milcom 2015 panel 27 october - afcea “in order to create an it [information technology]...
TRANSCRIPT
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Assured Communications
MILCOM 2015 Panel
27 October
Dr. Syed Shah
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Position Statement
Current Environment
• Highly skilled adversaries
• Systems need to work in a wide range of
weather & environmental conditions
• Warfighters have ever increasing
bandwidth demands
• Austere budget environment
Current DoD systems are vulnerable.
The DoD needs new technologies to create
communications systems that are flexible, agile,
protected, and resilient.
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“In order to create an IT [information technology]
environment that enables mission command, requires us
to adapt how we approach information technology,
including the structure and function of our information
systems, and also how we use them.”
General Martin E. Dempsey Chairman Of The Joint Chiefs
of Staff Joint Information Environment White Paper,
January 2013
“Future conflicts will be won in a new arena - that of the
electromagnetic spectrum and cyberspace. We must
merge, then master those realms.” -December 2012,
USNI, Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert, U.S. Navy
COMMANDER’S INTENT
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Evolving Tactical Networks
• Military communications are rapidly
evolving o From largely voice and short text supported by
point to point communications
o To mostly wide area networked data and
information services while still maintaining the
importance of voice
• Video
• Command and control
• Position location
• Imagery
• Varying demands
• Increasing reliance on SATCOM
• Warfighter expectations are rapidly
changing o Increasingly expect commercial quality
connectivity and services
o Not being connected is not an inconvenience
o Having insufficient information can be fatal
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ASSURED COMMUNICATIONS • Threats
o Kinetic
o Electronic warfare
o Cyber
o Nuclear
o Natural disaster/weather
• Performance Considerations o Coverage
o Mobile user throughput
o Survivability
o Endurance
o Low probability of detection (LPD)
o Restoral
o Situational awareness
o Operations management
o Terminal system synchronization
o Continuity of service
o System availability
o Capacity
o Spectrum
V Disruption Deception Detection Loss of
Equipment
Loss
of Data
Physical Explosives Camouflage Radar Physical
Theft Capture
EW Jamming Spoofing Radiometer Unauthorized
Use Interception
Cyber Denial-of-
Service Spoofing
Traffic
Analysis
Unauthorized
Use Exfil
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Assured Communications:
“The certainty of priority electronic transmission capability when needed
throughout the strategic, operational, and tactical areas of operations.”
U.S. Army, Field Manual, FM-100-5, Operations, Glossary-0
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ASSURED COMMUNICATIONS Examples of key
capabilities
1. Robust / improved
tactical data links
2. Resilient weapons
data link
3. Cross-platform air-
to-air connectivity
4. Surface connectivity
without SATCOM
5. Contested ISR
dissemination
6. Robust ground
waveforms
7. Mid-tier ground
connectivity
8. Detection,
correlation and re-
planning
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Assuring communications requires both new solutions to fill
gaps and effective technology for integration.
