AN OVERVIEW OF MINERAL POTENTIAL OF PAKISTAN

NATURAL RESOURCES WINGMINISTRY OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL RESOURCES

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

Tel: +92-51-9202337Fax: +92-51-9204077

E-mail: info@mpnr.gov.pkWebsite: www.mpnr.gov.pk

Contents

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources

Overview of Mineral Potential of Pakistan

Major Mineral Resources of Pakistan

Quality and Coal Resources of Pakistan

MINISTRY OF

PETROLEUM AND

NATURAL RESOURCES

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FUNCTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL RESOURCES

The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources (MPNR) is responsible for dealing with all matters relating to petroleum, gas and minerals. Its detailed functions as per Rules of Business are as under:

1. All matters relating to oil, gas and minerals at the national and international levels, including:

i) Policy, legislation, planning regarding exploration, development and production;ii) Import,export, refining,distribution,marketing, transportationandpricingofall

kindofpetroleumandpetroleumproducts;iii) Matters bearing on international aspects; andiv) Controlling and coordinating with the federal agencies and institutions for promotion

of special studies and development programs.

2. Geological Surveys:

i) Geological mapping and geophysical surveys;ii) Basic and applied research in earth sciences; andiii) Scientificinvestigationsforgeologicalresourcesandtheirprudentmanagement.

3. Administration of Regulation of Mines and Oil-fields and Mineral Development(Government Control) Act, 1948, and rules made thereunder, in so far as the same relate to exploration and production of petroleum, transmission, distribution of natural gas and liquefiedpetroleumgas,refiningandmarketingofoil;

4. Petroleum concessions agreements for land, off-shore and deep sea areas;

5. AdministrationofMarketingofPetroleumProducts(FederalControl)Act,1974andtherules made thereunder; and

6. MattersrelatingtoFederalinvestmentsandundertakingswhollyorpartlyownedbytheGovernmentinthefieldofoil,gasandmineralsexceptingthoseassignedtotheIndustriesandProductionDivision.

ORGANIZATION OF THE MINISTRY

To perform its functions, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources has been organized into four wings i.e. Natural Resources, Petroleum, Investment & Joint Venture and Administration & Corporate Affairs. The Ministry has one attached department, one autonomous body and eleven companies. The SecretaryisassistedbytwoAdditionalSecretaries,twoJointSecretaries,andfiveDirectorGenerals.OrganizationalchartandotherinformationmaybeseenattheMinistry’swebsitewww.mpnr.gov.pk.

CONSTITUTIONAL POSITION ON MINERALS

Mineralsother thannuclearminerals and thoseoccurring in special areas [FederallyAdministeredTribalAreas (FATA), IslamabadCapitalTerritory (ICT)and InternationalOffshoreWaterTerritory(IOWT)] are a provincial subject under theConstitution. ProvincialGovernments/federating units

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are responsible for regulation, detailed exploration, mineral development and safety concerns in these operations, whereas geological/geophysical survey and mapping, national and internationalcoordination and formulation of national polices and plans are federal responsibilities.

NATIONAL MINERAL POLICY

TheGovernmentofPakistanhasrecentlyannouncedNationalMineralPolicy(NMP-2013)replacingtheearlierPolicyof1995.ImplementationofthefirstNationalMineralPolicy(NMP-1995)pavedthewayforanexpansionofminingsectoractivityinPakistan,aswellastheimprovementofthesector’sinvestmentattractiveness.Althoughtheminingsectorcurrentlycontributeslessthan1%toPakistan’sGDP, recentdiscoverieshaveprovided strongevidenceof significantmineraldeposits andagreatpotential for the sector to contribute much more to our economy.

Pakistanhasa largebaseof industrialmineralsand thegrowing interest frominternationalminingcompaniescarriesgreatpotentialfortherapiddevelopmentofthesector.AsPakistanplanstoenhancethecontributionofthesectortoPakistan’seconomicdevelopment,itbecomesevenmoreimperativeforthePolicytoreflectdevelopmentsintheglobalminingsectorsince1995,includinglegal,fiscaland environmental developments.

In view of these developments, a review of the NMP-1995 became necessary in order to ensure its alignmentwith contemporary practice and enhance the international competitiveness ofPakistan’sminingsector.ThemainchallengesthenewNMP-2013seekstoaddressrevolvearoundthefollowingfivebroadthemes:

• Increasing the economic contribution of mining sector to Pakistan’s economy through more private investment;

• Being competitive for scarce and mobile international capital for investment in the mining sector through a stable and enabling environment;

• Ensuring smooth operational and effective coordination between Federal and Provincial institutions in the implementation of the regulatory and legislative regime for the mining sector;

• Ensuring that exploration, development and production of Pakistan’s mineral resources are environmentally sustainable; and

• Encouraging small scale mining and local private participation in the development of the sector.

This new policy serves as a clear and detailed representation of country’s objective of improvingthe international competitiveness of ourmineral sector.NMP-2013 seeks to provide the basis foraddressing these and other challenges, as well as responding to important government priorities andcommitments.Forexample,policyprovisions tocater for researchdevelopmentenhancement,humanresourcedevelopment,promotionandmarketingetc.ThisPolicyisaculminationofextensiveconsultationwithallstakeholders.ItrepresentsavitalsourceofguidancetodecisionsonmineralsinthecontextofPakistan’ssustainabledevelopment.

In changing times, the conversion of challenges to opportunities is very important. The Islamic Republic ofPakistanremainscommittedtothedevelopmentofaprosperousPakistanimineralsindustry.TheNMP-2013providestheGovernmentwiththedirectionanddecision-makingtoolsthatwillhelptoguarantee that the industry grows from strength to strength.

AN OVERVIEW OF MINERAL POTENTIAL

OF PAKISTAN

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At the time of independence only six mineral commodities including chromite, coal, sulphur, gypsum, limestoneandsaltwerebeingminedinanappreciablequantitiesinPakistan.Now,largetomediumscale production of over sixty mineral commodities has started. Geological environments suitable for the localization of important metallic minerals such as antimony, gold, lithium, silver and platinum groupelementshavebeenidentifiedindifferentpartsofthecountry.Inadditiontoitstraditionalusage,mineralsarenowfindingnewapplications in thefieldsofelectronics,optics,advancedmetallurgy&materials andenvironmental sustainability, inPakistan.Thedataongeologyandexplorationofminerals;aftercarryingoutallintegratedstepslikegeochemicalsampling,geophysicalsurveys,drillexploration, reserveestimation, isgeneratedandmaintainedby theGeologicalSurveyofPakistan(GSP).TheresearchworkcarriedoutbytheGSPispublishedinformofmonographsresearchpapersof various formats and geological, tectonic, seismo-tectonic, geo-hazard zonation and other specialized maps in a variety of formats.

The statistical data on mining and production of solid minerals is essentially generated by the provincial Directorate Generals of Mines and Mineral Development (DGMMD), as they are the respectivecustodiansofeachprovince’smineralwealth.TheFederalBureauofStatisticspublishesthisdatainanabridgedformandsupplementsitwithimportandexportfiguresfordifferentmetals,alloys,mineralsand mineral-based products. The GSP acts as the apex body for collecting the relevant data and then undertakesitscompilationanddisseminationfromtimetotime.

Vastresourcesofcoal(186billiontonnes),Copper(6000milliontonnes),gold(1656milliontonnes),silver(618milliontonnes),lead-zinc(23.72milliontonnes),manganese(.597milliontonnes),chromite(2.527milliontonnes),ironore(1400milliontonnes)andpreciousandsemipreciousstoneshavebeenidentifiedindifferentpartsofthecountry.Inexhaustibleresourcesofgypsum,fireclaychinaclay,fullersearth,rocksalt,basalt,bentonite,buildingstoneandconstructionmaterialsareavailableinalltheprovincesandarebeingutilizedinlargequantities.SummarizeddataonmajormineralsdepositsofPakistanisshownintheaccompanyingtableandlocationofimportantmineraldepositofPakistanare shown in the mineral map on the last page.

During the recent past production of iron ore, coal, barytes, bentonite, various types of industrialclays,fireclay,gypsum,limestone,onyx&ordinarymarble,magnesite,ochre,silicasand,dolomite,ebrystone,fuller’searth,rockphosphate,rocksalt,andsoapstonehasincreasedappreciably.Startingofproductionofcopper-goldoreatSaindakanddiscovery /detailedexplorationofcopper-goldatRekoDiqinChagaidistrictofBalochistanprovincehasbroughtPakistanamongstthemetalproducingcountries of the world. Some important new mineral discoveries have also been made recently such ascoaldepositsofTharinSindhandironoredepositsofDilband,Kalat(Balochistan)andNizampur(KhyberPakhtunkhwa).Gemstonesandindustrialmineralssuchasnephelinesyenite,abrasives,mica,graphite, trona, lithium, rare earth metals and platinum group elements hold bright prospects in near future. Some of the important minerals explored and being mined in the country are summarised below:

Antimony

Veintypedepositsofantimonyoremineral-stibniteareknownfromthevicinityofQilaAbdullah,Panjgure,KharanandTurbatdistrictsinBalochistanprovinceandhostedmostly inKhojakand,HushabShale. InKhyberPakhtunkhwa,

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antimonyoccursintheLutkhoandPartisanareasnearKrinjvillage,Chitraldistrict.Stibnite(Sb2S3) is found as veins, lenses and irregular masses along shear zones in Chitral slates. Present estimate of availableore,inthecountry,is86,000tonnesbutdetailedinvestigationsmayprovemoretonnage.Thereportedaverageannualproductionhasbeenover200metrictonnesbutnow-a-daysduetovarioustribal issues its production is almost negligible.

