help to

geotechnical engineer for decision making process of suitability of soil as foundation

materials or construction materials. If the properties of soil are properly studied and the

results of soil exploration correctly understood and intelligently applied to the design and

construction of earthworks and structural foundations, failures usually can be avoided.

Fig. 2.1 Index Properties of Soil

2.2.1 MOISTURE CONTENT

The water content (w) is also called natural water content or natural moisture content

is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This

ratio is usually expressed as percentage.

In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The

knowledge of the natural moisture content is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. To

sight a few, natural moisture content is used in determining the bearing capacity and

settlement. The natural moisture content will give an idea of the state of soil in the field.

Soil mass is generally a three phase system. It consists of solid particles, liquid and

gas. For all practical purposes, the liquid may be considered to be water (although in some

cases, the water may contain some dissolved salts) and the gas as air. The phase system may

be expressed in SI units either in terms of mass-volume or weight- volume relationships.

The inter relationships of the different phases are important since they help to define the

condition or the physical make-up of the soil.

Fig. 2.2 Block diagram two and three phase of a Soil element.

2.2.2 UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL

Field density is defined as weight of unit volume of soil present in site. That is The

soil weight consists of three phase system that is solids, water and air. The voids may be

filled up with both water and air, or only with air, or only with water. Consequently the soil

may be dry, saturated or partially saturated.

In soils, mass of air is considered to be negligible, and therefore the saturated density

is maximum, dry density is minimum and wet density is in between the two.

In soil mechanics these are often of minor importance, and it is often considered

accurate enough to assume that

Yw = 1000 kg/m3.

For the analysis of soil mechanics problems the density of air can usually be

disregarded. The density of the solid particles depends upon the actual composition of the

solid material. In many cases, especially for quartz sands, its value is about

Yp = 2650 kg/m3.

2.2.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific gravity of a substance denotes the number of times that substance is heavier

than water. In simpler words we can define it as the ratio between the mass of any substance

of a definite volume divided by mass of equal volume of water. In case of soils, specific

gravity is the number of times the soil solids are heavier than equal volume of water.

Different types of soil have different specific gravities, general range for specific gravity of

soils:

Fig. 2.3 Specific gravity of different soil

2.2.4 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Soil at any place is composed of particles of a variety of sizes and shapes, sizes

ranging from a few microns to a few centimetres are present sometimes in the same soil

sample. The distribution of particles of different sizes determines many physical properties of

the soil such as its strength, permeability, density etc.

Particle size distribution is found out by two methods, first is sieve analysis which is

done for coarse grained soils only and the other method is sedimentation analysis used for

fine grained soil sample. Both are followed by plotting the results on a semi-log graph. The

percentage finer N as the ordinate and the particle diameter i.e. sieve size as the abscissa on a

logarithmic scale. The curve generated from the result gives us an idea of the type and

gradation of the soil. If the curve is higher up or is more towards the left, it means that the soil

has more representation from the finer particles; if it is towards the right, we can deduce that

the soil has more of the coarse grained particles.

The soil may be of two types- well graded or poorly graded (uniformly graded). Well

graded soils have particles from all the size ranges in a good amount. On the other hand, it is

said to be poorly or uniformly graded if it has particles of some sizes in excess and deficiency

of particles of other sizes. Sometimes the curve has a flat portion also which means there is an

absence of particles of intermediate size, these soils are also known as gap graded or skip

graded.

For analysis of the particle distribution, we sometimes use D10, D30, and D60 etc.

terms which represents a size in mm such that 10%, 30% and 60% of particles respectively

are finer than that size. The size of D10 also called the effective size or diameter is a very

useful data. There is a term called uniformity coefficient Cu which comes from the ratio of

D60 and D10, it gives a measure of the range of the particle size of the soil sample.

Fig. 2.4 Classification of soil as per particle size IS 1498-1970

2.2.5 CONSISTENCY OF COHESIVE SOIL

ATTERBERG LIMITS

The presence of clay minerals in a fine-grained soil will allow it to remolded in the

presence of some moisture without crumbling. If a clay slurry is dried, the moisture content

will gradually decrease and the slurry will pass from a liquid state to a plastic state. With

further drying, it will change to a semisolid state and finally to a solid state as shown in

Figure. In about 1911, a Swedish scientist, A. Atterberg, developed a method for describing

the limit consistency of fine-grained soils on the basis of moisture content. These limits are

the liquid limit, and the shrinkage limit.

Fig. 2.5 Atterberg limit of Soil

The liquid limit is defined as the moisture content, in percent, at which the soil

changes from illiquid state to a plastic state. The liquid limit is now generally determined by

the standard Casagrande device (Casagrande, 1932, 1948). The moisture contents (in percent)

at which the soil changes from a plastic to a semisolid state and from a semisolid to a solid

state are defined, respectively, as the plastic limit and the shrinkage limit. These limits are

generally referred to as the Atterberg limits.

The Atterberg limits of cohesive soil depend on several factors, such as amount and

type of clay mineral sand type of absorbed cation.

The difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil is defined as the

plasticity index PI:

PI = LL PL

Where LL is the liquid limit and PL the plastic limit.

LIQUIDITY INDEX

The relative consistency of a cohesive soil can be defined by a ratio called the

liquidity index LI. It is defined as

2.2.6 ACTIVITY

The oriented water (absorbed and double layer) gives rise to the plastic property of a

clay soil. The thickness of the oriented water around a clay particle is dependent on the type

of clay mineral. Thus, it can be expected that the plasticity of given clay will depend on (1)

the nature of the clay mineral present and (2) the amount of clay mineral present. Based on

laboratory test results for several soils. Skempton (1953) made the observation that, for a

given soil, the plasticity index is directly proportional to the percent of clay size fraction (i.e.,

percent by weight finer than 0.002 mm in size), as shown in Figure. With this observation,

Skempton defined parameter called activity.

Fig. 2.6 Variation of plasticity index with the percent of clay size fraction

Where C is the percent of clay-size fraction, by weight. It should be noted that the

activity of a given soil will be a function of the type of clay mineral present in it.

The activities of several sand-clay mineral mixtures have been evaluated by Seed et al.

(1964b). They concluded that although PI bears a linear relation to clay-size fractions, the

line of correlation may to pass through the origin.

For practical purposes, it seems convenient to define activity as

Activity has been used as an index property to determine the swelling potential of expansive

clays.

2.2.7 VOID RATIO

Soil void ratio (e) is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids:

e = (Vv) / (Vs)

Where Vv is the volume of the voids (empty or filled with fluid), and Vs is the

volume of solids.

Void ratio is usually used in parallel with soil porosity (n) , which is defined as the

ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the soil. The porosity and the void ratio are

inter-related as follows:

e = n /(1-n) and n = e / (1+e)

The value of void ratio depends on the consistence and packing of the soil. It is

directly affected by compaction.

For most soils the porosity is a number between 0.30 and 0.45 (or, as it is usually

expressed as a percentage, between 30 % and 45 %). When the porosity is small the soil is

called densely packed, when the porosity is large it is loosely packed.

2.2.8 DEGREE OF SATURATION

The degree of saturation, S, has an important influence on the soil behaviour. It is

defined as the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of void.

S = Vw/Vv

2.2.9 AIR CONTENT

It is the ratio of volume of air to the volume of void.

Ac = Va/Vv

Ac = (1-S)

2.2.10 PERCENTAGE AIR VOID

IT is the ratio of volume of air to the volume of soil sample.

Na=Va/V

Na=n*Ac

2.2.11 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Soil classification is the arrangement of soils into various groups or subgroups to

provide a common language to express briefly the general usage characteristics without

detailed descriptions. At the present time, two major soil classification systems are available

for general engineering use. They are the unified system, which is described below, and the

AASHTO system. Both systems use simple index properties such as grain-size distribution,

liquid limit, and plasticity index of soil.

The unified system of soil classification was originally proposed by A. Casagrande in

1942 and was then revised in 1952 by the Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Bureau of

Reclamation. In its present form, the systems widely used by various organizations,

geotechnical engineers in private consulting business, and building codes.

Initially, there are two major divisions in the system. A soil is classified as a coarse-

grained soil (gravelly and sandy) if more than 50% is retained on a No. 200 sieve and as a

fine-grained soil (silty and clayey) if more than 50% is passing through a No. 200 sieve. The

soil is then further classified by a number of subdivisions, as shown in Table. The following

symbols are used:

Fig. 2.7 Unified Classification System(USA).

