metalmentalist issue01

METALMENTALISTMETALMENTALISTMETALMENTALISTRNI No.: MAHENG13143/13/1/2012-TC Vol 1 Issue 1

June 2012

` 75/-www.metalmentalist.com

COVER STORY

“STAINLESS STEEL AS IT STILL

REMAINS STRONG AFTER 100 YEARS …!!”

he Special Metals Corpora�on group of companies was created in the la�er part of 1998

when Special Metals Corpora�on of New Har�ord, New York, acquired Inco Alloys

Interna�onal, including its Hun�ngton Alloys and Wiggin Alloys divisions. In 2006, Special

Metals Corpora�on became a part of Precision Castparts Corp., a worldwide manufacturer

of complex metal components and products. With a history of alloy technology now going

back some 100 years, our company con�nues to provide solu�ons to difficult materials

problems through such �me‐tested products as our world‐recognized INCONEL,

INCOLOY, NIMONIC, UDIMET, MONEL and NILO alloys.

T

000000111 YEARSYEARSOFOFYEARSOF

INNOVATIONINNOVATIONINNOVATIONA century of inventing and producing high-performance nickel and

cobalt alloys for severe environments. INCONEL® INCOLOY® MONEL® NILO® NIMONIC® UDIMET® The design

standards for engineers around the globe.

SPECIALMETALS THE ALLOY EXPERTS

YEARSYEARSOFOFYEARSOF

INNOVATIONINNOVATIONINNOVATIONINCONEL® INCOLOY® MONEL® NILO® NIMONIC® UDIMET® The design

standards for engineers around the globe.

SPECIAL METALS SERVICES LTD.No. 60, First Main Road, First Block, Vasantha Vallabha Nagar,

Subramanyapura Post, Bangalore India 560 061

Phone: +91 (0)80 2666 9159 | Fax: +91 (0)80 2666 8918 Email:

[email protected]

E S T A B L I S H E D 1 9 0 6

YEARS OF

RNI No.: MAHENG13143

On behalf of Nu Web Wave Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Pr inted & Publ ished by C.D.Chandan. Printed at NWW Printers 3rd Khetwadi lane, Mumbai -400 004. Published at NWWTPL Publications 3rd Khetwadi lane, Bansi bhuvan, 2nd oor, Room No.:33, Mumbai-400 004.

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Dear Readers,

It gives me great pleasure to keep a magazine named “METALMENTALIST” in front of your desk which includes Metal Ores, Minerals along with Metals its forms and usage. This magazine covers Stainless steel, Nickel alloys, Copper and Brass, Aluminium Alloys, Titanium Alloys, Carbon Steel and other Metals in form of Coils, Strips, Sheets, Plates, Bars, Fittings, Fasteners, Valves, Pipes, Sheet Metal components and other Metal and alloy components made up of Ferrous and Non ferrous Metals, used in wide range of industries. Keeping in Mind the competition and the global demand of raw materials in all forms of metals we have tried the best way to keep the buyer and seller in contact with the help of this magazine.

Today metal industry is a key sector in the Global and Indian economy as it meets the requirements of a wide range of important industries such as Aerospace, Oil and gas, Pharma Industry, Acid and Nuclear Plants, Engineering and Automation, Rubber Industry. The metal Sector consists of two major groups ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.

Indian steel industry has shown strong performance in the recent past in terms of production, capacity utilisation, exports and consumption. India is now a major competitor among steel producers in the world. The Steel industry contributes 1.32 to 1.57 percent to India's GDP. The metal industry provides employment to 0.45 million people directly and 0.62 million people indirectly.

SHINING CONVINCINGLY KEEPING ITS

REPUTATION OF BEING STAINLESS

In an aim to let the industry know the monthly analysis of metal industry, keep supplier, manufacturers and buyers in one chain and as well as the condition of the market this edition of our magazine is focusing on the century of Stainless steel which is essential in daily usage from cutlery to aerospace as well as other ferrous and non ferrous metals and also brings you the preview of all products in ferrous and non ferrous metal world and will give you an extreme knowledge and a reason to absorb the same in an aim to increase your awareness in the metal industry.

Don't forget that you can get in touch with us to discuss any queries you have about the metal industry. You can send us your mails at [email protected] and also send a tweet @metalmentalist.

Stay connected and be a METALMENTALIST! Happy Reading

Regards,

C.D.Chandan

Editor in ChiefC.D. Chandan

[email protected]

Associate EditorRupal JainYogita Jain

Sneha [email protected]

Asst. Editor & Advt. HeadSanjay Khond

[email protected]

Art Design Mohammed Amiruddin

Rupal DesaiKamlesh Kelji

[email protected]

Media & Publicitywww.nuwebwave.com

[email protected]

Press Release [email protected]

Websitewww.metalmentalist.com

““

Metalmentalist - June 20124

Labh steel is one of the leading Importers,

Stockist of Stainless Steel, Nickel Alloy, Mild

Steel, Alloy steel, Copper & Brass in various

shapes & sizes.

29\31, Savita Sadan, 1st Floor, 1st ParsiwadaLane, V.P. Road, Mumbai-400 004

Tel: +91-22-66518975, Fax: +91-22-23868976, Email: [email protected]

Pipe Fi�ngs

Flanges

Pipes & Tubes

Round & Flat Bars

Plate, Sheets & Coils

Editor Desk 4

Stainless Steel 7

History

Classification Of Stainless Steel

Role Of Alloying Elements In Stainless Steel

Stainless Steel Still Remains Strong After 100 Years As Its Usage Goes On And On

Market Report Of Stainless Steel

Nickel And Nickel Alloys 17

History

Overview

Where And Why Nickel Is Used- By Nickel Institute

Aluminium And Aluminum Alloys 23

Introduction

Overview

Types Of Aluminium Alloys

Market Reports Of Nickel, Aluminium And Copper 28Mr. Naveen Mathur, Angel Commodities

Titanium And Titanium Alloys 31

Introduction

Overview

Types Of Titanium Alloys

Titanium News

Copper And Copper Alloys 37

Overview

Types Of Copper Alloys

Copper It’s Alloys Usage Structure

Glossary 45

CONTENTS

Y E A R S

CELEBRATING 100 YEARS OF

STAINLESS STEEL HISTORY

Today it has been 100 years since stainless steel was

first patented. Harry Brearley was born on Feb 18,

1871 and by 1907 he was managing the Brown-Firth

Research Laboratory in Sheffield, England and he is

given the credit of invention of stainless steel, but there

are many others at the same time shall get credit for

invention of stainless steel such as Pierre Berthier and

Elwood Haynes. Brearley called his new metal "rustless

steel" which is known as Stainless Steel today. French

scientist Leon Gillet had documented the constitution of

stainless steel in 1904. While Gillet noted the

composition and properties of his alloy mix, he never

recognized the corrosive resistance of the material .In

1912, two German's at the Krupp Iron Works, Eduard

Maurer and Benno Strauss, patented the first austenitic

stainless steel of a

21% chromium and 7% nickel combination. Brearley

patented the first martensitic stainless in 1913.

Many inventors have contributed to our knowledge of

why stainless steel is so important and how it resists

corrosion from grades to grades along with its ductility,

Capacity of bearing High temperature and being heat

resistant. Development of steel Started from Cutlery

items such as knife but today its used widely in almost

a l l sec tors f rom cons t ruc t ion, Fabr icat ion,

Pharmaceuticals machineries to railing at our

bungalows or house. Today it has been a century of

stainless steel but the shine of stainless steel

hasn’t yet diminished its shining much

brighter than ever with the increase

in use of Austenitic and Ferritic

grade and of i ts new

members in duplex

and super duplex

grades were

i n v e n t e d

Cover StoryCover StoryCover Story

100YEARSOFSTAINLESSSTEEL

STAINLESS STEELCutlery to Aerospace


long back but the use is gaining in the current

21st century due to its high chromium and

molybdenum content and due to its

advanced resistance to corrosion.

CLASSIFICATION

There are several different

types and grades of stainless

steel. They are classified by

their crystalline structure

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS

STEEL

When nickel is added to

stainless steel in sufficient

amount its crystal structure changes

to "austenite". It has a maximum of 15%

carbon, a minimum of 16% chromium and

sufficient nickel, 6-22, with low carbon. It is strong, easy

to form and weld, and non-magnetic. Popular uses for

austenitic stainless steel are; kitchen sinks, building

facades. Professional food processing equipment,

chemical pipes, and cooking utensils. Austenitic grades

are the most commonly used stainless steels accounting

for more than 70% of production (type 304 is the most

commonly specified grade by far). The most widely

used austenite steel is the 304 grade. The second most

common austenite steel is the 316 grade, used

primarily for its increased resistance to corrosion.

FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL

The least expensive steel and

has betterengineering

properties than austenitic grades. However, it is

highly corrosive-resistant. It contains

10.5-27% chromium, small amounts of

molybdenum and aluminum or

titanium, and very little nickel. They

are magnetic and cannot be

hardened by heat treatment. A

f e w o f t h e u s e s a r e i n

automobiles, architectural

appl iances, and exhaust

systems.

MARTENSITIC STAINLESS

STEEL

Martensitic steel is produced by

increasing the carbon content of

ferritic stainless steel and heating and

tempering it .These steels are similar to

ferritic steels in being based on Chromium but

have higher Carbon levels up as high as 1%. This allows

them to be hardened and tempered much like carbon

and low-alloy steels and they are magnetic. It is strong

and hard, but brittle and magnetic. They are

used where high strength and moderate

corrosion resistance is required.

Martensitic steel have

gene ra l l y l ow

welding



ability and formability. It contains

10-17% chromium. It is used for knives,

blades in razors etc.

DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

It contains 50% ferritic stainless steel and 50% austenitic

stainless steel and nitrogen is added. Duplex stainless

steels have roughly twice the strength compared to

austenitic stainless steels and also advanced resistance

to corrosion, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion

cracking. They are magnetic but not as much as the

ferritic and martensitic grades. “lean duplex” steels has

comparable corrosion resistance ,enhanced strength

and resistance to stress corrosion cracking. The

“Standard duplex” having 22% chromium content is

widely used duplex grades.“Superduplex” having 25%

chromium content steels have enhanced strength and

resistance to all forms of corrosion. The properties of

duplex stainless steels are achieved with overall lower

alloy content than similar-performing super-austenitic

grades, making their use cost-effective for many

applications. Duplex grades are characterized into

groups based on their alloy content and corrosion

resistance. They are mainly used in hot water heaters

and chemical tankers.

PRECIPITATION HARDENING STAINLESS STEEL

Precipitation hardening stainless steels have corrosion

resistance comparable to austenitic varieties, but can

be precipitation hardened to even higher strengths than

the other martensitic grades. Common grades such as

17-4PH, 17-7PH they have copper added to give it

more strength. These grades are highly used in

Aerospace and defence purpose as well as widely used

for making fasteners.

“UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF ALLOYING

ELEMENTS IN MAKING UP OF STAINLESS

STEEL”

NICKEL

The role of nickel is most important in the making of

Stainless steel and it provides the material to resist heat

stabilizes the austenitic structure and increases ductility

and helps the making of stainless steel easier. The

nickel content provides the resistance of corrosion as

well as increases the high temperature strength of the

material and hence it is used in aerospace,

pharmaceuticals as well as chemical and marine

industries. The content of nickel is much more

important while choosing the grades for particular

applications and its industry. It makes the material

non-magnetic in nature. Its content also plays an

important role in resistance of acidic attack when the

material is used in oil industries and it helps particularly

with the attack of sulphuric acid. Nickel is the essential

element in the 300 series stainless steel grades which is

the most used grades in its relevant industries.

CHROMIUM

The higher the chromium level the greater the

protection. It makes a surface film of chromium oxide to

make stainless steel corrosion resistant. It also

increases the scaling resistance at elevated

temperatures. It is a most reactive element and is

responsible for the “passive” nature of all stainless steel

grades. The resistance to the chemical effects of

corrosion and the typical “rusting” (oxidation) that

occurs with unprotected carbon steel is the direct result

of the presence of chromium.

CARBON

Carbon Strengthens stainless steel but promotes the

formation of precipitates harmful to corrosion

resistance. Carbon is always present in stainless steel.

The percentage of carbon content is the important part

in the making of stainless steel. The content of carbon is

very much low except in martensitic as it provides high

strength and hardness.



COPPER

Copper is added to stainless steels to increase their

resistance to certain corrosive environments. Copper is

known to decrease the metallic dissolution rate in acidic

media and consequently to slower the propagation pit

growth rate. I t also decreases susceptibil i ty

to s t ress corros ion crack ing and prov ides

age-hardening effects.

MOLYBDENUM

The more higher the molybdenum content, the better

the resistance to higher chloride levels. Molybdenum

Increases corrosion resistance, strength at elevated

temperatures, and creep resistance. It expands the

range of passivity and counteracts tendency to pit

especially in chloride environments. The addition of

molybdenum to the Cr-Fe-Ni mixture makes it

resistance to localized pitting attack and better

resistance. It helps resist the detrimental effects of

chlorides.

MANGANESE

Promotes the stability of austenite, at or near room

temperature and improves hot working properties.

Addition of up to 2% manganese has no effect on

strength, ductility and toughness. Manganese is

important as a partial replacement of nickel in 200

series stainless grades. Generally manganese is added

to stainless steels to assist in de-oxidation, during

melting, and to prevent the formation of iron sulphide

inclusions which can cause hot cracking problems. It is

also a “austenite” stabilizer and when added in higher

levels (from 4 to 15%) replaces some of the nickel in the

200 series stainless steel grades.

TITANIUM

Titanium is the main element used to stabilize stainless

steel. When stainless steel is melted in air, it is difficult to

reducing the carbon levels. Titanium will react with the

carbon to form titanium carbides and prevent the

formation of chrome carbides, which could affect the

formation of the “passive” layer. The most common

grade today is 304 (with 0.08 max carbon, although in

reality the levels are lower).

