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Microlithography
ESS4810 LectureFall 2010
Moore’s Law
• The observation made in 1965 that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since ICs were invented
• Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future
• In subsequent years, the pace slowed down a bit, but data density has doubled approximately every 18 months
Moore’s Law
Moore’s Law
1.5 mm
Microlithography
• Photolithography– Process– Resolution– Depth of focus
• Photoresist• Lift-off process• Other processes
Photolithography
• Transfer patterns from mask to wafer surface by light
• From mask to photoresist– Exposure– Development
• From photoresist to wafer surface– Wet or dry etching
Steps of Photolithography
• 1 Clean wafer• 2 Coat with photoresist• 3 Soft bake photoresist• 4 Align mask with wafer• 5 Expose pattern on photoresist• 6 Develop photoresist• 7 Hard bake photoresist• 8 Etch pattern on wafer• 9 Remove photoresist
Photoresist Application
• Photoresist (light-sensitive)• Clean and dry surface to ensure
good photoresist adhesion• Adhesion promoter• Applied in liquid form• The wafer is held on a vacuum
chuck and then spun at high speed to produce a thin uniformlayer
Adhesion Promoter
• Hexamethyldisilazane• Vapor priming• Liquid priming• Monolayer• One side bonds with
wafer surface• The other side bonds
with photoresist
HMDS
Baking
• Soft– 80 ~ 90 ºC for 10 to 30 minutes– Improve adhesion and remove
solvent from photoresist• Hard
– 120 ~ 180 ºC for 20 to 30 minutes– Harden the photoresist and improve
adhesion to substrate
Photoresist Removal
• Requirements– Complete removal without residues – No undesired etching
• Wet– Liquid resist strippers
• Dry– Plasma– Oxidizing (burning, ashing)
Pattern Generation
• Design - Mask - Wafer
Contact Printing
• Resolution (R)– 0.5 μm
• Mask plate is easily damaged or accumulates defects
Photoresist
Mask
Proximity Printing
• Resolution (R)– 1 μm– k(λg)1/2
Photoresist
Maskg
Projection Printing• Resolution (R)
– 0.2 μm (deep UV)• Trade-off
– Optics complicated and expensive
Photoresist
Mask
Lens
Image Comparison
Diffraction
• Diffraction can be thought of simply as the “bending” of light when it passes through an aperture
• The light that passes through the aperture carries with it the information on the size and shape of that aperture
• This information spreads out in space because of diffraction and it must all be collected to convey perfect information about the aperture to the resist on the wafer
Diffraction
• Because of its finite size, the focusing lens collects only part of the total diffraction pattern
• The light diffracted to wider anglescarries the information about the finer details of the aperture
• It is those details that are lost first when a lens of finite size is used to collect and focus the light
Image Degradation by Lens
Resolution
• How close together can A and B be and still be resolved in the image plane?
• The central maximums of each point image lie at the first minima of the adjacent point image
Resolution
• Numerical aperture (NA) of lens• K1: a constant between 0.25 and 1,
depending on optics, resist, and process latitude
Definition of Line & Space
Bragg Condition
X
X
Depth of Focus
Resolution vs DOF
• Requirements (1) and (2) need a compromise between λ and NA !
Excimer Laser Stepper
Photon Sources
Photon Sources
Photon Sources
Positive photoresist Negative photoresist
Photoresist
• Positive– Polymer (MW~5000)– Photoactive inhibitor (20%)– Volatile solvents– Inhibitor looses N2 => alkali soluble
acid– Develops by “etching” - no swelling
Positive Photoresist
Photoresist
• Negative– Polymer (MW~65000)– Light sensitive additive promotes
cross-linking– Volatile solvents– Light breaks N-N => crosslink chains– Sensitive, hard, swelling during
develop
Negative Photoresist
Comparison
• Positive– Higher resolution– Aqueous-based solvents– More popular
• Negative– More sensitive– Less expensive– Better chemical resistance– More tolerant of developing conditions
Overlay Errors
Thermal run-in/run-out Errors
• change of mask and wafer temp.
• coefficient of thermal expansion of mask and Si
Characterization
Example
• Center has only translation error
Example
• Run-out error: 0.2• Rotational error: 0.5, CCW
Lift-Off Process
• Allows definition of pattern on the wafer surface without etching
• Hard to etch metals• Lifted off in
selected areas by dissolving underlying resist
X-ray Lithography
X-ray Lithography
Mask Making• the most complicated and
challenging part of x-ray lithography
Electron Beam Lithography
Angstroms for V in Volts
30 kV e-beam> λ = 0.07 Å
Scanning Methods
Proximity Effect
• Electron scattering• Compensation
required
Nanoimprint Lithography
Nanoimprint Lithography
AFM Lithography
AFM Lithography
Immersion Lithography• Using an immersion fluid between the wafer and
the lens substantially changes the light path• First, it enhances depth of focus (DOF) for a
given Numerical Aperture• Second, immersion allows lens designs with
Numerical Apertures significantly larger than 1.0, therefore allowing improved resolution
nwater = 1.33nair = 1The higher-index medium couples
higher spatial frequency to the resist
NA = n sinθ
Smaller angle in the coupling medium is less sensitive to longitudinal displacement of the wafer
2NADOF
λ∝
Immersion Lithography