It is traditional practice in civil engineering for construction of new civil projects to

carry out soil exploration by taking number boreholes in a given plot. It is seen that the a

reference sketch of bore holes drilled in the plot is prepared on a paper by giving their

location by taking reference of local permanent points such as corner of any exiting building

or any other point. Then the geotechnical Engineers will work out the safe bearing capacity of

soil at foundation level of entire building plot from borehole data and laboratories soil test

results. Many times the previous experience regarding a local soil profile of a typical area and

laboratories soil test result will help to the geotechnical engineers regarding taking decision

about the soil suitability as a foundation material. The latitude, longitude of boreholes data

are many time missing. In this project an attempt is made to use Global Positioning System

(GPS) receivers to map the exact location of boreholes which can be used as input data in

GIS and UTM software is used to run the queries to know various properties of soil.

2.3 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

A GIS is basically a computerized information system like any other database, but with

an important difference: all information in GIS must be linked to a geographic (spatial)

reference (latitude/longitude, or other spatial coordinates).

Geographic Information System provides efficient tools for inputting data into

database, retrieval of selected data items for further processing and software modules which

can analyse or manipulate the retrieved data in order to generate desired information on

specific form. GIS stores spatial and non-spatial data in two different databases. The

geocoded spatial data defines an object that has an orientation and relationship with other

objects in two (2D) or three dimensional (3D) space. GIS uses three types of data to represent

a map or any geo-referenced data, namely, point type, line type, and area or polygon type. It

can work with both the vector and the raster geographic models. The vector model is

generally used for describing the discrete features, while the raster model does it for the

continuous features. One of the major advantages of the GIS is that it incorporate all type of

relevant data either available in aerial photographic data, remote sensing images data, tabular

data etc. These and other information are viewed as individual coverage that may be

simultaneously overlaid depending on the desired detail of the analysis.

GIS = G + IS

Geographic reference + Information system

GIS = IS with geographically referenced data

Data of spatial coordinates

on the surface of the earth

(Map) location data

Database of attribute data

corresponding to spatial

location and procedures to

provide information for

decision making

A GIS can be viewed in three ways:

a) The Database View

b) The Map View

c) The Model View

a). The Database View: A GIS is a unique kind of database of the world a geographic

database (geo-data- base). It is an Information System for Geography. Fundamentally, a

GIS is based on a structured database that describes the world in geographic terms.

b). The Map View: A GIS is a set of intelligent maps and other views that show features and

feature relation- ships on the earths surface. Maps of the underlying geo- graphic information

can be constructed and used as windows into the database to support queries, analysis, and

editing of the information.

c). The Model View: A GIS is a set of information transformation tools that derive new

geographic datasets from existing datasets. These geo-processing functions take information

from existing datasets, apply analytic functions, and write results into new derived datasets.

Fig. 2.8 q-GIS operations and use in Survey & Engineering

2.3.1 GIS WORKFLOW:

GIS enhances workflows in

Project management

Analysis and design

Logistics

GIS provides

Data accuracy

Data sharing

Analysis capability

Modelling

Fig 2.9 workflow of GIS

2.3.2 BENEFITS OF GIS

The common benefits of GIS are as follows:

Ensures current, accurate data by Public Safety GIS experts;

Provides standardized process for timely data delivery for your GIS environment;

Affords varying levels of service available from one company (advanced to basic);

Provides data in standardized ESRI formats;

Increases control of data maintenance;

Offers seamless service: we are divided into teams for cross-functional project

overlap;

Offers largest public safety GIS staff in the industry;

Provides cost efficiencies of hiring a contractor.

2.4 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

The Global Positioning System is being used all over the world for numerous navigational

and positioning applications, including navigation on land, in air and on sea, determining the

precise coordinates of important geographical features as an essential input to mapping and

Geographical Information System (GIS), along with its use for precise cadastral surveys,

vehicle guidance in cities and on highways using GPS-GIS integrated systems, earthquake and

landslide monitoring, etc.

The GPS, which consists of 24 satellites in near circular orbits at about 20,200 km altitude, now

provides full coverage with signals from minimum 4 satellites available to the user, at any place

on the Earth. By receiving signals transmitted by minimum 4 satellites simultaneously, the

observer can determine his geometric position (latitude, longitude and height), Universal Time

Coordinated (UTC) and velocity vectors with higher accuracy, economy and in less time

compared to any other technique available today.

Fig. 2.10 Different segment of GPS

GPS is primarily a navigation system for real-time positioning. However, with the

transformation from the ground-to-ground survey measurements to ground-to-space

measurements made possibly by GPS, this technique overcomes the numerous limitations of

terrestrial surveying methods, like the requirement of inter-visibility of survey stations,

dependability on weather, difficulties in night observations, etc. These advantages over the

conventional techniques and the economy of operations make GPS the most promising

surveying technique of the future. With the well-established high accuracy achievable with GPS

in positioning of points separated by few hundred meters to hundreds of km, this unique

surveying technique has found important applications in diverse fields.

GPS is used on incidents in a variety of ways, such as:

To determine position locations; for example, you need to radio a helicopter pilot the

coordinates of your position location so the pilot can pick you up.

To navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a lookout to

the fire perimeter.

To create digitized maps; for example, you are assigned to plot the fire perimeter and hot

spots.

To determine distance between two points or how far you are from another location.

TABLE 2.1 UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

It is important for the geotechnical engineers to know about variation of the index

properties of soil before carrying out design and construction of any geotechnical structure.

Any field or laboratory soil testing will provide result which is too specific for a particular

location to generalize over an extended area. In this project, an attempt is made to develop a

methodology to map the important index properties of soil by using Geographic Information

System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) using existing soil exploration reports.

3.1 SCOPE OF WORK

The experimental work consists of the following steps:

1. Collection of Soil Samples.

2. Make Database using GPS in MS-Excel.

3. Determination of Soil Index Properties.

i. In-Density of Soil

ii. Moisture Content of Soil

iii. Specific Gravity

iv. Fine Sieve analysis

v. Consistency Limit

4. Calculation Attributes on the basis of Experimental Data.

i. Dry-Density of Soil

ii. Void Ratio

iii. Porosity

iv. Plasticity Index

v. Degree of Saturation

vi. Percentage Air Void

vii. Air-Content

5. Mapping of Soil Index properties using Open Source GIS (q-GIS).

Fig. 3.1 METHODOLOGY OF PROJECT

3.2 DIFFERENT METHODS OF TESTING OF SOIL SAMPLE

3.2.1 MOISTURE CONTENT

The water content (w) is also called natural water content or natural moisture content

is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This ratio

is usually expressed as percentage.

In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The

knowledge of the natural moisture content is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. To

sight a few, natural moisture content is used in determining the bearing capacity and

settlement. The natural moisture content will give an idea of the state of soil in the field.

Soil mass is generally a three phase system. It consists of solid particles, liquid and

gas. For all practical purposes, the liquid may be considered to be water (although in some

cases, the water may contain some dissolved salts) and the gas as air. The phase system may

be expressed in SI units either in terms of mass-volume or weight- volume relationships. The

inter relationships of the different phases are important since they help to define the condition

or the physical make-up of the soil.

The water content of the soil sample can be determined by the following method

1. Oven drying method.

2. Pycnometer method.

3. Alcohol method.

4. Calcium carbide method.

5. Sand bath method.

6. Torsion balance method.

1. OVEN DRYING METHOD

Theory: The water content (w) of a soil sample is equal to the mass of water divided by the

mass of solids.

Where M1=mass of empty container.

M2= mass of the container with wet soil.

M3= mass of the container with dry soil.

Some important points:

Simplest and most accurate method. (IS-2720-PART-4-1985)

Soil sample is dried in a controlled temperature (105-110C).

For organic soil, temperature is about 60C.

Sample is dried for 24 hours.

For sandy soil, complete drying can be achieved in 4 to 6 hours.

2. PYCNOMETER METHOD

Theory: A Pycnometer is a glass jar of about 1 liter capacity, fitted with a brass conical cap

by means of a screw type cover. The cap has a small hole of about 6mm diameter at its apex.

The water content (w) of the sample is obtained as

Where M1=mass of empty Pycnometer,

M2= mass of the Pycnometer with wet soil

M3= mass of the Pycnometer and soil, filled with water,

M4 = mass of Pycnometer filled with water only.

G= Specific gravity of solids.

Some important points:

Quick method.

Capacity of pycnometer = 900ml

This method is more suitable for conhesionless soil

.

Used when specific gravity of soil solid is known.

3. ALCOHOL METHOD

This method covers the determination of the water content of a soil as a percentage of its

dry mass. It is intended as a rapid alternative to the method given but is less accurate and is more

suitable as a field test. Since methylated spirit is used, care shall be taken against risk of fire. The

method shall not be used if the soil contains a large proportion of clay, gypsum, calcareous

matter or organic matter.

4. CALCIUM CARBIDE METHOD/ RAPID MOISTURE METER METHOD

This test used to determine the moisture content of soils by means of a calcium carbide

gas pressure moisture tester in the field. The tester is referred to as the Speedy. This method

shall not be used for granular material having particles retained on the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.

