1. The dance group black grace, picture from www.boston.com What does recent scientificlitterature say about creativity,groups and group creativity?

2. Journal of Management 2004 30(4) 453470 A Little Creativity Goes a Long Way: An Examination of Teams Engagement in Creative Processes. L.L. Gilson & C.E. ShalleyEngagement in creative processes involves team members behaviorally, cognitively, and emotionally attempting new things or ways of going about their work. 3. Journal of Management 2004 30(4) 453470 A Little Creativity Goes a Long Way: An Examination of Teams Engagement in Creative Processes. L.L. Gilson & C.E. Shalley..in this paper, team creative processes aredefined as members working together in sucha manner that they link ideas from multiplesources, delve into unknown areas to findbetter or unique approaches to a problem, orseek out novel ways of performing a task.The dance group black grace, picture from media.newtimes.com 4. Journal of Management 2004 30(4) 453470A Little Creativity Goes a Long Way: An Examination of Teams Engagement The dance group black grace, picture from fwdc.orgin Creative Processes.L.L. Gilson & C.E. Shalley if team members perceive that creativity is required by their job, this essentially gives them both the permission and motivation to attempt to engage in creative processes. 5. Journal of Management 2004 30(4) 453470 A Little Creativity Goes a Long Way: An Examination of Teams Engagement in Creative Processes. L.L. Gilson & C.E. Shalley Hypothesis 1: The more team members believe that their job requires creativity, the morefrequently the team will engage in creative processes. Strengthened by the study. Hypothesis 2: The more team members believe that their work requires task interdependence,the more frequently the team will engage in creative processes. Strengthened by the study. Hypothesis 3: The more team members report that their team has a high level of sharedgoals, the more frequently the team will engage in creative processes. Found a significantconnection Hypothesis 4: The more team members report that the team actively participates in problemsolving, the more frequently the team will engage in creative processes. Found a significantconnection Hypothesis 5: The more team members report that their team climate is supportive ofcreativity, the more frequently the team will engage in creative processes. Found a significantconnection Hypothesis 6: Teams with moderate amounts of organizational tenure will more frequentlyengage in creative processes. Found a significant connectionThey also concludes; this represents the first study that indicates that contact in the formof socializing during breaks at work and outside of work is positively associated with teamsengaging in more creative processes. 6. Journal of Management 2004 30(4) 453470 A Little Creativity Goes a Long Way: An Examination of Teams Engagement in Creative Processes. L.L. Gilson & C.E. ShalleyTherefore, it is important to understand what drives individuals and teams to choose to engage in creative processes, since this is not inherently the easiest route to pursue, and yet this act of engagement is the necessary first step to potential creative outcomes, as well as potentially improved performance.The dance group black grace, picture from artscenter.uhh.hawaii.edu 7. Journal of Psychopharmacology,22(8) (2008) 821827Is it time to revisit the role ofpsychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity? B Sessahttp://www.cnsforum.com/content/pictures/imagebank/hirespng/Drug_amphet_high.png 8. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827 Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing humancreativity?B Sessa with todays current renaissance in psychedelic drug research and the growing interest in cognitive enhancing drugs, now may be the time to re-visit these studies with contemporary research methods. 9. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity? B Sessa Despite the enormous amount of money and energy invested in such commercial industries, the scientific concept of how creativity is enhanced is poorly understood. This makes the neuroscientific understanding of these processes particularly relevant. 10. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827 Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing humancreativity?B Sessa Heilman, et al. (2003) proposed that creativeinnovation requires the co-activation andcommunication between regions of the brainthat ordinarily are not strongly connected. 11. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity? B Sessa Some scholars (Zinkhan, 1993) have argued that creativity, by definition, defies measurement because all tests have predetermined correct answers and originality is a requirement of creativity therefore, any correct answer in a creativity test could not be creative. 12. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827 Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing humancreativity?B Sessa Tests to measure creativity fall into two broad categories the more scientific psychometric tests and the more subjective, but widely used, method of Expert Opinion. Tests that measure divergent thinking include the Unusual Uses test, the Structure Of Intellect test and Mednicks Remote Associates Test. 13. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity? B Sessa Barron; Creativity was not linked directly to IQ. Although intelligence is in somedegree necessary, it is not alone a sufficient condition for high creativity. Finding meaning in the world and being enthusiastic and able tocommunicate that meaning to others in one form or other. Being intuitive Being introverted Finding a simple explanation to a complex problem (and this refers tocreativity in both art and mathematics). Being slightly more psychologically imbalanced (measured by Barron asschizoid tendencies) than the general population. Ability to maintain independent judgement (even in the face of alternativepeer consensus). Maintenance of psychic opposites for example, individuals whodisplayed a tendency to be both free and disciplined or both masculineand feminine. 14. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827 Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing humancreativity?B Sessa Rogers, internal and external conditions; Low psychological defensiveness, a lack of rigidity, a permeability of boundaries in concepts, beliefs, perceptions and hypotheses, a tolerance for ambiguity, an ability to receive and integrate apparently conflicting information, a sensitive awareness of feelings and openness to all phases of experience, intuition, aesthetic sensibility, a sense of satisfaction in self-expression, the ability to think in terms of analogues and metaphors and the ability to toy with ideas, shapes and hypotheses 15. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity? B SessaPsycadelic drugs: A particular feature of the experience that is encompassed by all the above characteristics and has special relevance to the creative process is, that of a general increase in complexity and openness, such that the usual ego-bound restraints that allow humans to accept given pre- conceived ideas about themselves and the world around them are necessarily challenged. 16. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827 Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing humancreativity?B Sessa In some subjects, which had creative personality traits, LSD trends for these effects where found, but not statistically significant 1) Reduced inhibition and reduced anxiety. 