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ASSURED COMMUNICATIONS - FACETS
Protected
• Able to overcome specific,
directed, defined level of
adversarial attack
o Electronic warfare
o Cyber
o Kinetic, nuclear
electromagnetic pulse
(solutions for this are
already well known and
costly)
o Power adjustments
o Directional antennas
o Stealth waveforms)
Assured Communications
Flexible & agile Failover to another domain
• Spectrum aware
• Spectrum sharing
• Agile across channels,
bands, & waveforms
• Manages links & data
RESILIENT
Networks Able to adapt to changes in
topology
• Capacity/congestion
• Adversarial action
• Mobility
• Equipment failure
• Environment
• Leaving/joining network
• Self-healing networks
• Traffic re-routing
Physical layer Able to maintain the links despite
• Disparate gateways, apertures
• 4-D mobility (time, azimuth,
height)
• Equipment failure
• Adversarial action
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ASSURED COMMUNICATIONS NEW TECHNOLOGY THRUSTS
Robust Waveforms and Networks
• Make links stronger against threats
o Signal processing: improved modulation, multi-user detection, …
o Adaptation: spectrum, data rate, multi-polarization, routing/interfaces, …
o Antenna technologies: multi-beam, adaptive, nulling …
o Multiple frequencies: L, S, Ku, Ka, X, W, optical
o Identify jamming or interference vs. Other network impairments
• Classification of jamming techniques and localization of interfering
emitters
• Maintaining capacity in a robust anti-jam waveform
o Additionally achieves spectrum efficiency
• Adaptive routing around jamming
• Covert communication mode
• Overall robust network architecture including sensing and adaptation to
physical and network attacks
• Incorporate diversion and deception into waveform design
Resilience
Protection
Agility
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ASSURED COMMUNICATIONS NEW TECHNOLOGY THRUSTS
Converged Communications & Electronic Warfare
• Cooperation among blue force communications, jamming, and sensing
o Information sharing: network time, location, transmission schedules, …
o Multi-function operation: blue force communications waveform to jam red force
communications …
o Adaptation: modify waveforms
o Spectrum sharing/awareness, agility, …
o Scheduling of disparate asynchronous signals among numerous nodes
o Spatial separation of communications, EA and ES
o Reliable signal reception for communications and ES while performing EA
o Use of EW assets for augmentation of communication transmitters/receivers
and paint masking signals for covert operations
o Interference alignment for higher capacity and covertness
• Continuous contingency planning and war gaming at the network and
physical layers
Protection
Agility
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ASSURED COMMUNICATIONS NEW TECHNOLOGY THRUSTS
Resilience Through Autonomous Adaptation
• Make the collection of links stronger than the sum of the individual parts
o Heterogeneous networking: multi-path routing, network coding, …
o Network interface and control: common status reporting, link selection,…
o Rapid network adaptation in the presence of sudden changes in the
electromagnetic operational environment
o Collective reporting and efficient dissemination of the radio environment
characteristics
o Sensing at a fast time scale to detect communications and network attacks
o Vigilant monitoring of network to detect compromise and attempts for
intrusions
o Isolate compromised subnets upon detection and reconstitute compromised
networks
Resilience
Agility
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ASSURED COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES & TRADES
• Spread Spectrum o Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
o Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
o Hybrid systems
• Directional Antennas
• Geo-Location
o Protect confidentiality of blue forces locations
• Example: Allied geo-location of ships via
HF/DF
o Achieving LPD/LPI goals can reduce ability of
adversary to geo-locate our highly mobile
warfighters
• Jamming Resilience
o Communications that are resilient even in
contested environments
• Throughput
o Constantly increasing warfighter demands for
communications capacity
• Antenna Technologies o Adaptive steering
o Spot beams/nulling beams
o Directional antennas
• Robust Networks o Novel modulation & coding algorithms
o Improved networking technology (E.G. Ipv6)
o New frequency bands
• Spread Spectrum o Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
o Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
o Hybrid systems
Candidate Challenges Candidate Technologies
• LPD/LPI/LPE
o Minimize probability of signal detection
o Minimize probability of signal interception
o Minimize probability of signal exploitation
• Signal Emitter ID
o Prevent adversary from identifying different
signal emitters
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Bottom Line: Assured communications are critical to the
warfighter in all aspects and at every military echelon of
DoD’s core missions
Focused and joint (academia, industry and DoD S&T/R&D)
efforts/programs are developing innovative system concepts
and enabling technologies to counter threats to mission
performance and provide assured high-bandwidth mobile
wireless capabilities, with or without access to infrastructure.
The goal is to deliver critical and timely information via assured
communications to U.S. Forces while denying the same
capabilities to our adversaries.
