MIGRATION OF LABOUR IN MALAYSIA

INTRODUCTIONDefinition of Migration : It refers to directed, regular, or

systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, or people

Migration of Labour : Cross-border movement for purposes of employment. Migration involves the (more or less) permanent movement of individuals or groups across symbolic or political boundaries into new residential areas and communities.

Classification of Migrations: Internal or international and as voluntary or forced.

Migration in Islam : called as ‘Hijrah’ is the migration of the and his followers to the city of Medina. Hijrah can also signify striking off on a new path that allows one to become a better person. A person who has committed acts considered sinful might make the Hijrah to a life free of sin. Thus the Hijrah can be either a physical or spiritual migration.

HISTORICAL VIEW ON GLOBAL MIGRATION

Historical migration of human populations begins with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago. Homo sapiens appear to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 70,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia, and Europe by 40,000 years BCE.

Migration to the Americas took place 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, and by 2,000 years ago, most of the Pacific Islands were colonized. Almost 60 million European crossed the Atlantic in the period 1846-1940 to settle in the America.

MIGRATION IN MALAYSIA Historical background of Labour Force

- Dasar Pecah dan Perintah during British colonization:

a) Malay-agricultures

b)Chinese-mining

c) Indian-estate

- Industrial revolution era in Malaysia took place over agriculture in 1960 through New Economic Policy

Types of migration

a)Internal-urban-urban, urban-rural, rural-urban, rural-rural

b)inter state

c) International

- Migration of Malaysians to foreign countries - 785,000 (2010)

- Migration of foreign workers to our country - 1.8 million (2010)

REASONS FOR MIGRATION Voluntary

- Economic-country’s wealth, broader empire, rural-urban, less developed state t0 developed state

- Political-stability in Malaysia

- Social-similar culture like Indonesia

- Demography

- They have relatives in the migrant country

Forced

- British, Portugese and German colonization during 15th centuries

- Life pressure

- Political instability

- Wages very low

- Less job

Number and percentage distribution of population aged 1 year and over by migration status, Malaysia, 2007 (Source : Department of Statistics)

Migration status Number Percent

Total

Migrants

Internal state migrants

Inter-state migrants

International migrants

Non-migrants

26,043,870

434,510

220,940

142,760

70,810

25,609,360

100.0

1.7

50.8

32.9

16.3

98.3

STATISTICS ON MIGRANTS

Migration status Year

Total

Non-migrant

Migrant

2003 2007

100.0

96.4

3.6

100.0

98.3

1.7

Migrants

Internal state migrant

Inter-state migrant

International migrant

100.0

50.0

35.4

14.6

100.0

50.8

32.9

16.3

Number and percentage distribution of population aged 1 year and over by migration status, Malaysia, 2007 (Source : Department of Statistics)

Migration Direction

Total Male Female

Internal migrants

Urban-Urban

Urban-Rural

Rural-Urban

Rural-Rural

N0n-migrants

Urban

Rural

66.3

66.2

60.7

68.5

61.1

59.1

84.6

84.0

85.8

90.5

76.1

78.0

49.2

46.7

37.4

42.4

46.0

39.3

Labour Force Participation rates of internal migrants and non-migrants by migration direction (stratum) and sex, Malaysia, 2007 (Source : Department of Statistics)

Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants and non-migrants by employment status, Malaysia, 2007, (Source : Department of Statistics)

Employment Status Internal migrants

Non-migrants

Total

Employer

Employee

Own account worker

Unpaid family worker

100.0

1.9

21.1

70.8

6.2

100.0

3.5

13.5

64.8

18.2

Labour force participation rates of internal migrants and non-migrants by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2007

Age group Internal Migrants N0n-migrants

Total Male Female Total Male Female

Total

15-24

25-34

35-44

45-64

66.5

51.7

77.6

79.9

70.5

86.3

69.8

96.8

98.8

89.2

46.8

37.2

61.0

47.6

36.6

63.1

41.2

80.2

76.0

61.7

79.4

48.5

96.8

97.9

83.4

46.4

33.7

63.3

53.6

39.0

Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants and non-migrants by industry, Malaysia, 2007(Source : Department of Statistics)