Use care when performing this test and working with the calcium chloride reagent.

From the calibrated scale of the pressure gauge the percentage of water on total (wet)

mass of soil is obtained and the same is converted to water content on dry mass of soil. The

reagent has an expiration date and should be verified before using. Tightly close reagent cans

when not in use.

Some important points:

Quick method (required 5 to 7 method); but may not be accurate results.

Soil sample weight 4-6gms.

Acetaline gas evolved.

The gauge read moisture content with respect to wet soil i.e. Wr = Ww/(Ws)wet.

Actual moisture content w = Wr/(1-Wr)*100 %.

5. SAND BATH METHOD

Sand Bath Method for the determination of soil water content is a quick field method

which is employed when an electric oven is not available for drying of wet soil. Sand is kept on a

tray to a height of about 3 cm. A container is filled with wet soil and dried by keeping on the

sand bath and heating with stirring. Few white papers are kept on top of the wet soil in the

container. The soil is said to be dry when these white papers turn brown. Finally, dry soil is

obtained and the water content can be determined with the help of the equation obtained for oven

drying method.

Some important points:

Quick field method.

Used when electric oven is not available.

Soil sample is put in container & dried by placing it in a sand bath, which is heated on

kerosene store.

Moisture content is determined by using same formula as in Oven Drying Method.

6. TORSION BALANCE MOISTURE METER METHOD

This section describes a method for rapid determination of water content of soils

employing a device providing infra-red lamp for drying and torsion balance for getting of

percentage of water on wet basis from a scale, and the results obtained are convertible to water

content on dry basis.

This section describes a method for rapid determination of water content of soils

employing a device providing infra-red lamp for drying and torsion balance for getting of

percentage of water on wet basis from a scale, and the results obtained are convertible to water

content on dry basis.

Some important points:

Quick method, use in laboratory.

Infrared radiation are used for dying sample.

Principle: The torsion wire is prestressed accurately to an extent equal to 100% of the scale

reading. Then the sample is evenly distributed on the balance pan to counteract the

prestressed torsion and the scale is brought back to zero. As sample dries, the loss in weight

is continuously balanced by the radiation of a drum calibrated directly to read moisture

content on wet basis.

3.2.2 UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL

Field density is defined as weight of unit volume of soil present in site. That is The soil

weight consists of three phase system that is solids, water and air. The voids may be filled up

with both water and air, or only with air, or only with water. Consequently the soil may be dry,

saturated or partially saturated.

In soils, mass of air is considered to be negligible, and therefore the saturated density is

maximum, dry density is minimum and wet density is in between the two.

Density or unit weight of soils may be determined by using the following method

1. Core-cutter Method

2. Sand Replacement Method

3. Water Displacement Method

1. CORE CUTTER METHOD

Field density is used in calculating the stress in the soil due to its overburden pressure it

is needed in estimating the bearing capacity of soil foundation system, settlement of footing earth

pressures behind the retaining walls and embankments.

Stability of natural slopes, dams, embankments and cuts is checked with the help of

density of those soils. It is the density that controls the field compaction of soils.

Permeability of soils depends upon its density. Relative density of cohesionless soils is

determined by knowing the dry density of soil in natural, loosest and densest states. Void ratio,

porosity and degree of saturation need the help of density of soil.

Core cutter method in particular, is suitable for soft to medium cohesive soils, in which

the cutter can be driven. It is not possible to drive the cutter into hard, boulder or murrumy soils.

In such case other methods are adopted.

Some important points:

Used in case of non-cohesive soil.

Cannot be used in case of hard and gravelly soils.

Method consist of driving a core-cutter ( Volume= 1000cc) into the soil and

removing it, the cutter filled with soil is weighed. Volume of cutter is known from

its dimensions and in-situ weight is obtained by dividing soil weight by volume of

cutter.

If moisture content is known in laboratory, the dry unit weight can be

computed.

Fig . 3.2 Core-cutter method for calculation of In-situ Density

2. SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD Determination of field density of cohesion less soil is not possible by core cutter method,

because it is not possible to obtain a core sample. In such situation, the sand replacement method

is employed to determine the unit weight. In sand replacement method, a small cylindrical pit is

excavated and the weight of the soil excavated from the pit is measured. Sand whose density is

known is filled into the pit. By measuring the weight of sand required to fill the pit and knowing

its density the volume of pit is calculated. Knowing the weight of soil excavated from the pit and

the volume of pit, the density of soil is calculated. Therefore, in this experiment there are two

stages, namely

Calibration of sand density

Measurement of soil density

Fig. 3.3 Sand replacement method of unit weight

Some important points:

Used in case of hard and gravelly soils.

A hole in ground is made. The excavated soil is weighed. The volume of hole is

determined by replacing it with sand. In-situ weight is obtained by dividing weight of

excavated soil with volume of hole.

3. WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Theory: A soil specimen of regular shape is coated with paraffin wax to make it impervious

to water. The total volume (V1) of the waxed specimen is found by determining the volume of

water displaced by the specimen. The volume of the specimen (V) is given by

Where, = mass of waxed solid

M= mass of the specimen without wax

= density of paraffin.

Dry density of specimen=

Some important points:

Suitable for cohesive soil only , where it is possible to have a lump sample.

A regular shape, well- trimmed sample is weighed (W1). It is coated with paraffin wax

& again weighed (W2). The sample is now placed in metal container filled with water upto the

brim. Let the volume of displaced water be Vw. Then volume of uncoated specimen is

calculated.

3.2.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of distilled

water at that temperature both weights taken in air.

Specific gravity of soil solids is written as

Gs = s / w

Where, s and w are the mass density, mass per unit volume, of the soil solids and water,

respectively.

A material with a specific gravity greater than water is denser than water so it will not

float in water. Specific gravity is used in computations involving phase relationships that are

expressed in terms of unit weight, where unit weight is defined as the weight of material per

unit volume. The specific gravity of soil solids falls within the following ranges of values.

Fig 3.4 Specific gravity of different soil

Specific gravity may be determined by using the following method

1. Specific Gravity by Water Pycnometer.

2. Specific gravity by density bottle

1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY WATER PYCNOMETER

Theory: The Pycnometer method can be used for determination of the specific

gravity of solid particles of both fine grained and coarse grained soils. The specific gravity

of solids is determined using the relation:

Where M1=mass of empty Pycnometer,

M2= mass of the Pycnometer with dry Soil

M3= mass of the Pycnometer and soil and water,

M4 = mass of Pycnometer filled with water only.

G= Specific gravity of solids

Fig.3.5 Pycnometer method for Specific Gravity

2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY DENSITY BOTTLE

The specific gravity of solid particles is the ratio of the mass density of solids

to that water.

It is determined in the laboratory using the relation:

Where M1 = mass of empty bottle.

M2 = mass of the bottle and dry soil.

M3 = mass of bottle, soil and water.

M4 = mass of bottle filled with water only.

Fig 3.6 specific gravity by density bottle

3.2.4 CONSISTENCY

Soil consistence provides a means of describing the degree and kind of cohesion

and adhesion between the soil particles as related to the resistance of the soil to deform or

rupture.

Consistency and Atterberg limit

Fig. 3.7 Atterberg limit of Soil

Liquid Limit

In the lab, the LL is defined as the moisture content (%) required to close a 2-mm

wide groove in a soil pat a distance of 0.5 in along the bottom of the groove after

25 blows.

ASTM D 4318

Soil sample size 150g passing through 40 microne sieve.

Equipment: Casagrande liquid limit device.

Procedure

We had taken 150 gm air dry soil passing through 40 micron sieve.

Add 20% of water -mix thoroughly

Place a small sample of soil in LL device (deepest part about 8-10mm) Cut

a groove (2mm at the base)

Run the device , count the number of blows, N

Stop when the groove in the soil close through a distance of 0.5in

Take a sample and find the moisture content

Run the test three times [N~(10-20), N~(20-30) and N~(35-45)] and

Plot number of blows vs moisture content and determine the liquid limit (LL) (moisture

content at 25 blows)

Fig. 3.8 Liquid limit cassagrande apparatus.

Plastic Limit

The moisture content (%) at which the soil when rolled into threads of 3.2mm (1/8 in)

in diameter, will crumble.

Plastic limit is the lower limit of the plastic stage of soil.

Plasticity Index (PI) is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil.

Procedure:

We had taken 20g of soil passing through 40 micron sieve into a dish.

Added water and mixed thoroughly

Prepared several ellipsoidal-shaped soil masses by quizzing the soil with your hand

Put the soil in rolling device, and roll the soil until the thread reaches 1/8 in

Continued rolling until the thread crumbles into several pieces

Determined the moisture content of about 6g of the crumbled soil.

Fig. 3.9 Plastic limit test

PLASTICITY INDEX (PI)

Plasticity Index is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a

soil

PI = LL PL

After finding LL and PI use plasticity chart to classify the soil.

