INTRODUCTIONThemilitary funding of sciencehas had a powerful transformative effect on the practice and products of scientific research since the early 20th century. Particularlysince World War I, advanced science-based technologies have been viewed as essential elements of a successful military.World War I is often called "the chemists war", both for the extensive use of poison gas and the importance of nitratesand advanced high explosives. Poison gas, beginning in 1915 with chlorine from the powerful German dye industry, was used extensively by the Germans and the British; over the course of the war, scientists on both sides raced to develop more and more potent chemicals anddevise countermeasures against the newest enemy gases. Physicists also contributed to the war effort, developing wireless communication technologies and sound-based methods of detecting U-boats, resulting in the first tenuous long-term connections betweenacademic science and the military.While there were numerous instances of military support for scientific work before the 20th century, these were typically isolated instances; knowledge gained from technology was generally far more important for the development of science than scientific knowledge was to technological innovation. Thermodynamics, for example, is a science partly born from military technology: one of the many sources of the first law of thermodynamics was Count Rumfords observation of the heat produced by boring cannon barrels.Mathematics was important in the development of the Greek catapult and other weapons, but analysis of ballistics was also important for the development of mathematics, while Galileo tried to promote the telescope as amilitary instrument to the military-minded Republic of Venice before turning it to the skies while seeking the patronage of the Medici court in Florence. In general, craft-based innovation, disconnected from the formal systems of science, was the key to military technology well into the 19th century.Interchangeable gun parts, illustrated in the 1832. Even craft-based military technologies were not generally produced by military funding. Instead, craftsmen and inventors developed weapons and military toolsindependently and actively sought the interest of military patrons afterward.Following the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, governments and military leaders did try to harness the methods of both science and engineering for morespecific ends, but frequently without success. In the decades leading up to the French Revolution , French artillery officers were often trained as engineers, andmilitary leaders from this mathematical tradition attempted to transform the process of weapons manufacture from a craft-based enterprise to an organized and standardized system based on engineering principles and (pre-dating the work of Eli Whitney in the U.S.). During the Revolution, even natural scientists participated directly, attempting to create weapons more powerful than any we possess to aid the cause of the new French Republic, though there were no means for the revolutionary army to fund such work. Each of these efforts, however, was ultimately unsuccessful in producing militarily useful results. A slightly different outcome came from the longitude prize of the 18th century, offered by the British government for an accurate method of determining a ships Longitude at sea (essential for the safe navigation of the powerful British navy):intended to promoteand financially rewarda scientific solution, it was instead won by a scientific outsider, the clockmaker John Harrison. However, the naval utility of astronomy did help increase the number of capable astronomers and focus research on developing more powerful and versatile instruments.

THE HISTORY OF MILITARYThe documentation of military history begins with the confrontation between Sumer (current Iraq) and Elam (currentIran) c. 2700 BC near the modern Basra, and includes such enduring records as the Hebrew Bible. Other prominent records in military history are the Trojan War in Homers Iliad (though its historicity has been challenged), The Histories by Herodotus (484 BC 425 BC) who is often called the "father of history". Next wasThucydides whose impartiality, despite being an Athenian, allowed him to take advantage of his exile to research the war from different perspectives by carefully examining documents and interviewing eyewitnesses. An approach centred on the analysis of a leader was taken by Xenophon (430 BC - 355 BC) in Anabasis, recording the expedition of Cyrus the Younger into Anatolia.The records of the Roman Julius Caesar (100 BC 44 BC) enable a comparative approach for campaigns such as Commentarii de Bello Gallicoand Commentarrii de Bello Civili. . Macedonian Alexander the Great effectively deployed his cavalry forces to secure victories.The nature of warfareneverchanges, only its superficial manifestations. Joshua and David, Hector and Achilles would recognize the combat that oursoldiers and Marines have waged in the alleys of Somalia and Iraq. The uniforms evolve, bronze gives way to titanium, arrows may be replaced by laser-guided bombs, but the heart of the matter is still killing your enemies until any survivors surrender and do your will.

