Microbiology History

Chapter One

Microorganisms

BeneficialEnvironment

DecompositionDigestionPhotosynthesis

IndustryFood processesGenetic Engineering

PathogenicFoodHealth

Classification of Organisms3 Domains5 Kingdoms

ProkaryoticMonera (bacteria)

EukaryoticProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimaliae

Binomial nomenclatureGenusspecies

Carolus Linnaeus

Domain Archaea

No known human pathogensCell walls lack peptidoglycanExtreme Environmental Habitats

Methanogens

Halophiles

Thermophiles

Domain Bacteria

UnicellularVarious ShapesCell walls have peptidoglycanBinary fissionBeneficial vs. pathogenic

Domain Eukarya

Eukarya

Fungi Protista Plants Animals

UnicellularYeasts

MulticellularMolds

Mushrooms

Protozoa: Free livingParasitic

AlgaeUnicellularColonial

Simple Multi-celled

Viruses

AcellularNucleic Acid

DNARNA

EnvelopeClassificationFunction

Inert outside host

Golden Age of MicrobiologyLate 1800’s-early 1900’sQuestions and Theories Developed

Microbial SourceMicrobial ProcessesDisease sourceDisease prevention

Areas of StudyBacteriologyImmunologyVirologyEpidemiologyChemotherapy

Early Developments

Robert HookeCell TheoryEarly microscope

Antoni LeeuwenhoekImproved microscopeMicrobes viewed

Louis Pasteur

Germ Theory of Disease

Similar disease symptomsGerm = pathogen

FermentationPasteurizationFather of Microbiology

Joseph Lister

Aseptic TechniqueSurgical Site prep with phenolContinued Handwashing, as previously demonstrated by Semmelweis

Robert KochSimple Stain techniqueSolid growth MediaAseptic lab techniquesIsolated Bacteria as causative agents for

AnthraxTBCholera

Koch’s PostulatesSeries of experimental steps to show that specific organism causes a specific disease

Original Koch’s Postulates

That the organism could be discoverable in every instance of thedisease;

That, extracted from the body, the germ could be produced in a pure culture, maintainable over several microbial generations.

That the disease could be reproduced in experimental animals through a pure culture removed by numerous

generations from the organisms initially isolated;

That the organism could he retrieved from the inoculated animal and cultured anew.

Edward Jenner

VaccinationCowpox scrapingsSmallpox

Immunology field

John Snow

Cholera PreventionFather of EpidemiologyFirst to use anesthesia (ether) during surgery

Florence Nightingale

Nursing careHygeineImproved nurse training

Christian Gram

Differential Staining of cell walls using various dyes

Gram positive“purple”

Gram negative“red”

Paul Ehrlich

Chemotherapeutic Agents

Magic Bullet TreatmentSyphilisTrypanosome

Early Acid Fast staining techniques for TBImmunological Studies on antiseraTumor transformation research

Alexander Flemming

Antibiotic penicillinLysosome secretion by tissuesDeveloped titration methods for analyzing body fluids

Microbes in Human Diseases

Normal FloraIn or on bodyBeneficialNormal host defenses protect

Infectious DiseasesLocationVirulence factorsMicrobe life cycle causes pathologyHost defenses

Questions?