3rd OECD/NEA/NSC Information Exchange Meeting and 2nd HTTR Workshop, Oarai, Japan, Oct 5-7, 2005 1

Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

MICHELANGELO Network Recommendations on

Nuclear Hydrogen Production

bybyKarl VERFONDERN and Werner von Karl VERFONDERN and Werner von LensaLensa

Institute for Safety Research and Reactor TechnologyInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor TechnologyResearch Center Research Center JuelichJuelich, Germany, Germany

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Energy Situation in the European Union

consumption

domestic production

MTO

E

Year

EU is a net energy importer

•Growing demand

•Decreasing domestic production

•Kyoto goal: -8%; in reality: -2.9%

•18% of world energy consumption13% of EU consumption is nuclear

•Automatism in coupling ofprimary energy prices

•National energy policies(diverse, fragmented, isolated)

3rd OECD/NEA/NSC Information Exchange Meeting and 2nd HTTR Workshop, Oarai, Japan, Oct 5-7, 2005 3

Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Nuclear Energy in the EU15 of the 25 member states operate NPP, coveringmore than one third of the total electricity demand, but inhomogeneously distributed;

Long-term intensive cooperation among nuclearvendors, utilities, research organizations;

Meeting Kyoto committments demands for clean fueland CO2-free energy sources (renewables, nuclear);

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Michelangelo Network (MICANET)

Proposal under FP5;

Objectiveto elaborate a common European position on thepriorities of future R&D in nuclear energywithin worldwide activities in this area;

Contracted in 2001 with a duration of 48 months

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

MICANET Structure

Criteria for futuresystems

Steering Committee

WP1R&D strategy &

co-ordination

WP2Criteria for future

systems

WP5Expertise and research

facilities in Europe

WP3Innovative systems

WP4Non-electricity

applications

GENERATION IV

Next Framework Programmes

FP5EURODESAL

FP5HTR

GCFRHPLWRMOST

FP4MICA, SINTER

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Assessment of H2 Market by EC High Level Group

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Crude Oil Quality ChangeC. W. ForsbergORNL

Next step: „dirty fuels“ requiring even more H2 and process steam

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Heat Demand of a Refinery (6-7 M t/yr)Unit Thermal Power

[MW]Temperature

[°C]Crude oil distillation 117 230 - 370

Vacuum distillation 46 230 – 385

Propane deasphalting 53 50 – 80

Vacuum residue dist. 20 340 – 385

Vacuum gas oil desulf. 17 340 – 385

Middle dist. desulf. 15 340 – 385

Gasoline desulf. 12 340 – 385

Gasoline reformer 53 430 – 540

Hydrogen generation 5 820 – 850

Effluent water clean. 3 20 – 60

Steam generation 112 20 – 500M. Schad LURGI (1988)

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Nuclear Hydrogen

Driving forces for the non-electric use of nuclear in the hydrogen economy:Nuclear energy can be used to produce large scale hydrogen to replace CO2 emitting fossil fuels;

Thus fossil reserves will be saved for later use in environmentally friendly applications;

Energy security from extended fuel reserves and independence from foreign oil uncertainties.

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Introduction of Nuclear Hydrogen to Market

Will start by considering present uses and production methods

Will be determined- by the economics of production and end use- by the consumer‘s perception of availability and

convenience- by a convincing safety concept of the combined

nuclear/chemical systemSynthesis of methanol (in transition phase)double use of CO2

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Outside view

He circulator

Electricheater

Steamreformer

Steamgenerator

Short-Term Option: SMR

- most widely appliedconventionalproduction method

- savings of up to 30%, if process heat isfrom nuclear

- tested under nuclearconditions in pilotplants in bothGermany and Japan

Steam Methane Reforming appears to be a reasonable first step

Jülich

Oarai

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Short-Term Option: ElectrolysisElectrolysis ideal for remote and decentralized H2 production

Off-peak electricity from existing NPP(available, if share of nuclear among powerplants is large)

As fossil fuels become more expensive, the useof nuclear outside base load becomes moreattractive