THE HISTORY OF POLICINGAmerican policing has been heavily influenced by the English system throughout the course of history. In the early stages of development in both England and Colonial America, citizens wereresponsible for law enforcement in their communities.The English referred to this as kin police in which people were responsible for watching out for their relatives or kin. In Colonial America, a watch system consisting of citizen volunteers (usually men) was in place until the mid-19th century. Citizens that were part of watch groups provided social services, including lighting street lamps, running soup kitchens, recovering lost children, capturing runaway animals, and a variety of other services; their involvement in crime control activities at this time was minimal at best. Policing in England and Colonial America was largely ineffective, as it was based on a volunteer system and their method of patrol was both disorganized and sporadic. Sometime later, the responsibility of enforcing laws shifted from individual citizen volunteers to groups of men living within the community; this was referred to as the frankpledge system in England. The frankpledge system was a semi structured system in which groupsof men were responsible for enforcing the law.Men living within a community would form groups of 10 called tythings (or tithings); 10 tythings were then grouped into hundreds, and then hundreds were grouped into shires (similar to counties).7 A person called the shire reeve (sheriff) was then chosen to be in charge of each shire.8 The individual members of tythings were responsible for capturing criminals and bringing them to court, while shire reeves were responsible for providing a number of services, including the oversight of the activities conducted by the tythings in their shire.9 A similar system existed in America during this time in whichconstables, sheriffs, and citizen-based watch groups were responsible for policing in the colonies. Sheriffs were responsible for catching criminals, working with the courts, and collecting taxes; law enforcement was not a top priority for sheriffs, as they could make more money by collecting taxes within the community.10 Night watch groups in Colonial America, aswell as day watch groups that were added at a later time, were largely ineffective; instead of controlling crime in their community, some members of the watch groups would sleep and/or socialize while they were on duty.11 These citizen-based watch groupswere not equipped to deal with the increasing social unrest and rioting that were beginning to occur in both England and Colonial America in the late 1700s through the early 1800s.12 It was at this point in time that publicly funded police departments began to emerge across both England and Colonial America.

THE STONE AGE TECHNOLOGYLower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany:The earliest evidence of humans using spears, in a part of Germany now near Schningen.Little is known about the organic component of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic technologies, particular with respect to wooden tools. Here I describe some wooden throwing spears about 400,000 years old that were discovered in 1995 at the Pleistocene site at Schningen, Germany. They are thought tobe the oldest complete hunting weapons so far discovered to have been used by humans. Found in association with stone tools and the butchered remains of more than ten horses, the spears strongly suggest that systematic hunting, involving foresight, planning and the use of appropriate technology, was part of the behavioural repertoire of pre-modern hominids. The use of sophisticated spears as early as the Middle Pleistocene may mean that many current theories on early human behaviour and culture must be revised.Do bow and arrow predate modern humans?BOWS and arrows may not be the preserve of modern humans. It seems that simple stone blades make adequate arrowheads, so they might have beenused in lightweight projectile weapons as far back as 100,000 yearsago, when the blades first appeared.Spears and arrows would have let early hunters catch small fast-moving creatures rather than tackling large dangerous animals with hand-held blades.The origins of lithic projectile point technology: evidence from Africa, the Levant, and Europe.Projectile weaponry is a human cultural universal, but its origins and antiquity remain poorly understood. Stone- and bone-tipped projectile weapons have long been treated as emergent features of the "Upper Paleolithic" behavioral revolution. Recently it has been proposed that projectile technology was in widespread use among Homo sapiens populations in Africa during Middle Stone Age (MSA) times. One obstacle to researching the origins of projectile point technology is that thecriteria archaeologists employ for recognizing plausible and implausible stone projectile points are largely subjective (overall tool shape, microwear traces). In the New World and in Australia, where we have the richest ethnographic record of stone projectile point use, these implements are largely employed in big-game hunting and in warfare. One or both of these factors may have played a role in the widespread adoption of stone projectile point technology after 40Ka.USING ANIMALS FOR MOBILE AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM(3500 BC).High up in the steppes of Kazakhstan is where it may have first happened: a human decided to climb atop a horse instead of killing it for meat. The act seems trivial today, but nearly 5500 years ago it would have been revolutionary."Horse domestication was a landmark moment, a bit like the invention of the wheel," says Alan Outran of the University of Exeter, UK. By domesticating horses, humans created the first form of land transportation, vastly expanded the region within which goods could be traded and wars waged, and spread culture over huge swathes of land.Chariots, pulled by animals like the onager, ox, donkey, and later the horse, originated around 2000 BC. The chariot was an effective, fast weapon; whileone man controlled the manoeuvring of the chariot, a second bowman could shoot arrows at enemy soldiers. These became crucial to the maintenance of several governments, including the New Egyptian Kingdom and the Shang Dynasty and the nation states of early to mid Zhou dynasty.