SILICON

Silicon resists carburizing at high temperatures and

slightly increases tensile strength and hardness. Silicon

Increases scaling resistance by forming a tight initial

scale, which will withstand cyclic temperature changes.

Small amounts of silicon are added to all grades of

stainless for deoxidizing. Small amounts of silicon and

copper are usually added to the austenitic stainless

steels containing molybdenum to improve corrosion

resistance to sulphuric acid. Silicon also improves

oxidation resistance and is a “ferrite” stabilizer. In

“austenitic stainless steels, high silicon contents

improves resistance to oxidation and also prevents

carburizing at elevated temperatures (309 and 310 are

examples).

“STAINLESS STEEL STILL REMAINS STRONG

AFTER 100 YEARS AS ITS USAGE GOES ON

AND ON…!!”

Significant future growth is foreseen in the use of

stainless steel. Stainless steel is a versatile material. First

used for cutlery and from domestic use it went to



architectural, engineering, aerospace, marine,

chemical, oil and gas industry because of its corrosion

resistant characteristics. Corrosion resistance is of great

importance and slowly but steadily the mechanical

characteristics of the material are being recognized. It is

a material that keeps on finding its way into new

applications on a close to daily bases. Below you

w i l l f ind a number o f

applications where stainless

s tee l has proven i t se l f

through many years of

reliable service.

DOMESTIC USE

The invention of stainless

s t e e l s t a r t e d f r o m

manufacture of cutlery items

such as knifes. The finest

cutlery uses are specially

produced from stainless steel

410 and 420 for the knives,

razor blades and grade 304

for the spoons and forks,

cutlery, sinks, stands the most

well known application stainless steels is probably for

cutlery, kitchenware as well as for our daily materials in

domestic use.

ARCHITECTURAL/CIVIL ENGINEERING

Stainless steel usage for cladding, handrails, door and

window fittings, street furniture, structural sections,

reinforcement bar, lighting columns, lintels, masonry

supports are growing day by day as many modern

buildings use stainless steels for cladding, roofing and

facades as it has a good life and remains rust free for

many years. I ts low maintenance cost and

anti-corrosive characteristics of stainless provides a

growing market in public transport, ticket machines

and street furniture. Stainless steel reinforcing bar,

although initially expensive, is proving to have very

good life cycle costing characteristics.

TRANSPORT

The market for stainless steel continues to improve by

manufacturing exhaust systems, car trim/grilles, road

tankers, ship containers, ships chemical tankers With

greater concentration being made to achieving Green

Revolution, low long term maintenance costs, less

environmental impact and greater concern with life

cycle costs,. Cars are making increasing use of stainless

steel, primarily for exhaust systems and catalytic

converters, but also for structural purpose as it

increases its strength as well as Protects from damages

cause due to accidents.

CHEMICAL/PHARMACEUTICAL, OIL AND GAS

Probably the most demanding industries that use

stainless steels are the chemical, processing and oil &

gas industries have created a large market for stainless

tanks, pipes, pumps and valves as well. One of the first

major success stories on stainless steel 304 was the

storage of dilute nitric acid as it could be used in thinner

sections and was more robust than other materials.

Special grades of stainless have been developed to

have greater corrosion resistance at a broad range of

different temperatures.

MEDICAL – SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS,

SURGICAL IMPLANTS, MRI SCANNERS.

Especially clean melted stainless is used for medical

implants and artificial hips. A great deal of medical

equipment - such as orthopedic beds, cabinets and

examination machines - is made as standard from

stainless because of its hygienic and easy-clean

qualities. Pharmaceutical companies use stainless for

pill funnels and hoppers and for piping creams and

solutions.

100YEARSOFSTAINLESSSTEEL



RUPEE WEAKNESS AFFECTS

STEEL PRICES IN INDIA

At a time when global

industrial activity is slowing

down, the demand for the

steel in the sectors of

infrastructure, construction

a n d a u t o m o b i l e i s

uncertain and the major

f a c t o r o f R u p e e

depreciation is detrimental

for businesses of import of

steel raw material or

f i n i s h e d g o o d s f o r

manufacturing purposes.

With manufacturing of

steel products being the core of our business, the

necessity of importing the raw material is high. The

Indian Rupee has depreciated more than 5 percent on a

year-to-date basis and considering the current state of

the global economy, weakness in the Rupee could

continue due to global economic and euro zone crisis.

From the industry point of view, depreciation in the Rupee

has led to rise in import costs for the steel manufacturing

companies in India. Iron ore and coal being major inputs

in steel manufacturing have seen a softening of prices on

the international front, but in the Indian markets the

scenario is different.

Once the global economic scenario stabilizes, we could

possibly see a reversal in the currency and this would

bring a relief to the Indian markets. But a factor still

remains crucial to the industrial metals space as the

economic scenario in China and in Europe the weak

economy has lead to weak demand of steels.

Considering the expected slowdown in Chinese

economic activity and the eurozone crisis, we feel that,

Indian markets too would feel a pinch of the same.

Source:

Ravindran M. Medore Equipments (India) Pvt Ltd.

DECLINING NICKEL COSTS

FAIL TO STIMULATE

STAINLESS STEEL MARKET

Stainless steel markets throughout the world are in a

subdued mood, reflecting a general, global malaise.

Transaction values are down in most countries. This has

combined with seasonal buying patterns and caution

arising from the economic situation to bring about

severely depressed business activity in many markets.

Most countries in Europe have reported very low

purchase volumes in recent weeks. Basis values are close

to breakeven levels and the LME nickel price has recently

recorded its lowest figures since 2009. Buyers are

understandably cautious, given the overall economic

climate. The ongoing uncertainty over Greece's

continued participation in the euro has led politicians

and business leaders to consider the consequences of the

country's hypothetical exit from the single currency and

possible default. This could cause a knock-on effect on

the other weakest members of the euro zone - Italy,

Spain, Portugal and Ireland - and more wide reaching

consequences for banks, businesses and governments

throughout the region who trade with these nations.

The situation in Scandinavia is slightly more

encouraging. Financial systems there are less exposed to

the turmoil in the south of Europe. Furthermore, there is

significant investment in Norway's North Sea oil interests,

while Sweden's manufacturers of trucks and yellow

goods, for example, and maintain strong export volumes

to developing nations, such as Brazil.

The recovery in industrial activity in the United States,

since the global financial crisis, has been quicker and

stronger than in Europe. However, markets there, too are

becalmed at present. The optimism usually associated

with an impending presidential election is not apparent

on this occasion. Moreover, given the global surfeit of

production, domestic suppliers are subject to

competition from imports from Asia, particularly on the

west coast and, to some extent, from Europe, in the east.

Whilst growth in consumption and output continues in

China, the rate of that expansion has certainly slowed in

the past twelve months. The huge investment in new

Market ReportsMarket ReportsMarket Reports

Cont...


“

Medore Equipments (India) Pvt. Ltd.

“

Company History & Vision

Medore Equipments (India) Pvt. Ltd., is an Engineering Company with excellent infrastructure facilities, engaged in design and manufacturing of various fabricated equipment like Pressure Vessels, Heat Exchangers, Reaction Vessels, Agitators, Spray Dryers, Extractors, Crystallisers, Deodcrisers etc. and special machineries for Chemical, Fertilizers, Petrochemicals, Paper and Edible Oil Industries.

Medore is incorporated under the Indian Company Act in the year l99I with NRI participation and managed by a team of professional Engineers having a vast experience in the field of Design and Manufacturing of Process Plant Equipment (PPE).

We manufacture and export to the Gulf, special Foundation Bolts, Flag Holders and Fabricated Sleeves for High Pressure Pipeline.

We understand that every customer requires Quality. Our job requires a dedication to products and services that conforms to our Customer's needs and expectations, at a cost that represents value. Our suppliers understand and assist us in meeting our requirements.

Medore is committed to excellence in every aspect of its business. We will provide our customers with quality equipment consistently on time.

Quality is the responsibility of every person at Medore. Therefore, our company will remain dedicated to continuous improvement of quality, productivity and work environment in our continuing efforts towards defect-free material.

Pressure Vessels

A pressure vessel is defined as “a vessel in which the pressure is obtained from an indirect source or by the application of heat

from an indirect source or a direct source. The vessel proper terminates at: (a) the first circumferential joint for welded end

connections; (b) the face of the first flange in bolted flange connections; or (c) the first threaded joint in threaded connections."

Pressure vessels include but are not limited to compressed gas storage tanks (i.e., air, oxygen, nitrogen tanks, etc.), anhydrous

ammonia tanks, hydro pneumatic tanks, autoclaves, hot water storage tanks, chemical reactors and refrigerant vessels,

designed for a pressure greater than 15 psi and a volume greater than 5 cubic feet in volume or one and one-half cubic feet in

volume with a pressure greater than 600 psi.

Heat ExchangersA heat exchanger is a specialized device that assists in

the transfer of heat from one fluid to the other. In some

cases, a solid wall may separate the fluids and prevent

them from mixing. In other designs, the fluids may be in

direct contact with each other. In the most efficient heat

exchangers, the surface area of the wall between the

fluids is maximized while simultaneously minimizing the

fluid flow resistance. Fins or corrugations are

sometimes used with the wall in order to increase the

surface area and to induce turbulence.

Spray dryersSpray drying is a method of producing a dry powder from a liquid or slurry by rapidly drying with a hot gas. This is the preferred method of drying of many thermally-sensitive materials such as foods and pharmaceuticals. A consistent particle size distribution is a reason for spray drying some industrial products such as catalysts. Air is the heated drying media; however, if the liquid is a flammable solvent such as ethanol or the product is oxygen-sensitive then nitrogen is used.

All spray dryers use some type of atomizer or spray nozzle to disperse the liquid or slurry into a controlled drop size spray. The most common of these are rotary disks and single-fluid high pressure swirl nozzles. Alternatively, for some applications two-fluid or ultrasonic nozzles are used. Depending on the process needs, drop sizes from 10 to 500 µm can be achieved with the appropriate choices. The most common applications are in the 100 to 200 µm diameter range.

ExtractorsExtractors are data retrieval mechanisms in the SAP source system. This can fill the extract structure of a data source with the data from the SAP source system datasets. The extractor may be able to supply data to more fields than exist in the extract structure.

DeodorizerA deodorizer is an equipment for deodorizing, the final stage in vegetable oil refining. Deodorizing removes odoriferous material, free fatty acids and other undesired minor components to produce bland oil with a good shelf life.

Medore Equipments (India) Private Limited

A-352, MIDC, TTC Area, Mahape PO, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 701 Mumbai,

Maharashtra, INDIA PIN-400 701

Phone no. : +91-22-778 1298, Fax : 022 790 5365, Website :www.seekandsource.com/medore

plant in recent years has brought about substantial overcapacity in the Far East,

especially at current levels of demand. Now, all the major stainless steel

producing nations in the region are trying to export their excess output to each

other. There is now the prospect of Taiwanese producers attempting to bring

antidumping actions against Chinese and South Korean suppliers.

One ray of light is that the Chinese government is believed to be implementing a

new stimulus package, worth around 2 trillion Yuan ($Us316 billion), aimed at

counteracting the downturn in growth. Funding will be available for investment in

infrastructure schemes, such as railways, environmental projects and social

housing. The financial injection will be around half the size of the previous

spending boost unveiled in 2008. On this occasion, the state hopes to encourage

greater private-sector involvement.

GLOBAL STEEL MARKET ROUND UP

FROM MEPS

In the US, both strip and plate prices are being negatively influenced by imports.

Climbing domestic output and short delivery lead times are exacerbating the

situation. However, lower scrap prices have eased some of the cost pressures on

the steelmakers.

In Canada, mill activity held steady throughout May, with steelmakers reporting

good order intake, although some distributors noted that delivery lead times are

relatively short. Selling values have softened a little. Demand is reasonable but

Source: MEPS - International Steel Review


not strong. However, raw material costs are still high enough to encourage producers to lift transaction figures

whenever possible.

Chinese market prices have been declined in May. Although Baosteel elected to keep June’s official ex-works figures

flat, several other producers have reduced theirs. This has not helped market sentiment which was already weak.

Domestic demand is rebuilding in Japan, while export volumes are also growing, due to the weaker yen. Sales to the

auto and construction industries are forecast to stay firm. Major producers of strip mill products are planning a rise of

around ¥5000 per tonne. The negotiations with customers are ongoing. The hikes are cost driven and also reflect

recent increases in the price of imported steel.

South Korean mills continue to struggle to implement any advances as buyers resist their initiatives. Domestic demand

from construction and shipbuilding is weak, although the auto sector is performing relatively well. Total inventories of

flat products, held by distributors, at end March, rose by around 3 percent, compared with April.

The appreciating Taiwanese dollar is helping that country’s steelmakers to reduce their raw material costs, whilst, at

the same time, encouraging cheap imports. Overall sales remain sluggish, although some downstream industries

have been doing slightly better lately.

FASTENERS

Sole Selling Distributors of

Manufacturer &

Exports of Cold

Forged Stainless Steel,

Duplex, Nickel Alloy

Fasteners.

7/13, Bhagyashree Bldg., 2nd Parsiwada

Lane, Shop No. 5, Mumbai - 400 004.

Tel.: 91-22-2382 1517 / 6636 3363,

Fax : 91-22-2384 1926,

E-mail : [email protected]

www.tright.co.in

Source: MEPS - Stainless Steel Review


NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYSHISTORY

Nickel is the most versatile Element of all. Nickel is a naturally

occurring, lustrous, silvery-white metallic element. It is the

fifth most common element on earth and occurs extensively

in the earth's crust. Nickel has been used in alloys long back

to the dawn of civilization more than 2000 to 3000 Years

ago. It was first identified and isolated as an element by the

Swedish chemist, Axel Cronstedt, in 1751. It name comes

from the Saxon term 'Kupfernickel' as the 15th century

miners thought the ore looked Reddish brown like

copper but it was too difficult to mine. Nickel in

elemental form or alloyed with other metals and

materials has made significant contributions to our

present-day society and promises to continue to

supply materials for an even more demanding

future. Complete solid solubility exists between nickel

and copper. Wide solubility ranges between iron,

chromium, and nickel make possible many alloy combinations. Stainless steels which was discovered

early in the 20th century and nickel content had a very important role in the invention of the same,

and still 61% of the nickel is used in manufacturing Nickel alloys balance for making other nickel high

temperature alloys and plating. When nickel is added to other element its Alloys were found to have

excellent corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance, which made them suitable for

Aerospace, Chemical, Pharmaceuticals Industry, Heat exchangers and energy. Still the metal is known

to be the future Metal as its value and usage is increasing in 20th century. Nickel has its presence in

over 3lakh products for consumer, industrial, military, transport, aerospace, marine and

architectural applications. The biggest use is in alloying with chromium and other metals to

produce stainless and heat-resisting steels.

