microlivestock and livelihood security in hilly regions of india
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Micro-livestock based livelihood options in
hill farming systems of Himachal
Pradesh : An overview
Department of Veterinary and AH Extension
Education, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural
University Palampur
Micro-livestock based livelihood options in hill
farming systems of Himachal Pradesh: an overview
Micro-livestock Species
"Micro-livestock" is a term coined for species that
are inherently small, such as rabbits and poultry,
as well as for breeds of cattle, sheep, goats and
pigs that are less than half the size of the most
common breeds.(FAO,1992), (Angba et al., 2012 )
The present presentation is restricted to two
major micro-livestock species i.e. sheep and goat .
Do we know that sheep and goat growth rate has
been faster than the major livestock species?
0
50
100
150
200
250
1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2003
Po
pu
lati
on
in
milli
on
Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat
Source: Department of Animal
husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture
Last few years showed phenomenal growth in micro-
livestock species than the major ones
Species 2003 2007 Growth rate
Cattle 185.2 199.1 7.50
Buffalo 97.9 105.3 7.58
Sheep 61.5 71.6 16.41
Goat 124.4 140.5 13.01
Pigs 13.5 11.1 -17.65
Mutton (sheep and goat meat ) demand has skyrocketed:
Thanks to increasing disposable income and urbanization
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1993 2000 2010 2020 projected
Mutton demand
Mutton Supply
Production in million tonnes
Source: NCAP
Among all type of meats average Indian consumer
spends maximum on mutton
47.4
14.33.4
34
0.9
Goat Meat
Buff./Beef
Pork
Chicken
Others
Source: Gandhi and Zhou, 2010
Australian Agribusiness Review
Per capita expenditure on meatconsumption is 10.98 Rs per month,out of which a sizeable expenditure(47.4%) is spent on sheep and goatmeat.
Consumption led demand of meat/mutton domestic
and international markets (Asia, Africa)
Source: FAO, 2012
International mutton markets remain
untapped opportunity ?
7
17
9
38
53
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Meat Export Value in Rs Million
1. Meat export from Sheep
and Goat only 3% of
total meat exported from
India.
2. GOI imposed ban on
export citing rising prices
and unmet domestic
demand. (SAPPLP 2011)
Source: APEDA 2012
Hill and mountains farming systems are suitable for sheep
and goat based farming
Concentration of Goat population has been in marginal regions(mountainous/rainfed-dryland/deserts) of developing countries (Kumar& Chander, 2004).
Microlivestock (Small ruminant )rearing is suitable for semi arid andmountainous regions of India (Draft 12th five year plan, 2012).
Goats are found across all agro-climatic zones in the country, withhigher densities in irrigated eco-systems, followed by hill and mountaineco-systems (SAPPLP, 2011).
Further, sheep rearing is a feature of the arid and semi-arid regions ofwestern India, the Deccan plateau and western Himalayas (SAPPLPP,2011).
Advantages of Sheep and Goat enterprises in
hill farming systems
Generally wide adaptation tomost environments
Suitability to small farmsystems
Less affected by drought, withno after effects on reproduction
Browse fodder and feeds moreeffectively
Use marginal land effectively
Advantages of Sheep and Goat enterprises in
integrated farming systems
Utilize non-marketable
crop residues / grazing
areas to generate value-
added products (meat,
milk, fiber and skins)
Dung and urine promote
soil fertility.
Micro livestock and Sustainable
Agriculture
Sustainable agriculture
emphasis on resource
conserving technology and
enterprises.
Microlivestock sp. are
undemanding in their
feeding requirements,
easy to house, manage
Have we paid adequate attention to Sheep and goat
development ?
At the national level, small ruminants account for 14% of the meat
output, 4% of the milk output and 15% of hides and skin production
in the country.
Estimated contribution is 24,000 million per annum in rural economy
Paradoxically sheep and goat development receives only a paltry
2.5% of the public spending on livestock sector.
Absence of serious goat meat development programmes till date
(Working group 12th plan A.H.)
Himachal Pradesh context: Goat rearing potential (Chegu, Gaddi)
still unharnessed ? (12th five year plan draft, 2012)
Poor awareness regarding the
importance of small ruminants in the
livelihood system
Knowledge sharing platforms needed
between
SDAH, Researchers, Veterinary
Colleges,forest dept., NGO’s.
Improvement in knowledge of AHD
staff on understanding on small
ruminant production systems
Absence /lack of active rearer
organizations
At village level: Organizing goat
rearers into common interest
groups (institutionalizing services
health care, knowledge transfer,
management, credit,insurance
through them)
Pressure on fodder resource base Regeneration of fodder in common
lands.
Supplementation through feed
(Indo-swiss goat project
Rajasthan,Alwar goat project
PRADHAN, Semi-intensive Goat
production systems in Kerala
CRITICAL ISSUES AND APPROACHES FOR MICRO-LIVESTOCK
ENTERPRISES(SHEEP AND GOAT) IN SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD
SYSTEMS
Inadequate veterinary
health services
Strengthening primary health care
services (WASSANExperience, Andhra
Pradesh)
Interventions like stall feeding and
basic knowledge of primary health care
(such as de-worming) can raise the
body weight substantially(SAPPLPP
2011)
Reduced access to credit and
insurance
Community Managed livestock
insurance of sheep and Goat
Lack of efficient
marketing mechanisms
Contractual agreements between
farmers and traders/buyers.
Pooling and dissemination of market
information/
Establishing Rural abatoirs
CRITICAL ISSUES AND APPROACHES FOR MICRO-LIVESTOCK
ENTERPRISES(SHEEP AND GOAT) IN SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS
This business of goats -
Sometimes it flourishes,
Sometimes it yields only a
handful of chickpeas,
And sometimes even that is
denied.