THE INVENTION OF SWORDIn the 13th century, an anonymous text, the Mort Artu, related the famous story of how King Arthur's magic sword Excalibur was hurled into a mysterious lake. In Thomas Malory's version, Le Morte d'Arthur, written in the 15th century,the legendary British king first obtained his sword from the Lady of the Lake who lived in the watery depths. Is it all just a story, or does Arthurian legend carry echoes of the religious belief of the prehistoric Celts? Archaeologists now have convincingevidence that for thousands of years a ritual practice linked two key elements of ancient mythology - water and weapons of war. They have stumbled upon a vast site in East Anglia, in which swords and other valuable possessions were ceremoniously placed inthe water some 3000 years ago.War machine catapults back into history booksA piece of artillery reconstructed by a Canadian researcher has knocked some theories of medieval warfare on the head. Ted Szwejkowski has built a working model of the 'tractiontrebuchet', a human-powered catapult that historians believed existed only in folklore. In a test run, Szwejkowski's machine launched cement balls weighing up to 5 kilograms at a rate of one every 15 seconds to distances of up to 145 metres-matching the best shots of ancient artillerymen.The trebuchet is a rotating-beam siege engine, designed to hurl stones over city ramparts. There are also reports of armies using the trebuchet to launch skulls and parts of diseased bodies into cities in an early attempt at germ warfare.THE INTRODUCTION GUN POWDEROn 8 NOVEMBER 1605, the king's stores at the Tower of London took delivery of an unusual consignment from "out of the vault underneath the Parliament'sHouse". The records state that it was Gun powder xviiic weighted decayed which was there laid and placed for the blowing up of the said house and destruction of the Kings Ma 'tie, nobilities and commonalties there assembled".If Guy Fawkes and his fellow Catholic conspirators had succeeded in their plot to blow up the English parliament and the king's majesty 400 years ago, 18 hundredweight of gunpowder - getting on for a tonne - would have devastated the city of Westminster. "It would have been a bloody big bang," says Robert Smith, an expert in gunpowder and ancient firearms based in Leeds.

THE USE OF GUN AND MAGIC POWDER BY THE CHINESEHoulongjiing; simplified Chinese:; in modern English,Fire Dragon Manual)http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%27Flying_Crow_With_Magic_Fire%27%2C_a_winged_rocket_bomb.jpg/300px-%27Flying_Crow_With_Magic_Fire%27%2C_a_winged_rocket_bomb.jpg

The 'Flying Crow with Magic Fire', an aerodynamic winged rocket bomb from theHuolongjing.TheHuolongjingis a 14th-century military treatise that was compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Ji of the early Ming Dynasty (13681644) in China. It outlined the use of various "fire weapons" involving the use of gunpowder.TheHuolongjingprovides information about various gunpowder compositions, including "magic gunpowder", "poison gunpowder", and "blinding and burning gunpowder". It has descriptions of the Chinese hollow cast iron grenade bomb, shrapnel bombs, and bombs containing poisonous concoctions.PRESENT TECHNOLOGIES USED BY THE MILITARY OR POLICEPolice officers across the nation have an arsenal of high-tech devices to help them investigate and solve cases.From eye-in-the-sky drones to GPS vehicle pursuit darts and even ordinaryiPads, here's a look at five tech tools that are being used or tested by police to protect their communities. Some of these technologies are relatively uncontroversial, while others have raised eyebrows among privacy and civil rights advocates. The legality of one has even been called into question by the courts, highlighting a potential pitfall of using advanced tech to conduct police work.