Chromite

Atpresentchromite isbeingproduced fromMuslimbagh,WadandSonaroareasofBalochistanProvinceandMalakandandKohistanareasofKhyberPakhtunkhwa province. The entire chromite produced in the country isexported. Generally,Pakistani chromite containingover46%Cr2O3, 10 to

15% Al2O3, lessthan10%SiO2andwithCr,Feratioover2.8.Presentestimateofavailableoreinthecountry, isover2.527milliontonnes.Thereportedaverageannualproductionis30,366metrictonnes.

Copper

Balochistan Province has vast resources of copper ore. Porphyry type copper ore bodies have been discovered by the Geological Survey of Pakistan atSaindak,Dasht-e-Kain,KabulKoh,Koh-i-Dalil,MissiandZiaratPirSultan(Ahmad1986). All these deposits occur inChagaiDistrict ofBalochistanprovince.SimilardepositsmaybefoundintheFederallyAdministeredTribal

Areas(FATA)andtheFederallyAdministeredNorthernAreas(FANA)whilemassivesulphidetypecopperdepositsmay befoundinChagai,LasbelaandKhuzdardistrictsofBalochistan,WazirstanAgency,FANAandotherTribalAreas.DataonSaindakcopper–golddepositisasfollows:

Productionofblistercopperstarted,fromthe412milliontonnesSaindakcoppergolddeposit,during1995andstoppedduetocertainreasonsaftermakingthetrialproductionof1,500tonnesofblistercopperwhichwassuccessfullymarketedintheInternationalMarket.Theproductionresumedin2002through a contractwith aChinese firmM/SMetalConstructionCompany (MCC)which later onreformed asResourceDevelopmentCompanyLimited (MRDL).The project is producing 15,672tonnesofcopperblister,51852Ozofgold(1.47metrictonnes)and97356Ozofsilver(2.76metrictonnes) annually.

RekoDiqCopper–Golddeposit isaverypromisingdeposit,discoveredbyGSP in1978-79.M/STethianCopperCompany(TCC)hasinvestedover500millionUS$forexplorationofthedepositwhich is expected to start production within next few years. Later on the ownership of TCC was sold jointlytoM/SBarrikGoldofAustraliaandAntofagastaofChile,bothholding37.5%shareeachwhilethe Government of Balochistan is holding 25 % share. Current status of this world class deposit is that the Government of Balochistan has declined to convert the “Prospecting Lease” of the area to “Mining Lease”andthematterissub-judicious.Basicfactsaboutthedepositaregivenbelow:

Reserves > 5 Billion tonnesCopper Content =0.54%Gold =0.24g/t

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Gold / Silver

IthasbeenestablishedthatthereareindicationsthatPakistanhasasignificantpotential of gold, particularly in the folded belt regions (Northern Mountain belt, Island Arc system), its association with volcanogenic sequences, porphyry copper and in shear zones. In the Northern Areas, spread of gold anomalies is concentratedalongtheMainKarakorumThrust(MKT)withineachgeologic

unit. The distribution of gold anomalies, obtained through geochemical sampling, vary between 2 ppm to330ppminthisarea.

GoldpanningwasinpracticeatseveralplacesinthenorthernareasnowconstitutingPakistanalongthe course of Indus River and its tributes before partition. Locally some gold is still produced in theseareas.PrecambiranshieldrocksexposedinChiniotareaofPunjabandTharparkarareaofSindhare also favourable for localization of gold deposits. Large scale production of gold and silver along withcopperhasstartedfromSaindakporphyrycopperdepositsinChagaidistrictofBalochistan(Theproductionfiguresaregivenundercopperabove).

Iron

Many small and large deposits of iron ore have been found in different parts ofthecountry.ImportantamongthesearetheDammelNissarandLangrialdepositsofKhyberPakhtunkhwa,ChichaliandKalabaghdepositsofPunjabprovinceandChilghazi,ChigendikandPachinKohdepositsofBalochistan

province(Asrarullah1976). The iron ore deposits recently discovered by the GSP at Dilband inKalatdistrict,Uthal inLasbeladistrictofBalochistanandNizampurarea inKhyberPakhtunkhwaprovinceareofgreateconomicsignificance.Inventoryofironoredepositsinthecountryisgiveninthe Table-1.

Presentestimateofavailableore in thecountryisover1,400milliontonnes.Thereportedaverageannualproductionis341,651metrictonnes(2010-2011).Itmustbenotedthattheproductionofironorehasregisteredatremendousincrease(about1300%)duringthelast3-4yearsascomparedtotheaverageproduction.Duringthelast10yearstheaverageproductionwas24,322metrictonnes.

Lead and Zinc

TheGeologicalSurveyofPakistanhasdiscoveredseveraldepositsof leadand zinc ore in Lasbela-Khuzdar region of Balochistan Province. ThesedepositsareassociatedwithcarbonaterocksofWindarGroupandShirinab

Formation. Threeof thesedepositsnamelyGunga,Surmai andDuddarhavebeen investigated insomedetailsbyGSPwiththehelpofUNDPandJICA.Theresultoftheseinvestigationswerefoundveryencouraging(Ahsanet.al.1994).PMDCwiththetechnicalandfinancialassistanceofUNDPundertook the preliminary evaluation of lead-zinc deposits at Duddar and evaluated 6.86 milliontonnesofprovedreservesand3.43milliontonnesofinferredreserveswith11.34%zincand2.01%lead(JonesandShah1994).ThesedepositshavebeenjointlyevaluatedfordevelopmentbyPakistanMineralDevelopmentCorporation(PMDC)andBalochistanDevelopmentAuthority(BDA)andtheearlier estimates of reserves have almost been doubled.

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Table-1: Location, Reserves and Grade of Iron Ores in Pakistan

Area/LocalityReserves(million tonnes)

Quality

Chemical Mineralogical

1.Dilband,KalatDistrict,Balochistan

250 35-45%Fe Sedimentryorewithpredominenthematite(Fe2O3)

2.Chigendik,3.PachinKoh,4. Amir Chah, 5. Chilghazi, Chagai District,Balochistan

85 20-60%Fe Magnetite(Fe3O4)&hematite(Fe2O3).

6.Uthal,LasbelaDistrict, Balochistan

Not estimated

Upto45%Fe

Magnetite(Fe3O4)&hematite(Fe2O3).

7.Nizampur,NowshehraDistrict,KhyberPakhtunkhwa

168 25-35%Fe Sedimentaryorewithpredominenthematite(Fe2O3)

8.Langrial,HazaraDistrict,KhyberPakhtunkhwa

30 30-40%Fe Primarily a silicate oolitic ore which has been oxidized to form laterite; a reddish mixture of clayey iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides formed by the weathering of primary ore under humid, tropical conditions.

9.DammelNissar,ChitralDistrict,KhyberPakhtunkhwa

6.5 Upto60%Fe

Magnetite(Fe3 O4)&hematite(Fe2 O3).

10.Pezu,KhyberPakhtunkhwa

66 30-34%Fe LimoniteFeO(OH)·nH2O,hematite(Fe2 O3) & goethiteFeO(OH).

11. Besham, Abbottabad,Galdanian,KhyberPakhtunkhwa

65.91 34-42%Fe Hematite(Fe2 O3)&goethiteFeO(OH).

12.Kalabagh/ChichaliMakarwalarea,MianwaliDistrict,Punjab

350 25-35%Fe Silicate-carbonate ores; containing siderite FeCO3, glauconite(Fe+3,Al,Fe+2,Mg)4(Si7-7.6Al1-0.4O20)(OH)4·7nH20,limoniteFeO(OH)·nH2O, hematite(Fe2 O3)andgoethiteFeO(OH).

13.Kirana,SargodhaDistrict,Punjab

110 Upto66%Feoxides

Hematite(Fe2 O3).

14.Chiniot,JhangDistrict,Punjab 27.46

Fe2 O3 41.5% to77.5%.

Magnetite(Fe3 O4)&hematite(Fe2 O3).

15.RakhiMunh,DeraGhaziKhanDistrict,Punjab.

