middle east and the us last half of the twentieth century
TRANSCRIPT
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Middle East and the US
Last half of the twentieth century
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Creation of the State of Israel 1948
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• United Nations partition plan 1947
• Recognized by both super-powers, the US and the Soviet Union
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President Truman recognized the state of Israel, going against most of his advisors
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Six Day War, 1967 (during Johnson presidency)
Egypt put troops along Israel’s border and Israel launched a pre-emptive strike;
Jordan and Syria joined Egypt;
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A stunning victory for Israel, seizing territory amounting to twice its
original size.
Israel took control of the Sinai Peninsula,
Gaza Strip (from Egypt);
the Golan Heights (from Syria);
and the West Bank (from Jordan);
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Yom Kippur War, 1973
Egypt and Syria attack Israel;
Nixon Administration sided with Israel,
Arab nations retaliated with an oil embargo that caused serious shortages in US.
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What are the Disputes?
Palestinians displaced when Israel was created in the 1940s
Arab countries refusal to admit Israel’s right to exist;
Israel settling territories it gained in the Six Day War
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Camp David Accords• President Jimmy
Carter negotiates peace in Middle East
• calls Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat and Israeli leader Menachim Begin to Camp David in Maryland;
• thirteen day negotiations
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“Camp David Accords”
signed at the White House in 1979, brokered by Carter
Israel agreed to gradual withdrawal from Sinai Peninsula.
Egypt first Arab nation to recognize Israel.
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Iran
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Iran
In the 1950s, the CIA had helped overthrow Iranian government, and the Shah of Iran was installed;
In 1979, a revolution against the westernized and dictatorial shah resulted in a Shiite Islamic fundamentalist government (Ayatollah Khomeini)
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Shiite Islamic fundamentalist government (Ayatollah Khomeini)
• Extremely anti-American
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Sequence of events in 1979
• Carter admitted the shah to the US for medical treatment
• It was demanded that the Shah be returned to Iran.
• Carter froze Iranian assets in US banks and placed an embargo on Iranian oil.
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Iran Hostage Crisis
November 1979, the US Embassy in Iran was broken into and sixty Americans were seized.
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Failed hostage rescue attempt
In April 1980 Carter sent a small military operation into Iran, but the rescue mission failed and hostages remained prisoners until January 1981.
the wreckage
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Hostages’ release too late for Carter
• Carter loses election in 1980, he believed because of the hostage crisis
• Reagan presidential campaign fears an “October Surprise” or release of hostages before the election
• Credible sources that Reagan’s advisors secretly negotiated the release to occur on his inauguration day.
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Central America
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US Policy in El Salvador and Nicaragua Early 1980s
• Prop up brutal Salvadoran government against leftists
• Dismantle leftist government in Nicaragua by supporting the “contras” or opposition to the Sandinista
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Nicaragua
• US Congress repeatedly and clearly instructed the President to stop aid to the Contras in Nicaragua.
• The majority of Nicaraguans supported their government
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Reagan Administration
• Supported the Contras through legal and illegal means to dismantle the government in Nicaragua
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Iran-Contra Scandal
Senior US officials agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran despite our embargo
Why?
• To secure release of hostages
• To fund contras in Nicaragua
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the United States supplied the following arms to Iran
• August 20, 1985. 96 TOW anti-tank missiles • September 14, 1985. 408 more TOWs • November 24, 1985. 18 Hawk anti-aircraft missiles • February 17, 1986. 500 TOWs • February 27, 1986. 500 TOWs • May 24, 1986. 508 TOWs, 240 Hawk spare parts • August 4, 1986. More Hawk spares • October 28, 1986. 500 TOWs • According to the New York Times
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Not you? Then who? Not me - Couldn't be.
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Arms-for-Hostages scheme
• plan eventually deteriorated into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the executive branch (Reagan White House including VP George H.W. Bush) sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages
• Both the sale of weapons to Iran, and the funding of the Contras, attempted to circumvent not only stated administration policy, but also acts of Congress (Boland Amendment)
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How did it turn out?
• Oliver North was convicted, but conviction overturned on a technicality
• Independent Prosecutor determined that both President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H.W. Bush knew about the diverted funds
• As President, Bush pardoned six other officials in 1992
• The head of the Nicaraguan government lost power in part because US involvement ruined that country’s economy.