OVERVIEW

60% of Nickel Is mostly used for making Stainless steels, 14% in copper nickel alloys such as

alloy 400 and alloy 500, 6% to make superalloys such as alloy 625, 800, 718 Etc. 9% in plating, 5%

in heat and electric resistance alloys, such as Nichrome, 6% for in all other applications combined.

Nickel foam or nickel mesh is used in gas diffusion electrodes for alkaline fuel cells. Nickel is

used in many specific and recognizable industrial and consumer products, including stainless

steel, coins, rechargeable batteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules, and

special alloys.

Nickel AlloysNickel AlloysNickel Alloys


Nickel is widely used as an alloy metal, and its main use is in the nickel manufacturing stainless steel, duplex steel and

other high temperature and heat resistant alloys. It is also widely used in many other alloys, such as nickel brasses and

bronzes, and alloys with copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, cobalt, silver, and gold. Because of its resistance to

corrosion, nickel has been occasionally used historically as a substitute for decorative silver. Nickel is used as a binder

in the cemented tungsten carbide or hard metal industry and used in proportions of 6 to 12% by weight. Nickel can

make the tungsten carbide magnetic and adds corrosion-resistant properties to the cemented tungsten carbide parts,

although the hardness is lower than those of parts made with cobalt binder.

WHERE & WHY NICKEL IS USED

Nickel-containing materials play a major role in our everyday lives – food preparation

equipment, mobile phones, medical equipment, transport, buildings, power generation – the

list is almost endless. They are selected because - compared

with other materials - they offer better corrosion

resistance, better toughness, better strength at high

and low temperatures, and a range of special

magnetic and electronic properties. Most

important are alloys of iron, nickel and

chromium, of which stainless steels

(frequently 8-12% nickel) are the largest

volume. Nickel based alloys - like stainless

steel but with higher nickel contents - are used for

more demanding applications such as gas turbines and

some chemical plants.

In addition, iron and nickel alloys are used in electronics and specialist engineering, while copper-nickel

alloys are used for coinage and marine engineering. There are about 3000 nickel-containing alloys in

everyday use. About 90% of all new nickel sold each year goes into alloys, two-thirds going into stainless

steel. Nickel metal is used to provide hard-wearing decorative and engineering coatings as 'nickel-plating'

or 'electroless nickel coating' or 'electroforming'. When used with a top layer of chromium, it is popularly

known as 'chrome-plating'. When done in combination with silicon carbide it is known as composite

plating.

Nickel is a key part of several rechargeable battery systems used in electronics, power tools,

transport and emergency power supply. Most important today are nickel-metal hydride (NiMH).

Nickel is a key ingredient in many catalysts used to make chemical reactions more efficient. Nickel

use is growing at about 4% each year while use of nickel-containing stainless steel is growing at about 6%.

The fastest growth today is seen in the newly and rapidly industrializing countries, especially in Asia.

Nickel-containing materials are needed to modernize infrastructure, for industry and to meet the material

aspirations of their populations.

A list of some of the major nickel alloy and nickel stainless steel producers in the world is




available here. Most nickel-containing products have long useful lives.

Average life is probably 25-35 years, with many applications lasting

much longer. Nickel containing products frequently can provide

optimum solutions to practical challenges at a lower total cost and with

more efficient use of resources, including energy.

At the end of their useful life, nickel-containing products can be

collected and recycled for future use and re-use. Nickel is one of the

most recycled materials globally. It is collected and recycled, mostly in

the form of alloys. About half of the nickel content of a stainless steel

product today will have come from recycled sources. For more

information on nickel recycling go to Recycling. Nickel is of

considerable economic and strategic importance to many countries, as

can be appreciated from the wide diversity of end-use industries which

it serves. It is traded on the London Metal Exchange.

The International Nickel Study Group, based in The Hague,

Netherlands, is an inter-governmental body which publishes monthly

statistics on nickel supply and demand, and acts as a forum for the

exchange of information and views on nickel trends. Nickel and nickel

compounds can in certain circumstances be associated with toxicity,

carcinogenicity and with dermal sensitization. Most of the practical

risks associated with nickel hazards are seen in certain complex

processes used in nickel production and refining. The risks are well

known and are managed and controlled by specific workplace

regulation.

In the nickel industry's view, significant risks are not normally associated

with the use of nickel, nickel-containing alloys or nickel-containing

products, with the exception of the use of nickel and some nickel alloys

in jewellery. Nickel use makes a very high practical contribution to

improvements of health, safety and protection of the environment.

Society will lose a lot more than it will gain if it adopts an excessively

precautionary approach to the assessment and management of the

risks associated with nickel.

Source: Nickel Institute


NICKEL INSTITUTE CELEBRATES

STAINLESS STEEL CENTENARY IN

BEIJING

As part of the Centenary of Stainless Steel

celebrations, the Nickel Institute today hosted an event

in Beijing ‘Nickel and Stainless Steel – Towards the Next

100 Years’. This event showed representatives from the

metals industries as well as policymakers and

researchers how nickel and the Nickel Institute are key

partners in the success of stainless steel.

Stainless steel was one of the major discoveries of the

20th Century. Contributing to our safety and quality of

life, stainless steel is an integral element of our daily

lives. Not only is nickel a crucial ingredient in stainless

steel but the Nickel Institute has worked for decades to

promote stainless steel and develop the markets for its

wide-ranging applications. The Nickel Institute

provides end-users with information and training to

enable them to fully understand the benefits stainless

steel can bring to applications like food, beverage and

drinking water production, architecture, transport,

chemical and energy production and healthcare.

In China where the ‘Nickel and Stainless Steel - Towards

the Next 100 Years’ event was held, demand for

stainless steel is still growing. Part of the Nickel

Institute’s role is to work with its partners across the

value chain to demonstrate the sustainability and

recyclability of stainless steel. Our aim is to inform both

industry and pol icymakers, to improve the

understanding of the sustainability profile of stainless

steel and to reverse policy trends towards regulation

based solely on hazard.

Dr Kevin Bradley, Nickel Institute President said,

“Despite a solid 100-year history, stainless steel is

very much a material for the future. We are

working tirelessly with our partners to highlight

stainless steels contribution to society and to

sustainability. By working together across

the value chain, we are committed to

addressing any barriers which could

prevent stainless steel from achieving

its full potential in the next hundred

years.


Source: Nickel Institute


Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, Mild Steel, Stainless Steel, Low Temperature, Pipes & Tubes, and all other Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals

Kaarlo Metal & Tubes23, 2nd oor, Pipwala Building, 78/80, Kika Street, Mumbai-400004

Telephone No.: +91-22-22415016, Fax: 022-66362037

E-Mail: [email protected], URL : www.kaarlometal.com

Importers, Stockist & Manufacturers of :

(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Certied Company)

Importer & Exporter of pipes and tubes in Alloy Steel, Carbon Steel, Mild Steel, Stainless steelCompany ProleKarlo Metal & Tubes is an Importer and Stockiest of Alloy Steel, Carbon Steel, Mild Steel, Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes (Seamless/ERW) which maintains bulk stocks of the pipes as per customer requirement along with quality certicates. Karlo metal stocks pipes ranges from 1/2” to 24” Dia along with the same they provide third party inspection.

Material and GradesCARBON STEEL & MILD STEEL PIPES & TUBES : ASTM A 53, 106 Gr. A, B, C API 5L Gr. B, IS 1239,

IS 3589

ALLOY STEEL PIPES & TUBES : ASTM A 335 P-1, P-2, P-5, P-9, P-11, P-12, P-22, P-91

STAINLESS STEEL PIPES & TUBES : ASTM A 213, A 249, A269, A 312, A 358, A 409, 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 316TI, 317, 321, 347.

LOW TEMPERATURE PIPES & TUBES : ASTM A333, A 334 BS 3603 A 420, 1, 3, 6, 27 LT 30, 27 LT 50 WPL3, WPL6

HEAT EXCHANGER, CONDENSER & BOILER : ASTM A 179, A 199, A 200, A 209, A 210, A 213, BS. 3059, T-1, T-5, T-11, T-22, 33, 45, 620

ApplicationsReneries, Chemical Plants, Petrochemicals Industry, Fertilizers, Cement and Industrial Boiler Manufacturers.

Aluminium AlloysAluminium AlloysAluminium Alloys

ALUMINIUM AND

A L U M I N I U M

ALLOYSINTRODUCTION

Aluminium is found primarily in bauxite ore. Pure

aluminium is soft, silvery , ductile of the poor metal

group of chemical elements ,which is corrosion

resistant, light weight and high electrical conductivity.

The metal obtained its name from the Latin word form

alum, alumen. The name alumina was provided by

L. B. G. de Moreveau, in 1761 for the base in alum,

which was positively shown in 1787 to be the oxide the

undiscovered metal. In 1807, Sir Humphrey Davy said

that the undiscovered metal shall be referred to as

aluminum. This was then altered further to that of

aluminium so to agree with the "ium" spelling that

ended most of the elements. The metal is used in many

industries to manufacture a large variety of products

and is very important to the world economy. Aluminium

alloys are most important alloys which are use in the

important sectors of the world such as aerospace due to

its high strength-to-weight ratio. The most common

aluminium alloying elements are copper, magnesium,

manganese, silicon and zinc.

OVERVIEW

There are two principal classifications, namely casting

alloys and wrought alloys. About 85% of aluminium is

used for wrought products, for example rolled plate,

foils and extrusions. Cast aluminium alloys yield cost

effective products due to the low melting point. The

most important cast aluminium alloy is Al-Si, where the

high levels of silicon (4.0% to 13%) contribute to give

good casting characteristics. Aluminium alloys are

widely used in engineering structures and components

where corrosion resistance is required. On the opposite

hand, pure aluminium metal is far too soft for such

uses, and it doesn't have the high tensile strength that's

required for airplanes and helicopters.

Aluminium alloys with a good composition of

properties are utilized in engineering structures. Alloys

composed mostly of the two lightweight metals

aluminium and magnesium have been very important

i n a e r o s p a c e

manufacturing.


Aluminium alloy surfaces will keep their

apparent shine in a dry environment due to

the formation of a clear, protective layer of

aluminium oxide. Aluminium alloys with a

wide range of properties are used in

engineering structures. Selecting the right

alloy for a given application entails

considerations of its tensile strength,

dens i t y, duc t i l i t y, f o rmab i l i t y,

workability, weldability, and corrosion

resistance, to name a few. Structural

components made from aluminium

and its alloys are vital to the aerospace

industry and very important in other

areas of transportation and building. It is

widely used for foil and conductor cables, but

alloying with other elements is necessary to provide the

higher strengths needed for other applications.

Aluminium alloys in comparison to steel and its alloys

With the change in new metal products, the design

choices are of ten known by the choice of

manufacturing techniques. Extrusions are particularly

important in the current century as owing to the ease

with which aluminium alloys, particularly the

aluminum, magnesium and silicon alloy series, can be

extruded to form complex extrusions. Aluminium alloys

have an elastic modulus of about 70 GPa, which is

about 1/3rd of the elastic modulus of

many kinds of steel and its alloys.

Hence component made

up of an aluminum

alloy will

experience a greater elastic deformation than a same

part of steel which is identical in size and shape. Though

there are aluminium alloys with somewhat-higher

tensile strengths than the commonly used kinds of steel,

but selecting the right alloy of aluminium or steel for the

respective component is also the factor as just replacing

some alloys won’t help the component.

With aluminium alloys, stiffer and lighter designs can

be achieved rather than steels. Aluminium alloys are

hence mainly used in parts that require high tensile

strength. In automotive engineering, cars made of

aluminium alloys uses space frames made of extruded

profiles to ensure rigidity. Aluminum alloys do not have

this lower fatigue limit and will continue to weaken with

continued stress cycles. Aluminium alloys are majorly

used in automotive engines, due to the weight

savings that are possible. Since aluminium alloys

can resist high temperatures, the cooling

sys tem of such engines is cr i t ical .

M a n u f a c t u r i n g t e c h n i q u e s a n d

metallurgical advancements have also

been important for the successful



application in automotive engines. An important

structural limitation of aluminium alloys is their lower

fatigue strength compared to steel.

TYPES OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

There are two types of alloys Wrought and cast

aluminum alloys. Wrought aluminum is known with a

four digit number which identifies the alloying

elements. Cast aluminum alloys use a four to five digit

number with a decimal point. The digit in the hundreds

place indicates the alloying elements, while the digit

after the decimal point indicates the form (cast shape

or ingot).

WROUGHT ALLOYS

1000 SERIES 1000 series are commonly known as commercially

pure aluminium grade with a minimum 99% aluminum

content by weight. 1000 series aluminium having

higher purity is used in many applications especially in

the electrical and chemical fields due to corrosion

resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, low

mechanical properties, and excellent workability. Iron

and silicon are the major impurities.

2000 SERIES Copper is the principal alloying element in this group.

2000 series are aluminium alloy which consist of

copper ranging from 2% to 5% which can be hardened

to strengths comparable to steel. There are most

common aerospace alloys for its high tensile strengths.

In some instances artificial ageing is employed to

further increase the mechanical properties. These

alloys are processed to solution heat-treatment to

properties at its highest level and in the heat-treated

condition mechanical properties are similar to and

sometimes exceed those of some alloy steel.