268.3 37.5%Fe SedimentaryorewithpredominantlimoniteFeO(OH)·nH2O,goethiteFeO(OH),chamosite[(Mg,Fe,Al)6 (Si, Al)4 O14],claymineralswithoolitictexture.

16.Noori-Abad,DaduDistrict,Sindh

Not estimated

40%Fe Sedimentary ore with predominant hematite (Fe2 O3).

TOTAL: 1427.17

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ThepreliminaryinvestigationsbytheGSPhaveindicatedtheavailabilityofover10milliontonnesoflead-zincorealongwithbaryteatGunganearKhuzdar,Balochistanwithabout8percenttotalmetalvalue (Ahsan et.al.1994).

AtSurmai,explorationworkcarriedoutbyGSPandJICAprovedthepresenceof2.93milliontonnesoforewithaveragemetalcontentof6.5percent(Ahsanet.al.1994).Furtherexplorationmayrevealadditional reserves in the area as only a very small part of the deposit was investigated during the projectperiod.

Present estimate of available ore, in the country, is over 23 million tonnes. Production of lead-zinc commencedduring2010-2011withtotalmetalproductionof12692metrictonnes(Lead+Zinc).

Manganese

Manganese ores are found at many localities in Lasbela, Kharan, ChagaiandZhobdistrictsinBalochistan.Thehostrockofalmostallthemanganesedeposits in the Lasbela district is the volcanic assemblage of olivine basalt and

pillow lava belonging to Bela Volcanic Group. The manganese minerals are mainly psilomelane, and pyrolusitewhichoccurinthejasperoidlayerabovepillowlavaandbelowshalesedimentaryrocks.

The manganese occurrences in Chagai district are found as veins cutting limestone beds and basalts ofCretaceous age.Theseoccurrences are reported fromRasKoh (Charkohanarea)SiahKohandSotkinohinChagaidistrictofBalochistan.ThemanganesedepositsreportedfromZhobdistrictoccurin altered siliceous limestone associated with pillow lava of Cretaceous age. The manganese localities inZhobdistrictofBalochistanareatNaweobaandWarsakKilliarea. Presentestimateofavailableore,inthecountry,isover600,000metrictonnesandtheaverageannualproductionis2,712metrictonnes.Currentproductionofmanganesehasshownanincreaseoverthepastfewyears,asearlieritwasabout1,500metrictonnesperannum.

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SOLID FUEL

Coal

TherecentworkbyGSPhasprovedthatSindhProvincehasverylargereservesof coal. The coal resource base of this province alone exceeds 185 billion tonnes out of the total coal resources of the country exceeding 186 billion

tonnes.Sindhprovince,especiallyhugeligniticresourcesatTharmakethefuturehopeofPakistanforproductionofthermal/electricalenergybasedoncoalfiredpowerstations.ThecoalresourcesbaseofthePunjabProvinceisover235milliontonnes.BalochistanProvincehasacoalresourcebaseofover217milliontonnesbutduetothinandsteeplydippingcoalseams,obtaininglargeproductionisnotpossible. Small power plants based on local coal may however, be planned for Chamalang, Mach, Sor Range-Daghari,PirIsmailZiarat,Khost-Shahrig-HarnaiandDukiareas.CoalalsooccursinKotlidistrictofAzadJammuandKashmirandinCheratandHangu,KhyberPakhtunkhwa,andOrakzaiAgencyinFATA.

Almosttheentireproductionofindigenouscoalisbeingusedforfiringbrickkilnsandsomeindustrialunits.Twocoalfiredpowerplantswith7.5MWcapacityeachwereoperationalsince1964nearQuettabuthavesincebeenclosed.Threecoalfiredpowerplantsof50MWcapacitieseachbasedonfluidizedbedtechnologyhavebeensetupatKhanotnearHyderabad.

Present estimate of available coal resources in the country is over 186 billion tonnes. The reported average annual production is 3.3 million metric tonnes.

Underground Coal Gasification at Thar

TheGSPhaddiscoveredover175billion tonsof lignite coal inThardesert in1992.Theproject,“CreationofNewProcessingFacilitiesforhandlingandpurificationofCoalGas(HPCG)producedbyundergroundcoalgasification”wasapprovedintheCDWPmeeting.TheaimoftheprojectwastocreatenewprocessingfacilityforhandlingandpurificationofcoalgasproducedbyundergroundcoalgasificationlocatedinTharparkar.

GeologicalSurveyofPakistancarriedoutdrillingforUndergroundCoalGasification(UCG)atThar,Sindh.Asa result ofGSP’s efforts, under thisproject, thepilot testboreholeshave successfullyyielded pure methane gas at the site. As per agreement, GSP has deployed two of its riqs alongwith drillingengineersandtrainedstafffortheProject.AllcostsinvolvedfortheexecutionoftheprojectwasmetthroughPSDPfunding.Aspertheagreementtotal20boreholeshavebeendrilled.

Thar Lignite Coal reserves, spread over 9,600 square-kilometres possess the power generationpotentialof100,000MWconsuming536milliontonnescoalayear.UndergroundCoalgasification,in fact, may be one of the best ways to produce clean-burning methane for tomorrow’s automobiles andpower-generation.Oncesuccessfullyexperimented,thescopeoftheprojectcouldbebroadenedtocovercoaldepositsinthePunjab,KPK,Balochistan,FATA,NAsandAJK.

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Gems and Precious Stones

Someoftheimportantgemstones,whichhavegivenPakistanarecognizedpositionamongstsupplierofpreciousandsemi-preciousstonesintheinternationalmarket,includeemeralds,rubies,topaz(goldenand white), tourmaline, garnet, beryl, zircon, rutile, quartz, rutile quartz, morganite, apatite, spinel, pargasite, sphene, agate, zoisite, epidote, emerald-colour tourmaline, diopside, amethyst, scheelite, moonstone,aquamarineandfluorite.MainlythesedepositshavebeenfoundinGilgit-Baltistan,FATAandAzadJammu&Kashmir.

BERYL

AQUAMARINE FLUORITE

QUARTZ

ZIRCON

RUBY

TOPAZ EMERALD

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CERAMIC MINERALS

Barytes

The barytes deposits of Balochistan province were discovered by the Geological SurveyofPakistan(AhmadandKlinger,1967).ThesedepositsarelocatedintheareabetweenUthalandKhuzdar.

The production from indigenous deposits meets the total requirement of barytes for oil well drilling andbariumbasedchemicalplantsofthecountry.Thebarytesdepositsofthecountryaresufficientandsuitably located for large scale production to meet local demand and as well as export.

TotalreserveofbarytesinPakistanhasbeenestimatedat13.71milliontonnesanditisbelievedthatmore huge resources are available in the country. The reported average annual production is 33,312 metric tonnes.

China Clay

China clay deposits are found at ShahDheri, Swat, Khyber PakhtunkhwaandinNagarParkar,Sindh.SomesmallerdepositshavealsobeenfoundinDir,HazaraandGilgit.TheGeologicalSurveyofPakistandiscoveredboth

theShahDheriandNagarParkardeposits(Moosvi1975;Kazmiet.al.1973)andinvestigatedthesedeposits in detail with the help of detailed geological mapping, channel sampling and physical and chemicaltests.TheShahDheridepositshavebeenevaluatedtocontain29.8milliontonnes(Moosvi1975)ofrawchinaclay.Plagioclaserichleuco-quartzdioriteistheparentrockfromwhichkaolinhasbeenformedasaresultofalterationoffeldspars.Kaolinzonesoccuraspatches,podsandstreaksinunalteredrock.TypicalanalysisofSwatchinaclayisasfollows:-

Overallestimationforthecountryhasnotbeenworkedoutbutitisbelievedthathugeresourcesareavailableinthecountry.Thereportedaverageannualproductionis22,790metrictonnes,registeringabout50%decreaseoverthepastfewyears.

Feldspar

Large deposits of both sodic and potassic feldspars with over 6 billion tonnes of reserves have been found near Mingora and Bunair in Swat district of KhyberPakhtunkhwa(Badshah1994).Feldspariswidespreadinpegmatites

inChitral,GilgitandSkardu.DepositsoforthoclasefeldspararealsopresentinNagarParkarareaofSindh.

Overallestimationforthecountryhasnotbeenworkedoutbutitisbelievedthatlargeresourcesoffeldsparareavailableinthecountry.Thereportedaverageannualproductionis150,487metrictonnes.Productionoffeldsparhasshowntremendous,about500%increase,overthepastfewyears.

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Fuller’s Earth

PunjabandSindhprovinceshaveverylargeresourcesofFuller’searth. InSindhthesedepositsoccuratThanoBullaKhan(DistrictDadu),ShadiShahid(DistrictKhairpur)whileinPunjabthemaindepositsarefoundinD.G.Khan.

