Romania Romania –– Biomass Action PlanBiomass Action PlanRomania Romania –– Biomass Action PlanBiomass Action Plan

Pop: 3.7 billion Pop: 6 billion Pop: 8.1 billion

5 billion toe9.2 billion toe

14.7 billion toe

+84% +60%

Sources : BP statistical review, WEO 2005, Alternative Policy scenario

1970 2000 2030

1.35 toe/capita

1.5 toe/capita 1.8 toe/capita

+11% +20%

+84% +60%

"Estimates of the amount of energy that can be supplied from biomass vary; but by 2050 it could provide as much as 50% of global primary energy supply. Some of this will be used to make alcohol and diesel fuels, more to produce a combustible gas and the rest to fuel power stations." Reuters Business Insight Report, 2004

The sun generates an enormous amount of energy — approximately 1.1 x 1020 kilowatt-hours every second. (A kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy needed to power a 100 watt light bulb for ten hours.) The earth’s outer atmosphere intercepts about one two-billionth of the energy generated by the sun, or about 1500 quadrillion (1.5 x 1018 ) kilowatt-hours per year. Because of reflection, scattering, and absorption by gases and aerosols in the atmosphere, only 47% of this, or approximately 700 quadrillion (7 x 1017 ) kilowatt-hours, reaches the surface of the earth. Solar energy runs the engines of the earth. It heats its atmosphere and its lands, generates its winds, drives the water cycle, warms its oceans, grows its plants, feeds its animals, and even (over the long haul) produces its fossil fuels. It also runs the engines of our economies and of our society in general. We depend upon the energy from plants, water, wind, and fossil fuels to power our industries, heat and cool our homes and business, and run our transportation systems.

EU Bioenergy potential

State situated in SE Central Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the LowerDanube and bordering on the Black Sea, Romania lies between 43°37'07" and48°15'06" Latitude North and 20°15'44" and 29°41'24" Longitude East. It is on the9th place in Europe considering the state surface and on 7th place considering thepopulation.

Total contribution of renewable energy > 100 PJ/year

Romania and renewable energy Romania and renewable energy

High Potential for Renewable Energy :

Natural resources Potential

Human resources Potential

Need of energy

Need of clean enevironment

Need of rural development

Security of energy supply Alternatives to oil

Economic efficiency Market mechanism

Harmony with environmentCutting CO2 emissions

Rational use of

biomass

Increase of life quality Rural development, Job creation

biomass

Main objectives of Romanian Biomass action Plan

»Biofuels

»Bio-electricity

Bioenergy

»Bio-electricity

»Bio-heat

Romanian experience in the field of biomass energy

» 1980 Biogas (basically from manure)

» 1983/1984 Biofuels:

» 1994/1995 Biofuels:

- vegetable oil (sun flower)- bio-gasoline (topinambur)- bio-gas (basically from manure)

» 1994/1995 Biofuels:

» 2004/2005 Biofuels: - development of the Romanian technology for

biodiesel- first bus of public transport company working

with biofuels- vegetable production and use for agricultural engines

- vegetable oil (rape)- biodiesel (from rape oil)- biomixtures (basically from rape oil)- bio-alcohol purification technology (breveted)

» 2006/2008 Biogasoline (production & use – sugar beet raw material)

» 2007/2009 Biofuels (farm integrated energy system)

» 2006/2008 Biofuels: - development of biofuels use in public transport- study of the impact of biofuels production and use

» 2006/2008 positive experiences in biofuels use: - Constanta (public transport)- Tarnaveni (public transport)

» 2008 Biogas: (research upon the optimum size, the best charging composition and working parameters)

» 2007/2009 Biofuels (farm integrated energy system)

Biorefinery chain

28

2

2

15

Agriculture

Forests

Built surfaces

Roads and railways

Wet lands

62

Wet lands

Other

Country surface (237,500 km2) distribution by destinations, [%]

64%

23%

10%3%

64%

Arable land PasturesHayfields Vineyards and orchards

Total arable surface: 9423,5.103 ha,

from which only 7024.103 ha were considered to be eligible for Community assets during the accession process

Romania has the following mandates for biodiesel blending:

q2% starting in July 2007,

Biofuels

q2% starting in July 2007,

q3% starting in January 2008, and

q4% in July 2008. Starting with July 2009, a minimum 4% of bioethanol based on volume should be blended with gasoline.