(1)Need tosee what's happening?Toss in a robotic camera:When it's too dangerous to send a police officer into an active crime scene -- or in any situation that requires "eyes" where there's no clear line of sight -- police can rely on a throwable robotic camera. The device has an electric motor and special wheels that allow it to move, climb and explore at the whim of an officer who operates it wirelessly.In Eden Prairie, Minn., the police department's emergency response team has been taking along one of those devices, theRecon ScoutThrowbot, every time it hits the streets."It deploys with us like we would carry a rifle," said Sgt. CarterStaaf, a spokesperson for the team. "You never know where you are going to need it. It always comes in handy somewhere. If we have a warrant search and there are multiple levels in a home, we can throw it upstairs and get a set of eyes up there."Developed by Recon Robotics in Edina, Minn., the Recon Scout is a "force multiplier," Staaf said, explaining that the device gives police officers a critical advantage when they can't see a suspect directly. In such cases, many police departments send in a policedog to scope out the dangers, but that can be risky for the animal."That's a $20,000 dog and there's an emotional attachment to it if something happens to it," Staaf said. "There's zero emotional attachment if somethinghappens to the robotic camera. If it gets shot, picked up or smashed by an assailant, then at least you know that the bad guy is there."

The Recon Scout XT is the newest model of a throwable, wirelessly controlled robotic camera.Recon Scout XT throwable robotic camera

(2)Shot Spotter systemGunshots tell a story, if youpay attentionWhen a "shots fired" call comes in to a police dispatcher, the shooter has often left the scene by the time the police arrive. The officers then must painstakingly investigate and seek evidence to try to determine what happened. The toughestpart can be figuring out where a shot came from.That's where a gunshot detection system (GDS) can help.The Nassau County Police Department, based in Mineola, N.Y, uses a system from Shot Spotter that relies on multiple carefully placed electronic sensorsinstalled throughout a neighbourhood to help pinpoint the exact source of gunfire. Its especially useful in areas where shots are fired frequently and witnesses are scarce or hesitant to talk.ShotSpotter alert

(3)Tablets aren't just for writing speeding tickets anymoreThe utility and agility provided by iPads and other tablets hasn't been lost on police departments around the nation, and the devices are becoming an ever-more-essential part of police work."Officers can [use iPads to] take notes and tape statements from witnesses and suspects," said William Clark, chief of police in Jefferson City, Tenn. "Officers are always looking for new ways to use them in their work. One detective asked if we could find an app to diagram crime scenes. It's almost unlimited in whatyou can do with these things."The Jefferson City Police Department bought 20 iPads for its 19 officers in late 2010, choosing Apple's tablet over much heavier ruggedized laptops that would have been permanently mounted inside patrol cars, according to Clark. The flexibility of the smaller, more nimble iPads was a key feature the officers noticed in testing. "They can carry them wherever they go," said Clark. "They can tuck it under their arms and walk into a crime scene."The iPads allow anything they could do while sitting at their desks, from filing accident and incident reports wirelessly officers to do just about to looking up photos of suspects and accessing information in a state crime database."The iPads allow them to be on the streets more and do their computer work there instead of having to come back to the office," Clark said. "Even if they're not patrolling, they are more visible."officer with iPad

(4)GPS vehicle pursuit darts: A cautionary taleHigh-speed chases can be dangerous both for police officers andthe general public. To minimize that danger, a company called StarChase has developed a system that shoots a special GPS-equipped dart that adheres to a fleeing vehicle and allows authorities to track the vehicle's movements from a safe distance, withouta frantic pursuit.TheStarChasePursuit Management Systemhas been tested and evaluated by police departmentsaround the country, including the Arizona Department of Public Safety and the Volusia County Sheriff's Office in Florida, according Karen Jaffe, CEO of the Virginia Beach-based company.The darts, which are made from semi-rigid foam and other materials, are aimed using a laser and then fired with an air-compressor-powered mechanism from the grille of a police car, Jaffe said. The dart attaches to the suspect's vehicle using magnets and a proprietary glue. "It's designed to be fired so it doesn't distract the officer" during the initial chase, which officers can discontinue once the dart is attached, she said.StarChase Pursuit Management System explained