Fuller’searthisformedalongthefloodplainsofancientriverchannels.ThePaleocene-EoceneriverswhichdepositedcoalinKhyberPakhtunkhwa,Punjab,BalochistanandSindhalsodepositedFuller’searthintheadjoiningareas.Thepresentproductionisbeingutilisedinoilrefiningandotherindustriesin the country. It is also being used by insecticide, foundries vegetable oil, ghee and steel industries. ThusasharpriseinthedemandofFuller’searthisexpectedinfuture.

Overallestimationforthecountryhasnotbeenworkedoutbutitisbelievedthathugeresourcesareavailable in the country.The reported average annual production is 6,774metric tonnes, showingnotabledeclineinproductionoverthepastfewyearsasearlieritwasaboutthreetimesofthisfigure.

Fire Clay

Sizabledeposits offire clay are found in theprovinceofPunjab,which isalso the main consumer of this commodity. Large deposits occur in Mianwali, Sargodha andAttockdistricts. Fire clay is also found inThatta andDadu

districtsofSindhandD.I.KhandistrictofKhyberPakhtunkhwa. These are residual sedimentarydepositsgenerallyfoundatthebaseofPatalaFormationofPaleoceneageinthePunjabandatthebaseofSonharibedsofPaleoceneageinSindh.ThebulkofthepresentproductionisobtainedfromMianwali and Sargodha deposits which could be classed as heavy duty refractory clay. It is used mainly for furnace lining in cement and other industries.

TotalreserveoffireclayinPakistanareover100milliontonnesandreportedaverageannualproductionis289,573metrictonnes.

Silica sand/Glass sand

DattaFormationofJurassicageanditsequivalentformationscontainthickbedsofsilicasandinKhisorandMarwatRanges,betweenPanialaandPezu,overalengthof16kmwithanestimatedreservesof20milliontonnes(Raza

and Iqbal 1997). InSaltRange andSurgharRangeglass sandbedsoccur inDattaFormation andPatalaFormation(LatePaleocene).NearMallakhel,glasssandbedswithover99%SiO2 occurs in LumshivalFormationofLowerCretaceousage(Ahmad1959,Shah1980).InHazarahighgradesilicasandoccursasthicklayerswithina150mthicksequenceofmetamorphosedcalcareoussandstoneatMandKachcha(RazaandIqbal1977).LargedepositsofglasssandarefoundinDaduDistrictofSindhprovinceinEoceneandOligocenesediments.Largelenticularbodiesofsilicasandoccur inmetasedimentsinMohmandAgencywithreservesofover537milliontonnes.

TotalreservesofsilicasandinPakistanareestimatedtobe557milliontonnesandreportedaverageannualproductionis317,225metrictonnes.Theproductionofsilicasandhasalsoshownanupwardtrendandithasincreasedabout20%overthepastfewyears.

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FERTILIZER AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

Gypsum and Anhydrite

Pakistanhasverylargereservesofgypsum/anhydritefoundinalltheprovincesofthecountry.MajordepositsarethoseofDaudKhel,KhewraandD.G.KhanPunjab,KohatRegioninKhyberPakhtunkhwa.andSpintangiandChamalanginBalochistan.SmallerdepositsoccurinDadudistrictofSindhandLasbela

districtofBalochistan.Presentestimateofavailablegypsumresourcesinthecountryisover4,850million tonnes.The reported average annual production is 1,041,972metric tonnes, registering anincreaseofabout100%overthepastfewyears.

Magnesite

MagnesiteisfoundatWadandMuslimBaghinBalochistanandMalakand&HazarainKhyberPakhtunkhwaalongfractures,jointsandfaultsinultramaficrocks.TheKumharmagnesitedepositofHazaraKhyberPakhtunkhwahas

beenestimatedtocontain8.75milliontonnesoftotalreserve.Themagnesitefromthisdeposithasbeenfoundsuitableforproductionofrefractorybricksandfusedmagnesiumphosphate(Hirayamaet.al. 1995).

ThemagnesiteresourcesinPakistanhavebeenestimatedat12milliontonneswhereastheaverageannualproduction is9,844metric tonnes, registeringan increaseofabout200%over thepast fewyears.

Rock Salt

HugedepositsofrocksaltarelocatedintheSaltRangeinPunjabprovinceandinKohatdistrictofKhyberPakhtunkhwa.Saltmininghasbeentraditionallycarried out by the government since annexation of Punjab and Khyber

PakhtunkhwaduringtheBritishrule,butrecentlysomeprivatepartieshavealsostartedsaltmining.

Inthelatefifties,theminingengineersworkinginKhewrasaltmineshadreachedaconclusionthatthe salt deposits of the area were nearing exhaustion and that the mining operations would be closed downwithinashortperiod.ConsequentlyGSPwasrequestedtoevaluatethesaltdepositsofKhewra.DetailedexplorationandevaluationofthesedepositsbyGSPprovedtheexistenceofinexhaustiblereservesofrocksaltintheSaltRange(Asrarullah1962).

The rock salt resources of Pakistan stands at 800million tonnes and the reported average annualproduction is2,021,008metric tonnes,showingan increaseofabout30%over thepast fewyears.About40%ofthetotaloutputisconsumedbysodaash,causticsodaandleatherindustriesandrestismarketedfordomestic/humanconsumption.Acertainamountofrocksaltisalsoexportedtoanumber of countries.

16

Soapstone and Talc

SoapstonedepositsoccurinParachinararea,KurramAgency;Jamrud,KhyberAgency;Dargai,Swatdistrict;Sherwan,Abbottabaddistrict;MuslimBagh&Wadh-UthalareasinBalochistan.TheSherwandepositisthemajorproducer

ofsoapstoneinthecountrybutotherdepositsofKhyberPakhtunkhwaandFATA/FANAhavealsostarted producing and are expected to increase the production as the demand rises. Soapstone deposits ofKurramAgencyhavebeenestimatedtocontain1.6milliontonnesofreserves(Badshah1994).

Overallestimationofsoapstonehasnotbeenworkedoutbut it isbelieved thathugeresourcesareavailableinthecountry.Thereportedaverageannualproductionis147,250metrictonnes,showingabout337%increaseoverthepastfewyears.

Table-2 Reserves and Production of Cement, Fertilizer, Ceramic, Glass and Chemical Raw Material

S. No. Variety of Building Stone Reserves(in million tonnes)

Annual Production 2010-2011 (in metric

tonnes)1. Limestone Extensive 34,585,6932. Shale Extensive 3,964,0803. Gypsum 4,850 1,041,9725. Dolomite Extensive 364,0086 Glass (Silica) Sand 557 317,2257. Phosphate 7 91,3508. RockSalt 800 2,021,0089. China Clay Large 22,790

BUILDING AND DECORATIVE STONES

Pakistanisblessedwithavarietyofexquisitebuildinganddecorativestonesthroughoutthecountry.The most commonly used and mined in large quantities are marble, onyx marble, various types of limestoneandigneousrocks,mainlygranite,dioriteandgabbro.

Large reserves of re-crystallized limestone and marble occur widely in the GilgitandSkarduregion,inChitral,KhyberAgency,SwatandMardandistrictsof Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Bajaur and KhyberAgencies of FATA, inAzadJammuandKashmir(AsrarullahandHussain1985). OnyxmarbleofhighqualityisfoundinChagaiDistrictofBalochistanProvince(Ahmed,1965).Other formsofbuilding stones like slate, sandstone, boulders andgravels

etc are abundantly available throughout the country. Attractive and good quality granitic, dioritic and gabbroicrocksoccurinGilgit,Chitral,Swat,Raskoh,Chagai,LasbelaandNagarparkarareas.

17

Reserves and average annual production of some varieties of building stones are given in the following table.

Table-3 Reserves and Production of Some Varieties of Building Stones

S. No. Variety of Building Stone Reserves (in million

tonnes)

Annual Production 2010-2011 (in metric

tonnes) 1. Onyx Marble 2 78,6122. Aragonite Marble 158 1,369,3153. Granite 4,140 15,8774. Sandstone Extensive 4405. Slate Stone Very Large 103,1016. Miscellaneous Building Stones (diorite, gab-

bro, gneiss, rhyolite & basalt)Very Large 477

7. Serpentine Very Large 2,542

DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DATA TABLE

Inthefollowingtabledataonalmostallmajormineralcommoditieshasbeencompiledincluding8metallic,49nonmetallicand3EnergyFuelcommodities.Reservesofthecommoditiesinthecountryhavebeenworkedoutwhereeverpossible,otherwise,sizeisdescribedintermsofsmall,Large,VeryLargeandExtensive,as thecasemaybe.Averagequality is shown to reflect the representationofquality on broader terms instead of depicting individual deposits. In the next column production of the commodityfortheyear2010-2011isgivenandnextcolumndescribestheaverageproductionworkedonthebasisoftheproductionofthelastl0years,toshowthevariationortrendofincreaseordecreaseintheproductionofthatcommodityoverthepastfewyears.Underthecolumnwiththetitle“LifeofMine”, is to show for how long that particular commodity has been in production in the country. In thelastcolumn,resourcesalreadyexploitedhavebeenworkedoutonthebasisoftheaveragerateofproduction and the life of production for each commodity in the country.