Biodiesel:

-Rape;

-Sun flower;

-Soya.

Biogasoline:

-Sugar beet;

-Maize;

-Wheat;-Wheat;

-Sweet sorghum;

-Topinambur.

Biogas:

-Silo maize;

-Silo grass;

-Wheat;

-Maize.

Main raw materials for biofuels production in Romania

Specification MUYear

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Rape

Surface 103 ha 0,3 1,7 7,2 27 83,6 68,4 82,4 74,6 17,6 48,4 87,8 110,1 348,8

Mean yield kg/ha 1178 1086 1620 1050 1294 1113 1235 481 473 2090 1681,0 1590,0 998,0

Total yield 103 t 0,4 1,9 11,6 28,7 108,2 76,1 101,8 35,9 8,1 101,1 147,6 175,1 348,2

Sun flower

Surface 103 ha 714,5 916,8 780,7 962,2 1043 876,8 800,3 906,2 1153 1007 971,0 991,0 831,4

Mean yield kg/ha 1304 1193 1095 1115 1243 821,0 1029 1105 1306 1753 1381 1540 627,0

Total yield 103 t 932,9 1095,6 858,1 1073,3 1300,9 720,9 823,6 1002,8 1506,4 1767,1 1340,9 1526,2 521,5

Soya

Surface 103 ha 73,4 80,2 63,1 147,3 99,8 117 44,8 71,8 128,8 122,4 143,1 192,6 113,7

Evolution of cultivated surfaces and yields of main crops suitable for biofuels production

Mean yield kg/ha 1470 1410 1920 1364 1838 594 1623 2033 1746 2452 2186 1769 1084

Total yield 103 t 107,9 113,1 121,1 200,8 183,4 69,5 72,7 145,9 224,9 300,1 312,8 340,7 123,3

Sugar beet

Surface 103 ha 133,2 135,9 128,8 117,8 65,5 48,4 39,0 40,7 37,9 18,8 25,2 39,9 25,0

Mean yield kg/ha 19,928 20,960 21,166 20,045 21,608 13,787 22,432 23,429 20,172 29,331 28,932 28,232 36,320

Total yield 103 t 2654,2 2848,2 2725,5 2361,4 1414,9 666,9 875,5 954,6 764,5 551,6 729,7 1125,9 809,2

Wheat

Surface 103 ha 2480,8 1781,7 2406,8 2016,5 1674,1 1937,9 2453,2 2294,5 1748 2008,1 2496,7 2012,6 1946,0

Mean yield kg/ha 3090 1765 2972 2570 2780 2290 3038 1923 1428 3870 2960 2746,0 1544,0

Total yield 103 t 7666,5 3143,8 7152,5 5176,6 4659,1 4430,6 7725,4 4412,6 2496,4 7771,4 7389,7 5526,2 3005,5

Maize

Surface 103 ha 3109,2 3277 3037,7 3128,9 3013,4 3049,4 2947 2894,5 3206,5 3201,9 2630 2520,3 2119,4

Mean yield kg/ha 3184 2926 4171 2756 3627 1603 3066 2902 2988 4630 3951 3565,0 1740

Total yield 103 t 9923,1 9607,9 12687 8623,4 10935 4897,6 9119,2 8399,8 9581,7 14126,2 10390,3 8984,7 3687,9

Integrate system for biodiesel production and use

Rape crop technology

Biodiesel technology

Favourable areas for sugar-beet crop in Romania

Sugar-beet to ethanol chain

Corn to ethanol chain

Biofuels crops efficiency

(mean values)

Biofuels quality assurance

Spectometer with optical emission

Unit engine for the biodisel cetanic number

Unit engine for the biogasoline octanic number

Engines test bench

Biofuels for public transport

Start in 2004 – Cluj-Napoca

Specification

2010 2015 2020

Biofuel Arable land Biofuel Arable land Biofuel Arable land

[103 t] %* [ha] %** [103 t] %* [ha] %** [103 t] %* [ha] %**

Scenario 1

Biofuels, total 262 5,75 388180 4,12 375,5 8,0 554731 5,88 483,0 10,0 715786 7,59

Biodiesel, total: 178,5 5,75 354086 3,75 255,75 8,0 504401 5,35 329,0 10,0 651041 6,90