3.2.5 GRAIN SIZE

Soils are usually classified into various types. In many cases these various

types also have different mechanical properties. A simple subdivision of soils is on

the basis of the grain size of the particles that constitute the soil. Coarse granular

material is often denoted as gravel and finer material as sand. In order to have a

uniformly applicable terminology it has been agreed internationally to consider

particles larger than 2 mm, but smaller than 63 mm as gravel. Larger particles are

denoted as stones. Sand is the material consisting of particles smaller than 2 mm but

larger than 0.063 mm Particles smaller than 0.063 mm and larger than 0.002 mm are

denoted as silt. Soil consisting of even smaller particles, smaller than 0.002 mm, is

denoted as clay or luthum.

Fig. 3.10 Soil classification on the basis of Grain size.

From sieve analysis and the grain-size distribution curve determine the percent

passing as the following: > 3 inch Cobble or Boulders 3 inch -micron 4

(76.2 4.75 mm) : Gravel micron 4 -micron 200 (4.75 -0.075 mm) : Sand

< micron 200: Fines

First, Find % passing micron 200

If 5% or more of the soil passes the micron 200 sieve, then conduct

Atterberg Limits (LL & PL.).

If the soil is fine-grained (50% passes micron200) follow the guidelines

for fine-grained soils

If the soil is coarse-grained (

CHAPTER 4

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 STUDY AREA

The study area is the Gorakhpur city of the Uttar Pradesh State. It is located on the

latitude of 26.7588 N and longitude of 83.3697 E with an Area of about 2117 sq miles. It

has a population of about 4,440,895 with a density of 1,337/km sq. It is situated along the

banks of Rapti River in the eastern state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near the border with

Nepal.

Fig. 4.1 Location Map of Study Area

4.1.1 BOUNDARY STATIONS OF STUDY AREA

STATION EASTING NORTHING LATITUDE LONGITUDE

1 749210.5 2970497.8 26.833869 83.507664

2 738224.3 2972599.5 26.854744 83.397594

3 729575.6 2969413.7 26.827453 83.310025

4 725362.9 2964154.8 26.780694 83.266719

5 727578.3 2955781.2 26.704792 83.287475

6 735664.7 2950946.2 26.659842 83.367797

7 747600.7 2951497.9 26.662769 83.487742

8 754302.3 2956716.8 26.708650 83.556072

9 755391.3 2965370.0 26.786503 83.568764

Fig.4.2 Arial View of Study Area on Google Earth

GIS software, Quantum GIS ver. 2.8 (2010) is used for creation of GIS map of

Gorakhpur City by digitizing the scanned paper map of Gorakhpur City. Gorakhpur City

located in study area is represented in fig. 4.3.

Fig. 4.3 Gorakhpur location in Study Area

4.2 TESTING OF INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL

Index properties are the properties of soil that help in identification and classification

of soil. Water content, Specific gravity, Particle size distribution, In situ density (Bulk Unit

weight of soil), Consistency Limits and relative density are the index properties of soil.

These properties are generally determined in the laboratory. In situ density and relative

density require undisturbed sample extraction while other quantities can be determined from

disturbed soil sampling.

Index properties of soil which are tested in laboratory are:

1. In-Situ Density

2. Moisture content

3. Specific Gravity

4. Sand Percentage

5. Silt and Clay Percentage

6. Liquid Limit

7. Plastic Limit

Some of the Index Properties of soil samples are calculated on the basis of relationships

and Soil Phase (Two & Three) diagram, which are:

1. Dry- Density of Soil

2. Plasticity Index

3. Percentage Void Ratio

4. Porosity

5. Air Content

6. Air Void

7. Degree of Saturation

4.2.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS SOIL PROPERTIES

The following relationship between various soil properties can be useful for

determination of other missing properties of soil (Jumikis 1965).

For example, if specific gravity (G) and dry unit weight (gd) of soil are known then

saturated unit weight (gsat), moisture content (w), porosity (n) and void ratio (e) can be

determined by using the following relations (Jumikis 1965):

Saturated unit weight,

Where, gw = unit weight of water.

Moisture content,

Porosity,

Void ratio,

4.3 WORKING ON OPEN SOURCE QUANTUM-GIS (Q-GIS)

Quantum GIS is a free and open source GIS application. It was a result of Source

Forge project, QGIS is developed using C++ and Qt toolkit. Initially QGIS developed for

displaying the GIS data, now it evolved as full GIS software package. It is published under

GNU Free Documentation License as an official project of Open Source Geospatial

Foundation (OS Geo). It is compatible with all the operating systems and can very well

handle multiple raster, vector and databases functionalities. QGIS is also serves as a window

for assessing numerous other Open source GIS packages such as SAGA, GRASS, Post GIS,

map server and also statistical package like R etc. It also has very easy and convenient

access to various tools and plugins. It is overall a very rich open source Geospatial tool.

4.3.1 DOWNLOADING AND INSTALLING QGIS

As mentioned earlier, it is free software and can be downloaded from the internet. We

will see how to download QGIS (Windows compatible version) in this section. The only

basic requirement for downloading QGIS on your system is availability of Internet

connection. If you already have QGIS installation file then skip this section and directly

proceed to the Exercise No 2. If not, the procedure for downloading is as follows:

1. We want to download the installation file, open the webpage of QGIS, i.e.,

http://www.qgis.org/ in any of our internet browser like, Internet Explorer or Mozilla

Firefox.

2. The following website will open up in our browser. Click on Download Now button.

3. We will be redirected to new page. Depending on your operating system we have to select

an appropriate set. Here we will consider windows as our operating system.

4. Depending on our computer architecture i.e., 64bit, select the appropriate version of QGIS

for download. Just click on the button in front of appropriate version to start the download.

Note: You can check for this by My Computer _ Right click _ Properties _System type.

5. A pop up window as shown below will appear. Click on Save File_ Save the file in an

appropriate location on local hard drive_OK.

6. The file will be saved in your local drive, once it finishes the download. Next step is,

running the setup.

7. Navigate to downloaded setup file of QGIS. And double click on the icon. If you prompted

by User Account Control popup window, click on Yes.

8. The setup window will open. Click on Next>

9. In the next window we will be presented with License Agreement read it and then, click

on I Agree.

10. Now we have to choose the installation location, we recommended to keep the default

path and click on Next.

11. In the next window, we prompted to choose the different components of QGIS and

datasets, we interested to check the component we want to install or leave as default. Click on

Install to proceed to the setup.

12. Now we can notice the setup will installing QGIS on our computer.

13. Once the entire installation process is over, we will be prompt to close the setup click on

Finish to close.

14. Now QGIS is ready to use. Navigate to Start _ All Praograms _ QGIS Dufour _ QGIS

Desktop 2.8.1, to start QGIS Desktop.

Note: QGIS 2.0.1 a standalone application and a new panel called Quantum GIS

Browser along with the Desktop same as QGIS 2.8.0. Browser help to navigate through the

datasets and also allows you to preview the data while desktop help in creating, visualization

and analysis of data.

As we have already started up with the QGIS desktop. We will now see different

component in it.

We will now see different component in it.

1) MENU BAR

It contains numerous pull down menus to administrate the project files .It Provides

access to various QGIS features.

a. Using Project menu we can open, save and create new quantum GIS projects. We can also

make attractive map compositions using Composer Manager.

b. Edit menu contains editing tools mostly corresponding to vector layers and these functions

are enabled only when layers are toggled, in other words when we enabled the editing mode.

c. View menu contains tools to map navigation, selecting features, identifying features,

Measurement tools, contains tools to manage bookmarks, toolbars and panels.

d. Layer menu contains various tools to load layers like Vector layer, Raster layer, PostGIS

layer, spatiaLite layer etc. It also facilitates to create new shapefile layer. You can query the

attribute data using Query feature. Convert layer from one vector layer format to another

using save as feature. You can view layer properties and also possible to do labeling using

Labeling feature and many other tools we can discuss about them later.

e. Settings menu contains tools to set and manage custom CRS, keyboard shortcuts, style

manager, customization and snapping options.

f. Plugins menu actually makes QGIS more powerful. Plugins are small software

components which add a specific ability to the QGIS application. Various core and third

party plug-ins can be accessed and managed by using this toolbar. We also have Python

Console from where we can execute python code.

g. Vector menu contains various Research, Analysis, Geoprocessing, Geometry and Data

management tools using which you can do extensive geospatial analyses on vector data sets.

You can also download Open Street Map data here.

h. Raster menu contains various tools such as Georeferencer, Interpolation, tools for Terrain

analysis, Zonal statistics, defining projection, Analysis tools and very important Raster

calculator to perform raster operations.

i. Database menu contains database manger which is a non official part of QGIS core, you

can drag and drop contents from QGIS browser into the DBmanager. It can execute SQL

queries against spatial database. You can directly import shapefiles to

PostgreSQL using spit.

j. Processing menu is an added up menu in this version of QGIS. It has a very useful Tool

box (facilitates to use various Digital Image processing tools) and Graphical builder.

k. Help menu helps to access various help sections of all the functionalities available in the

QGIS.