This data has been compiled with aim that the reader can get a fair idea, on the basis of reserves, production, number of producing years, resources already exploited; the actual position of a particular commodityandthenanalysetheoverallpictureofthepotentialofthemineralsectorofPakistan.

19

MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES

OF PAKISTAN

20

NA

ME

OF

DE

POSI

TS

SIZ

E

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

RE

SER

VE

S IN

PA

KIS

TA

N

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

QU

AL

ITY

AN

NU

AL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in m

etri

c to

nnes

) 20

10-2

011

AV

ER

AG

E

PRO

DU

CT

ION

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

LIF

E O

F M

INE

/ PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in Y

ears

)

RE

SOU

RC

ES

AL

RE

AD

Y

EX

PLO

ITE

D

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

KPK

/FA

TA

Ant

imon

yZa

imuk

ht H

ill, K

urra

m V

alle

yK

rinj P

arts

on, C

hitra

l0.

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otal

0.06

0.08

6PU

NJA

BK

aran

gali

Hill

Sal

t Ran

ge

BA

LO

CH

IST

AN

Shek

ran,

Khu

zdar

Q

ila A

bdul

lah

0.02

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otal

0.02

6K

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hrom

iteH

aric

hand

, Dar

gai

0.05

Boy

a, N

.Waz

irist

anJi

jal,

Bis

ham

0.6

Chi

las

CO

MM

OD

ITY

2,37

079

302

Low

to m

ediu

m

grad

e

METALLIC

Tot

al0.

652.

527

BA

LO

CH

IST

AN

Naw

eoba

, Zho

bM

uslim

Bag

h, Q

ila S

aifu

llah

0.54

7So

naro

, Khu

zdar

1.3

Ras

koh,

Cha

gai

0.03

Tot

al1.

877

* *

910,

980

30,3

6630

115,

931

Low

to m

ediu

m

grad

e

Ave

rage

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll m

iner

al c

omm

oditi

es h

as b

een

base

d on

the

aver

age

of a

nnua

l pro

duct

ion

of la

st 1

0 ye

ars,

prov

ided

by

prov

inci

al D

GM

MD

's, fo

r cal

cula

ting

pres

ent i

n-si

tu v

alue

of t

he c

omm

odity

in th

e co

untry

.

Util

ized

Life

of M

ine

/ per

iod

of p

rodu

ctio

n ha

s bee

n as

sum

ed c

onsi

derin

g th

e no

n av

aila

bilit

y of

act

ual d

ata

21

NA

ME

OF

DE

POSI

TS

SIZ

E

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

RE

SER

VE

S IN

PA

KIS

TA

N

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

QU

AL

ITY

AN

NU

AL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in m

etri

c to

nnes

) 20

10-2

011

AV

ER

AG

E

PRO

DU

CT

ION

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

LIF

E O

F M

INE

/ PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in Y

ears

)

RE

SOU

RC

ES

AL

RE

AD

Y

EX

PLO

ITE

D

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

Cop

per

KPK

Shin

kai,

Boy

a, W

aziri

stan

12

0B

ulas

hgah

, Gilg

it 0.

5T

otal

120.

5

BA

LO

CH

IST

AN

6082

.532

Low

to h

igh

grad

e15

,672

15,6

7212

188,

064

Sain

dak,

Cha

gai

412

30.4

1266

Sash

t-e-K

ain,

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200

Ziar

at P

ir Su

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200

Kab

ul K

oh, C

haga

i50

Mis

si, C

haga

i10

0B

ande

gan,

Cha

gai

0.03

2R

eko

Diq

, Cha

gai

5000

Tot

al59

62.0

32G

old

BA

LO

CH

IST

AN

Sain

dak

(05

gram

s/to

n)20

61

656

Low

grad

e1

471

4712

1764

METALLICCO

MM

OD

ITY

Sain

dak

(

0.5

gram

s/to

n)20

61,

656

Low

gra

de1.

471.

4712

17.6

4

Rek

o D

iq (

0.29

gra

ms/

ton)

14

50

Silv

erSa

inda

k

(1.5

gra

ms/

ton)

61

861

8Lo

w g

rade

2.76

2.76

1233

* * *R

eser

ve o

f Gol

d in

the

coun

try =

165

6 m

etric

tons

(58,

413,

680

Oun

ces)

and

that

of S

ilver

= 6

18 m

etric

tons

(21,

799,

308

Oun

ces)

Ave

rage

pro

duct

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of a

ll m

iner

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as b

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base

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aver

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ided

by

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r cal

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of t

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omm

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in th

e co

untry

.

Prod

uctio

nfig

ure

forc

oppe

rsho

ws

blis

terc

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r,w

hich

has

been

assu

med

asth

eav

erag

epr

oduc

tion

fort

heto

talp

erio

dof

prod

uctio

nfo

rthe

last

12ye

ars.

Forc

onve

nien

ceth

ere

serv

esha

vebe

enca

lcul

ated

atan

aver

age

valu

eof

0.5

% c

oppe

r fo

r all

copp

er d

epos

its.

22

NA

ME

OF

DE

POSI

TS

SIZ

E

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

RE

SER

VE

S IN

PA

KIS

TA

N

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

QU

AL

ITY

AN

NU

AL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in m

etri

c to

nnes

) 20

10-2

011

AV

ER

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E

PRO

DU

CT

ION

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

LIF

E O

F M

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/ PR

OD

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N

(in Y

ears

)

RE

SOU

RC

ES

AL

RE

AD

Y

EX

PLO

ITE

D

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

Iron

Ore

KPK

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ham

6.8

1427

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w to

hig

h 34

1,65

124

,322

1024

3,22

0A

bbot

taba

d 2.

6G

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nian

60La

ngria

l30

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66M

azar

Tan

g, K

ohat

0.5

Dam

mer

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ar6.

5N

izam

pur

168

Tot

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340.

4PU

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BK

alab

agh

350

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na S

argo

dha

110

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27.4

6R

akhi

Mun

h, D

G K

han

268.

3T

otal

:75

5.76

BA

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CH

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AN

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MM

OD

ITY

METALLIC

BA

LO

CH

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AN

Dilb

and,

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at

250

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10M

ashk

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h 0.

43D

urba

n C

hah

1.12

5A

mir

Cha

h 1.

125

Chi

lgha

zi

23C

hapa

r 0.

05K

undi

Bal

ucha

p 0.

13Pa

chin

Koh

45

Ban

daga

n0.

18T

otal

:33

1.04

* * *U

tiliz

ed L

ife o

f Min

e / p

erio

d of

pro

duct

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has b

een

assu

med

con

side

ring

the

non

avai

labi

lity

of a

ctua

l dat

a

M

Ave

rage

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll m

iner

al c

omm

oditi

es h

as b

een

base

d on

the

aver

age

of a

nnua

l pro

duct

ion

of la

st 1

0 ye

ars,

prov

ided

by

prov

inci

al D

GM

MD

's, fo

r cal

cula

ting

pres

ent i

n-si

tu v

alue

of t

he c

omm

odity

in th

e co

untry

.

For i

ron

aver

age

rate

of p

rodu

ctio

n ha

s bee

n as

sum

ed a

s 300

,000

met

ric to

ne p

er y

ear f

or c

alcu

latin

g re

sour

ces a

lread

y e

xplo

ited

and

pres

ent i

n-si

tu v

alue

of i

ron

ore

in th

e co

untry

.

23

NA

ME

OF

DE

POSI

TS

SIZ

E

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

RE

SER

VE

S IN

PA

KIS

TA

N

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

QU

AL

ITY

AN

NU

AL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in m

etri

c to

nnes

) 20

10-2

011

AV

ER

AG

E

PRO

DU

CT

ION

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

LIF

E O

F M

INE

/ PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in Y

ears

)

RE

SOU

RC

ES

AL

RE

AD

Y

EX

PLO

ITE

D

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

Lea

d Z

inc

KPK

- Bes

ham

0.

51,

569

1,56

92

25,3

84T

otal

:0.

511

,123

11,1

23B

AL

OC

HIS

TA

N12

,692

12,6

92- G

unga

, Khu

zdar

1023

.72

- Sur

mai

, Khu

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r

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otal

:23

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Man

gane

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PK- C

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ali,

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otta

bad

0.

180.

597

Tot

al:

0.18

2,75

31,

255

1518

,825

BA

LO

CH

IST

AN

- Las

bela

0.18

8- K

huzd

ar

0.22

9T

otal

:0.