Better policing through technology?Crime LightsCrime scenes do not always happen in convenient places. Now, with the arrival of a number offlashlightseach with a different preset wavelength designed to detect hair, fibers, and body fluids at crime scenesthese lights allow a crime scene to be processed faster and more thoroughly than ever before. Sites previously unreachable for powerful fluorescence examination are now accessible. The portability of todays crime scene examination light sources makes the remotest of rural locations or the top floor of a city building highly accessible for search.In-Car Camera SystemsThe in-car camera system has become a valued tool to confirm and ensure a high degree of officer professionalism. The ability to record video footage of events involving the public from a patrol car perspective has proven invaluable in such matters as traffic stops, criminal investigations and arrests, internalaffairs, and training. These systems are constantly improving and becoming more cost effective.From the time the first in-car cameras were installed to document roadside impaired-driving sobriety tests, the cameras have captured both intended and unintended video footage that has established their value. Most video recordings have resulted in convictions; many provide an expedited means to resolve citizen complaints, exonerate officers from accusations, and serve as policetraining videos. Occasionally, a video ends up on the evening news, as a humorous excerpt on other television programs, or (illegally) on such Web sites as YouTube or MySpace.Photo Enforcement SystemsPhoto enforcement systems automatically generate redlight violations and/or speeding summons and as a result greatly improve safety for the motoring public. There are a number of reputable vendors of photo enforcement systems available to communities.The IACP first endorsed the use of photo enforcement systems a decade ago.The essentials for establishing a photo enforcement system include good engineering practices, public education, community involvement, and program management.Graffiti CamerasSystems exist today that can take photographs of suspects who are vandalizing property and even notify law enforcement agencies that vandalism is in progress. There are also talking surveillance cameras warning intruders that it is illegal to spray graffiti, commanding the intruders to leave the area and informing them that their photograph has been taken for prosecution. In some jurisdictions the number of graffiti incidents has dramatically dropped as a result of these cameras.Graffiti is often a by-product of gang life, serving to tag a given gangs turf. By deterring gang-related graffiti, a gang communication mechanism is disrupted and gang activities can therefore be reduced.These cameras can also be used to monitor illegal dumping areas as well as to prevent loitering and deter other crimes. Modern graffiti cameras are wireless and solar powered. They can easily be moved to new locations, increasing the effectiveness of the cameras deployment.FACE RECOGNITION