3000 SERIES These aluminium alloys are alloyed with manganese.

These alloys are popular and widely used as

general-purpose alloys for moderate-strength

applications requiring good workability. Manganese

is the major alloying element of alloys in this group,

which is not heat treatable as only a limited percentage

of manganese, up to about 1.5%, can only be added to

aluminium, it is used as a major element in only a few

instances.

4000 SERIESThese alloys are also known as silumin as are alloyed

with silicon which can be added in sufficient quantities



to cause substantial lowering of the melting point

without producing brittleness in the formation of alloys.

These alloys are non heat treatable but due to alloying

elements it responds well to the heat treatment to an

extent. Hence aluminium-silicon alloys are used in

welding wire and as brazing alloys where lower melting

point is required.

5000 SERIES Magnesium is one of the most effective and widely used

alloying elements for aluminium. Magnesium is

considerably much effective than manganese as it is

stronger and harder, about 0.8% magnesium being

equal to 1.25% manganese, and it can be added in

considerably higher quantities. These alloys are also

known as marine grade alloys (5083,5086) as they are

widely used in marine applications. When it is used as

the major alloying element, or with manganese, the

result is a moderate to high- strength non-heat

treatable alloy Alloys in this series possess good

welding characteristics and good resistance to

corrosion in marine atmospheres.

6000 SERIESThese alloys are not as strong as the 2000 series alloys

or 5000 series alloys as they are alloyed with

magnesium and silicon which are easy in machining.

Alloys in this group contain silicon and magnesium in

approximate proportions thus making them capable of

being heat-treated. As compared to other strong alloys,

with average strength these alloys possess good

formability and corrosion resistance.

7000 SERIES The strongest of all the alloys in Aluminium, They are

known as aerospace alloys. This alloy is the most

important alloy in current aerospace industry. Zinc

being the major alloying element in this group, and

added with a smaller percentage of the magnesium

results in heat-treatable alloys of very high strength.

Usually other elements such as coppers and chromium

are also added in small quantities. They are alloyed

with zinc, and can be precipitation hardened to the

highest strengths of any aluminum alloy.




Nickel“From the month of February’12 onwards, nickel is witnessing a downtrend in prices as weak global economic prospects along wi th expectations of a surplus in 2012 and 2013.” From an average of around $19,940/tonne in January’12, nickel prices on the LME have slipped to an average of $17,000/tonne in May’12. In the Indian markets, prices on the MCX have declined from a monthly average of Rs1016/kg in January12 to Rs.940/kg in May’12. When the price performance of the metal is compared from Janueary’12 to May’12, then it shows that in dollar terms prices corrected 15 percent, while in Rupee terms the metal prices fell only 7 percent due to the factor of Rupee depreciation which cushioned sharp downside in prices. In the current scenario, demand concerns for the metal have increased as China, which accounts for a whopping 46 percent share in world nickel consumption is expected to witness a slowdown in economic growth. Other major nickel consumer such as the US and the Euro Zone are also expected to witness slow growth in demand due to the ongoing economic concerns. On the inventories front, commercial nickel stocks at the end of the last year stood at 96,848 tonnes. But despite a fall in nickel inventory levels last year, the metal prices slipped due to heightening macroeconomic worries. As far as demand-supply is concerned, a deficit was seen in the global nickel market in 2010 and 2011. The deficit seen in the last year was mainly due to a sharp increase in nickel consumption in the last few months of 2011 by China. But inventories in the current year are expected to witness an increase as

production is forecast to exceed consumption in 2012. Downside in nickel prices is expected to continue in the short-term on account of the expected rise in inventories, concerns on the macroeconomic front along with expectations of a surplus. From a one month’s perspective, we recommend a Sell in the MCX Nickel June contract around 950 with a Stop Loss of 980 and a Target of 870.

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Source: Mr. Naveen MathurAssociate Director-commodities & currencies, Angel Broking


ALUMINUM Aluminum slipped below the crucial $2000/tonne mark on the LME as heightening global economic concerns along with strength in the US Dollar Index added to

pressure on prices. However, “further decline in aluminum prices could be restricted as cues remain negative, considering the current macroeconomic scenario.” World aluminum

consumption grew at a pace of 5.9 percent in 2011 and EIU expects growth to slow down at 4.8 percent for 2012. This is because ongoing global European economic worries will have an impact on investment and business confidence in the Euro Zone. But global demand is not expected to witness sharp deceleration on account of consumption which will be supported by the recovery in supply chains in the auto sector after the disruptions that were caused in the March’11 earthquake in Japan.

China’s Aluminum consumption is expected to witness slow growth at around 6 percent for 2012 and 2013, compared to previous 11.5 percent in 2011 and 10.5 percent in 2010. The weak economic scenario in China is

expected t o r e s t r i c t

growth in manufactured products, thus leading to lower

demand. The rail i n f r a s t r u c t u r e p r o j e c t o f high-speed in China has been scaled down, and earlier growth expectations were made keeping in mind the huge demand that would come from this segment. On the overall demand front, demand from Japan is expected to improve post the earthquake and tsunami. Demand in Japan is expected to grow in the auto sector on account of as Japanese carmakers receive tax breaks and subsidies. US demand is expected to improve after witnessing a decline in consumption by more than 4 percent in last year. This year, aluminum consumption in the US could rise more than 3 percent according to the WBMS as the auto sector is indicating better performance than 2011. The Indian economy in the current year is going through a slow growth phase and demand growth is expected to fall from more than 9 percent year-on-year in 2011 to around 6 percent in the 2012 as car manufacturing witnesses a slow growth phase. On the supply front, world aluminum production is expected to grow at a slow rate of 4.6 percent in 2012, which is down from 6.4 percent in last year. Due to rising energy costs, the usage of secondary aluminum is expected to rise. In the Euro Zone, concerns on the environmental front will affect production and China too will face a decline in production due to restrictions on electricity usage and higher energy costs. Nevertheless, the aluminum price scenario would be more dependent on global happenings than on actual demand-supply fundamentals. Taking cues from sentiments and developments on the macroeconomic front Aluminum is expected to trade on a negative note with less clarity over the re-emergence of Euro Zone from its worst debt crisis, thus leading to a pressure on aluminum prices in the short-term. From a one month’s perspective, we recommend a Sell in MCX Aluminum June contract around 111 – 111.50 with a Stop Loss of 114 and a Target of 105 (CMP: 109).


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Source: Mr. Naveen MathurAssociate Director-commodities & currencies,

Angel Broking


COPPERIn the current context, a major factor that is driving the global financial markets is the developments on the macroeconomic front, which in our opinion are not supportive for positive risk sentiments. While on one hand expectations with respect to actions by global policymakers is on the rise, on the other hand, investors remain cautious considering the uncertainty surrounding the European debt crisis. Base metals are used for industrial purposes and slowdown in economic growth affects price performance. On the London Metal Exchange (LME), Copper prices are currently trading below $7300/tonne as the ongoing global economic worries are having a negative impact on prices. At the beginning of May’12, copper prices on the LME were trading around $8430/tonnes, but downtrend in prices continued thereafter as worries over demand prospects emerged due to the slowdown in economic growth in major economies. Apart from this, strength in the US Dollar Index (DX) and low risk appetite among investors also affected prices. A major factor that helped cushion sharp downside in prices was the decline in LME inventories by 4.4 percent in the month of May’12.

In case of the red metal, fundamentals look bearish from the short-term perspective as slow Chinese economic growth will lead to lower demand for the metal. Chinese copper demand is expected grow at a slow pace of 6 percent in 2012 from 6.7 percent in 2011 as per the Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU). In spite of slow economic growth and expectations of decline in demand for the year, Chinese imports have increased sharply at the end of 2011 and in the beginning of 2012. Chinese copper imports stood around 711, 311 tonnes, for January’12 and February’12, marking a rise of 75 percent on a year-on-year basis. Th i s inc rease in impor t s canno t be misconstrued for increase in fabrication demand as the imports of the metal have been largely gone into bonded warehouses a t por t s , or a t

exchange warehouses and is also used as collateral in order to get around at a time when lending costs were high. Hence, the import of the metal was not targeted to fabricators or for physical consumption by manufacturers. According to the current global economic environment, the demand scenario was not positive in the rest of Asia for 2011. According to WBMS data, refined copper consumption declined in India, South Korea and Taiwan by 22 percent, 12.7 percent and 14 percent respectively for 2011. But for current year, WBMS expects a return of growth by 2 to 5 percent in these three countries for the whole of 2012. On the supply front, world refined copper production growth had witnessed slow growth of 1.8 percent in last year from 3 percent growth in 2010. Due to some significant mine capacity additions on stream for current year, world refined copper supply is expected to increase by 3 percent. A comfortable supply scenario at a time of heightening global economic risks would be a negative for copper prices.

“We expect copper prices to trade on a negative note from the short-term perspec t i ve , as poor economic indicators” from world’s major economic coupled with the uncertainty surrounding the European debt crisis will act as a negative factor for the commodity.Keeping in mind a month’s view, we recommend a Sell in MCX Copper June contract around 415 – 420 with a Stop Loss of 432 and Ta r g e t o f 3 9 5 (CMP: 405)


Source: Mr. Naveen MathurAssociate Director-commodities & currencies,

Angel Broking

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Titanium AlloysTitanium AlloysTitanium Alloys

TITANIUM AND TITANIUM

ALLOYS

INTRODUCTION TO TITANIUM

Titanium alloys are metals which contain a mixture of

titanium and other chemical elements it is the fourth

most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, the cost of

titanium is high due to its high melting point and

extreme reactivity. was discovered in Cornwall, Great

Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and named by

Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek

mythology. The element occurs within a number of

mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which

are widely distributed in the Earth's crustand

lithosphere, and it is found in almost all living things,

rocks, water bodies, and soils. Titanium and titanium

alloys are attractive structural materials due to their

high strength, low density, and excellent corrosion

resistance. Titanium has high passivity; therefore it

exhibits high levels of corrosion resistance to most

mineral acids and chlorides. It is also nontoxic and

biologically compatible with human tissue and bone,

making it an ideal material for medical implant

products.

OVERVIEW OF TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOY

Titanium features a comparatively low density, simply

over 0.5 that of steel. It’s a comparatively low strength

when pure, however alloying offers a

substantial increase in strength.

Attributable to the low density of titanium, its alloys have

a high strength to weight ratio. It’s a high melting

purpose (1660°C) and wonderful corrosion resistance.

Pure titanium wrought products, which have minimum

titanium contents ranging from about 98% to 99.50%,

are used primarily for corrosion resistance. Titanium

products are also useful for fabrication but have

relatively low strength in service. The wrought product

forms of titanium and titanium-base alloys, which

include forgings and typical mill products, constitute

more than 70% of the market in titanium and titanium

alloy production. Powder metallurgy of titanium has not

gained wide acceptance and is restricted to space and

missile applications. The primary reasons for using

titanium-base products are its outstanding corrosion

resistance of titanium and its useful combination of low

density (4.5 g/cm3) and high strength. The strengths

vary from 480 MPa for some grades of commercial

titanium to about 1100 MPa for structural titanium alloy

products and over 1725 MPa for special forms such as

wires and springs. This allotropic behaviour, which

depends on the type and amount of alloy contents,

allows complex variations in microstructure and more

diverse strengthening opportunities than those of other

nonferrous alloys such as copper or aluminum.

The use of titanium has expanded in recent years to

include applications in nuclear power plants, food

processing plants, oil refinery heat exchangers, marine

components and medical equipments. The high cost of

titanium alloy components may limit their use to


Titanium AlloysTitanium AlloysTitanium Alloys with Mr. Naveen Mathur, Associate Director-commodities & currencies, Angel Broking

applications for which lower-cost alloys, such as

aluminium and stainless steels. The relatively high cost

is often the result of the intrinsic raw material cost of

metal, fabricating costs and the metal removal costs

incurred in obtaining the desired final shape.

They are light weight, have extraordinary corrosion

resistance and the ability to withstand extreme

temperatures. However, the high cost of both raw

materials and processing limit their use to military

applications, aircraft, spacecraft, medical devices,

connecting rods on expensive sports cars and some

premium sports equipment and consumer electronics.

Branded Auto manufacturers also use titanium alloys in

engine components due to its durable properties in

these high stress engine environments.

Although "commercially pure" titanium has acceptable

mechanical properties and has been used for

orthopaedic and dental implants, for most applications

titanium is alloyed with small amounts of aluminum

and vanadium, typically 6% and 4% respectively, by

weight. This mixture has a solid solubility which varies

dramatically with temperature, allowing it to undergo

precipitation strengthening. This heat treatment

process is carried out after the alloy has been worked

into its final shape but before it is put to use, allowing

much easier fabrication of a high-strength product.

The combination of high strength-to-weight ratio,

excellent mechanical properties, and corrosion

resistance makes titanium the best material choice for

many critical applications. Today, titanium alloys are

used for demanding applications such as static

and rotating gas turbine engine components.

Some of the most critical and highly-stressed

civilian and military airframe parts are made

of these alloys.

TYPES OF TITANIUM ALLOYS

Commercially pure titanium alloys Commercially pure titanium alloys are

used primarily for corrosion resistance.

They are also useful in applications

requiring high ductility for fabrication but

relatively low strength in service. Yield

strengths range from 170 to 520 MPa.

Basically, oxygen and iron contents

determine the strength levels of commercially

pure titanium. In the higher-strength grades,

oxygen and iron are intentionally added to the residual

amounts already in the sponge to provide extra

strength. These are composed entirely of alpha part for

example of such an alloy - 92.5%, titanium - 5%,

aluminium - 2.5% tin each the aluminum and tin are

alpha stabilizers. Such alloys have the hexagonal

close-packed structure and, as a consequence, are

strong, maintain their strength at high temperatures

however is troublesome to figure. This kind of titanium

alloys have sensible weld ability and are used where

warm temperature strength is needed, e.g. turbine

blades. ALPHA AND NEAR-ALPHA ALLOYS

Alpha and near-alpha alloys contain aluminum as the

principal alloying element. Aluminum provides

solid-solution strengthening, oxidation resistance, and

reduces density. Other additions include the neutral

elements tin and zirconium, along with small amounts

of beta stabilizers. Alpha and near-alpha alloys are

slightly less corrosion resistant but higher in strength

than unalloyed titanium. They develop moderate

strengths and have good notch toughness. They have

medium formability and are weld able. Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is

the only true alpha alloy that is commercially produced.

