microwave communication principle
DESCRIPTION
Microwave communicationTRANSCRIPT
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PART 1Microwave Communication Principle
NEC CorporationNEC Corporation
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction to microwave system
2. Block diagram for microwave communication system
3. System hierarchy
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1. Introduction to microwave system
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1.1 DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION METHODS
MUX
Satellite
Fiber-optics cable
Radio link
Coaxial cable
MUX
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1.2 Frequency for microwave :300MHZ ~ 300GHZ
Wavelength :1m~1mmSubband:UHF: 0.3-1.12G X:8.2-12.4G L: 1.12-1.7G KU:12.4-18G LS:1.7-2.6 G K: 18-26G S:2.6-3.95 G Ka:26.5-40G C:3.95-5.85G U: 40-60G XC:5.85-8.2G
10Km 1Km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm
f 30KHz 300KHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
microwave
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1.3 Features:
1. Short wavelength / high frequency easy to design compact and light aerial system and wide bandwidth, large capacity
2. Frequency plan
3. Line of sight propagation, reflection, diffraction and scattering etc.
4. Free space loss
5. Fade caused by other types of path loss. Multipath.
6. Interference
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85432 10 201 30 40 50
1.5 2.5Regional network
National network
Regional and local area network
2834
Mbit/s34140155
Mbit/s
28
34140155
Mbit/s
3.3 11 GHz
GHz
1.3.1RADIO-FREQUENCY USE
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1.3.2FREQUENCY PLAN
Channel number
Frequency
F3
F1F2
Fo
1 2 n 1' n'
Lower half band Upper half band
Center frequency
Fo: Center frequency
2'
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1.3.2 FREQUENCY SHIFT BETWEEN CHANNELS
ANALOG
DIGITAL
1800 channels MF 140 kHz rms/channel 30 MHz
CAPACITY MODULATION DEVIATION
2700 channels MF 140 kHz rms/channel 40 MHz
30 channels 2 Mbit/s 4 PSK 3.5 MHz
120 channels 8 Mbit/s 4 PSK 7 MHz
480 channels 34 Mbit/s4 QAM 30 MHz
16 QAM 14 MHz
1920 channels 140 Mbit/s16 QAM 40 MHz
64 QAM 30 MHz
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1.3.3/4 RADIO PROPAGATION
The radio link propagation follows the line of sight: it requires a perfect clearing between transmitingand receiving antennas. The propagation medium is made of the lower layers of the atmosphere(a few meters to a few hundred of meters above ground)
The non homogeneity of the atmosphere influences the waves propagation:1°) Path curvature2°) Reflecting, diverging, focusing intermittent events
Free space loss=92.4+20*log(f*d) (dB)
among them, f:GHz, d:km
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Atmosphere influence
Refraction Partial reflection Absorption Diffusion
i.1
i.2
n1
n2
n1*sin i.1 = n2*sin i.2
n1
n2
Almost horizontal height
Gaz and water vapor
Frequ. < 15 GHz : insignificant20 GHz : 0.1 dB / km
Rain
Frequ. > à 10 GHz
Diffusion volume
500Km
RADIO PROPAGATION
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Ground influence
DiffractionReflection
Diffraction on a ridge
Spherical diffraction
RADIO PROPAGATION
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RImaginary EarthReal Earth
Ro
Standard atmosphere N = - 39 N.units Km
K = R/Ro = 4/3h
h
Radio path
Air refraction index at sea level : n = 1,000 315
N = 315 N units
N : Gradient of air refraction indexN may reach more extreme values than + 250 or - 350, during short percentage of time
Using an imaginary earth with a radius of 8500 km, allows to simplify the radio hop perception
RADIO PROPAGATION
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Changes of transmitting media,such as, atmosphere, link, time, altitude,climate etc.
Fading due to multipath arising from surface reflection
Attenuation due to atmospheric gases;
Attenuation due to precipitation
Type of fading:
fast fading and slow fading;
fast fading: the channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symbol duration.
slow fading:the channel impulse response changes at a rate much lower than the
trasnsmitted baseband signal.
up fading and down fading;
up fading: direct wave arrives later than reflecting wave; down fading: virse versa
frequency selective fading and flat fading
the received signal spectrum remains a close replica of the transmitted signal spectrum
except for a change in amplitude.