2) TOOL BAR

Provides easy access to all the tools discussed above and with some additional tools

for easy interaction with the map canvas. Each tool in toolbar is associates a pop up

information. Hold the mouse pointer on any of the tool for a while then you will notice a

short description in a small pop up window. Toolbars can be moved and dropped wherever

you wish. We can also enable disable toolbars by right clicking on toolbar menu. Checking

and un-checking the check box in front of tool name will enable and disable that toolbar

respectively.

3) MAP LAYERS/ LEGEND COMPONENT

Map Layers/ Legend component is useful to set visibility of the layers and Z-ordering.

Z-ordering means the layers listed on the top of the layer are drawn over the layers which are

listed below. It is always recommended to place Point layers on Line layers and Line layers

on Polygon layers.

a. The check box in-front of layer name is used to draw and draw off the layer. It is possible

to rearrange the layer order by just dragging and placing it wherever required.

b. It is also possible to group the different layers. Just right click in Layer bar and click on

Add New group.

c. You can rename the group by (right click over the group _ Rename) and add the required

layer in that group by using simple drag and drop method.

d. You can enable the context menu by right clicking on any of the layers. Context menu

varies for different type of layers like, it may be different for raster and different for WMS

layer. You can use various functionalities available in context menu for analysis of the

desired layer.

4) MAP VIEW

It is very important component in QGIS. This section dedicated for displaying of

vector or raster data. It is also referred as map canvas. Any function/tool that you perform

through Menu bar, Tool bar, or in Legend, the result of the tool will be reflected in map

view/canvas.

5)STATUS BAR

It displays the current coordinates, where the mouse pointer is pointed in map canvas.

It also shows the scale of the map and map rendering option to enable or disable map

rendering.

4.3.2 MAKE SHAPEFILE OF STUDY AREA IN GOOGLE EARTH

Select and mark the outermost points, which are taken from GPS during the sampling.

In our project there are total 9 outer most points.

After this make polygon joining all the 9 points and save this in KML (Keyhole

MarkUp Language).

Fig.4.4 Selected area in Google Earth

4.3.3 MAKING THEMATIC MAP IN Q-GIS

Query in GIS is a logical expression that selects and displays only the features or the

attributes satisfying the criteria defined by the user. This is a very useful tool for exploring

the information and spatial patterns in the given data-sets. Queries are generally of two types

'attribute query' and 'spatial query'. Attribute query is also known as 'aspatial query' purely

depends up on the attribute information associated with geographical data-set. It uses

relational operators and Boolean logic to get the desired results from the attributes of the

data-sets. Spatial query selects geographical features based on location and spatial

relationships. It uses spatial logic or spatial relationships among the datasets such as

adjacency, intersect, within etc. In this tutorial we will focus on building attribute queries to

retrieve the information in a useful form and export the results as new shape files.

4.3.3.1 STEP FOR MAKING THEMATIC MAP

1. First, we open Quantum GIS (QGIS) via the Start menu. (Start ) All Programs )

QGIS Dufour _ QGIS Desktop 2.0.1)

2. Add the vector layers of Pune and Beed by clicking on the 'Add Vector' or from the

Menu bar (Layer ) Add Vector Layer) @ Click on 'browse' and Navigate to the data folder

and select all shape files @ Click 'Open'.

3) Since our query is related to population we have to use the shape file contains Soil

index properties information, If we want to know about the moisture content in our data the

shape file named 'moist_cnt.shp' contains Moisture content information.

a) Open the Attribute table of 'moist_cnt.shp (Right click on the layer) Open Attribute Table).

b) Search for the 'moist_cnt column in the attribute table.

c) Similar title bar will be seen in the attribute table.Click on 'moist_cnt.

d) A triangle is seen next to title name. Triangle pointing upward indicates that the data in the

column is in 'Ascending order and vice-versa. Arrange the data in ascending order for

'moist_cnt'. So the first entry will have moisture content greater than 17.5, which we are

looking for.

e) Next step is to see this area spatially. Click on alt+A at the extreme left of the attribute

table.

Fig. 4.5 Processing of making map of moisture content greater than 17.5

Note: In-order to view the results, we have to bring the 'Pune_beed_POP.shp' layer to the top

under Map legend items (i.e., Layers catalog tree). To do this, click on 'Pune_beed_POP.shp'

and drag it to the top.

f) The Area in yellow colour is the area having moisture content greater than 17.5.

g) To create a new shape file of the selected area, right click on layer name i.e.

''moist_cnt.shp' under 'Layers' and click on Save Selection As. And the selected area is:

Fig. 4.6 Thematic map of Moisture content greater than 17.5

Table 4.1 Readings of Sample Tested in Laboratory

Sample No. Latitude Longitude In-situ Density gm/cc Water content% specific gravity