The remainder of the commercially available alpha

and near-alpha alloys are near-alpha alloys.



Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is quite ductile, and the extra-low

interstitial grade retains ductility and toughness at

cryogenic temperatures. Because Ti-5Al-2.5Sn is a

single-phase alloy containing only alpha, it cannot be

strengthened by heat treatment. Near-alpha alloys

contain small amounts of beta phase dispersed in an

otherwise all-alpha matrix. The near-alpha alloys

generally contain 5 to 8 wt% Al. The near-alpha alloys

retain their strength to high temperatures and have

good creep resistance in the range of 320 to 590 °C

(600 to 1100 °F). These are composed of just about all

alpha part with little quantity of beta part dispersed

throughout the alpha. Such alloys are achieved by

adding tiny amounts, regarding one to twenty, or

beta-stabilizing parts like molybdenum and vanadium

to what's otherwise an alpha-stabilized alloy. An

example of such an alloy is ninetieth titanium. This alloy

is often utilized in the annealed condition. There are 2

types of annealing; mill annealing and duplex

annealing. Mill annealing involves heating the alloy to

790°C, soaking for eight hours and then furnace

cooling. Duplex annealing involves mill annealing

followed by reheating to 790°C, soaking for quarter of

an hour and then air cooling. The results of such

annealing are beta particles dispersed throughout an

alpha matrix. Titanium alloy within the annealed state is

employed for airframe and jet engine elements that

need high strengths, sensible creep resistance and

toughness up to temperatures of regarding 850°C. The

alloy has sensible weldability.

ALPHA-BETA ALLOYS

Alpha-beta alloys contain both the alpha and beta

phases. Again, aluminum is the principal alpha

stabilizer that strengthens the alpha phase. Beta

stabil izers, such as vanadium, also provide

strengthening and allow these to be hardened by

solution heat treating and aging. Alpha-beta alloys

have a good combination of mechanical properties,

rather wide processing windows, and can be used at

temperatures up to approximately 320 to 400 °C (600

to 750 °F). The alpha-beta alloys include Ti-6Al-4V,

which is the workhorse of the aerospace industry. It

accounts for approximately 60 wt% of the titanium used

in aerospace and up to 80 to 90 wt% of that used for

airframes. These contain sufficient quantities of

beta-stabilizing parts for there to be appreciable

amounts of beta part at area temperature. The

aluminum stabilizes the alpha part whereas the

vanadium stabilizes the beta part. These alloys will be

answer treated, quenched and aged for increased

strength. The micro structure of the alloys depends on

their composition and warmth treatment. Thus, a quick

cooling rate from a temperature where the fabric was

all, beta, e.g. quenching in cold water, produces a

martensitic structure with some increase in hardness.

Ageing will then turn out some any increase in strength

as results of beta precipitates.

BETA ALLOYS

A typical beta-t i tanium al loy contains 77%

t i tanium-13% vanadium-11% chromium-3%

aluminum. Beta alloys are sufficiently rich in

beta stabilizers and lean in alpha stabilizers

that the beta phase can be

completely retained with

appropriate cooling rates.

Beta alloys contain

smal l amounts of

a lpha- s tab i l i z i ng

e l e m e n t s a s

strengthening agents.

As a class, beta and

near-beta alloys offer

i n c r e a s e d f r a c t u r e

toughness over alpha-beta

alloys at a given strength level.

B e t a a l l o y s a l s o e x h i b i t b e t t e r

room-temperature forming and shaping

characteristics than alpha-beta alloys, higher strength



than alpha-beta alloys at temperatures where yield

strength instead of creep strength is the requirement,

and better response to STA in heavier sections than the

alpha-beta alloys. They are limited to approximately

370 °C (700 °F) due to creep. When sufficiently high

amounts of beta-stabilizing parts are added to

titanium, the ensuing structure will be created entirely

beta at area temperature when quenching, in some

cases by air cooling In contrast to alpha-titanium alloys.

Beta-titanium alloys are readily cold worked within the

answer treated and quenched condition, and may be

subsequently aged to relinquish terribly high strengths.

Within the high-strength condition the alloys have low

ductility’s. They’ll additionally suffer from poor fatigue

performance. The alloys are therefore not thus widely

used because the alpha-beta alloys. The alloy is

sometimes utilized in the answer treated, quenched

and aged condition so as to get the terribly high tensile

strength. It’s used for aerospace elements, honeycomb

panels and high strength fasteners aviation-database

has several resources for the aircraft business.

TITANIUM NEWS

Kobe Steel expanding titanium capacityTOKYO, Kobe Steel, Ltd. announces that it plans to

increase its production capacity of titanium alloys for

the aerospace sector and commercially pure titanium

for general

industry. Investments

are anticipated to total 7.5

billion yen, of which 1.5 billion

yen is allocated for the joint venture

Japan Aeroforge, Ltd.Kobe Steel plans to construct a new ring rolling mill and

install heat treatment and inspection equipment for

large forged products at its Takasago Works in

Takasago, Hyogo Prefecture in western Japan. Group

company Kobe Special Tube Co., Ltd., a 100% owned

subsidiary of Kobe Steel, has already completed a

titanium welded tube line in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi

Prefecture, also in western Japan.Titanium demand is anticipated to expand over the

medium- to long-term future owing to strong worldwide

demand for civilian aircraft and infrastructure demand

in emerging countries, such as for power generation

and desalination plants. Japan's total shipments of

titanium mill products reached 19,358 metric tons in

2011 (ended December 2011), the second highest

since 2008. Of this amount, a record 13,245 metric

tons were exported.Through the capital investments, Kobe Steel will be able

to increase and improve its production capacities for

ring products for aircraft and large forgings made of

titanium alloys, as well as welded tube made of

commercially pure titanium. The additional capacity

will enable Kobe Steel to enhance business

opportunities for the growing titanium market.In September last year, Kobe Steel developed precoated

titanium sheet and high heat transfer titanium sheet for


use in plate heat exchanger. Expanding its production

capacity and strengthening its ability to meet user

needs, Kobe Steel's Titanium Division plays an

important role in contributing to the company's

medium- to long-term business vision, KOBELCO

VISION "G.”

Kobe Steel pioneered the production and commercial

application of titanium in Japan, when in 1949 it

became the first company to begin research on this

lightweight material. Kobe Steel is Japan's only

integrated producer of titanium mill products with

operations ranging from melting to mill product

manufacturing. The company supplies numerous

titanium products to a wide variety of industries.

1. Construction of new ring rolling mill at Takasago

WorksAs the current ring rolling mill at Takasago Works is over

20 years old and aging, Kobe Steel decided to build a

new ring rolling mill. By installing new equipment for

high precision rolling, Kobe Steel can utilize

near-net-shape ring rolling and achieve a considerable

reduction in forging weight. This is anticipated to

reduce costs and increase orders for rings used in jet

engines. By constructing the new ring rolling mill, Kobe

Steel's ring rolling capacity is anticipated to double. The

current ring rolling mill will be shut down after the new

mill receives certification.

2. Installation of heat treatment and inspection

equipment for large forgings at Takasago WorksKobe Steel plans to install heat treatment and

inspection equipment for large forgings to be

manufactured by Japan Aeroforge, Ltd., a joint venture

with Hitachi Metals, Ltd. and other partners. This

investment will expand sales to domestic heavy industry

manufacturers of large titanium forgings.

In the future, Japan Aeroforge hopes to provide

overseas aircraft manufacturers with forgings. The heat

treatment and inspection equipment to be installed is

aimed at meeting processing capacity, as well as

specifications from aircraft manufacturers. Production

capacity will increase three-fold.

Titanium billets made at the Takasago Works will be

supplied to Japan Aeroforge for die forging. The

semifinished forgings will then be returned to Takasago

for heat treatment and inspection before being shipped

to customers.

3. Expansion of titanium welded tube line at Kobe

Special Tube Co., Ltd.Kobe Special Tube added a new line at Japan's largest

titanium welded tube plant. The added capacity will

help meet the growing demand for welded tube for

power plants in emerging countries and desalination

plants in the Middle East.

The new line enables Kobe Steel Tube to gain more

orders by providing the additional capacity necessary

for large projects. Integrated production from ingot

melting to welded tube manufacturing enables the

Kobe Steel Group to supply high-quality titanium

welded tube. This investment increased production

capacity 25 to 30%.

To bolster the annealing capacity of the base material

for the new welded tube line at Kobe Special Tube, Kobe

Steel increased the capacity of its vacuum annealing

equipment for sheet at its Kakogawa Works in

Kakogawa Hyogo Prefecture. The new line went into

operation in December 2010.



Source: Kobelco.co.jp

Copper AlloysCopper AlloysCopper Alloys

COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS

OVERVIEW

It was originally named cyprium (metal of Cyprus)

Cyprus initially during the Romanian time as it was

mined in Cyprus. Later the name was shortened to

cuprum. Copper is known as the Best conductor of

Electricity. It has been a best friend of human being as

oldest civilization knew its usage more than 10,000

years ago. It is the most common and important metals

having a wide scope of applications in many sectors

across the world such most importantly in Electrical,

Manufacturing, Aerospace, Heat exchanger,

Telecommunications and utensils. Copper is known for

its super conductivity, high ductility, corrosion resistant

and easy moulding properties. It is vital to humans.

Adults require 2-3 mg copper in their diet daily. There

are as many as 400 different copper and copper-alloy

compositions loosely grouped into the categories such

as copper, high copper alloy, brass, bronze, copper

nickels, copper–nickel–zinc (nickel silver) and leaded

copper and special alloys. They are amongst the most

necessary materials needed to provide the means to

keep home, commerce and industry running. The best

known traditional types are bronze; where tin is a

significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Most

of its uses are based on this property or the fact that it is

also a good thermal conductor.

TYPES OF COPPER ALLOYS

COPPER ALLOYS

These alloys have excellent resistant to sea water

corrosion and are good conductor of electricity as well

as have a higher strength resistant, have similar

corrosion resistance, but they are susceptible to

corrosion at high water velocities. The high-copper

alloys are primarily used in applications that require

enhanced mechanical performance, often at slightly

elevated temperature, with good thermal or electrical

conductivity. There are various grades of unalloyed

copper, which differ in the amount of impurities they

contain. Oxygen free coppers are used specifically in

applications requiring high conductivity and

exceptional ductility.

BRASSES

Brasses containing between 32% and 39% zinc exhibit

excellent hot working characteristics but limited cold

workability .Brass colour ranges from red to golden

yellow, depending on the amount of zinc the alloy

contains. Gilding Metal, Commercial Bronze, Jewellery

Bronze, Red Brass and Cartridge Brass are common

names given to brass alloys with specific zinc contents.

Brasses containing more than 39% zinc have high

strength and lower ductility at room temperature than

alloys with less zinc. Elements such as lead, tellurium,

beryllium, chromium, phosphorus, and manganese

have little or no effect on the corrosion resistance of

coppers and binary copper-zinc alloys. These elements

are added to enhance such mechanical properties as

machining ability, strength, and hardness. Brass are

alloys made from copper and zinc, they exhibit good

strength and ductility and are easily cold worked,

properties which improve with increased zinc content

up to 35%. Brasses are known for their ease of

fabrication by drawing, high cold-worked strength and

corrosion resistance. Brasses are routinely blanked,

coined, drawn and pierced to produce springs, fire

extinguishers, jewellery, radiator cores, lamp fixtures,

ammunition, flexible hose and the base for gold plate.

Brasses have excellent cast ability. Cast brasses are

used as plumbing fixtures, decorative hardware,

architectural trim, low pressure valves, gears and

bearings are basically copper-zinc alloys and are the

most widely used group of copper alloys.



TIN BRASSES

They possess good hot forge ability and good cold

formability. These materials have moderate strength;

high atmospheric and aqueous corrosion resistance

and excellent electrical conductivity. Cast brasses for

marine applications are also modified by the addition

of tin, lead, and, sometimes, nickel. This group of alloys

is known by various names, including composition

bronze, ounce metal, and valve metal. Tin Brasses

alloys made are made from copper with zinc content

ranging from 2 % to 40% and tin from 0.2% to 3%. This

family of alloys includes admiralty brasses, naval

brasses and free-machining tin brasses. These alloys

are used to make high-strength fasteners, electrical

connectors, springs, corrosion resistant mechanical

products, marine hardware, pump shafts, and

corrosion-resistant screw machine parts.

ALUMINUM BRONZES

Aluminium Brasses containing 5 to 12% Aluminium

have excellent resistance

to resisting corrosion and

h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e

oxidation. High copper

alloys aluminum

containing alloys

can be quenched

and tempered. Aluminum bronzes are used in marine

hardware, shafts and pump and valve components for

handling seawater; sour mine waters, non oxidizing

acids, and industrial process fluids. They are also used

as heavy duty sleeve bearings and machine tool ways.

Aluminum bronzes are used for beater bars and for

blades in wood pulp machines because of their ability

to withstand mechanical abrasion and chemical attack

by sulfite solutions. Aluminum bronze castings have

exceptional corrosion resistance, high strength,

toughness and wear resistance. They also exhibit good

casting and welding characteristics. In the most of

practical commercial applications, the corrosion

characteristics of aluminum bronzes are primarily

related to aluminum content. Alloys with up to 8% Al

normally have completely face-centred cubic structures

and a good resistance to corrosion attack. Solid

solution strengthening, cold work and precipitation of

an iron rich phase contribute to these characteristics.