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Long-Term Option: HT-ElectrolysisIncreased efficiency of H2 production

Reduced electricity needs

Capitalize from efforts in SOFC research

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Long-Term Option: Thermochemical CycleTop candidates: Ca-Br (UT-3), S-I

Special R&D attention to common reactionprocess of sulfuric acid splitting

Study of different coolants (molten salt, gas, liquid metal) in intermediate circuit betweennuclear and chemical plant

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Thermochemical Cycles of Sulfur Family

Focus on demonstration of H2SO4 splitting

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

GenIV Nuclear Reactor: VHTR400-600 MW(th) for electricity and process heat production;

Helium-cooled, graphite-moderated, thermal neutron spectrum;

Gas outlet temperatureof 900-1000 °C;

IHX for heat transfer to H2 production plantor gas turbine.

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Program Plan for VHTR by 2010

Long-term technology improvement by makinguse of knowhow from HTGR development;

HTTR and HTR-10 to demonstrate VHTR capabilities in pilot scale and in near term;

INEEL co-generation project as full-scaledemonstration of VHTR objectives withH2 production system.

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

RAPHAEL - Integrated Project in FP6RAPHAEL is acronym for „Reactor for Process Heat, Hydrogen and Electricity Generation“

35 partners, coordinated by Framatome-ANP

Focus on VHTR technological developments neededfor industrial reference designs in the areas of reactor physics, safety, fuel and fuel cycle back-end, materials, components, system integration

RAPHAEL started April 15, 2005

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

RAPHAEL Objectives

Assessment of fuel technologies for a VHTR at 900-1000°C with burnup > 15%FIMA;(Irradiation test in Petten: HFR-EU1bis)

Explore promising options for development of a GCR above 1000°C.

1000°C: no problem for fuelconceivable for direct cyclenot feasible for metallic components (IHX)

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

EU Contracts on Hydrogen in FP-6 (First Call)Project Topic Coordinator

EU Funding[M E]

HYTHEC-STREP Thermochemical cycles CEA (F) 1.9

CHRISGAS-IP H2 rich gas from biomass Växjo Uni (S) 9.5

Hi2H2-STREP HT electrolysis EDF (F) 0.9HYWAYS-IP European hydrogen roadmap LBST (G) 4.0

NATURALHY-IP Infrastructure H2-Nat. Gas mixes Gasunie (NL) 11.0

STORHY-IP Storage for on-board applications Magna Steyr (A) 10.0HYSAFE-NE Research in safety issues FZK (G) 7.0

ZEROREGIO-IP H2 fuel cell fleet demonstration Infraserv (G) 7.5

PREMIA-SSA Effectiveness of demo initiatives VITO (B) 1.0

HYICE-IP Internal combustion engines BMW (G) 9.0

3rd OECD/NEA/NSC Information Exchange Meeting and 2nd HTTR Workshop, Oarai, Japan, Oct 5-7, 2005 21

Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

EU Projects on H2 ProductionHYTHECto evaluate potential of S-I cycle and Westinghousehybrid cycle, connection to nuclear and solar primaryenergy at 950°CHi2H2to develop HT electrolysis with very high electricalefficiency, focus on planar solid oxide waterelectrolyzerCHRISGASto optimize H2-rich gas production from biomass

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

HYSAFE Network of ExcellenceGeneral GoalContributing to a safe transition to a sustainable development in Europe by facilitating the safe introduction of hydrogen technologies / applications

Objectives- strengthen, integrate and focus fragmented research on

hydrogen safety - Promoting public awareness and trust in hydrogen

technologies- development of an excellent safety culture

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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Conclusion

Main Challenge at present- include CHP applications and H2 production by

means of nuclear energy into general strategies;- establish transition technologies from present

industrial practice or emerging resources such as“dirty fuels” in order to stabilize energy cost

3rd OECD/NEA/NSC Information Exchange Meeting and 2nd HTTR Workshop, Oarai, Japan, Oct 5-7, 2005 24

Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)

Thank youfor your kind attention !

私の話を聞いていただいてありがとうございました。

email: k.verfondern@fz-juelich.de