METODE PENELITIAN KUALITATIF

RORO RETNO WULAN

PARADIGMA (STAND POINT)

Basic Belief (Methaphysics) of Alternative Inquiry Paradigms item Positivism Postpositivism Critical Theory Constructivism

Ontology

Naive realism—“real” reality but apprehendable

Critical realism—“real” reality but only interfectly and probabilistically apprehendable

Historical realism – virtual realitry shaped by social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic and gender values; crystallized over time

Relativism –local and specific constructed realities

Epistemo-logy

Dualist/ objectivist: findings true

Modified dualist/ objectivist; critical tradition/ community ; findings probably true

Transactional/ subjectivist; value mediated findings

Transactional/ subjectivist/ created findings

PARADIGMA

item Positivism Postpositivism Critical Theory Constructivism

Inquiry Aim

Explanation, prediction and control

Critique and transformation; restitution and emancipation

Understanding; reconstruction

Methodo-logy

Experimental/ manipulative; verification of hypotheses; chiefly quantitative methods

Modified experimental/ manipulative; critical multiplism; falsification of hypotheses; may include qualitative methods

Dialogical/ dialectical

Hermeunetical/ diallectical

(Guba & Denzin, 2000; 165)

A TYPICAL QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACH

Penelitian dimulai dari ide yang dihaluskan menjadi pertanyaan penelitian

Review literatur membangun pengetahuan tentang ide penelitian

Desain disusun sebagai guideline dalam melaksanakan penelitian

Pengumpulan data bisa jadi sangat banyak dalam penelitian kualitatif

Analisis: data reduction, data display, and conclusion & verification

Penulisan laporan harus memungkinkan evaluasi analisis dan temuan

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVEPARADIGM ASSUMPTIONS

SOURCE: BASED ON FIRESTONE (1978), GUBA&LINCOLN (1988), AND MCCRACKES (1988)

Assumption

Question Quantitative Qualitative

Ontological Assumption

What is the nature of reality?

Reality is objective and singuler, apart from the researcher

Reality is subjective and multiple as seen by participants in a study

Epistemological Assumption

What is the relationship of the researcher to that researched?

Researcher is independent from that being researched

Researcher interacts with that being researched

Axiological Assumption

What is the role of values?

Value-free and unbiased Value-laden and biased

Rhetorical Assumption

What is the language of research?

•Formal•Based on set Definitions•Impersonal Voice•Use of accepted quantitative words

•Informal•Evolving decisions•Personal voice•Accepted qualitative words

Methological Assumption

What is the process of research?

•Deductive•Cause and effect•Static design-categories isolated before study•Context – free•Generalizations leading to prediction, explanation, and understanding•Accurate and reliable through validity and reliability

•Induvtive process•Mutual simultaneous shaping of factors•Emerging design-categories identified during research processs•Context-bound•Patterns, theories developed for understanding•Accurate and reliable throuhg verification

BEBERAPA POIN KUNCI DALAM PENELITIAN KUALITATIF

Realitas atau fenomena yang diteliti dipandang sebagai sesuatu yang rumit, bersifat ganda, dinamis dan dikonstruksikan

Kegiatan penelitian pada prinsipnya dimaksudkan untuk tidak untuk menguji teori dan mencari atau melahirkan teori (theoritical generating).

Logika penelitian dibangun secara induktif. Hubungan penelitian dan subyek penelitian

bersifat akrab, interaktif, timbal balik Perilaku manusia tidak sepenuhnya dapat

diramalkan. Kriteria penelitian adalah otentisitas Meneliti hal-hal khusus, perilaku tersembunyi,

perilaku yang bermakna historis, sampel kecil bersifat purposif

HUBUNGAN ANTARUNSUR ILMU DALAM PENELITIAN ILMIAH

TEORI

KONSEP

OPERASIONALISASI

VARIABEL

KONSTRUK

KONSEP

KONSTRUK

VARIABEL

PROPOSISI

HIPOTESIS

JENIS-JENIS PENELITIAN KUALITATIF:

Fenomenologi Etnologi Etnometodologi Studi kasus Dramaturgi Interaksi simbolik Analisis Wacana

VALIDITAS & RELIABILITAS INSTRUMEN Dalam penelitian kualitatif, karena yang

menjadi instrumen adalah periset, maka validitas dam reliabilitas penelitian ada pada peneliti.

Keabsahan data tergantung kepada:Kompetensi subyek risetTrustworthiness: authenticity & analisis

triangulasi Inter subjectivity agreementConscientization

RANCANGAN SAMPLING Non probabilitas tdk mendapat

peluang yang sama setiap anggota populasi

Sampling purposif Sampling kuota Sampling kebetulan Sampling snowball Sampling berdasarkan kemudahan

THANK YOUOktober 2014