MigrationPush factor

Drive away people

Pull factorAttract people

Migration chains

Migration of Peoples

Prehistoric

Europe to the Americas

African diaspora

Europe to Asia & Oceania

Europe to Africa

Indian

Overseas Chinese

Prehistoric Migrations

European Migrants in 19th Century

African Diaspora

African-American migrations 1940-1950 (left) and 1980-1990

(below).

African-American

Migration Today

2002 = 175 million living outside country of birth

CharacteristicsMany poor, uneducated, unskilled

Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity

Many also highly educated and skilled

Refugees1951 Geneva convention

Asylum

Darfur Refugees, Sudan, 2004

World Refugee Population, 2002Source: U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

International Migration

Increased apprehension in receiving countries “Compassion fatigue”

Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises

EmigrationImportance of remittances

• Mexico = 3rd largest source of foreign exchange

International Migration

Europe as a destination16 million immigrants7-10 percent of host country populationProblems = religion, educationContributions = entrepreneurs

Migration of Asians4-5 million work abroadRemittances importantLoss to home communities

Migration to the US and CanadaUS

Largest migration flow in world is to US10% US population foreign bornImmigration quotas restrict immigrationImplications

• Hispanics as proportion of US population

Canada18.4 percent population foreign born94 percent live in metro areas

Hispanic

Asian

Sou

rce

of U

S I

mm

igra

nts

Sou

rce

of U

S I

mm

igra

nts

Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

0 40000 80000 120000 160000

Mexico

China

India

Philippines

Dominican Republic

Vietnam

Cuba

Jamaica

El Salvador

Korea

Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)

2700

335

165

120

105

95

90

70

70

70

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Mexico

El Salvador

Guatemala

Canada

Haiti

Philippines

Honduras

Poland

Nicaragua

Bahamas

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %)

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

Percent

Male Female FemaleMale

Foreign Born Native

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

Percent

Age

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

New Controversies

Additional costs for public services?

Importing poverty?

Local costs of immigrationCalifornia

“Melting pot” or “cultural mosaic”?

Interregional MigrationsU.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward

Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship. Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be

impossible. Loss of Industrial Jobs in east complements increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

Intraregional Migrations in U.S.

U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization

U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Developed Countries: suburbanizationautomobiles and roads‘American Dream’better servicescounterurbanizationidyllic settingscost of land for retirementslow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets

Intraregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in

search of work and income.

Urbanization migration from rural areas lack of jobs in countryside lack of services in cities Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list

Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico

Rank City Population1 Tokyo, Japan 28 million2 New York City, United States 20.1 million3 Mexico City, Mexico 18.1 million4 Mumbai, India (Bombay) 18 million5 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17.7 million6 Los Angeles, United States 15.8 million7 Shanghai, China 14.2 million8 Lagos, Nigeria 13.5 million9 Kolkata, India (Calcutta) 12.9 million

10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.5 million