417

Agg

lom

erat

e M

any

depo

sits

in K

PK &

Bal

ochi

stan

Larg

eH

igh

grad

e-

346

CO

MM

OD

ITY

Low

to m

ediu

m

grad

e

S

Low

to m

ediu

m

grad

e

METALLIC

Agg

lom

erat

e M

any

depo

sits

in K

PK &

Bal

ochi

stan

Larg

eH

igh

grad

e34

6A

rago

nite

m

arbl

eA

num

ber o

f dep

osits

in

Bal

ochi

stan

158

Hig

h gr

ade

1,36

9,31

563

6,81

540

25,4

72,6

00

Bui

ldin

g st

one

(dio

rite

, ga

bbro

, gn

eiss

, rh

yolit

e &

ba

salt)

A n

umbe

r of d

epos

its a

ll ov

er

Paki

stan

Ver

y La

rge

Dep

osits

Med

ium

to h

igh

grad

e47

747

7

Con

glom

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o-M

ediu

m to

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h gr

ade

138

260

Ebr

y st

one

-do-

Med

ium

Med

ium

to h

igh

grad

e-

238

* * *U

tiliz

ed L

ife o

f Min

e / p

erio

d of

pro

duct

ion

has b

een

assu

med

con

side

ring

the

non

avai

labi

lity

of a

ctua

l dat

a

NON METALLIC

BUILDING & DIMENSION STONES

Ave

rage

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll m

iner

al c

omm

oditi

es h

as b

een

base

d on

the

aver

age

of a

nnua

l pro

duct

ion

of la

st 1

0 ye

ars,

prov

ided

by

prov

inci

al D

GM

MD

's, fo

r cal

cula

ting

pres

ent i

n-si

tu v

alue

of t

he c

omm

odity

in th

e co

untry

.

Con

side

ring

min

or d

iffer

ence

of r

ates

of L

ead

& Z

inc

both

the

met

als h

ave

been

trea

ted

as o

ne fo

r cal

cula

ting

pres

ent i

n-si

tu v

alue

of t

he d

epos

its.

24

NA

ME

OF

DE

POSI

TS

SIZ

E

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

RE

SER

VE

S IN

PA

KIS

TA

N

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

QU

AL

ITY

AN

NU

AL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in m

etri

c to

nnes

) 20

10-2

011

AV

ER

AG

E

PRO

DU

CT

ION

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

LIF

E O

F M

INE

/ PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in Y

ears

)

RE

SOU

RC

ES

AL

RE

AD

Y

EX

PLO

ITE

D

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

Gra

nite

4,14

0M

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

15,8

778,

000

2016

0,00

0

Gra

vel

Ver

y La

rge

Dep

osits

-37

,604

26,6

1220

7520

80

Mill

ston

eSm

all

Hig

h gr

ade

-2,

809

Ony

x m

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Tra

vert

ine

2M

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

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78,6

1244

,492

401,

779,

680

Ord

inar

y st

one

Ver

y La

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Dep

osits

Low

to h

igh

grad

e6,

630

3,99

126

5200

Sand

/ B

ajri

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h gr

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217,

179

150,

000

8687

160

Sand

ston

e-d

o-H

igh

grad

e44

01,

834

1760

0

Serp

entin

e-d

o-M

ediu

m g

rade

2,54

23,

390

101,

680

Slat

est

one

-do-

Hig

hgr

ade

103

101

183

441

2404

0

Exte

nsiv

ely

Ava

ilabl

e A

ll O

ver P

akis

tan

A n

umbe

r of d

epos

its in

KPK

, Sin

dh &

B

aloc

hist

an

BUILDING & DIMENSION STONES

A n

umbe

r of d

epos

its in

KPK

& B

aloc

hist

an

Anu

mbe

rofd

epos

itsin

KPK

A n

umbe

r of d

epos

its in

SIN

DH

, KPK

& B

aloc

hist

an

A n

umbe

r of d

epos

its in

KPK

& B

aloc

hist

an

-DO

--D

O-

CO

MM

OD

ITY

NON METALLIC

Exte

nsiv

ely

Ava

ilabl

e A

ll O

ver P

akis

tan

Slat

e st

one

-do-

Hig

h gr

ade

103,

101

1,83

441

2404

0

Bal

l cla

ySm

all

Med

ium

to h

igh

grad

e16

81,

560

6720

Ben

toni

te-d

oM

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

37,8

0247

,229

1512

080

Chi

na c

lay

Med

ium

D

epos

itsM

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

22,7

9047

,993

9116

00

Cla

ys

Larg

eM

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

4,48

3,90

81,

942,

049

1793

5632

0

*

*

A n

umbe

r of d

epos

its in

KPK

A fe

w d

epos

its in

Pun

jab

Exte

nsiv

ely

Ava

ilabl

e A

ll O

ver P

akis

tan

A fe

w d

epos

its in

Pun

jab

A n

umbe

r of d

epos

its in

Si

ndh

& K

PK

CLAYS

Ave

rage

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll m

iner

al c

omm

oditi

es h

as b

een

base

d on

the

aver

age

of a

nnua

l pro

duct

ion

of la

st 1

0 ye

ars,

prov

ided

by

prov

inci

al D

GM

MD

's, fo

r cal

cula

ting

pres

ent i

n-si

tu v

alue

of t

he c

omm

odity

in th

e co

untry

.

Util

ized

Life

of M

ine

/ per

iod

of p

rodu

ctio

n ha

s bee

n as

sum

ed c

onsi

derin

g th

e no

n av

aila

bilit

y of

act

ual d

ata

25

NA

ME

OF

DE

POSI

TS

SIZ

E

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

RE

SER

VE

S IN

PA

KIS

TA

N

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

QU

AL

ITY

AN

NU

AL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in m

etri

c to

nnes

) 20

10-2

011

AV

ER

AG

E

PRO

DU

CT

ION

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

LIF

E O

F M

INE

/ PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in Y

ears

)

RE

SOU

RC

ES

AL

RE

AD

Y

EX

PLO

ITE

D

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

Fire

cla

y10

0M

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

289,

573

198,

465

305,

953,

950

Fulle

r’s e

arth

Fairl

y La

rge

Dep

osits

Med

ium

to h

igh

grad

e6,

774

1728

3

Shal

e-D

o-H

igh

grad

e3,

964,

080

1,50

0,00

0

Asb

esto

sA

few

dep

osits

in B

aloc

hist

an &

KPK

Smal

lM

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

Bar

iteN

aka

Pabn

i0.

012

13.7

08M

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

33,3

1236

873

301,

106,

190

Ban

khar

i0.

002

Kun

di0.

014

Gun

ga1.

4M

oner

Tal

ar12

.28

Bau

xite

Smal

lM

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

9,03

318

,486

Bri

neM

ediu

mH

igh

grad

e42

622

5319

6

CO

MM

OD

ITY

A fe

w d

epos

its in

Pun

jab

& K

PK

TILIZER & INDUSTRIAL

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in P

unja

b &

KPK

A la

rge

num

ber o

f de

posi

ts a

ll ov

er P

akis

tan

A fe

w d

epos

its in

Pun

jab

& K

PK

NON METALLIC

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in P

unja

b &

KPK

Bri

neM

ediu

mH

igh

grad

e42

,622

53,1

96

Cal

cite

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in B

aloc

hist

an, P

unja

b &

Smal

l to

Med

ium

Hig

h gr

ade

250

1,22

5

Cel

estit

eSm

all

Hig

h gr

ade

460

1,11

7C

halk

-do-

Hig

h gr

ade

1,59

96,

984

Dol

omite

Larg

eH

igh

grad

e36

4,00

826

3,52

1

Feld

spar

Ver

y La

rge

Dep

osits

Hig

h gr

ade

150,

487

23,8

71

Flin

t sto

ne-d

o-H

igh

grad

e0

0

* *

CHEMICAL, FERT

A fe

w d

epos

its in

KPK

& P

unja

bA

few

dep

osits

in S

indh

and

PU

NJA

B

A n

umbe

r of d

epos

its in

KP K

A fe

w d

epos

its in

Pun

jab

& K

PK

Ave

rage

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll m

iner

al c

omm

oditi

es h

as b

een

base

d on

the

aver

age

of a

nnua

l pro

duct

ion

of la

st 1

0 ye

ars,

prov

ided

by

prov

inci

al D

GM

MD

's, fo

r cal

cula

ting

pres

ent i

n-si

tu v

alue

of t

he c

omm

odity

in th

e co

untry

.