Nickel appears to alter the corrosion characteristics of

the phase to provide greater resistance to de alloying

and cavitations-erosion in most liquids.

NICKEL SILVERS

Though they do not contain silver, they

have an a t t rac t i ve s i l ver lus te r,

moderately high strength and good

corrosion resistance. The two most

common nickel silvers are C75200 and


Copper Alloys Copper Alloys Copper Alloys

they have good resistance to corrosion in both fresh

and salt waters. Nickel Silvers are also called nickel

brasses which contain copper, nickel, and zinc. They

are used to make food and beverage handling

equipment, decorative hardware, electroplated

tableware, optical and photographic equipment and

musical instruments.Primarily because their relatively

high nickel contents inhibit dezincification, C75200

and C77000 are usually much more resistant to

corrosion in saline solutions than brasses of similar

copper content.

PHOSPHOR BRONZES

Phosphor bronzes have superb spring qualities, high

fatigue resistance, and excellent formability and solder

ability, and high corrosion resistance. They are used

primarily for electrical products; other uses include

corrosion resistant bellows, diaphragms and spring

washers. Phosphor Bronzes alloys in Addition of tin and

phosphorus along with copper produces good

resistance to flowing seawater and to most non

oxidizing acids except hydrochloric. Alloys containing 8

to 10% stannum have high resistance to impingement

attack. Phosphor bronzes are much less susceptible

than brasses and are similar to copper in resistance to

sulfur attack. Tin bronzes-alloys of copper and tin-tend

to be used primarily in the cast form, in which they are

modified by further alloy additions of lead, zinc, and

nickel. Phosphor Bronzes, or tin bronzes as they are

sometimes called, contain between 0.5% and 11% tin

and 0.01% to 0.35% phosphorous. Tin increases their

corrosion resistance and tensile strength; phosphorous

increases wear resistance and stiffness.

COPPER NICKELS ALLOYS

The common copper nickel alloys are known as 70/30,

90/10 which has the best general resistance to

aqueous corrosion of all the commercially important

copper alloys. Both of these alloys, although well suited

to applications in the chemical industry, have been most

ex tens ive l y used for condenser tubes and

heat-exchanger tubes in recalculating steam systems.

They are superior to coppers and to other copper alloys

in resisting acid solutions and are highly resistant to

corrosion. Copper alloys possess tensile properties that

exceed some aluminum alloys and approach those of

stainless steels, and can be used in a multitude of

applications. Copper is a relatively soft and malleable

metal with excellent formability, making it ideal for

architectural applications such as roofs, wall cladding,

gutters and downspouts. Additions of other elements to

copper strengthen it and form copper alloys, including

brasses, phosphor bronzes and copper nickels.

Miniaturization of electronic devices and components

has benefited from the high strength and moderate to

high conductivities offered by specialty copper alloys.

COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS USAGE

STRUCTURE.

ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS

Approximately 65% of copper produced is used for

electrical applications. Copper has the highest

electrical conductivity of any metal, apart from silver,

leading to applications in generators, transformers,

motors, bus bars and cables provide and deliver

electricity safely and efficiently to homes and

businesses. Copper has a key role to play in energy

efficiency - the judicious use of 1 tonne of copper in the

energy sector makes it possible to reduce CO2

emissions by 200 tonnes per year on average.


IMPORTER, EXPORTER & STOCKIST

India : Prithvi House, 66, C.P. Tank Road, Mumbai-400004. Tel.: +91-22-66373111, +91-22 6639 4241, Fax : +91-22-2381 2506

International : P.O.Box:49023, Hamriyah Free zone, Sharjah-U.A.E. TEL.: +971509809789

Email : [email protected], [email protected]

STAINLESS STEEL , MILD STEEL , CARBON STEEL - SEAMLESS & ERW PIPES / PLATES , COIL & ROD / FITTINGS / FASTNERS / STRUCTURAL STEEL. OTHER METALS - HIGH NICKEL ALLOYS, DUPLEX, ALUMINIUM, COPPER,

BRASS, & BOILER QUALITY.

SERVING SINCE 2000

Company Prole “Prithvi Steel” were established for manufacturing, stocking & supplying quality products viz. Forged Pipe Fittings & Flanges of various sizes and types in Carbon Steel, Low temperature Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Alloy Steel material and supplied under the brand name ‘PRITHVI’.

Quality Quality is our prime concern. We are able to maintain high quality standards through our committed personnel and sound infrastructure. We ensure that nest quality material is used for our products. For ensure the quality of each material, we are providing Materials Test Certicate along with supply. Our team of experts maintains a vigil on the quality of the products. Every single piece is attached with test certicates and reports. We are continually improving our quality to serve our clients better. Right product for the right requirement at the right price, i.e. rather than a mere supplier of the product we take utmost efforts in understanding the client's requirement, identifying the right product at the right price. This has resulted in close ties with major customers within India & World-wide.

Application Chemical, Fertilizer, Petrochemical, Power Generation and Pharmaceutical industries, and used widely in the Piping system for their project jobs and maintenance.


CONSTRUCTION

25% of all the copper produced is used

in buildings for plumbing, roofing

and cladding. Copper provides light,

durable maintenance-free structures

that are naturally good looking, long

lasting and fully recyclable. Copper's

naturally antimicrobial properties can

be exploited in hygienic surfaces for

hospi ta ls and heal thcare

facilities.

TRANSPORT

Trains, trams, cars and Lorries all need copper and

transport accounts for 7% of copper usage. The high

purity copper wire harness system carries the current

from the battery throughout the vehicle to equipment

such as lights, central locking, on-board computers

and satellite navigation systems. Electric super trams in

cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Croydon,

provide clean, efficient transport powered by electric

motors. The overhead contact wires are either

copper-silver or copper-cadmium alloys.

OTHER

The remaining 3% is used for coins, sculptures, musical

instruments and cookware.


Lalit,

Lalit,

Lalit,

Lalit,Lalit,

with a state‐of‐art‐hi‐tech‐eco‐friendly manufacturing TOYO, UHDE and many more EPC contractors and end users.Facility spread over 120,000 sq mtrs, is a reputable brand name in the field, manufacturing Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel & NACE The Company's is ENLISTED AND APPROVED BY VARIOUS INSPECTION Steel Large Diameter SAW (LSAW) Pipes in India for more than a AGENCIES* viz: ABS, BV, CEIL, DNV, PDIL, RITES, TUV and many decade. more.

is a cer�fied holder of ISI licence, API 5L & API 2B licence the The Company has con�nually proved its me�le by its IBR license as "Well Known Pipe Maker" for Steam service. Pipes commitment to Quality, Price and Delivery. Their clients are the are manufactured as per NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS/ most delighted groups who partner with for the �mely SPECIFICATIONS like ASTM A671, A672, A691 1.25Cr, 2.25Cr and execu�on of projects.5Cr, API5L, API 2B IS 3589 and also for sour applica�ons.

is poised to increase its share of business with the has partnered in MAJOR PROJECTS IN INDIA* and around upgrada�on of its plant facili�es with value added products like,

across sectors. In the Refinery Sector viz. IOCL Panipat Refinery NACE steel, Alloy Steel and Higher Thick Tubulars for the Expansion, IOCL ‐ Gujarat Refinery upgrada�on, HPCL‐Mumbai Offshore Industry. The Company welcomes new clients and Green Fuel, BPCL‐Kochi Refinery, CPCL‐Manali, ONGC Petro counts on their exis�ng clients with overseas exposureto further Addi�vies Ltd‐Dahej, HPCL‐Mi�al Energy‐Bha�nda, Manglore this venture. Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd., Manglore, Tarapur Atomic Power (TAPP 3 & 4), BHEL for NTPC Power projects of Unachal, Thus, with each project executed, certainly, reflects Tonnes of

®Vindhyachal and many more.

Experience behind each Kg and each execu�on offers

Quality Pipes at Delight Price, On Time, The Company's LIST OF CLIENTS* include ALSTOM, BHEL, BPCL, Every Time!®CPCL, EIL, GAMMON, HPCL, HMEL, IOCL, IOTL, JACOBS, L&T,

NTPC, ONGC, PUNJ LLOYD, PDIL , RIL , SAMSUNG, TECHNIMONT, To know more visit us @ *an indica�ve list

Manufacturer of SAW PIPES

AN ISO 9001: 2008 COMPANY

APPROVED BY API FOR SPEC API 5L & 2B

WELL KNOWN PIPE MAKER by IBR

Quality Pipes at Delight Price, On Time, Every Time!

®

For more details write to:212, Hermes Atrium, Sector 11, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai ‐ 400 614 Maharashtra, INDIA

Tel.: (022) 2756 1169 Fax: (022) 2756 1173 E‐mail:

Website: [email protected] www.lalitsawpipes.com www.lalitsawpipes.com [email protected]

®Tonnes of Experience Behind Each Kg

®Tonnes of Experience Behind Each Kg

www.lalitsawpipes.com

RATNA METALS“Interior & Exteriors of your world”

COMPANY PROFILE : - RATNASHRI

METAL team comprises of people that are the

best in the industry, in Manufacturing decorative

interior and exterior railings & hardware,

engineering sheet metal components, textile

rollers, automation parts, casting parts, precision

parts and supply of aluminum, stainless steel,

copper, brass has been their passion; it goes back

to a decade when they started manufacturing

these products from scratch at our manufacturing

facility, with in-house capabilities of supply of raw

materials and outsourced engineers.

We don't push for orders, we push for expertise

& quality, orders will follow it's as simple as that for

which our customers call RATNASHRI METALS

PRODUCTS :- Stainless steel Rail ing,

Balustrade, Balustrade Accessories, Capsule,

Decorative Pipe, Design Pipe, Checks & Rassi

Pipe, Ball Set & Base for Top & Bottom, S. S.

Chains, S. S. Conceal Socket, and Bars, Sheets,

Flats and Pipes in Stainless Steel, Copper and

Brass.

APPLICATIONS :- Engineering industries,

automation, textiles, household interiors &

exteriors, shopping malls, offices, bus panels,

handles, gates.

22/3, Vannier Street, (Facing Mookernalla Muthu St.,) Chennai - 600 001.

Tel.: 044-2524 8981 / 044-2346 3719 • Fax : 044-4262 5758

E-mail : [email protected]

““

GlossaryGlossaryGlossary

ABRASIVE WEARThe removal or displacement of materials from a surface when hard particles slide or

roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of

another surface in contact with the surface being worn.

AGE HARDENINGA process of aging at atmospheric temperature that increases hardness and strength and

ordinarily decreases ductility gradually. Age hardening usually follows rapid cooling or cold

working. Takes effect on all cold rolled sheets in storage except fully aluminum killed.

ALLOYA substance having metallic properties consisting of two or more elements in which

the major constituent is metal, or of metallic and non-metallic elements which are

miscible with each other when molten, and have not separated into distinct layers

when solid.

ALLOY STEELAn iron-based mixture is considered to be an alloy steel when manganese is greater than

1.65%, silicon over 0.5%, copper above 0.6%, or other minimum quantities of alloying elements such as

chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, lead, niobium or tungsten are present. An enormous variety of

distinct properties can be created for the steel by substituting these elements.

ALLOY SURCHARGEThe addition to the producer's selling price included in order to offset raw material cost

increases caused by higher alloy prices.

ANNEALINGWhat A heat or thermal treatment process by which a previously cold-rolled steel coil is

made more suitable for forming and bending. The steel sheet is heated to a designated

temperature for a sufficient amount of time and then cooled.

AUSTENITEGenerally a solid solution of one or more alloying elements in a face centered cubic

polymorph of iron (g iron). Specifically, in carbon steels, the interstitial solid solution of

carbon g iron.

BARFinished product of solid section generally supplied in straight length, which are rolled

from billets and may be rectangular, square, flats, channels, round, half round or

polygonal. The bars may be supplied in coil form also. The dimensions generally conform

to the following :a. Rounds and Half-Rounds : Minimum diameter 5mm.b. Squares and Polygonal : Minimum 6mm side.c. Flat Bar (Flat) : A finished product, generally of cross section, with edges of controlled contour and thickness

3mm and over, width 400mm and below and supplied in straight lengths. The product shall have rolled edges

only (square or slightly rounded). This group also includes flat bars with bulb that has swelling on one or two

faces of the same edge and a width of less than 400mm.

BEAMLong pieces of squared-off metal, normally stainless steel, which are used in building construction.


BILLETA semi-finished steel form that is input material for manufacturing long

products: bars, channels or other structural shapes. A billet is different

from a slab because of its outer dimensions; billets are usually

square and not exceeding 125x125 mm in cross section with

rounded corners, while slabs are 750-1000 mm wide and

50-250 mm thick. Both shapes are generally forged or

continually cast or rolled in billet mill / slabbing mill from

ingots, but they may differ greatly in their chemistry.

BLOOMA semi-finished form of stainless steel that will be

further processes them into mill products. Generally

having a cross section greater than 36 sq. inches.

BOILER TUBES (SMOKE TUBES)Tubes which form part of the heating surface of a boiler, as

distinct from superheater tubes. The tubes may contain water and be surrounded by the furnace gases as in a

water tube boiler, or they may act as flues and be surrounded by water as in smoke tube boiler.

BRAZINGBrazing and soldering are techniques for joining metals in the solid state by means of a fusible filler metal with a

melting point well below that of base metal.

BRIGHT BAR OR WIREBar or wire with a bright finish obtained by cold drawing, machining, grinding etc.

BRINELL HARDNESS TESTA test for determining the hardness of a material by forcing a hard

steel or carbide ball of specified diameter into it under a

specified load. The result is expressed as the Brinell hardness

number.

CASTINGPouring or teeming molten metal into moulds. This also

refers to metal objects so procured.