1 83.5056 26.836 1.584 7.7 3.05

2 83.3985 26.8561 1.59 12 2.65

3 83.3074 26.8289 1.855 13.5 3

4 83.2656 26.7825 1.73 15.56 2.95

5 83.2883 26.7019 1.99 13 2.85

6 83.3689 26.6602 1.815 17.5 2.8

7 83.4866 26.6632 1.785 16 2.5

8 83.5547 26.7087 1.685 16.5 2.75

9 83.5679 26.7863 1.69 11 2.85

10 83.50881 26.82884 1.59 13 3.05

11 83.5027 26.82682 1.59 12 2.75

12 83.51162 26.82501 1.695 13 2.94

13 83.49389 26.82894 1.87 18.15 2.95

14 83.49176 26.83563 1.796 13.15 2.9

15 83.48767 26.83032 1.886 16.8 2.95

16 83.48333 26.83591 1.766 12.28 3.05

17 83.47243 26.83716 1.756 17.43 2.95

18 83.48234 26.82636 1.601 8.81 3.04

19 83.5179 26.82037 1.9 15.09 2.91

20 83.50768 26.81896 1.8 21.65 3.05

21 83.49579 26.82016 1.77 17.63 2.65

22 83.5261 26.8121 1.706 8.59 3.15

23 83.3268 26.829 1.792 13.1 2.84

24 83.3533 26.8373 1.72 10.9 3.15

25 83.3735 26.8462 1.689 15.4 2.97

26 83.3021 26.812 1.765 16 2.85

27 83.3126 26.8183 1.699 22 2.75

28 83.31948 26.80616 1.728 11.25 2.78

29 83.32942 26.79614 1.702 16 2.86

30 83.33108 26.77858 1.802 18.2 3.04

31 83.32964 26.76479 1.789 16.5 3.02

32 83.30878 26.75191 1.675 15.6 2.74

33 83.27533 26.76098 1.885 13.5 3.06

34 83.27243 26.77181 1.486 19 2.65

35 83.29865 26.75904 1.687 14.6 2.87

36 83.3139 26.7666 1.698 14.8 3.05

37 83.29427 26.76955 1.852 17 2.98

38 83.27703 26.77794 1.753 18.5 3.24

39 83.31528 26.79065 1.642 16.5 2.74

40 83.30201 26.78061 1.658 13.56 2.55

41 83.28745 26.78992 1.684 13.5 2.89

42 83.29851 26.79757 1.568 16 2.96

43 83.28846 26.73103 1.456 16.4 2.78

44 83.2962 26.71352 1.754 14.6 3.06

45 83.3192 26.735 1.753 15.6 2.94

46 83.3128 26.7043 1.529 23 2.78

47 83.3362 26.7144 1.637 14.3 3.25

48 83.3384 26.6888 1.724 15.8 3.29

49 83.3623 26.6718 1.569 19.3 3.16

50 83.362 26.6814 1.723 12.4 2.84

51 83.378 26.6873 1.695 15.5 2.83

52 83.34059 26.79951 1.632 15.7 3.06

53 83.33818 26.76606 1.598 17.6 2.96

54 83.36602 26.82194 1.693 12.8 2.95

55 83.39551 26.84388 1.821 19.2 2.83

56 83.41707 26.8464 1.695 14.3 3.02

57 83.4539 26.83895 1.721 16.5 3.14

58 83.54333 26.7941 1.825 20.5 2.86

59 83.55947 26.77892 1.71 18.6 3.04

60 83.55793 26.76161 1.823 16.9 3.17

61 83.55416 26.72577 1.756 19.5 3.16

62 83.55711 26.74058 1.762 16.2 3.01

63 83.53838 26.70128 1.489 14 2.88

64 83.49584 26.67224 1.698 16.5 2.56

65 83.51193 26.68352 1.69 15.6 2.65

66 83.52301 26.69151 1.675 17.6 2.67

67 83.46627 26.66673 1.72 16.7 2.84

68 83.40081 26.67029 1.725 19.5 2.83

69 83.42355 26.66691 1.582 18.3 2.87

70 83.44318 26.66602 1.489 13.5 2.64

71 83.3687 26.7269 1.692 13.5 2.92

72 83.3996 26.6948 1.724 14.9 3.01

73 83.4466 26.7506 1.725 18.7 3

74 83.4172 26.7793 1.723 17.5 2.86

75 83.3568 26.26797 1.498 12.4 2.74

76 83.3534 26.7623 1.729 15.5 3

77 83.3739 26.81371 1.82 14.5 2.95

78 83.40152 26.83503 1.698 16.4 2.96

79 83.5401 26.7649 1.697 10.55 2.86

80 83.5351 26.7228 1.752 16.8 2.95

81 83.3661 26.7619 1.693 18.5 2.73

82 83.3816 26.7542 1.782 20.5 2.94

83 83.3723 26.7828 1.638 17.4 2.93

84 83.3866 26.8041 1.756 16.4 3.24

85 83.4268 26.8176 1.724 17.9 2.92

86 83.4713 26.811 1.632 16.5 3.02

87 83.5057 26.7855 1.685 12.6 2.86

88 83.4222 26.6807 1.726 18.4 3.03

89 83.4574 26.7762 1.74 16.9 2.94

90 83.3959 26.7805 1.765 21 2.93

91 83.4696 26.7614 1.824 16.9 2.91

92 83.3984 26.7557 1.682 14.8 3.18

93 83.4088 26.7668 1.685 14.8 2.92

94 83.4213 26.7623 1.687 17.9 3.01

95 83.4943 26.6852 1.825 20.5 2.98

96 83.4966 26.7577 1.957 18.9 3.35

97 83.5068 26.7198 1.729 18.5 2.98

98 83.45235 26.68611 1.8 14 2.87

99 83.4924 26.7021 1.625 18 3

100 83.4896 26.7266 1.754 19.5 3.01

101 83.4187 26.7398 1.724 17.5 3.04

102 83.4319 26.6983 1.765 16.35 2.9

103 83.4491 26.6994 1.75 20 2.96

104 83.4692 26.7036 1.698 16.9 2.89

105 83.4817 26.7109 1.875 18 2.95

106 83.4353 26.7288 1.688 16.8 3.08

107 83.4745 26.7409 1.699 16.5 3.01

108 83.4389 26.7158 1.777 15.2 3.04

109 83.4278 26.7085 1.758 16.7 3

110 83.4479 26.7079 1.654 19.5 2.78

111 83.428 26.7392 1.688 16.3 3.06

112 83.4421 26.7379 1.95 21 3.01

113 83.469 26.7141 1.952 20.6 3.02

114 83.4259 26.7262 1.895 19.8 3.05

115 83.4261 26.7175 1.897 21.5 3.06

116 83.441 26.7224 1.965 19.56 2.95

117 83.45 26.7335 1.865 19.35 3.01

118 83.4547 26.7202 1.896 20.5 3.02

119 83.467 26.7277 1.902 19.6 3.05

120 83.4615 26.7362 1.958 12 3.15

Table 4.1 Readings of Sample Tested in Laboratory

Sample No. Latitude Longitude Sand_% silt+clay_% dry density gm/cc void ratio%

1 83.5056 26.836 42 58 1.470752089 87.37689394

2 83.3985 26.8561 30 70 1.419642857 86.66666667

3 83.3074 26.8289 42 58 1.634361233 83.55795148

4 83.2656 26.7825 40 60 1.497057805 97.05317919

5 83.2883 26.7019 53 47 1.761061947 84.54773869

6 83.3689 26.6602 44 56 1.544680851 97.45179063

7 83.4866 26.6632 30 70 1.538793103 62.46498599

8 83.5547 26.7087 35 65 1.446351931 90.13353116

9 83.5679 26.7863 36 64 1.522522523 87.18934911

10 83.50881 26.82884 50 50 1.407079646 116.7610063

11 83.5027 26.82682 31 69 1.419642857 93.71069182

12 83.51162 26.82501 37 63 1.5 96

13 83.49389 26.82894 45 55 1.582733813 85.34090909

14 83.49176 26.83563 35 65 1.587273531 82.7032294

15 83.48767 26.83032 40 60 1.614726027 82.69353128

16 83.48333 26.83591 48 52 1.57285358 93.91506229

17 83.47243 26.83716 42 38 1.495358937 97.27705011

18 83.48234 26.82636 45 55 1.471372117 106.6098688

19 83.5179 26.82037 51 49 1.650881918 90.80710526

20 83.50768 26.81896 37 63 1.479654747 106.1291667

21 83.49579 26.82016 30 70 1.504718184 76.11271186

22 83.5261 26.8121 55 45 1.571047058 82.78135991

23 83.3268 26.829 32 68 1.58443855 79.24330357

24 83.3533 26.8373 46 54 1.550946799 103.1017442

25 83.3735 26.8462 44 56 1.463604853 82.92362345

26 83.3021 26.812 43 57 1.521551724 87.30878187

27 83.3126 26.8183 36 64 1.392622951 97.46909947

28 83.31948 26.80616 43 57 1.553258427 78.97858796

29 83.32942 26.79614 39 61 1.467241379 94.92361927

30 83.33108 26.77858 45 55 1.524534687 99.40510544

31 83.32964 26.76479 40 60 1.535622318 96.66294019

32 83.30878 26.75191 35.5 64.5 1.448961938 89.10089552

33 83.27533 26.76098 41 59 1.660792952 84.24933687

34 83.27243 26.77181 26 74 1.248739496 112.2139973

35 83.29865 26.75904 34 66 1.472076789 94.9626556

36 83.3139 26.7666 41.5 58.5 1.479094077 106.2073027

37 83.29427 26.76955 42 58 1.582905983 88.26133909

38 83.27703 26.77794 46 54 1.479324895 119.0188249

39 83.31528 26.79065 37 63 1.40944206 94.40316687

40 83.30201 26.78061 27 73 1.460021134 74.65500603

41 83.28745 26.78992 39 61 1.483700441 94.78325416

42 83.29851 26.79757 44 56 1.351724138 118.9795918

43 83.28846 26.73103 32 68 1.250859107 122.2472527

44 83.2962 26.71352 46 54 1.530541012 99.92930445

45 83.3192 26.735 38 62 1.516435986 93.87564176

46 83.3128 26.7043 35 65 1.243089431 123.6363636

47 83.3362 26.7144 51 49 1.432195976 126.9242517

48 83.3384 26.6888 38 62 1.488773748 120.987239

49 83.3623 26.6718 36 64 1.315171836 140.2727852

50 83.362 26.6814 41 59 1.532918149 85.26755659

51 83.378 26.6873 45 55 1.467532468 92.84070796

52 83.34059 26.79951 38 62 1.410544512 116.9375

