middle ages 500-1500 a.d
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Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D. Crusades (Holy Wars). Fight against Islam. Battle of Tours Crushing Muslim ideas in Europe Re-conquering Spain Saving the Holy Land (Crusades). Crusades (Holy Wars). Last 200 years (many different crusades) Europeans have contact with outside world - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.
• Crusades (Holy Wars)
Fight against Islam
• Battle of Tours• Crushing Muslim ideas in Europe• Re-conquering Spain• Saving the Holy Land (Crusades)
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• Last 200 years (many different crusades)
• Europeans have contact with outside world– emerge from isolationism
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• Jerusalem– under Muslim control since 700s
• Battle of Tours in 732– Treaty signed by Charles Martel and Muslims
• Christians could pilgrimage to Holy Land
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• 1096 Byzantine Emperor (Alexius I) asked Pope (Urban II) for help fighting Muslims
– Muslim Turks invaded Byzantine empire
– took control of Holy Land– attacked Christian
pilgrims
• Pope agrees to help
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• Pope calls Christians to fight
– “God wills it!”– promised remission of
sins– wanted increased
power– wanted knights to fight
Muslims instead of each other
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• Thousands of Europeans respond– knights
• hoped to win wealth and land
• adventure
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• 1st Crusade (1096-1099)– Christians battled Muslims
for control of lands in Middle East
– only crusade close to achieving goal
• long, bloody campaign
– Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099
• then massacred Muslims & Jews
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• Crusader states– Edessa 1098-1144– Antioch 1098-1268– Jerusalem 1099-1187– Tripoli 1100-1289
• Muslims kept attacking
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• 2nd Crusade– Saladin, Sultan of Egypt,
recaptured Jerusalem in 1187
• 3rd Crusade– Richard I and Europeans
failed to recapture Jerusalem
• Saladin reopened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• 4th Crusade– crusaders raid Constantinople
(Byzantine capital)• steal wealth• kill Muslims, Christians, and Jews
(Christians fight Christians)
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• Later Crusaders– complete failures– military disasters
• Muslims took control of last of crusader states– massacred defeated
Christians
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• Consequences– 1. Languages in Europe altered
– now have Islamic words
– 2. New products enter Europe– silks and spices– Europeans interested in trade
– 3. Center of commerce changed for all of
Europe– Northern Italian cities won crusades– Venice, Genoa, Florence became wealthy and controlled
trade
Result of Crusades
• Europeans get interested in trade
with Muslims:
Muslims are:– highly advanced in science and technology– maintained knowledge of Eastern Roman Empire– maintained trade with India in luxury goods
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• Consequences– 4. System of commerce changed
– bills of credit, checking, banking
– 5. Nobility of Europe is weakened– power of nobles declined– many died, including kings– manors left with no leaders or power authority
– 6. King was great winner– power of king increased
Crusades (Holy Wars)
• Consequences– 7. Tremendous increase in knowledge and
interest in geography– Western Europeans learned world was much
larger than ever imagined
– 8. Pope’s power increased, then weakened– late 1200s, heightened power of pope– weakened when Christian knights were
defeated
Reconquest in Spain
• Muslims conquered most of Spain in 700s
• Christian warriors battled Muslims for 500 years– campaign to drive Muslims out and recover
Spain– “Reconquista” or “Reconquest”
Reconquest in Spain
• Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469
• Their combined forces completed Reconquest of Spain in 1492
Spanish Inquisition
• Religious toleration under Muslim rule
• Queen Isabella wanted religious unity– ended policy of toleration
• The Inquisition– Church court to convert or punish heretics
• brutal crusade against Muslims and Jews
(those refusing to convert often burned at stake)
Result of Crusades
• By 1400s, a desire to trade directly with China and India led Europeans to a new age of exploration.