1.3.5 FADING
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SELECTIVE FADING
Cause: Multipath propagation
Refraction
ReceiverTransmitter
A max
A minFrequency
Radio channel > 1 non-minimal phase fading
A
F0F
A
AA
For A1 = A2 A max dB = + 6A min dB = -
A
F = 1
1
1
1
2
- A+ A
2
2
8
= T
=AA
2
2
1
- T 1
Reflection
A ,T2 2A ,T 11
< 1 minimal-phase fading
The direct signal is larger than the reflected signal.
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FADINGMain cause: Rain snow for frequencies > 10 GHz
Transmitter
FI
-80 < Pr < -20 dBm
Receiver Demodulator
DigitalSignal
IF
A B
CAG
A
Time
dBm
W 0
Noise
WSignal
Noise
B
dBm
Time
IF Level 0 dBr ± 2dB
CN
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COUNTER-FADING MEASURES
A. Techniques without diversity
• reduction of the levels of ground reflection
• increase of path inclination
• various equalizers
B. Diversity techniques
• FD
• SD H
10.2/F1/2<H<37/F1/2
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1.3.6 INTERFERENCE
A. Co-channel interference
Caused by other signal residing at the same frequency as the desired signal
B. Adjacent channel interference
Caused by RF leakage on the operational channel from a neighbouring RF equipment using an adjacent frequency. This can occur when an adjacent channel user is operating in close proximity to the user’s receiver, or when the user's signal is much weaker than that of the adjacent channel user.
COUNTER-INTERFERENCE MEASURESA. Increase Transmit Power
B. Bandpass filter, sharp cut off filter
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MICROWAVE RADIO LINK
TX/Rx
TerminalStation
Relay station(Active)
Hop NO.1
or
Relay station(Passive)
TX/Rx
TerminalStation
Cable CableRadio link
Distance between the transmitter and the receiver, some km < D < 100 km
Availability and quality are depending on distance according I.T.U.R. rules
Hop NO.2
Hop No.n
TX/Rx TX/Rx
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2. Block diagram for microwave communication system
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• Block diagram for microwave system
Source encode TX BB MOD UP CONV
PWR AMP
BR CKT
SYN
RX decode RX BB DEM DOWN CONV LNA BR
CKT
(Modulator )
(Demodulator )
TX Rx
Antennas
IFUHF/SHF
BB : Base band
Base band
IF : Intermediate Frequency
UHF : Ultra-High Frequency (300 - 3000 MHz)
SHF : Super-High Frequency (3000 - 30.000 MHz)
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MICROWAVE LINK STRUCTURE
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MODULATOR
Auxiliary rates
Digitaljunction
Microwaveframe Modulator
organisation
IF output
Zc = 75
- Serial/parallel conversion- Data scrambling
- Forward Error Correction code (F.E.C)- Calculation & coding of parity bit
- Cable correction- Clock recovery- Regeneration- Code x NRZ transcoding
- Coding- Filtering
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
Zc = 75
CCITTG.703
32/64/704/2048 kbit/s
- Sync. clock/microwave frame
- AIS switching
- 2 state modulationn
- Auxiliary rate adaptation- Multiplexing
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MODULATOR PRINCIPLE
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PSK 4 MODULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
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PSK 4 - COHERENT DEMODULATOR PRINCIPLE
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PSK4 - COHERENT DEMODULATOR - DECISION CIRCLES
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PSK 4 - COHERENT DEMODULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
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MODULATOR / DEMODULATOR - COMPLETE BLOCK DIAGRAM
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16 QAM PRINCIPLE
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16 QAM MODULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
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16 QAM DEMODULATOR PRINCIPLE - DECISION LEVELS