53 83.33818 26.76606 44 56 1.358843537 117.8322904

54 83.36602 26.82194 40 60 1.500886525 96.55050207

55 83.39551 26.84388 41 59 1.527684564 85.24766612

56 83.41707 26.8464 39 61 1.482939633 103.6495575

57 83.4539 26.83895 43 57 1.477253219 112.5566531

58 83.54333 26.7941 40 60 1.514522822 88.83835616

59 83.55947 26.77892 44 56 1.441821248 110.8444444

60 83.55793 26.76161 38 62 1.559452524 103.2764674

61 83.55416 26.72577 41 59 1.469456067 115.0455581

62 83.55711 26.74058 39.5 60.5 1.516351119 98.50283768

63 83.53838 26.70128 40 60 1.306140351 120.4969778

64 83.49584 26.67224 40 60 1.45751073 75.64193168

65 83.51193 26.68352 43 57 1.461937716 81.26627219

66 83.52301 26.69151 35.5 64.5 1.424319728 87.45791045

67 83.46627 26.66673 42 58 1.47386461 92.69069767

68 83.40081 26.67029 37.5 62.5 1.443514644 96.04927536

69 83.42355 26.66691 33 67 1.337278107 114.6150442

70 83.44318 26.66602 30 70 1.311894273 101.2357287

71 83.3687 26.7269 41 59 1.490748899 95.87470449

72 83.3996 26.6948 36 64 1.500435161 100.6084687

73 83.4466 26.7506 39 61 1.453243471 106.4347826

74 83.4172 26.7793 44 56 1.466382979 95.0377249

75 83.3568 26.26797 36 64 1.332740214 105.5914553

76 83.3534 26.7623 39 61 1.496969697 100.4048583

77 83.3739 26.81371 42 58 1.589519651 85.59065934

78 83.40152 26.83503 37 63 1.458762887 102.9116608

79 83.5401 26.7649 40 60 1.535052013 86.31290513

80 83.5351 26.7228 40 60 1.5 96.66666667

81 83.3661 26.7619 44 56 1.428691983 91.08387478

82 83.3816 26.7542 42 58 1.478838174 98.8047138

83 83.3723 26.7828 41 59 1.395229983 110.001221

84 83.3866 26.8041 46 54 1.508591065 114.7699317

85 83.4268 26.8176 46 54 1.462256149 99.69141531

86 83.4713 26.811 43 57 1.400858369 115.5821078

87 83.5057 26.7855 42 58 1.496447602 91.11928783

88 83.4222 26.6807 36 64 1.45777027 107.8516802

89 83.4574 26.7762 41 59 1.488451668 97.52068966

90 83.3959 26.7805 38 62 1.458677686 100.8668555

91 83.4696 26.7614 44 56 1.560307956 86.50164474

92 83.3984 26.7557 42 58 1.465156794 117.0416171

93 83.4088 26.7668 41 59 1.467770035 98.94124629

94 83.4213 26.7623 39.5 60.5 1.430873622 110.3609959

95 83.4943 26.6852 43 57 1.514522822 96.76164384

96 83.4966 26.7577 49 51 1.645920942 103.5334696

97 83.5068 26.7198 45 55 1.45907173 104.2394448

98 83.45235 26.68611 39 61 1.578947368 81.76666667

99 83.4924 26.7021 40 60 1.377118644 117.8461538

100 83.4896 26.7266 44.5 55.5 1.467782427 105.0712657

101 83.4187 26.7398 47 53 1.467234043 107.1925754

102 83.4319 26.6983 43 57 1.516974645 91.16997167

103 83.4491 26.6994 44 56 1.458333333 102.9714286

104 83.4692 26.7036 39 61 1.452523524 98.96407538

105 83.4817 26.7109 40 60 1.588983051 85.65333333

106 83.4353 26.7288 44 56 1.445205479 113.1184834

107 83.4745 26.7409 45.5 54.5 1.458369099 106.3949382

108 83.4389 26.7158 41 59 1.542534722 97.07822172

109 83.4278 26.7085 42 58 1.506426735 99.14675768

110 83.4479 26.7079 37 63 1.384100418 100.8524788

111 83.428 26.7392 43.5 56.5 1.451418745 110.8281991

112 83.4421 26.7379 40 60 1.611570248 86.77435897

113 83.469 26.7141 43 57 1.618573798 86.58401639

114 83.4259 26.7262 45 55 1.581803005 92.81794195

115 83.4261 26.7175 41 59 1.561316872 95.98840274

116 83.441 26.7224 37.5 62.5 1.643526263 79.49211196

117 83.45 26.7335 39.5 60.5 1.562630917 92.62386059

118 83.4547 26.7202 46 54 1.573443983 91.93565401

119 83.467 26.7277 38.5 61.5 1.590301003 91.78759201

120 83.4615 26.7362 44 56 1.748214286 80.18386108

Table 4.1 Readings of Sample Tested in Laboratory

Sample No. Latitude Longitude Liquid limit% Plastic limit% P.I. porousity %

1 83.5056 26.836 26.6 14.63 11.97 51.77862003

2 83.3985 26.8561 32 14 18 46.42857143

3 83.3074 26.8289 30 12 18 45.52129222

4 83.2656 26.7825 34 15 19 49.25227778

5 83.2883 26.7019 26 10 16 45.81347856

6 83.3689 26.6602 22 9 13 49.35472619

7 83.4866 26.6632 36 18 18 38.44827586

8 83.5547 26.7087 30 11 19 47.40538432

9 83.5679 26.7863 30 14 16 46.5781571

10 83.50881 26.82884 25 10 15 53.86624111

11 83.5027 26.82682 30 12 18 48.37662338

12 83.51162 26.82501 29 11 18 48.97959184

13 83.49389 26.82894 19.54 0 19.54 51.30049806

14 83.49176 26.83563 21 15.32 5.68 45.26642998

15 83.48767 26.83032 29.3 14.21 15.09 45.2635245

16 83.48333 26.83591 28.2 0 28.2 48.43103015

17 83.47243 26.83716 23.5 11.29 12.21 49.30986653

18 83.48234 26.82636 24.5 0 24.5 51.59960143

19 83.5179 26.82037 26 0 26 47.59105021

20 83.50768 26.81896 25.5 13 12.5 51.4867296

21 83.49579 26.82016 28.2 11.23 16.97 43.21818173

22 83.5261 26.8121 18 0 18 55.11294121

23 83.3268 26.829 32.3 17.23 15.07 44.20991021

24 83.3533 26.8373 26.5 0 26.5 50.76359369

25 83.3735 26.8462 32 16 16 50.72037533

26 83.3021 26.812 30 13 17 46.61222021

27 83.3126 26.8183 36 18 18 49.35916542

28 83.31948 26.80616 26 10 16 44.12739471

29 83.32942 26.79614 31 16 15 48.69785387

30 83.33108 26.77858 29 14 15 49.85083267

31 83.32964 26.76479 32 18 14 49.15157889

32 83.30878 26.75191 35 17 18 47.11817746

33 83.27533 26.76098 34 15 19 45.72572054

34 83.27243 26.77181 38 19 19 52.87775488

35 83.29865 26.75904 28 14 14 48.70812582

36 83.3139 26.7666 35 19 16 51.50511224

37 83.29427 26.76955 30 12 18 46.88234957

38 83.27703 26.77794 26.5 11.5 15 54.34182424

39 83.31528 26.79065 33 12 21 48.56050876

40 83.30201 26.78061 37 18 19 42.74426925

41 83.28745 26.78992 36 19 17 48.66088441

42 83.29851 26.79757 31 13 18 54.33364399

43 83.28846 26.73103 32 15 17 55.00506811

44 83.2962 26.71352 34 16 18 49.98231986

45 83.3192 26.735 29 13 16 48.42054469

46 83.3128 26.7043 36 17 19 55.28455285

47 83.3362 26.7144 28 14 14 55.93243152

48 83.3384 26.6888 30 16 14 54.7485183

49 83.3623 26.6718 29.5 12.5 17 58.38063811

50 83.362 26.6814 34 15 19 46.02400882

51 83.378 26.6873 30 14 16 48.14372906

52 83.34059 26.79951 32 14.5 17.5 53.90377413

53 83.33818 26.76606 29 15 14 54.09312374

54 83.36602 26.82194 35 15 20 49.12249068

55 83.39551 26.84388 33 16 17 46.01821329

56 83.41707 26.8464 30 12.5 17.5 50.89603866

57 83.4539 26.83895 29 11 18 52.95371914

58 83.54333 26.7941 33 13 20 47.04465659

59 83.55947 26.77892 35 18 17 52.57166948

60 83.55793 26.76161 33 14 19 50.80591408

61 83.55416 26.72577 26 10 16 53.49822573

62 83.55711 26.74058 27 13 14 49.62288642

63 83.53838 26.70128 33 14 19 54.64790448

64 83.49584 26.67224 30 15 15 43.06598712

65 83.51193 26.68352 34 17 17 44.83253901

66 83.52301 26.69151 29.5 13 16.5 46.65469184

67 83.46627 26.66673 36 19 17 48.1033588

68 83.40081 26.67029 33 15 18 48.99241539

69 83.42355 26.66691 29 14 15 53.40494402

70 83.44318 26.66602 37 16 21 50.30703511

71 83.3687 26.7269 25 10 15 48.94695552

72 83.3996 26.6948 31 13 18 50.15165578

73 83.4466 26.7506 28 14 14 51.55855097

74 83.4172 26.7793 29 12 17 48.72786788

75 83.3568 26.26797 36 19 17 51.35984622

76 83.3534 26.7623 29 16 13 50.1010101

77 83.3739 26.81371 33 15 18 46.11797794

78 83.40152 26.83503 28 11 17 50.71747005

79 83.5401 26.7649 34 15 19 46.3268527

80 83.5351 26.7228 33 15 18 49.15254237