CLADDINGWhat Method of applying a stainless steel

/ copper / aluminum coating to carbon steel or

lower-alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element

content below 5%). Why To increase corrosion

resistance at lower initial cost than exclusive use of

stainless steel etc. How By (1) welding stainless

steel onto carbon steel, (2) pouring melted

stainless steel around a solid carbon steel slab in a

mould, (3) placing a slab of carbon steel between

two plates of stainless steel and bonding them by

rolling at high temperature on a plate mill,



(4) mounting the steel core in a covered mould and heating it out of contact with air to a temperature slightly

above the melting point of copper, which then is cast about it, (5) dipping the solid steel core into a bath of

molten copper, (6) depositing the

copper on steel core electrolytically, (7)

rolling flat steel almost to gauge,

cleaning it thoroughly and either

placing it between two sheets of

aluminum and cold rolling or heating

to between 315o and 400oC and

rolling.

CHEMICAL ANALYSISA report of the chemical composition of

thee elements, and their percentage

that form a stainless steel product.

CHROMIUM(CR) An alloying element that is used in

stainless steel to deter corrosion.

COATINGThe process of covering steel with

another material (tin, chrome, zinc

etc.), primarily for corrosion resistance. They can be classified as anodic, cathodic and inert.

COILSSteel sheet that has been wound. A slab, once rolled in a hot-strip mill, is more than one-quarter mile long; coils

are the most efficient way to store and transport sheet steel.

COILINGThe process of laying or winding the product in the form of coils

COILED BARA long length of hot rolled bar produced in a continuous

rolling mill and coiled in a manner similar to wire rod.

COLD DRAWINGReducing the cross-sectional area of a tube, when cold, by

drawing through a die. The tubes are occasionally pushed

through the die.

COLD-ROLLED STRIP (SHEET)A product manufactured from hot rolled descaled (pickled)

coils by cold reducing to the desired thickness, generally

followed by annealing and temper rolling. Strip has a final

product width of approximately 12 inches, while sheet may be

more than 80 inches wide. Cold-rolled sheet is considerably

thinner and stronger than hot-rolled sheet, so it will sell for a

premium. If the sheet is not annealed after cold reduction it is

known as full hard.



CONDENSER TUBESTubes used in the conversion of a vapour into a liquid by cooling.

CONTINUOUS CASTINGWhat A method of pouring steel directly from the furnace into a semi-finished product

such as billet, bloom, or slab directly from its molten form. It bypasses the traditional

process of pouring (teeming) molten steel into ingots, reheating those ingots, and

then rolling them into semi-finished steel shapes.

Why Continuous casting avoids the need for large, expensive mills for rolling ingots

into slabs. Continuous cast slabs also solidify in a few minutes versus several hours for

an ingot. Because of this, the chemical composition and mechanical properties are more

uniform. This process has steadily displaced ingot casting due to its advantages of higher

yield and improved productivity.

How Steel from the BOF or electric furnace is poured into a tundish (a shallow vessel that looks like a bathtub)

atop the continuous caster. As steel carefully flows from the tundish down into the water-cooled copper mould

of the caster, it solidifies into a ribbon of red-hot steel. At the bottom of the caster, torches cut the continuously

flowing steel to form slabs or blooms.

COPPERED WIREA wire produced by wet drawing with a copper sulphate or copper tin sulphate solutions for improving

drawability. The colour depends upon the chemical used and the drawing operation imparts a luster to the wire

resulting into improved appearance and limited corrosion resistance.

CORROSIONThe gradual degradation or alteration of steel caused by chemical or electrochemical attack due to

atmosphere, moisture, or other agents.

CORROSION RESISTANCEThe intrinsic ability of a material to resist degradation by corrosion. This ability can be

enhanced by application of special coatings on the surface of the material or by

imparting certain structural changes in the material by addition of alloying elements.

CUT-TO- LENGTHCutting flat-rolled stainless steel into desired length and then normally shipped

flat-stacked.

DEFORMED BARConcrete reinforcing bars in which the surface is provided with lugs or protrusions (called

deformations) which inhibit longitudinal movement of the bars relative to the

surrounding concrete. The surface deformations are hot formed in the final roll pass by

passing the bars between rolls having patterns cut into them so that the surfaces of the

bars are forced into the depressions in the rolls to form characteristic deformations.

DUPLEXA category of stainless steel with high amounts of chromium and moderate nickel

content. The duplex class is so named because it is a mixture of austenitic (chromium-

nickel stainless class) and ferritic (plain chromium stainless category) structures. This



combination was originated to

offer more strength than either of

those stainless steels. Duplex

stainless steels provide high resistance to

s tress corrosion cracking

(formation of cracks caused by

a combination of corrosion

and stress) and are suitable

f o r h e a t e x c h a n g e r ’ s ,

desalination plants, and

marine applications.

ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELDED (ERW) PIPEPipe made from strips of hot-rolled steel which are is formed into tubular shape by passing through forming

rolls and welded by passing a heavy current across the longitudinal joint. While seamless pipe is traditionally

stronger and more expensive than comparable ERW pipe, ERW technology is improving and the technique now

accounts for approximately 48% of OCTG shipments by tonnage. Generally used by oil or gas companies.

ELECTROLYTIC TIN PLATE (ETP)1. Light-gauge, low-carbon, cold reduced steel on which tin has been electro-deposited.

2. Black plate coated with Tin (Sn) electron deposition.

ELECTROPLATINGThis process is an old art, practiced not only to protect the base metal from corrosion

but also for decorative purposes and, more recently, to protect the base metal from

wear by friction or abrasion. Metals used for coatings include cadmium, chromium,

copper, gold, tin, lead, nickel, silver and zinc, and alloys such as brass, bronze and lead-

tins as well as cobalt-tungsten, tungsten-nickel, nickel-zinc and cadmium-tin alloys.

ELONGATIONA measurement of ductility expressed in terms of the stretch having occurred over a given length on a standard

tensile specimen at time of fracture, usually based an original length of 2 inches.

EXTRUSIONHot Extrusion : Consists of enclosing a piece of metal, heated to forging temperature, in a chamber called a

'container' and having a die at one end with an opening of the shape of the desired finished section, and

applying pressure to the metal through the opposite end of the container. The metal is forced through the

opening, the shape of which it assumes in cross-section as the metal flows plastically under the great used.

Cold Extrusion : It is carried out in a manner similar to the hot-extrusion process, with two main exceptions :

(1) The steel is at room temperature, and (2) the surface of the piece is treated by some chemical process such

as bonderizing to assist in reducing the friction between the steel and the container wall and die, in conjunction

with special lubricants.

FERRITICThe second-largest class of stainless steel, constituting approximately 25% of stainless production. Ferritic

stainless steels are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content; the lack of nickel results in lower



corrosion resistance than the austenitics (chromium-nickel stainless steels). Ferritics are best suited for general

and high-temperature corrosion applications rather than services requiring high strength. They are used in

automotive trim and exhaust systems, interior architectural trim, and hot water tanks. Two of the most common

grades are type 430 (general-purpose grade for many applications, including decorative ones) and type 409

(low-cost grade well suited to withstanding high temperatures).

FERROALLOYA metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in steel making, usually

containing iron and other metals, to aid various stages of the steel making process

such as deoxidation, desulfurization, adding strength or for introducing such

elements in steel. Examples: ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon, silicon

manganese etc.

FERROCHROMEAn alloy of iron and chromium with up to 72% chromium. Ferrochrome is commonly

used as a raw material in the making of stainless steel.

FERROUSMetals that consist primarily of iron.

FLAT ROLLED STEELSteel produced on rolling mills utilizing relatively smooth, cylindrical rolls. The width to

thickness ratio of flat rolled products is usually fairly large. Examples of flat rolled

steel are hot-rolled, cold-rolled, and coated sheets and coils, tin mill products, etc.

FLEXIBILITYThe quality or state of a material that alloys it to be flexed or bent repeatedly without

undergoing fracture.

FOILMetal with a maximum width of .005 inches.

FORGING Forming a hot or cold metal into fixed shape by hammering, upsetting, or pressing.

GALVANIZED STEELSteel coated with a thin layer of zinc to provide corrosion resistance in underbody auto parts, garbage cans,

storage tanks, or fencing wire. Sheet steel normally must be cold-rolled prior to the galvanizing stage.Hot-dipped. Steel is run through a molten zinc coating bath, followed by an air stream

"wipe" that controls the thickness of the zinc finish.Electro-galvanized. Zinc plating process whereby the molecules on the positively

charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel. The thickness of the

zinc coating is readily controlled. By increasing the electric charge or slowing the speed

of the steel through the plating area, the coating will thicken.Differences. Electro-galvanizing equipment is more expensive to build and to operate

than hot dipped, but it gives the steel maker more precise control over the weight of the

zinc coating. The automotive manufacturers, because they need the superior welding,

forming and painting ability of electro-galvanized steel, purchase 90% of all tonnage

produced.



GAUGEThe thickness of certain stainless steel.

HARDENABILITYThe relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form

martensite when quenched from a temperature

above the upper cr i t ical temperature.

Hardenability is commonly measured as a

distance below a quenched surface at which the

metal exhibits a specific hardness– 50 HRC, for

example- or a specific percentage of martensite in

the micro-structure.

HARDENINGIncreasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually

involving heating and cooling. See also age

hardening, case hardening, induction hardening,

precipitation hardening, and quench hardening.

HARDNESSA measure of the resistance of a material to surface

indentation or abrasion; may be thought of as a function of the stress required to produce some specified type

of surface deformation. There is no absolute scale for hardness; therefore, to express hardness quantitatively,

each type of test has its own scale of arbitrarily defined hardness. Indentation hardness can be measured as

Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Knoop, and Scleroscope hardness tests.

HEAT EXCHANGER TUBESTubes used in a unit for the purpose of transferring heat from one medium to another.

HIGH CARBON STEELCarbon steel containing generally more than 0.6% carbon. The more carbon that is dissolved in the iron, the

less formable and the tougher the steel becomes. High-carbon steel's hardness makes it suitable for plow

blades, shovels, bedsprings, cutting edges, or other high-wear applications.

IRON OREMineral containing enough iron to be a commercially viable source of the element for

use in steel making. Except for fragments of meteorites found on Earth, iron is not a

free element; instead, it is trapped in the earth's crust in its oxidized form. It is of two

types : containing ferric oxide (Hematite) or ferro-ferric oxide (Magnetite).

LOW-CARBON STEELSteel with less than 0.005% carbon is more ductile (malleable): It is

capable of being drawn out or rolled thin for use in automotive body applications.

Carbon is removed from the steel bath through vacuum degassing.

MACHINABILITYThe capability of being machined. It is controlled through the composition and rate of

cooling, but often must be sacrificed for some more essential property, such as

strength or toughness.




MAGNET STEELSThese are an example of alloy electrical steels. The outstanding property of these steels

is their retentivity or ability to retain magnetism. Cobalt, chromium, and tungsten are

the alloying elements commonly used to enhance this characteristic.

MARTENSITICSmall category of stainless steel characterized by the use of heat treatment for

hardening and strengthening. Refers to a particular grain structure of steel which is

extremely hard and consists of iron oxide precipitates in a ferrite matrix. Martensitic stainless

steels are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content. They are utilized in equipment for the

chemical and oil industries and in surgical instruments. The most popular martensitic stainless steel is type 410

(a grade appropriate for non-severe corrosion environments requiring high strength).

MEDIUM-CARBON STEELCarbon steel containing generally minimum of 0.30% carbon and maximum 0.60% carbon.

MELTA stage in the steel making process when all the scrap charged has been melted. This

term is also synonymous with cast, blow or heat.

MILD STEELCarbon steel containing generally less than 0.30% carbon.

MOLYBDENUM (MO)An alloying element used as a raw material for some classes of stainless steel.

Molybdenum in the presence of chromium enhances the corrosion resistance of stainless steel.

MULTIPLE LENGTHSLength from which a given number of pieces of specific lengths can be cut with minimum

waste.

NICKEL(NI)An alloying element used as a raw material for certain classes of stainless steel. Nickel

provides high degrees of ductility (ability to change shape without fracture) as well as

resistance to corrosion. Approximately 65% of all nickel is used in the making of

stainless steel.

PIG IRONThe name for the melted iron produced in a blast furnace, containing a large quantity of carbon (above 1.5%,

usually between 3% to 4.5%), along with silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulphur in varying amounts

depending upon the quality of raw materials used and solidified in moving metal moulds of a Pig Casting

Machine. Pig iron is used in the foundry or for conversion into steel. Named long ago when molten iron was

poured through a trench in the ground to flow into shallow earthen holes, the arrangement looked like

newborn pigs suckling. The central channel became known as the "sow," and the moulds were "pigs.”

PIPE1. Technically a tube used to transport fluids or gases. However, pipe and tube are often used interchangeably

in steel lexicon, with a given label applied primarily as a matter of historical use.2. An axial cavity caused by contraction during solidification of an ingot. Also the defects arising from the axial

cavity on the semi-finished or finished products.



PLATEA hot or cold rolled flat product, rolled from an ingot or slab in

rectangular cross section with a width 600mm and above and a thickness

5mm and above (going upto one foot).

PRIME COILAny coil produced by the line that is not held for any out-of-spec or quality

reasons.

PROCESS ANNEALINGA heat treatment used to soften metal for further cold working. In ferrous sheet and wire industries, heating to a

temperature close to but below the lower limit of the transformation range and subsequent cooling for working.

In the non-ferrous industries, heating above the recrystalization temperatures at a time and temperature

sufficient to permit the desired subsequent cold working.

REINFORCING BAR (REBAR)A commodity-grade steel used to strengthen concrete in highway and building construction.

RESISTANCE HEATINGHeating of steel by passing current through solid conductors and using the heat generated as a result of the

conductors’ inherent resistance to the flow of current. It can be applied through three methods :1. The indirect method, in which the steel is heated by radiation and convection from resistors through which

the current is passed.2. The direct method in which the current is passed directly from a power source through

the metal.3. The induction method in which the current is induced in the steel by an induction

coil connected to the power supply.Neither the indirect nor the direct method of resistance heating is practical for

steel-making operations. However, the induction method is employed successfully in

special steel-melting operations.