Thermal ImagingDevices are available that produce images of radiated or reflected surfaceenergy in the thermal portion of the electromagnetic spectrum through the use of a nonintrusive electronic device. These devices have numerous uses for the law enforcement community. They can locate a fleeing fugitive or a missing child in a field in a matter of minutes instead of hours. Easy to use, easy to store, and easy to maintain, these imagers can literally mean the difference between life and death for a wandering senior citizen or a child in a snowstorm. Different styles are available for differentapplications, including a roof-mounted model, a handheld model, and a model that fits into a spotlight, with a monitor inside a patrol car.Searching for Individuals:Thermal imaging devices are commonly deployed for search and rescue missions where fields and other terrain can be scanned quickly. Of particular value is the search of dense brush or wooded areas where conventional searches can be difficult. Similarly, imagers can be used to search dark buildings or other areas for suspects who are hiding or attempting to elude apprehension. The device can also pick up a heat signature on the ground where a suspect was previously hiding.The history of the Predator, the drone that changed the world (Q&A)The origins of the modern drone can be traced to the target drones used in the early twentieth century. The man who invented the predator, before he designed the worlds most feared drone, Abraham Karem was just trying to get a robot to stay in the air. The 40,000 square feet of office and engineering spaceoccupied by Karem Aircraft Inc. in Lake Forest, California, includes four conference rooms, each named for a designer enshrined in the National Aviation Hall of Fame. Theres one for Kelly Johnson of the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, one for helicopter inventor Igor Sikorsky, a third for aviation legend and flying-wing designer Jack Northrop, and another for Douglas Aircraft genius Ed Heinemann. People who should make us humble, says company owner Abe Karem.The Predator is no great flying machine -- it can easily be overtaken or shot down by anyone with the ability to get close to it. But it offered its controllers the opportunity to survey, or attack, a target on the other side of the world with no danger to an American military asset other than the unmanned drone itself. Today, some law enforcement agencies, such as US Customs and Border Protection, have access to this type of drone and are using it for, among other things, drug interdiction.It's a bird ... it's a plane ... no, it's a flying police drone!Perhaps no police technology is more controversial today than flying robotic drones equipped with cameras that officers can use to get a bird's-eye view of a crime scene in an emergency. Critics say the use of drones raises major privacy concerns.Whatthe MAV brings to police work is the ability to get a close look dangerous situations as they unfold. About 24 inches in diameter and 24 inches tall, the 19-lb. MAV is a flyable video camera that bears more of a resemblance to a helicopter than it does to,say, a jet. It can hover and fly in any direction and is operated by a pilot using a laptop computer and a small control unit that directs its movements in the air.T-Hawk MAV aerial droneThe Predator was one of 10 aircraft that changed the world.
In 2001, the Predatorbecame the first weapon in history whose operators could use it to stalk and kill a single individual on the other side of the planet much the way a sniper does, and with total invulnerability. The Predator's phenomenal flight endurance also made it a powerful new form of overhead intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance -- a drone that can find and shine a laser beam on targets for manned aircraft, eavesdrop on enemy communications, provide troops on the ground warning of enemy movements and give commanders an overhead view of the battlefield.Before the Predator, drones were at best a niche technology, unreliable and largely unconnected to anyone other than their operators. The new capabilities the Predator offered changed the way military people thought about unmanned aircraft, resulting in a drone revolution that has changed the way we wage war, altered the militaryThe Predator's biggest achievements as a military tool
Before it was armed, an Air Force crew flying an unarmed Predator for the CIA --found Osama bin Laden. After it was armed, in the early weeks of the war in Afghanistan, the Predator played a key role in a combined operation with F-15E fighter bombers that killed Al Qaeda's third-ranking leader and military commander, Mohammed Atef. The Predator also helped save a group of Army Rangers during the famous battle of Roberts Ridge, in Afghanistan. But its biggest achievement was in changing the way people think about unmanned aircraft and the way the military uses them. At the time the Predator launchedthe first intercontinental drone strike, the military had 290 drones of three types. The US military now owns more than 8,000 drones of 14 types, and unmanned aircraft once an afterthought at best are an integral part of military operations.The use of drone in fighting Bin Laden (A Tall Man in Robes)Osama bin Laden moved from Saudi Arabia to Peshawar, Pakistan in or around July of 1986. He was a well-known figure among Muslim Brotherhood-connected rebels, and helped finance the Afghan mujahideen, opening his first training facility in the same year. By this time, the CIA had also funnelled millions of dollars to Afghan jihadists for half a decade. Under Ronald Reagans Cold War warriors, the CIA had directly and indirectly aggrandized violent figures such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Jalaluddin Haqqani. The latter figure, a respected Pashtun commander, had full CIA support, and his organizationthe Taliban-linked Haqqani networkwould later re-emerge as a terrorist organization and drone targetin ; war on terror.Drone was used to mount surveillance in different places on the search for Bin Laden, a trace on telephone call dictation was used to locate where he might be hiding but the US intelligent was not sure so they have to place a drone at the location of the sight in other to get visual information on the number of people and things going on inside the compound before executing the action.Types of drone:MQ-1 Predator