2) Improved capacity to restructure problems in a wider context. 3) Increased fluency and flexibility of ideas. 4) Increased visual imagery and fantasy. 5) Increased ability to concentrate. 6) Increased empathy with objects and processes. 7) Increased empathy with people. 8) Subconscious data more accessible. 9) Improved association of dissimilar ideas. 10) Heightened motivation to obtain closure. 11) Improved ability to visualize the completed solution. 17. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827 Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing humancreativity?B Sessa It is well accepted that when under the acuteinfluence of psychedelic drugs, performanceon standard tests of intelligence, learning,memory and other cognitive functions, as wellas certain psychomotor tasks, generally showimpairment and sometimes show lack ofchange and only rarely show improvement. 18. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821827Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human creativity? B SessaWhat is the benefit of revisiting psychedelics andcreativity research now? The area of psychedelic enhancement of creativity is one such area that may have potential benefits for furthering our understanding of neuroscience. In addition, if we are to strive to comprehend the brain and mind in their entireties, these are areas that are worth revisiting with modern research methods. 19. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35No. 5, 2004SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITYAND SIMILARITY INGROUP-IDEA GENERATION ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDAhttp://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u114/conferencetable_1.jpg 20. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004 SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEAGENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDA Hypothesis: A group made up of members who show high degrees of both diversity and similarity of thought categories will get stronger creative benefits from working as a group than will groups with other compositions. 21. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEA GENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDA But many previous empirical studies suggest that various factors of interactive groups are responsible for the loss of productivity. production blocking; it is not possible to share ones own ideas while others are talking within the group. evaluation apprehension; the potential evaluation of ideas by those within the group can also inhibit idea generation. social loafing; another important social factor is the tendency of individuals to loaf or be less motivated when individual contributions are to be combined in a group product. free riding; one may exert less effort or take a free ride when the high performance levels of others within a group make ones contributions appear to be unnecessary. 22. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEA GENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDA How can we overcome the loss factors that block the generation of creative ideas in interactive groups? Which characteristics of groups lead to high levels of productivity or creativity? What factors improve the generation of creative ideas through discussion? When and how does interaction support creativity?http://www.tsh.ca/images/synectics.gif 23. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEA GENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDAsimilarity between the idea pools of members, at least to within some appropriate level, acts as a catalyst by allowing group diversity to make a positive contribution to creative performance. This catalysis, that is, restriction of the diversity within a group so that mutual comprehensibility is retained, motivates the group members to connect their ideas in effective ways and to elaborate novel ideas from the connections.http://judotips.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/50jahre_aktu_judo.jpg 24. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEA GENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDA In the task of Study 1, participants were asked to generate unusual uses for an object. This simple heuristic task has often been used in research on brainstorming. Examples of the objects used are a knife, a detached doorknob, a paper clip, a soda can, a shoelace, and a pencil.http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_dXDZmgVew5A/SoyLF2FcI1I/AAAAAAAAFhQ/eTd4GYjCjPU/s400/pencil+art.jpg 25. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004 SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEAGENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDA The task in Study 2 is the addition of new functions to an existing object. For example, the ideas generated in response to the same target object might include Have the cans surface change color in response to the emperature of its content http://www.thegoodstore.com.au/Uploads/Images/4fp-ruler-pen.jpg 26. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004 SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEAGENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDATABLE 2: Values for(Study 1) Similarity LowHighVariableLow DiversityHigh Diversity Low Diversity High DiversityProductivity a 11.0014.27 15.40 20.08Creativity b9.0011.80 12.53 15.92 Perception ofcommunication (as listener)c11.5611.07 12.16 12.72 Perception ofcommunication (asspeaker) c 13.3612.44 12.24 14.00a. Number of ideas generated by the group.b. Number of ideas for which the creativity score was higher than average.c. Assessed on three 5-point items to produce a scale ranging from 3 to 15However, in those cases where the high-similarity condition held, groups that also had high levels of diversity were significantly more creative than groups that did not (p < .05). This result indicates that groups achieved the best creative performance when they had high degrees of both diversity and similarity. 27. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEA GENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDA TABLE 4: Values for(Study 2)Similarity LowHighLow Diversity High Diversity Low Diversity High DiversityVariableProductivity a 4.44 5.46 4.78 8.90Creativity b 1.78 2.54 2.89 4.20Perception ofcommunication (aslistener) c 13.48 13.2313.64 13.47Perception ofcommunication (asspeaker) c12.04 11.77 12.63 12.30a. Number of ideas generated by the group.b. Number of ideas for which the creativity score was higher than average.c. Assessed on three 5-point items to produce a scale ranging from 3 to 15.In line with the results of Study 1, this result indicated that those groups identified as having high levels of both diversity and similarity demonstrated the strongest creative performance. 28. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004 SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEAGENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDAIn Study 2, the synergistic effect of diversity and similarity on group creativity in idea generation that was suggested by Study 1 was investigated in a slightly more precise condition (all group members were female) and with another creativity task. Our empirical analysis indicated similar results on group performance to those of the first study. Our hypothesis on group creative performance had thus received further support. Accordingly, we can regard the possibilities of generality for this effect as strong. 29. Era tankar om olikhet/likhet i gruppen?