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GIG Services
Joint, Allied,
Coalition
SOF
Host Nation
Agencies
NGOsGovernment
Agencies
Civilian
Agencies
JTF/Corps/ Division
II II
Marine Expeditionary
Force
Allied & Coalition
Forces
BCT
Battalions
JTRS
EW & C4 systems
Challenging Spectrum Environment
Strategic Reachback Permanent
Provides Reachback From Forward
Elements To Sustaining Base Or Between
Tactical Units Through High Capacity
Backbones
Resources Centrally Controlled And
Managed Outside Theater
Robust Mostly SATCOM Based
Tactical Maneuver Layer Tactical Warfighter
Communications
Includes All Front Line
Communications
Dismounted Soldiers
Tactical Vehicles
Tactical Aircraft
Ships At Sea
Mission Specific
Generally
Disadvantaged
Mostly Inter-platform
Communications
Tactical BLOS Wide Area High
Capacity Backbone Supports Tactical Maneuver Layer
More Robust With Mix Of SATCOM
And Aerial Elements
May Or May Not Be Mission Specific
Provides Range Extension For
Dispersed Elements
Provides Interconnectivity Between
Large Units Or Between Larger
Tactical Units
COMMUNICATIONS ENVIRONMENT
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Joint Publication 6-0, Joint Communications System
Overview, 10 June 2015
All Joint Functions — Command And Control (C2),
Intelligence, Fires, Movement And Maneuver, Protection,
And Sustainment — Depend On Responsive And
Available Communications Systems That Tie Together
All Aspects Of Joint Operations And Allow The Joint
Force Commanders And Their Staffs To Initiate, Direct,
Monitor, Question, And React.
Section 931 Of The Fiscal Year 2013 National Defense
Authorization Act (NDAA) Directs The Department Of
Defense (DoD) To Submit To Congress A Strategy To
Implement The Joint Information Environment (JIE).
LEADERSHIP INTENT
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Joint Publication 6-0, Joint Communications System Overview, 10 June 2015
Communications System Principles
Interoperable When Information Can Be Exchanged Between Communications
Systems/Equipment Directly And Satisfactorily Between Them And/Or Their
Users. Facilitated By: Common Equipment
Compatibility Of Equipment
Standardization
Liaison
Agile System Agility Attributes
Responsiveness
Flexibility
Innovation
Adaptation
Trusted Trusted Communications Attributes
Survivability
Security
Sustainability
Shared Use Of Information, Services, Or Capabilities Mutual
Vulnerabilities
Require New
Technologies
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• Network Communication Capabilities • Robust/Improved Tactical Data Links
• Resilient Weapons Data Link
• Detection, Correlation And Re-Planning
• Cross-Platform Air-to-Air Connectivity
• Surface Connectivity Without SATCOM
• Contested ISR Dissemination
• Robust Ground Waveforms
• Mid-Tier Ground Connectivity
• Interoperability
• Dealing With Heterogeneity
• Covert Communications Mode
• Adaptive Robust Defense Network Architecture
• Agility With Diminished Spectrum
• Resilient Multi-Layer Communication Capabilities • Correlated Actionable Awareness By Fusing Sensor Data From IP Network, SATCOM Terminal, And
RF/EMI Sensor
• Near Real-time Identification Of Root Cause Of Communications Impairment
• Real-Time ID Of Working Vs Impaired Communications Paths
• Provide Peer Level Visibility Of Network Resources To Tactical Edge Network Users
• Ability To Rapidly Characterize Jamming Environment And Adapt Communications Plans To Maintain
Mission Operations
• Anti-Access/Area-Denial
Communication Capabilities • Situation Awareness Based On System And
Local Metrics For Loads, Contention,
Congestion, And Jamming Effects
• SA Causality And Prediction Analysis Support
User Tools
• Based On SA Information, Dynamic Bandwidth
Allocations Support Commander’s Intent
• During A Jammed A2/AD Situation, Dynamic
Bandwidth Allocations Can Be Made Across
Multiple Satellites To Support Enhanced
Processing And Improved Anti-Jam (AJ)
Resilience
ASSURED COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES
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Robust Waveforms And Networks Make Links Stronger Against Threats
Converged Communications & Electronic Warfare Cooperation Among Blue Force Communications, Jamming, And
Sensing
Resilience Through Autonomous Adaptation Make The Collection Of Links Stronger Than The Sum Of The
Individual Parts
ASSURED COMMUNICATIONS NEW TECHNOLOGY THRUSTS
Resilience
Protection
Agility
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20 20 “Capturing The Power Of The Network To Achieve Information Dominance And Information Superiority
Through The Deployment Of Ever Increasingly More Capable Sensors And Platforms That Can Be Fully
Networked And Fused To Support Rapid Decision Making With Limited Warfighter Intervention6. ”
DSB6 Figure 4. Metcalf’s Law: The Power of a Network
DSB6 … achieving “the
power of networks”
… increases the ability
to “connect,”
… increase the number
of connectors
… enables an increase
in the information
exchanged as well as
the utility and value of
information exchanged
OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS (DoD MILITARY STRATEGY)
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DEPENDENCE ON SATCOM
Satellite Communications (SATCOM) Provide Global, Persistent Means To Move Critical
Information.