SCRAP (FERROUS)Ferrous (iron-containing) material that generally is re-melted and recast into new steel. Integrated steel mills

use scrap for up to 25% of their basic oxygen furnace charge; 100% of the mini-mills' raw material for their

electric furnaces generally is scrap.Home (Revert) Scrap Waste steel that is generated from within the steel mill, through edge trimming, rejects and

metallic losses in slag. It normally is sent directly back to the furnace.Prompt (Industrial) Scrap Excess steel that is trimmed by the auto and appliance stampers and auctioned to

scrap buyers as factory bundles. This is a high-quality scrap as the result of its low-residual content and

consistent chemistry.Obsolete (Reclaimed) Scrap Iron-bearing trash. Automobile hulks, worn-out

refrigerators and useless storage tanks, for example, can be recovered from the

junkyard and re-melted. The residual impurity of such scrap normally relegates

obsolete scrap to the mini-mills (see No. 1 Heavy Melt).

SCREW STOCKFree cutting steel bars suitable for the manufacture of bolts and screws.



SEAMLESS PIPEA pipe without a longitudinal joint or weld, made from a solid billet, which is heated, then rotated under

extreme pressure. This rotational pressure creates an opening in the center of the billet,

which is then shaped by a mandrel to form pipe.

SECONDARY STEELSteel that does not meet the original customer's specifications because of a defect in

its chemistry, gauge or surface quality. Mills must search to find another customer

(that can accept the lower quality) to take the off-spec steel at a discount. While

secondary will not affect the reported yield, margins will suffer.

SECONDARY STEEL MAKINGThe purpose of secondary steel making is to produce ‘clean’ steel, steel which satisfies stringent requirements

of surface, internal and micro-cleanliness quality and of mechanical properties. Ladle metallurgy is a

secondary step of the steel making process often performed in a ladle after the initial refining process in a

primary furnace is completed.

SHEETA hot or cold-rolled flat product, rolled in rectangular sections of thickness below 5 mm and

supplied in straight lengths. The width is at least 100 times the thickness and the edges

can be mill trimmed, sheared or flame cut. A sheet can also be obtained by

cutting of strips.

SHEET BAR (SLAB BAR)Semi-finished product of rectangular section, of thickness

not less than 6mm and width not less than 150mm, and of

such dimensions that the thickness does not exceed

one-fourth of the width. This term also includes tin

plate bars.

SHEET PRODUCTS1. Hot Rolled : Uncoated, heavy gauge, fully

processed in Strip Steel, never cold reduced at Tandem

Mill.

2. Cold Rolled : Uncoated, heavy gauge, primarily

processed in Strip Steel, although some goes to the Tin

Mill, always cold reduced at Tandem Mill.

3. Galvanized : "Bath" coated with zinc, heavy gauge,

primarily processed through Strip Steel & Sheet Mill,

majority is cold reduced at Tandem Mill.

4. Electro-galvanized : Zinc coated, normally lighter

gauge than galvanized, processed through Strip Steel & Tin Mill,

mostly single reduced. (Tandem)

SPECIAL BAR QUALITY (SBQ)SBQ represents a wide variety of higher-quality carbon and alloy bars that are used in the forging,

machining and cold-drawing industries for the production of automotive parts, hand tools, electric motor

shafts and valves. SBQ generally contains more alloys than merchant quality and commodity grades of steel

bars, and is produced with more precise dimensions and chemistry.



SPECIAL STEELSteel in the production of which special care has to be taken so as to attain the desired cleanliness,

surface quality and mechanical properties.

SPECIALTY TUBERefers to a wide variety of high-quality custom-made tubular products requiring

critical tolerances, precise dimensional control and special metallurgical

properties. Specialty tubing is used in the manufacture of automotive,

construction and agricultural equipment, and in industrial applications

such as hydraulic cylinders, machine parts and printing rollers. Because

of the range of industrial applications, the market typically follows

general economic conditions.

SPONGE IRONIron obtained by solid state reaction. In this process, iron is not melted.

For many centuries before blast furnace was developed around 1300 AD,

sponge iron provided the main source of iron and steel. It was produced in

relatively shallow hearths or in shaft-furnaces, both of which used charcoal as

fuel. The product of these early smelting processes was a spongy mass of

coalesced granules of nearly pure iron intermixed with considerable slag. Usable

articles of wrought iron were produced by hammering the spongy mass, while still hot from the smelting

operation, to expel most of the slag and compact the mass. By repeated heating and

hammering, the iron was further freed of slag and forged into the desired shape.

TEMPERA condition produced in a metal or alloy by mechanical or thermal treatment and

having characteristics structure and mechanical properties. A given alloy may be in

the fully softened or annealed temper, or it may be cold worked to the hard temper, or further to spring temper. Intermediate tempers produced by cold working

(rolling or drawing) are called "quarter-hard", "half-hard" and "three quarters hard", and

are determined by the amount of cold reduction and the resulting tensile properties. In addition

to the annealed temper, conditions produced by thermal treatment are the solution heat-treated temper and

the heat-treated and artificially aged temper. Other tempers involve a combination of mechanical and thermal

treatments and include that temper produced by cold working after heat treating, and that produced by

artificial aging of alloys that are as-cast, as-extruded, as-forged and heat treated, and worked.

TOLERANCESA customer's specifications can refer to dimensions or to the chemical properties of steel

ordered. The tolerance measures the allowable difference in product specifications

between what a customer orders and what the steel company delivers. There is no

standard tolerance because each customer maintains its own variance objective.

Tolerances are given as the specification, plus or minus an error factor; the smaller

the range, the higher the cost.

TOOL STEELSSteels that are hardened for the use in the manufacture of tools and dies.



TUBINGWhen referring to OCTG, tubing is a separate pipe used within the casing to

conduct the oil or gas to the surface. Depending on conditions and well

life, tubing may have to be replaced during the operational life of a well.

TUNGSTEN (W)Gray metal with high tensile strength. It is ductile, malleable, and resistant

to atmospheric elements and all acids except strong alkalies.

WIDTHThe lateral dimensions of rolled stainless steel, as opposed to the gauge. If

width of the stainless steel strip is not controlled during rolling, the edges

must be trimmed .

WIREA finished product, round, half round, square, hexagonal, flat or of any

other section including grooved section characterised by the fact that it has

been subjected to a sizing operation at ambient temperature by the process of

drawing through a die or by other mechanical means. Wire is generally supplied in

coil form but in exceptional cases can be supplied in straight lengths.

YIELD STRENGTHThe stress beyond which stainless steel undergoes important permanent

flow-commonly specified as that stress producing a 0.2% offset from the

linear portion of the stress-strain curve.

ZIRCONIUM (ZR)A strong, ductile metal obtained by the chemical

processing of zircon-bearing sands. It has

good corrosion resistance at high

temperatures and is used as a structural

material in nuclear reactor and cladding

material for uranium.


Mukund STEEL & FITTING

STOCKISTS OF : S. S. Nut Bolt, Washers, Studes, Allen & Grub & All

Fastners & Elbow, Tee, Reducer, Coupling & Forge Fi�ngs in all

grades, Wex bot, Hex Nut, Hex Lock Nut, Allen cap screw,

Allen CSK Screw, Allen Grub screw, Nylock Nut, Square

Nut, Dom Nut, Threded Rod, Stud , Washer, Spring

Washer.

Suppliers of : S. S. Sheet, Plate, Tubes, Pipe, Rod, Hex in all Quality and Ferrous & Non- Ferrous Metals.

59/61, 4th Kumbharwada Lane, Shop No. 1A, Mumbai - 400 004.Tel. : +91-22-6743 7885 / 6659 5257, Mob.: 9819 994 036E-Mail : [email protected], [email protected]

Website : www.fastenerfitting.com

Company ProleMukund Steel and ttings is leading manufacturers and suppliers of BOLTS, NUTS, SCREWS, WASHERS, SPRING WASHERS, COTTER PINS, ROUND HEAD, CHEESHEAD, CSK HEAD MACHINE SCREWS, ALLEN CAP SCREW, GRUB SCREWS, WOOD SCREWS, SHEET METAL SCREWS, STUD, NYLOCK NUTS, COACH SCREWS, 'U' CLAMPS, DOM NUTS, WIRE NAILS, WING NUTS, ETC., AS PER SAMPLE OR DRAWINGS.

ProductsS.S. Hex Bolts, Nuts, Washers & Spring Washers (A2 - A4) , S.S. Allen Cap Screw & Grub & Allen CSK Screws, S.S. Self Locking Nut, Dom Nut, Wing Nut & Lock Nut.

QualityMukund Steel and ttings are able to maintain High Quality Standards as per their commitments and with regards to their sound infrastructure and with the team of experts Mukund steel ensures the nest Quality of Fasteners Along with the necessary Test Certicates. Their Spacious warehouse has the capacity to store large quantity of stocks as to deliver the goods at earliest to the customers end.

ApplicationEngineering Plants, Acid Plants, Oil and Gas, Aerospace, Medical Industries and Pharmaceuticals

ProleRolex Fittings India Pvt. Ltd established in 1985, as a trading house dealing in ferrous and non ferrous Industrial raw material. Later on, it added, Pipe Fittings, Flanges, and Fasteners & Gaskets etc. In 1995, Rolex Fitting diversied into manufacturing activities and set up a forging unit and an engineering workshop under one roof. We keep sufcient inventory to meet your urgent requirement.

ProductsFlanges, Pipe Fittings, CNC Components, Fasteners, & Other Products (Stainless Steel, Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, Copper, Brass, Monel, Inconel, Aluminum, Hastalloy- Pipes, Tubes, Bars/Rods, Sheets, Plates, Wires, Angles, Coils, Strips)

ApplicationCHEMICALS/FERTILIZERS PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS, PAPER MILLS, CEMENT PLANTS, SUGAR MILL, FABRICATION UNITS & DAIRY INDUSTRY etc.

ROLEX FITTINGS INDIA PVT. LTD.MANUFACTURERS, EXPORTERS & IMPORTERS

Rolex Fittings India Pvt. Ltd.147-A, Sant Sena Maharaj marg, 2nd Kumbharwada, Mumbai-400 004 (India)

Tel No. : +91-22-6636 3159, 2380 4121, Fax No. : +91-22-2389 3391Email : [email protected], Visit Us : www.rolexttings.net

Grades : Alloy 200/201, Alloy 276, Alloy 22, Alloy B2, Alloy

625, Alloy 825, Alloy 800H/HT, Alloy 718, Alloy, Alloy 400,

Alloy 500

Product Available Forms: -

Plates : 0.5mm- 100mm (width 1250mm & length 2.4 mtr max)

Rounds : Dia 8mm- 180mm (length 3 to 5mtr )

Pipes : OD 25mm- 200 & thickness 1.24mm- 50mm (Welded

and seamless)

Wires : 0.080mm- 9mm (coil form)

Grades : - SS 202, SS 304/ 304L, SS 310, SS 316/ 316L,SS

317, SS 321, SS 347,SS 420, SS 431 and Duplex (2205) as

well as PH (17/4 and 17/7) series Steel.

Coils : 0.30mm -2.5mm x 1250mm max width (width for

strips as per customer requirement, min 13mm)

Plates : 3mm -100mm (width 2500 max, length 6mtr max)

Round Bars : 10mm- 400mm (peeled, polished & forged)

length 6mtr max

Wires : 0.90mm to 10mm (coil form)

Pipes : OD 10mm- 610mm & thickness 1.21mm to

70mm (Seamless and welded)

Grades : - SS 202, SS 304/ 304L, SS 310, SS 316/ 316L,SS

317, SS 321, SS 347,SS 420, SS 431 and Duplex (2205) as

well as PH (17/4 and 17/7) series Steel.

Coils : 0.30mm -2.5mm x 1250mm max width (width for

strips as per customer requirement, min 13mm)

Plates : 3mm -100mm (width 2500 max, length 6mtr max)

Round Bars : 10mm- 400mm (peeled, polished & forged)

length 6mtr max

Wires : 0.90mm to 10mm (coil form)

Pipes : OD 10mm- 610mm & thickness 1.21mm to

70mm (Seamless and welded)

Grades : Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 5


Plates : 0.5mm- 100mm (width 1250mm & length 2.4 mtr max)

Rounds : Dia 8mm- 100mm (length 3 mtr max)

Pipes : OD 25mm- 100 & thickness 1.24mm- 35mm

Wires : 0.080mm- 9mm (coil form)

Grades : Alloy 1100, Alloy 2024, Alloy 5052, Alloy 5083,

Alloy 5086, Alloy 5754, Alloy 6061, Alloy 6063, Alloy 6082.


Plates : 2mm- 200mm (width 1250mm to 2200 & length

2440mm to 9000mm max)

Pipes : OD 25mm- 180 mm & thickness 1.24mm- 50mm

(Length 6mtrs Max)

2nd Parsiwada Lane, Shop No.:4, R.K. Wadi, Mumbai - 400 004, Maharashtra, India.Phone : +91-22-23822286 / +91-22-66362253Fax : +91-22-23801369Email : [email protected] / [email protected] : www.ferrous-nonferrous.com

Contact us :

HARSH STEEL an ISO 9001:2008 and CE certified company established in 2006, along with an expertise of over 20 years in the field of ferrous

and nonferrous metal market it is able to spread the business sphere all over the world due to its quality products and after sales services. Today,

Harsh Steel is well reckoned as one of the predominant Exporter and stockist of Nickel alloys, Aluminium alloys and Stainless steel.

Profile :

FASTENERS FLANGES

FITTINGS VALVES

MFGRS. & EXPORTERS OF

Address : 72, Nanubhai Desai Road, Bhavnagari Bldg., 2nd Floor Mumbai- 400 004. (INDIA)

Tel. No. : +91 22 6639 4960 / 6743 8115 Telefax : +91 22 2387 3699

E-mail : [email protected] | [email protected] | [email protected]

Website : www.stelcommetal.com

Authorised Dealer

Registered with Registrar of Newspapers RNI No. MAHENG13143. Date of Publication 25th of every month.

metalmentalist issue01

Documents

nilo alloys

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