- Biodiesel 166,5 334669 3,55 239,75 478512 5,08 311,0 621915 6,60

- Vegetable oil 12,0 19417 0,20 16,0 25889 0,27 18,0 29126 0,30

Biogasoline: - bioethanol 83,5 5,75 34094 0,37 119,7 8,0 50330 0,53 154,0 10,0 64745 0,69

Scenario 2

Bifuels, total 262,0 5,75 300440 3,18 375,5 8,0 392948 4,17 483,0 416320 4,41

Biofuels development scenarios

Biodiesel, total: 178,5 5,75 273385 2,90 255,75 8,0 352626 3,74 329,0 370206 3,92

- Biodiesel 166,5 257059 2,73 239,75 333957 3,54 311,0 350747 3,72

- Vegetable oil 12,0 16326 0,17 16,0 18669 0,20 18,0 19459 0,20

Biogasoline: - bioethanol 83,5 5,75 27055 0,28 119,7 8,0 40322 0,43 154,0 46114 0,49

Scenario 3

Biofuels, total 262,0 5,75 300440 3,18 1079,8 23 (8) 509000 5,40 1226,0 25,3(10) 509000 5,40

Biodiesel, total: 178,5 5,75 273385 2,90 291,7 279000 2,96 329,0 279000 2,96

- Biodiesel 166,5 257059 2,73 265,2 262000 2,78 358,0 262000 2,78

- Vegetable oil 12,0 16326 0,17 15,7 17000 0,18 18,9 17000 0,18

Biogasoline: - bioethanol 83,5 5,75 27055 0,28 119,7 230000 2,44 154,0 230000 2,44

Distribution of the aridity index in the case of Romania

Ecophysiology of Cynara versus maize

Cynara Maize

10 months growth cycle 4 months growth cycle

Sistem radicular profund Sistem radicular superficial

Growth cycle adapted to the dry regions

Irrigation is needed in the dry regionsthe dry regions

distribution of rainfalls (autumn, winter, spring)Deep root system

dry regionsShallow root system

Arial plat parts dry up in summertime (no transpiration)

Active canopy in summer –high transpiration rate

Perennial crop Annual crop

Maize

Cynara

Miscanthus – biological cycle

Short rotation coppice

Willow + poplar

Crop Rezidue Humidity, [%] Ratio product/residue

Cereals Straw 15 0,5...0,9

Maize Stalk 50 0,7

Rape Tulpini 45 1,6

Technical potential of some crops residues

Rape Tulpini 45 1,6

Sun flower Stalk and leaves 40 3,3

Vine plants Pruning waste 45 1,5 t/ha

In the case of Romania the energy potential of agricultural secondary yield is situated at the level of 230...270 ktoep (according to the cereals crop level).

Humid manure quantity according to the animal category (cf. ASAE D384.1)

Animal category Manure quantity according to each 1000 kg animal/day

Total solid manure, [%]

Milking cows 86 0,14

Fattening cattle 62 0,08

Pigs 84 0,13

Chiken 0,03 kg dry substance/chiken/day

Disponibilul de dejecţii pentru producerea de energie

Animal husbandry manure

Dry substance – energy potential, [ktoe/year]

Dry substance – energy potential, [ktoe/year]

2006 2010 2020 2006 2010 2020

290 310 340 135 140 154

Structure of harvested wood volume

37%12%

9%

10%

Forests have an important role in controlling and maintaining ecological balance, and almost 50% ofRomanian forests are framed in protection categories (of water, soil, climate, geno-fond and eco-fond).Romanian forests form a strong anti-entropy barrier. The ratio between the quantity of carbon dioxideemitted from economic activities and the quantity absorbed by the forests in Romania is much smallerthan that in Western Europe countries. Forests cover 26,7% of the country, close to the minimalestablished limit of 25%.

32%Coniferous BeechOak Various strong speciesVarious soft species Total forest surface 6,4 106 ha

Most of the industrial residues arecoming from the wood processingindustry which is quite developed inindustry which is quite developed inRomania (4 % from whole industry).According to the wood processedquantity (15671.103 m3 in 2005) theestimated level of the residues issituate at 550...670 ktoep/year.

Farm biogas

(200 kWh)

4,5

513

11

4,5

metal

glass

textile

paper

Municipal cumbersome

52

10

paper

plastic materials

biogenic materials

other

Composition of the municipal cumbersome in Romania(mean values)

Use of the municipal cumbersome

Government

AcademiaResearch

Industry