81 83.3661 26.7619 30 12 18 47.66696033

82 83.3816 26.7542 26 12 14 49.69938183

83 83.3723 26.7828 30 12.5 17.5 52.38122925

84 83.3866 26.8041 24 10 14 53.43854737

85 83.4268 26.8176 27 12 15 49.92273461

86 83.4713 26.811 33 16 17 53.61396129

87 83.5057 26.7855 29 12 17 47.67665727

88 83.4222 26.6807 26 10 16 51.88876996

89 83.4574 26.7762 30 14 16 49.37239224

90 83.3959 26.7805 33 17 16 50.21577864

91 83.4696 26.7614 28 13 15 46.38116991

92 83.3984 26.7557 24 9 15 53.92588697

93 83.4088 26.7668 33 14 19 49.73390292

94 83.4213 26.7623 29.5 12.5 17 52.46267037

95 83.4943 26.6852 28.5 13 15.5 49.17708652

96 83.4966 26.7577 24 10 14 50.86803158

97 83.5068 26.7198 32 15 17 51.03786141

98 83.45235 26.68611 33 16 17 44.98441225

99 83.4924 26.7021 33 14 19 54.0960452

100 83.4896 26.7266 31 14 17 51.23646423

101 83.4187 26.7398 29 15 14 51.73572228

102 83.4319 26.6983 33 13 20 47.69052947

103 83.4491 26.6994 31 13 18 50.73198198

104 83.4692 26.7036 34 15 19 49.73967044

105 83.4817 26.7109 34 16 18 46.13616777

106 83.4353 26.7288 30 14 16 53.07774417

107 83.4745 26.7409 27.5 11.5 16 51.54919938

108 83.4389 26.7158 33 15 18 49.25872624

109 83.4278 26.7085 32 14 18 49.78577549

110 83.4479 26.7079 35 16 19 50.21221517

111 83.428 26.7392 30 10.5 19.5 52.56801488

112 83.4421 26.7379 33 15 18 46.4594602

113 83.469 26.7141 33 16 17 46.40484114

114 83.4259 26.7262 31 15 16 48.13760639

115 83.4261 26.7175 29 10.5 18.5 48.9765728

116 83.441 26.7224 29.5 11.5 18 44.28724532

117 83.45 26.7335 30.5 12.5 18 48.08535158

118 83.4547 26.7202 32.4 13.6 18.8 47.89920585

119 83.467 26.7277 28 11 17 47.8589835

120 83.4615 26.7362 26.5 11 15.5 44.50113379

Table 4.1 Readings of Sample Tested in Laboratory

Sample No. Latitude Longitude air content % saturation % air void%

1 83.5056 26.836 78.12844166 21.87155834 40.45382894

2 83.3985 26.8561 63.30769231 36.69230769 29.39285714

3 83.3074 26.8289 51.53064516 48.46935484 23.45741557

4 83.2656 26.7825 52.70427988 47.29572012 25.95805833

5 83.2883 26.7019 50.0282318 49.9717682 22.91967325

6 83.3689 26.6602 45.22932862 54.77067138 22.3228113

7 83.4866 26.6632 35.96412556 64.03587444 13.82758621

8 83.5547 26.7087 49.65802469 50.34197531 23.54057745

9 83.5679 26.7863 64.04377333 35.95622667 29.83040936

10 83.50881 26.82884 66.04174522 33.95825478 35.57420572

11 83.5027 26.82682 64.7852349 35.2147651 31.34090909

12 83.51162 26.82501 60.1875 39.8125 29.47959184

13 83.49389 26.82894 44.00323625 55.99676375 22.57387936

14 83.49176 26.83563 53.88934595 46.11065405 24.39378305

15 83.48767 26.83032 40.06786355 59.93213645 18.13612723

16 83.48333 26.83591 60.11928323 39.88071677 29.11638819

17 83.47243 26.83716 47.14220884 52.85779116 23.24576026

18 83.48234 26.82636 74.87812311 25.12187689 38.63681308

19 83.5179 26.82037 47.65442653 52.34557347 22.67924206

20 83.50768 26.81896 37.78100585 62.21899415 19.45220432

21 83.49579 26.82016 38.6180063 61.3819937 16.69000014

22 83.5261 26.8121 75.5133841 24.4866159 41.61764698

23 83.3268 26.829 53.05092251 46.94907749 23.45376521

24 83.3533 26.8373 66.69794457 33.30205543 33.85827358

25 83.3735 26.8462 55.56122252 44.43877748 28.1808606

26 83.3021 26.812 47.7715769 52.2284231 22.26739262

27 83.3126 26.8183 37.92904589 62.07095411 18.72146051

28 83.31948 26.80616 60.40065946 39.59934054 26.65323741

29 83.32942 26.79614 51.79282 48.20718 25.2219918

30 83.33108 26.77858 44.34088696 55.65911304 22.10430136

31 83.32964 26.76479 48.44973689 51.55026311 23.81381065

32 83.30878 26.75191 52.02741819 47.97258181 24.51437123

33 83.27533 26.76098 50.96697311 49.03302689 23.30501569

34 83.27243 26.77181 55.13037481 44.86962519 29.15170446

35 83.29865 26.75904 55.8752862 44.1247138 27.21580471

36 83.3139 26.7666 57.49821448 42.50178552 29.61451991

37 83.29427 26.76955 42.60227579 57.39772421 19.97294786

38 83.27703 26.77794 49.63821894 50.36178106 26.97431369

39 83.31528 26.79065 52.10965744 47.89034256 25.30471476

40 83.30201 26.78061 53.68294527 46.31705473 22.94638267

41 83.28745 26.78992 58.83766563 41.16233437 28.63092846

42 83.29851 26.79757 60.1948542 39.8051458 32.70605778

43 83.28846 26.73103 62.70509236 37.29490764 34.49097876

44 83.2962 26.71352 55.29239371 44.70760629 27.63642108

45 83.3192 26.735 51.14387594 48.85612406 24.7641433

46 83.3128 26.7043 48.28382353 51.71617647 26.69349593

47 83.3362 26.7144 63.38367224 36.61632776 35.45202907

48 83.3384 26.6888 57.03513822 42.96486178 31.22589309

49 83.3623 26.6718 56.52185853 43.47814147 32.99782168

50 83.362 26.6814 58.69941463 41.30058537 27.01582377

51 83.378 26.6873 52.75240682 47.24759318 25.39697582

52 83.34059 26.79951 58.91651523 41.08348477 31.7582253

53 83.33818 26.76606 55.78801037 44.21198963 30.17747748

54 83.36602 26.82194 60.89093356 39.10906644 29.91114317

55 83.39551 26.84388 36.26101162 63.73898838 16.68666967

56 83.41707 26.8464 58.33460264 41.66539736 29.69000191

57 83.4539 26.83895 53.96984668 46.03015332 28.57904103

58 83.54333 26.7941 34.00373157 65.99626843 15.99693875

59 83.55947 26.77892 48.98797113 51.01202887 25.75379427

60 83.55793 26.76161 48.12661454 51.87338546 24.45116644

61 83.55416 26.72577 46.43861004 53.56138996 24.84383242

62 83.55711 26.74058 50.49685761 49.50314239 25.0579983

63 83.53838 26.70128 66.53857987 33.46142013 36.36193957

64 83.49584 26.67224 44.15795702 55.84204298 19.01706009

65 83.51193 26.68352 49.13018785 50.86981215 22.02631064

66 83.52301 26.69151 46.26901128 53.73098872 21.58666463

67 83.46627 26.66673 48.83197431 51.16802569 23.48981981

68 83.40081 26.67029 42.54511573 57.45488427 20.84387983

69 83.42355 26.66691 54.17617264 45.82382736 28.93275467

70 83.44318 26.66602 64.79503781 35.20496219 32.59646242

71 83.3687 26.7269 58.88383676 41.11616324 28.82184539

72 83.3996 26.6948 55.4222417 44.5777583 27.79517188

73 83.4466 26.7506 47.29166667 52.70833333 24.38289806

74 83.4172 26.7793 47.33670229 52.66329771 23.06616575

75 83.3568 26.26797 67.82315396 32.17684604 34.83386757

76 83.3534 26.7623 53.6875 46.3125 26.8979798

77 83.3739 26.81371 50.02375221 49.97624779 23.06994301

78 83.40152 26.83503 52.8294465 47.1705535 26.79375871

79 83.5401 26.7649 65.04230746 34.95769254 30.13205397

80 83.5351 26.7228 48.73103448 51.26896552 23.95254237

81 83.3661 26.7619 44.55110729 55.44889271 21.23615864

82 83.3816 26.7542 39.00088601 60.99911399 19.38319925

83 83.3723 26.7828 53.65324172 46.34675828 28.10422755

84 83.3866 26.8041 53.70215942 46.29784058 28.6976539

85 83.4268 26.8176 47.5702097 52.4297903 23.74834954

86 83.4713 26.811 56.88779091 43.11220909 30.4997982

87 83.5057 26.7855 60.45184191 39.54815809 28.82141748

88 83.4222 26.6807 48.30678585 51.69321415 25.06579699

89 83.4574 26.7762 49.0508115 50.9491885 24.21755905

90 83.3959 26.7805 38.99879234 61.00120766 19.58354723

91 83.4696 26.7614 43.14674576 56.85325424 20.01196547

92 83.3984 26.7557 59.78866222 40.21133778 32.24156641

93 83.4088 26.7668 56.32155282 43.67844718 28.0109064

94 83.4213 26.7623 51.1793097 48.8206903 2