Industry Internal migrants

Non-migrants

Total

Agriculture, hunting and forestry

Fishing

Mining and quarrying

Manufacturing

Electricity, gas and water supply

Construction

Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycle and personal household goods

Hotels and restaurants

Transport, storage and communication

Financial intermediation

Real estate, renting and business activities

Public administration and defense, compulsory social security

Education

Health and social work

Other community, social and personal activities

Private households with employed persons

Extra-territorial organisations and bodies

100.0

8.6

0.6

0.6

16-7

1.1

14.0

11.8

7.0

4.1

2.0

5.3

10.3

9.6

3.9

2.9

1.5

0.0

100.0

13.2

1.1

0.4

18.9

0.6

8.8

16.5

7.2

5.1

2.7

5.4

6.7

6.0

2.2

2.5

2.5

0.0

Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants and non-migrants by occupations, Malaysia, 2007 (Source : Department of Statistics)

Occupation Internal Migrants Non-migrants

Total

Legislators, senior officials and managers

Professionals

Technicians and associate professionals

Clerical workers

Service workers and shop and market sales workers

Skilled agricultural and fishery workers

Craft and related trades workers

Plant and machine-operators and assemblers

Elementary occupations

100.0

4.9

9.0

19.1

8.9

14.5

6.3

12.1

13.2

11.9

100.0

7.2

5.8

13.3

10.0

16.2

12.6

10.6

13.0

11.4

STATISTICS OF FOREIGN WORKER IN MALAYSIA

WARGANEGARA

SEKTORPEMBANTU

RUMAH PEMBINAAN PEMBUATAN PERKHIDMATAN PERLADANGANPERTANIA

NJUMLAH BESAR

INDONESIA 203,225 192,789 198,643 38,684 202,156 82,435 917,932BANGLADESH 18 61,303 170,332 27,002 30,599 18,112 307,366NEPAL 84 3,785 135,764 26,901 1,621 7,655 175,810MYANMAR 118 13,542 92,135 22,654 2,211 9,600 140,260INDIA 236 5,002 13,866 47,021 16,675 30,997 113,797VIETNAM 901 3,021 68,433 2,018 28 441 74,842FILIPINA 9,657 1,031 1,915 2,944 1,489 1,604 18,640PAKISTAN 11 5,922 2,217 1,593 1,244 12,002 22,989THAILAND 346 811 893 4,588 57 407 7,102CAMBODIA 9,166 92 2,353 218 137 125 12,091CHINA 15 1,303 935 6,592 36 13 8,894SRI LANKA 753 69 1,382 665 128 417 3,414LAOS 2 7 16 3 1 28 57UZBEKISTAN 0 0 0 4 0 0 4KAZAKHSTAN 1 0 0 0 0 0 1LAIN-LAIN 11 45 2 3 0 0 61

JUMLAH 224,544 288,722 688,886 180,890 256,382 163,836 1,803,260

Statistics PLKS by Citizenship and Sector, Feb 2010 (Source: Immigration Department)

ISSUES ON FOREIGN WORKERS IN MALAYSIA

Number of FW is growing-1.6 million in 2005 to 1.8 million in 2010. Why is this happening?o Attitude of local workers-High turnover, 3D type of jobo Malaysia is more towards labour intensive rather than mechanisation

due to lack of technology innovation and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policies

o Recruitment of FW is a source of income for outsourcing companyo Education in Malaysia is towards academic not skill- Our society still

consider vocational student is a second class workero Wages not attractive in the source countrieso Mindset of employers- FW is a cheap labour

RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

10 years prediction on number of FW

-Data from union is needed

Change to mechanisation in plantation and construction sector

Cooperation from all parties to create a dynamic, committed, knowledgeable and competitive worker to face globalisation era. Have to change their mindset

Rebranding of post title – For example: driver to machine handler