Util

ized

Life

of M

ine

/ per

iod

of p

rodu

ctio

n ha

s bee

n as

sum

ed c

onsi

derin

g th

e no

n av

aila

bilit

y of

act

ual d

ata

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in a

ll fo

ur p

rovi

nces

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in B

aloc

hist

an &

KPK

26

NA

ME

OF

DE

POSI

TS

SIZ

E

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

RE

SER

VE

S IN

PA

KIS

TA

N

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

QU

AL

ITY

AN

NU

AL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in m

etri

c to

nnes

) 20

10-2

011

AV

ER

AG

E

PRO

DU

CT

ION

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

LIF

E O

F M

INE

/ PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in Y

ears

)

RE

SOU

RC

ES

AL

RE

AD

Y

EX

PLO

ITE

D

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

Fluo

rite

A fe

w d

epos

its in

Bal

ochi

stan

1Lo

w to

med

ium

gr

ade

198

964

2524

,100

Gyp

sum

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in a

ll fo

ur p

rovi

nces

4,85

0M

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

1,04

1,97

248

5,51

330

14,5

65,3

90

Lak

e sa

ltB

eing

pro

duce

d in

Sin

dh &

Bal

ochi

stan

Smal

lH

igh

grad

e29

3,08

548

,029

Lat

erite

A fe

w d

epos

its in

Bal

ochi

stan

& K

PK-d

o-Lo

w to

med

ium

gr

ade

154,

033

62,6

55

Lim

esto

neEx

tens

ivel

y av

aila

ble

all o

ver P

akis

tan

Larg

eH

igh

grad

e34

,585

,693

14,4

96,8

11

Mag

nesi

teA

num

ber o

f de

posi

ts in

Bal

ochi

stan

& K

PK12

Med

ium

to h

igh

grad

e9,

844

3,28

725

82,1

75

Nep

hlin

e Sy

nite

A fe

w d

epos

its in

KPK

Smal

lLo

w to

med

ium

gr

ade

-

Och

res

/ Red

Ab

fd

iti

Bl

hit

&K

PK10

0Lo

w to

med

ium

37

680

2747

020

5494

00

CO

MM

OD

ITY

NON METALLIC

ICAL, FERTILIZER & INDUSTRIAL

Och

res

/ Red

ox

ides

A

num

ber o

f de

posi

ts in

Bal

ochi

stan

& K

PK10

0Lo

w to

med

ium

gr

ade

37,6

8027

,470

2054

9400

Orp

imen

t A

few

dep

osits

in K

PKSm

all

Low

to m

ediu

m

grad

e-

Phos

phat

eA

num

ber o

f de

posi

ts in

Bal

ochi

stan

& K

PK7

Low

to m

ediu

m

grad

e91

,350

2,18

625

54,6

50

*

*

Ave

rage

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll m

iner

al c

omm

oditi

es h

as b

een

base

d on

the

aver

age

of a

nnua

l pro

duct

ion

of la

st 1

0 ye

ars,

prov

ided

by

prov

inci

al D

GM

MD

's, fo

r cal

cula

ting

pres

ent i

n-si

tu v

alue

of t

he c

omm

odity

in th

e co

untry

.

Util

ized

Life

of M

ine

/ per

iod

of p

rodu

ctio

n ha

s bee

n as

sum

ed c

onsi

derin

g th

e no

n av

aila

bilit

y of

act

ual d

ata

CHEMI

27

NA

ME

OF

DE

POSI

TS

SIZ

E

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

RE

SER

VE

S IN

PA

KIS

TA

N

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

QU

AL

ITY

AN

NU

AL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in m

etri

c to

nnes

) 20

10-2

011

AV

ER

AG

E

PRO

DU

CT

ION

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

LIF

E O

F M

INE

/ PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in Y

ears

)

RE

SOU

RC

ES

AL

RE

AD

Y

EX

PLO

ITE

D

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

Pum

ice

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in B

aloc

hist

an &

KPK

Med

ium

to

Larg

eLo

w to

hig

h gr

ade

4,03

62,

716

Qua

rtz

-do-

Hig

h gr

ade

2,16

044

6

Qua

rtzi

teA

num

ber o

f de

posi

ts in

Bal

ochi

stan

& K

PKSm

all t

o m

ediu

mM

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

207

2,18

9

Roc

k sa

ltA

num

ber o

f de

posi

ts in

Pun

jab

& K

PK80

0H

igh

grad

e2,

021,

008

1,47

8,52

950

7392

6450

Silic

a sa

ndA

num

ber o

f de

posi

ts in

all

the

four

pro

vinc

es55

7M

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

317,

225

268,

478

308,

054,

340

Soap

ston

eA

num

ber o

f de

posi

ts in

Bal

ochi

stan

& K

PKM

ediu

m to

larg

eM

ediu

m to

hig

h gr

ade

147,

250

3368

6

Sulp

hur

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in B

aloc

hist

an &

KPK

0.8

Low

to m

ediu

m

grad

e0

398

3011

,940

Tro

naA

num

ber o

f de

posi

ts in

Sin

dh-d

o-Lo

w to

med

ium

d

472

2,56

0

CO

MM

OD

ITY

NON METALLIC

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in B

aloc

hist

an, P

unja

b &

KPK

CHEMICAL, FERTILIZER & INDUSTRIAL

pgr

ade

,

* *

Ave

rage

prod

uctio

nof

allm

iner

alco

mm

oditi

esha

sbe

enba

sed

onth

eav

erag

eof

annu

alpr

oduc

tion

ofla

st10

year

s,pr

ovid

edby

prov

inci

alD

GM

MD

's,fo

rcal

cula

ting

pres

enti

n-si

tuva

lue

of th

e co

mm

odity

in th

e co

untry

.U

tiliz

ed L

ife o

f min

e / p

erio

d of

pro

duct

ion

has b

een

assu

med

con

side

ring

the

non

avai

labi

lity

of a

ctua

l dat

a

C

28

NA

ME

OF

DE

POSI

TS

SIZ

E

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

RE

SER

VE

S IN

PA

KIS

TA

N

(in m

illio

n to

nnes

)

QU

AL

ITY

AN

NU

AL

PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in m

etri

c to

nnes

) 20

10-2

011

AV

ER

AG

E

PRO

DU

CT

ION

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

LIF

E O

F M

INE

/ PR

OD

UC

TIO

N

(in Y

ears

)

RE

SOU

RC

ES

AL

RE

AD

Y

EX

PLO

ITE

D

(in

met

ric

tonn

es)

SOLID

Coa

l18

6,00

8Lo

w g

rade

(lig

-A

to b

it-c)

3,30

5,75

83,

335,

179

5016

6,75

8,95

0

LIQUID

Cru

de O

il-

264.

011

(M

illio

n B

arre

ls)

Goo

d Q

ualit

y24

0411

56 (B

arre

ls)

GAS

Nat

ural

Gas

-

27.5

0048

(T

CF)

G

ood

Qua

lity

1,47

1,59

1 (m

illio

n C

FT)

* *

NB

Ave

rage

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll m

iner

al c

omm

oditi

es h

as b

een

base

d on

the

aver

age

of a

nnua

l pro

duct

ion

of la

st 1

0 ye

ars,

prov

ided

by

prov

inci

al D

GM

MD

's, fo

r cal

cula

ting

pres

ent i

n-si

tu v

alue

of t

he c

omm

odity

in th

e co

untry

.

Figu

resg

iven

forc

rude

oila

ndga

sind

icat

eba

lanc

ere

cove

rabl

ere

serv

esSo

urce

:“En

ergy

Yea

rBoo

k20

11”

A n

umbe

r of

depo

sits

in a

ll th

e fo

ur

prov

ince

s (Li

st o

f dep

osits

atta

ched

)

ENERGY/ FUELCO

MM

OD

ITY

* *

*U

tiliz

ed L

ife o

f Min

e / p

erio

d of

pro

duct

ion

has b

een

assu

med

con

side

ring

the

non

avai

labi

lity

of a

ctua

l dat

a TO

E= T

onne

s of O

il Eq

uiva

lent

, TC

F= T

rillio

n C

ubic

Fee

t, C

FT=

Cub

ic F

eet

Figu

res g

iven

for c

rude

oil

and

gas i

ndic

ate

bala

nce

reco

vera

ble

rese

rves

, Sou

rce:

“En

ergy

Yea

r Boo

k, 2

011”

Inex

haus

tible

cem

entr

awm

ater

ial(

Lst+

Shal

e),r

ock

salt

(Oth

erth

anPM

DC

min

es),

build

ing

&di

men

sion

ston

es,v

ario

usty

pes

ofcl

ays,

chem

ical

slik

ebr

ine,

lake

salt,

aggr

egat

ere

sour

ces,

ferti

lizer

&in

dust

rialm

iner

als,

fairl

yla

rge

but u

n-ex

plor

ed d

epos

its o

f Pla

tinum

Gro

up E

lem

ents

(PG

E) a

nd R

are

Earth

Ele

men

ts/m

etal

s (R

EE) a

nd la

rge

depo

sits

of g

emst

ones

and

cru

de o

il &

gas

are

exc

lude

d fr

om th

e re

sour

ces'

QUALITY AND

COAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN

30

Tabl

e-4

Sum

mar

y of

Qua

lity

and

Coa

l Res

ourc

es o

f Pak

ista

n

Field

Seam

Th

ickne

ss

Rang

e (Me

ters)

Rese

rves

Statu

sCo

al Qu

ality

Prox

imate

Ana

lyses

(in pe

rcen

t)Ra

nk A

STM

Clas

sifi-ca

tion

Heati

ng Va

lue (m

mmf)