Tactical And Strategic Battle Information
Logistics Data
Tech Manuals
Software Upgrades,
Training, Parts & Supply
“Moral Welfare And Recreation" Data
E.G., Troops Keeping In Touch With Families & Friends
Email, Video, Facebook And Other Emerging Social Media).
Adversaries Matching Our Growing Dependence On SATCOM With Countermeasures &
Exploitation
High-Powered Jamming Systems And Signal Detection & Tracking Systems Available In Foreign
Military Supplier Market
Cyber & Physical Attacks On Space Assets & Ground Equipment
Challenge Exacerbated By Growth In Our Reliance On Advanced Unmanned And Manned
Aircraft Systems With Sophisticated Sensor & Data Fusion Systems.
This In Turn Has Increased Our Dependence On Resilient And Protected Communication
Channels Between The Forward Operating Forces And The Control And Planning Centers That
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TECHNICAL CHALLENGES (Network Science)
DoD Networking and Communications Needs To Be Resilient and Assured Across Varying
Sets Of Missions, User Bases, and Bandwidth Changes Of 6 Orders Of Magnitude In An
Operational Environment That Is Mission Critical, Safety Critical, and Time Critical As Well
As Supports “Commander’s Intent”
Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications, National Research Council in drafting the report on Network Science recommends seven major research challenges, the surmounting of which will enable progress in network science:
Dynamics, spatial location, and information propagation in networks. Better understanding of the relationship between the architecture of a network and its function is needed.
Modeling and analysis of very large networks. Tools, abstractions, and approximations are needed that allow reasoning about large-scale networks, as well as techniques for modeling networks characterized by noisy and incomplete data.
Design and synthesis of networks. Techniques are needed to design or modify a network to obtain desired properties.
Increasing the level of rigor and mathematical structure. Many of the respondents to the questionnaire felt that the current state of the art in network science did not have an appropriately rigorous mathematical basis.
Abstracting common concepts across fields. The disparate disciplines need common concepts defined across network science.
Better experiments and measurements of network structure. Current data sets on large-scale networks tend to be sparse, and tools for investigating their structure and function are limited.
Robustness and security of networks. Finally, there is a clear need to better understand and design networked systems that are both robust to variations in the components (including localized failures) and secure against hostile intent.
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NETWORK RESEARCH AREAS TABLE ES-1 Network Research
Areas
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Sources
– Anant Sahai & Danijela Cabric, "Cyclostationary Feature Detection", Online Presentation, Berkeley Wireless Research Center, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA 2005
– David Nicholson, "Spread Spectrum Signal Design: LPE and AJ Systems", WH Freeman & Co, USA, May 1988.
– Richard Poisel, "Modern Communications Jamming: Principles & Techniques", 2nd Edition, Artech House, Norwood, MA, USA, December 2011.
– Iker Sobron, et alia, "Energy Detection Technique for Adaptive Spectrum Sensing", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Volume 63, Number 3, March 2015.
– Mark Sturza, "Spread Spectrum Techniques & Technology", online briefing (PDF), 3C Systems Company, undated.
– Don Torrieri, "Principles of Secure Communications Systems", 2nd Edition, Artech House, Norwood, MA, USA, 1992.
– Y. Yuan, Zh. Huang, et alia, "Radio Specific Emitter Identification based on non-linear characteristics of signal", Proceedings of IEEE Black Sea Conference on Communications & Networking, IEEE, Constanta, Romania, May 2015.
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