First flown in 1994, it later became the first weaponized drone. Designed to conduct surveillance with powerful cameras and sensors, it can be armed with laser-guided Hellfire missiles. It often stays aloft on missions for more than 20 hours at a time and can reach an altitude of 25,000 feet.(2) MQ-9 ReaperThe bigger, faster and more reliable successor to the Predator. It can fly as high as 50,000 feet and carry four Hellfire missiles, twice as many as the Predator. The Air Force expects to replace all its Predators with Reapers by 2018. The civilian version of the MQ-9 iscalled the Predator B.(3) MQ-5 HunterOriginally developed in the 1990s, the Hunter features an unusual twin tail-boom design and is powered by two engines. Upgraded versions can carry Viper Strike munitions and climb to a ceiling of 20,000 feet.(4) MQ-1C Gray EagleThe Armys upgraded version of the Predator system, and the successor to the Armys MQ-1 Warrior. It can carry four Hellfire missiles and stay aloft as long as 25 hours. Predecessor versions were the Warrior and I-Gnat.(5) QF-4 PhantomOld F-4 fighter jets that have been modified and retrofitted into a drone for target practice. The remotely controlled aircraft is used as a target for missiles fired by other aircraft and to evaluate the effectiveness of various weapons systems.(6) RQ-4 Global HawkA high-altitude, reconnaissance aircraft that conducts missions as the U-2 spy plane. It can reach a ceiling of 60,000 feet and has a range of nearly 9,000 nautical miles. Its wingspan is comparable in size to a Boeing 757s.(7) MQ-8 Fire ScoutAhelicopter drone operated by the Navy, usually in support of Special Operations forces. It is designed to take off and land from ships at sea, but also has been deployed to Afghanistan. It can climb to a ceiling of 20,000 feet and has a range of about 110miles.The use of droneIntelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance

Checking for roadside bombs or devices on landing areas

Listening to mobile phone conversations

Helping understand daily routine of locals to see what is normal behaviour

Close Air Support

Following or attacking suspected insurgents

THE FUTURE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE MILITARY AND POLICE.Building a robot that has the ability to decide who to kill and who to keep alive.

The introduction of MAVs ( MICRO AIR VEHICLES )

MAVs will play an important role in future warfare. The open battles calls for tools to increase the war fighting situation awareness in capacity to engage rapidly, precisely with minimum collateral damage. MAVs will be integrated in the future air force sending systems. The systems may be air dropped or head longed depending on the mission requirements. The small size of MAV allows them to be hidden in playing site. Once emplaced, an AMV can enter into a low power extended surveillance mode for missions lasting days or weeks. This mayrequire the MAV to have his energy from environmental sources such as Sun light or wind or from manmade sources such as power lights or vibrating machinery. It will blend in the surrounding and operate undictated. MAVs will use micro sensors and micro process technologies to navigate and track targets through complicate terrain such as urban areas.An MAV operating in an urban terrain may have a geologic challenges than larger UAVs. Obstructions can course wind gas even on a calm day but one way to learnfrom this is to learn examples from nature and use flapping wings to fly. Sensing on coming gas, feed backs directs and controls the wings to flap semantically overcoming the wind. The small size of MAVs allows them to enter into a location inaccessible bytraditional means of area surveillance. MAVs will use new forms of navigations such as vision base technique called optic flow. Multiple MAVs each equipped with a small sensor will work together to survey a large area, information from the sensors will becombined providing the sum of MAVs with a big picture point of view. Data will be communicated among the MAVs to enable real time position making and providing overall surveillance picture for other platforms of operation.Each individual MAVs may performa very distinct mission from its fellow swam member while some may be use for vision reconnaissance, others may be usefor targeting or tagging a sensible locations. Individual MAVs may perform direct attack missions may be equipped with incapacitating chemicals, explosives or position targeting capability. MAVs may carry sensors to dictate chemicals, biological, or radiation threats relates this information to human operators or other unmanned platforms. Like their biological inspirations, MAVs are not limited to fly, the agile hovering and crawling MAV will fulfil the mission that is popularly termed tall, dirty and dangerous that no current system can. MAVs will become a vital element in the ever war fighting environment and will help ensure success in the battle field in the future. Unobtrusive, Pervasive, Lethal, an answered capabilities of future war fighters.

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