Btu/l

b

Annu

al Pr

oduc

tion

2009

-2010

(to

nnes

)To

tal

Meas

ured

Ind

icated

Inf

erre

dHy

poth

etica

lMo

istur

eVo

latile

Matt

erFix

ed C

arbo

nAs

hTo

talSu

lphur

Sind

hLa

khra

0.3-3

.31,3

2824

462

945

5-

Deve

loped

9.7-3

8.118

.3-38

.69.8

-38.2

4.3-4

91.2

-14.8

ligB

to Su

bC5,5

03-9

,158

1,038

,926

Sond

a-Th

atta

0.3-1

.53,7

0060

511

2197

932

Non-

Deve

loped

22.6-

48.0

16.1-

36.9

8.9-3

1.62.7

-52.0

0.2-1

5.0Su

bC to

hvBb

8,878

-13,5

55-

Jher

ruk

0.3-6

.21,8

2310

681

090

7-

Non-

Deve

loped

}9.0-

39.5

20.0-

44.2

15.0-

58.8

5.0-3

9.00.4

-7.7

SubC

to hv

Cb8,8

00-1

2,846

-On

gar

0.3-1

.531

218

7721

7-

Non-

Deve

loped

LigB

to Su

bA5,2

19-11

,172

-Ind

us E

ast

0.3-2

.51,7

7751

170

1556

-No

n-De

velop

edLig

A to

SubC

7,782

-8,66

0-

Metin

g-Jh

umpir

0.3-1

.016

110

4310

8-

Deve

loped

26.6-

36.6

25.2-

34.0

24.1-

32.2

8.2-1

6.82.9

-5.1

LigA

to Su

bC7,7

34-8

,612

19,93

6Ba

din0.5

5-3.1

850

150

-20

050

0No

n-De

velop

edSu

bA to

hvCb

11,41

5-11

,521

-Th

ar0.2

-22.8

117

5,506

2,700

9,395

50,70

611

2705

Non-

Deve

loped

29.6-

55.5

23.1-

36.6

14.2-

34.0

2.9-11

.50.4

-2.9

LigB

to Su

bA6,2

44-11

,054

-Su

b To

tal

185,4

573,3

3911

,635

56,34

611

4,137

1,058

,862

Balo

chist

anKh

ost-S

hahr

ig-Ha

rnai-

Zard

alu0.3

-2.3

7613

-63

-De

velop

ed1.7

-11.2

9.3-4

5.325

.5-43

.89.3

-34.0

3.5-9

.55Su

bB to

hvAb

9,637

-15,4

99 2

78,92

0So

r Ran

ge-D

egha

ri-Si

njdi

0.3-1

.350

15-

1916

Deve

loped

3.9-1

8.920

.7-37

.541

.0-50

.84.9

-17.2

0.6-5

.5Su

bA to

hvBb

11,24

5-13

,900

281,3

71Du

ki0.2

-2.3

5014

1125

-De

velop

ed3.5

-11.5

32.0-

50.0

28.0-

42.0

5.0-3

8.04.0

-6.0

SubB

to hv

Ab10

,131-

14,16

456

4,944

Mach

Abe

gum

0.6-1

.323

9-

14-

Deve

loped

7.1-1

2.034

.2-43

.032

.4-41

.59.6

-20.3

3.2-7

.4Su

bA to

hvCb

11,11

0-12

,937

305,0

37Pi

r Ism

ail Z

iarat

0.4-0

.712

22

8-

Deve

loped

6.3-1

3.234

.6-41

.019

.3-42

.510

.3-37

.54.0

-5.5

SubA

to hv

Vb10

,786-

11,99

631

8,116

Cham

along

-Bala

Dha

ka0.3

-2.0

61

-5

-De

velop

ed1.1

-2.9

24.9-

43.5

19.4-

478.1

9.1-3

6.53.0

-8.5

hvCb

to hv

Ab12

,500-

14,35

752

0,185

Sub

Tota

l 21

754

1313

416

2,268

,623

Punj

abSa

lt Ran

ge0.1

5-1.2

213

5016

214

5De

velop

ed3.2

-10.8

21.5-

38.8

25.7-

44.8

12.3-

44.2

2.6-1

0.7Su

bC to

hvAb

9,472

-15,8

01

553,4

53Ma

karw

al0.3

-2.0

225

89

-De

velop

ed2.8

-6.0

31.5-

48.1

34.9-

44.9

6.4-3

0.82.8

-6.3

SubA

to hv

Ab10

,688-

14,02

9Su

b To

tal

235

5524

1114

555

3,453

NWFP

Hang

u/Ora

kzai

0.43-

0.681

.51.0

4.576

-De

velop

ed0.2

-2.5

16.2-

33.4

21.8-

49.8

5.3-4

3.31.5

-9.5

SubA

to hv

Ab10

,500-

14,14

9

242,9

69Ch

erat/

Gulla

Khe

l0.8

-1.2

8.50.5

8-

Deve

loped

0.1-7

.114

.0-31

.237

.0-76

.96.1

-39.0

1.1-3

.5Si

bC to

hvAb

9,388

-14,1

71Su

b To

tal

901.5

4.584

-24

2,969

AJK

Kotli

0.25-

1.09

11

7-

Deve

loped

0.2-6

.05.1

-32.0

26.3-

69.5

3.3-5

0.00.3

-4.8

ligA

to hv

CB7,3

36-1

2,338

-To

tal

91

17

-

TOTA

L18

6,008

34,50

511

677.5

56,58

211

4,298

Tons

of O

il Equ

ivalen

t (TO

E)4,1

23,90

7

1,845

,036

hvAb

=hig

h vola

tile A

bitum

inous

coal

Sub A

=Su

b bitu

mino

us A

coal

Sub

C

= S

ub bi

tumino

us C

coal

Bt

u

= B

ritish

The

rmal

Unit

hvBb

=hig

h vola

tile B

bitum

inous

coal

Sub

B =

Sub

bitum

inous

B co

al lig

B

=

Lign

ite B

coal

AS

TM =

Ame

rican

Soc

iety F

or Te

sting

and M

ateria

lshv

b

=high

volat

ile C

bitum

inous

coal

Sub

B =

Sub

bitum

inous

B co

al m

mm

f

= mo

ist m

inera

l matt

er fr

ee

Kg

=

kilog

ram

Mine

able

Rese

rves

= 60

% of

the p

rove

d res

erve

sMe

asur

ed R

eser

ves:

havin

g a hi

gh de

gree

of ge

ologic

al as

sura

nce,

coal

lies w

ithin

a rad

ius of

0.4 k

m fro

m a p

oint o

f coa

l mea

sure

ment.

Indi

cate

d Re

serv

es: h

aving

a mo

dera

te de

gree

of ge

ologic

al as

sura

nce,

coal

lies w

ithin

a rad

ius of

0.4 t

o 1.2

km. fr

om a

point

of co

al me

asur

emen

t.In

ferre

d Re

serv

es:

havin

g a lo

w de

gree

of ge

ologic

al as

sura

nce,

coal

lies w

ithin

a rad

ius of

1.2 t

o 4.8

km fr

om a

point

of co

al me

asur

emen

t.Hy

poth

etica

l Res

ourc

es: u

ndisc

over

ed c

oal re

sour

ces

and a

re ge

nera

lly ex

tensio

n of in

ferre

d res

erve

s in w

hich c

oal li

es be

yond

4.8 k

m fro

m a p

oint o

f coa

l mea

sure

ment.

To co

nver

t Btu

to Kc

al/Kg

mult

iply b

y 0.55

6. To

conv

ert K

cal/K

g to B

tu/lb

multip

ly by

1.79

8So

urce

:1.

Ahma

d and

othe

rs, (1

986)

, Coa

l Res

ource

s of P

akist

an, G

SP, R

ec. V

ol. 73

2.

Kazm

i and

Sid

diqu

i, (19

90).

Sign

ifica

nce o

f the

Coa

l Res

ourc

es o

f Pak

istan

, GSP

/USG

S Pu

b.

3.

Jalee

l and

othe

rs, (2

002)

, Coa

l Res

ource

s of F

our B

lock o

f Tha

r, Sind

h, Pa

kistan

,GSP

, Rec

. Vol.

115.

4. Ja

ved &

othe

rs (2

000)

, Coa

l Res

ource

s of E

aster

n Salt

Ran

ge, P

akist

an (u

npub

lishe

d)

Contents

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources

Overview of Mineral Potential of Pakistan

Major Mineral Resources of Pakistan

Quality and Coal Resources of Pakistan

AN OVERVIEW OF MINERAL POTENTIAL OF PAKISTAN

NATURAL RESOURCES WINGMINISTRY OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL RESOURCES

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

Tel: +92-51-9202337Fax: +92-51-9204077

E-mail: info@mpnr.gov.pkWebsite: www.mpnr.gov.pk