middle childhood: emotional and social development
TRANSCRIPT
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD: Emotional and social development
The Quest for Self-The Quest for Self-UnderstandingUnderstanding
EricksonErickson
Erikson’s Stage of Industry Versus Inferiority
Self-Image: The overall view that children have of themselves.
Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem Coopersmith: Parental attitudes associated
with development of high self-esteem. High self-esteem; accepting of children Enforced clearly-defined limits Respect for children’s rights and opinions
Self-Regulated BehaviorsSelf-Regulated Behaviors
Emotionally Disturbed (ED) children: Cannot control their over-impulsive or aggressive behaviors toward others.
Understanding EmotionUnderstanding Emotion
Fear: unpleasant emotion aroused by impending danger, pain or misfortune.
Phobia: excessive, persistent and maladaptive fear response.
Stress: process involving the recognition of and response to a threat or danger.
CopingCoping
The responses we make in order to master, tolerate, or reduce stress
Problem-focused Emotion-focused
Locus of controlLocus of control
Our perception of who or what is responsible for the outcome of events and behaviors in our lives.
Trauma: any extremely stressful event that affects a child’s emotional and psychological well-being.
Continuing Family InfluencesContinuing Family Influences
Mothers and FathersMothers and Fathers
Employed Mothers 77% of all mothers work.
Caregiving Fathers
Sibling RelationshipsSibling Relationships
Average of three children under age 18 in household
Stepsiblings, half-brothers, half-sisters, adopted siblings, nonrelated “siblings”
Children of DivorceChildren of Divorce
Wallerstein and Kelly tasks for child: Accept divorce Get back to previous routine Resolve the loss of the family Resolve anger and self-blame; forgive Accept permanence of divorce Believe in relationships
Single-Parent FamiliesSingle-Parent Families
Bray and Heatherington: If children have a good relationship with the
single parent and income stress is not a factor, they are inclined to be better adjusted than if they remain in a two-parent home that is a divided and hostile environment.
StepfamiliesStepfamilies
75-80% of divorced parents remarry. Reconstituted or blended families
Later Childhood: The Later Childhood: The Broadening Social Broadening Social
EnvironmentEnvironment
The World of The World of Peer RelationshipsPeer Relationships
Peer relationships assume a vital role in children’s development.
Developmental Functions of Developmental Functions of Peer GroupsPeer Groups
Arena in which children can exercise independence from adult control
Experience relationships with equal footing with others
Position of children is not marginal Peer groups transmit informal knowledge.
Gender CleavageGender Cleavage
The tendency for boys to associate with boys and girls with girls
Children fashion coherent gender-based identity.
Maccoby - Factors for segregation: Differing styles for interacting Girls have difficulty influencing boys
Popularity, Social Acceptance Popularity, Social Acceptance and Rejectionand Rejection
Group: two or more people who share a feeling of unity and are bound together in relatively stable patterns of social interactions
ValuesValues
Criteria people use in deciding the relative merit and desirability of things
Sociogram: depicts patterns of choice among members of a group.
Physical AttractivenessPhysical Attractiveness Culturally defined
Behavioral characteristicsBehavioral characteristics
Popular: Successful
Unpopular: Social isolates Introverted Overbearing, aggressive
Social MaturitySocial Maturity
Increases during early school years
Racial Awareness and Racial Awareness and PrejudicePrejudice
Prejudice: a system of negative conceptions, feelings and action orientations regarding the members of a particular religious, racial, or nationality group
The World of SchoolThe World of School
Developmental FunctionsDevelopmental Functions
Teach specific cognitive skills Share with family responsibility for
transmitting cultural goals and values Serve as “sorting and sifting” agency
selecting young people for upward social mobility
Motivating StudentsMotivating Students
Motivation: the inner states and processes that prompt, direct, and sustain activity.
Intrinsic: undertaken for its own sake. Extrinsic: undertaken for some purpose
other that its own sake. Causality: factors that produce given
outcomes.
Social ClassSocial Class
The higher the social class: Greater number of grades children complete Greater participation in extracurricular
activities Higher scores on achievement tests
Lower rates of failure, truancy, suspensions and dropping out
Middle-Class BiasMiddle-Class Bias
Middle-class teachers, unaware of prejudice, find lower socioeconomic status students unacceptable
Subcultural Differences Different experiences and attitudes
Educational Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Teacher expectation effects