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16 QAM DEMODULATOR - BLOCK DIAGRAM
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DIGITAL RADIO TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
- Microwave frame- Multiplexing- Modulation
- Translation- Amplification
- Demodulation- Microwave frame
.Demultiplexing
.Measurements of B.E.R.- Distorsion correction
- Translation- Amplification
Modulator Transmitter Receiver Demodulator
Transmission Reception
Main
rate
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MICROWAVE FRAME
Microwave frame object:
– Extra-bit insertion/extraction:
Service channel Supervision of quality Auxiliary rates
– Data scrambling
TS/RC function
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Digital junction
MODULATOR
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
NRZ
CkSwitch
Clockrecovery
RegeneratorTranscoder
AISGenerator
Cablecorrection
Digitalaccess
G703
Signalling
f
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MODULATOR
Frame and modulator
Scrambler
NRZ
Ck
Multiplexer
ParityECC
Calculator
Serial
Converter
Encoder
1
BB Filter
Modulator
IFOutput
IF oscillator
Auxiliary data
F.A.W
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SHAPING FILTERS
Eye diagram
Forced-up cosinus responseH (f)
T
T2
0 f12T
1TUseful band
(Nyquist)
= 0
= 0.5
= 1
1
0 T-T-2T-3T 2T 3T
12
Transcient response
= 0
= 0.5
= 1
t
with noiseIdeal
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TRANSMITTER
Principle
IF
Oscillator: Fn±FI
Amplifier Converter Amplifier
Frequency
A
IF Fn SHF Canal
Translation
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RECEIVER
Principle
Fn Fn'
dB dB
Fn
Oscillator Fn'
Converter Amplifier
IF
IF
IF
Frequency Frequency
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DEMODULATOR
Equalizer Demodulator Digitalprocessing
Auxiliary rates
Digital
Signal
- MVT search- Demultiplexing- Descrambling- Parallel/serial conversion- NRZ/code x transcoding- Quality analysis
- Demodulation- Clock recovery- Regeneration
Selective fading dynamic correction
(B.E.R. 1.10 ; 1.10 )-6 -4
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MINIMUM PHASE EQUALIZATION SYSTEM
Minimal phase
Processor
IF Receivedconstellation
Regeneration+
Digitalprocessing
Digital
output
Demodulator
Tb2
A'1
A 2
A1
(T2)
T 2 T 1-A2
Delay = Tb2 +
A1
A'1 = A1
= 1A
A 2
1A A 2+
Recursive filter(T1)
< 1
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EQUALIZATION SYSTEM
Non-minimal phase
Demodulator
A
Processor
+ A 1 2 2
Tb
A1
A2
A1
A2
A' 2
A' 1
+
A' 1A2
= 2t' = t +
T b
2+ O
A' 1 = A1
A2
A1= , t = T 2 - T 1
= A2
A1> 1
A2, T 2
A1, T 1
A2 +( T b
2O
(
A2 + A1( ) T b
2+ O
A2 + A1( ) 1
Transversal filter1
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SELECTIVE FADING: CORRECTION SYSTEM
Signature description
The signature is the performance achieved by an equalizer circuit
for a given BER (10 ) -3
S = 20 log (1 - = AA
Rx Equ. Demod. 1.10 -3
A
0
A
R
A
+-
20 log (1 -
0 dBr
A
A
= K avec K impair
MHz
)
)
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
measurementBER
= 6,3 ns
F
F
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3. System hierarchy
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DIGITAL SYSTEM HIERARCHY
2400/19200 bit/sData VF
TN 1
64 kbit/s
2.048 Mbit/s
8.448 Mbit/s
34.268 Mbit/s
139.264 Mbit/s
TN 2
TN 3
TN 44 x 480 channels
1920 channels
4 x 120 channels
480 channels
4 x 30 channels
120 channels
+ frame + stuffing
30 channels 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s signalling + 64 kbit/s frame32 x 64 = 2.048 kbit/s
Data
MUX PCM
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TRT PRODUCTS
Tx/RxCMI
Tx/RxHDB3
Tx/RxHDB3
Tx/RxHDB3
1
432
1
432
TN21
432
1
30
140 Mbit/s34,268 Mbit/s
8,448 Mbit/s
2,048 Mbit/s
64 kbit/s
34 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
Tx/Rx
TN4
2/34 Mbit/s PDHADM155
155 Mbit/s
CMI
4x2 Mbit/s
or 4x2 Mbit/s
or 16x2 Mbit/s
TN3
TN1