minerals calcium ppt biochemistry [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
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MINERALS
Dr. Vijay Marakala, MBBS, MD.
Assistant professor BIOCHEMISTRY SIMS & RC
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MINERALS
Minerals are inorganic compounds that are required for the body as one of the nutrients
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MINERALS
Macrominerals Required in excess of
100mg/day
Ca++, P, S, Mg, Cl, Na, K.
Microminerals Required in amounts less than 100mg/day
Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, I, Fl, Cr, CO, Mn
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MINERALS
Calcium Phosphorous Iron Copper
Iodine Zinc Fluoride Magnesium
Manganese Selenium
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MINERALS
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CALCIUM O
BJEC
TIVE
S Sources and RDA
Metabolism of calcium
Functions of calcium
Regulation of plasma calcium
Disorders of calcium metabolism
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CALCIUM
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body
Human body contain about 1-1.5 kg of calcium
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SOURCES OF CALCIUM
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DAILY REQUIREMENTS OF CALCIUM
Children 1000mg/day
Adults 500mg/day
Pregnancy and lactation1500mg/day
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METABOLISM OF CALCIUM
Absorption Factors
affecting absorption
Mechanism of absorption
Excretion of calcium
Distribution and storage
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METABOLISM OF CALCIUM - ABSORPTION
Site
Efficiency
Upper small
intestine
20-30% of dietary Ca
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FACTORS AFFECTING CALCIUM ABSORPTION
Calcium absorption is increased by
CalcitriolPTHHigh protein dietOptimum Ca:P ratioAcidic pHBile salts
Absorption is decreased by
Alkaline pHPhytates and oxalatesSteatorrheaVitamin D deficiencyExcess phosphate in diet
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MECHANISM OF CALCIUM
ABSORPTIONCalcium
absorption occurs by 1,25(OH)2D3
mediated mechanism.
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EXCRETION OF CALCIUM
Stools Unabsorbed calcium in
the diet60 – 70%
Urine
50-200mg/day
Sweat
15mg/day
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DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE OF CALCIUM
Human body contain
about 1-1.5 kg of calcium
99% present in bone and teeth
1% in soft tissue and extracellular fluid
Plasma calcium : 9-11mg/100ml
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FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM
Formation of bone and teeth
Nerve conduction
Muscle contraction
Activation of enzymes
Blood coagulation Secretion of hormones
As a second messenger
Action on myocardium
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REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
Ca++ activates • Glycogen
phosphorylase kinase
• Amylase • PDH, IDH and α-
KGDH
Ca++ Inhibits • Pyruvate kinase• Trypsin
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REGULATION OF PLASMA CALCIUM
50%40%
10%
%
Free or ionized calcium Protein boundcomplex with anions
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REGULATION OF PLASMA CALCIUM
3 Organs
Gut
Bone
Kidney
3 Hormones
Calcitriol
PTH
Calcitonin
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DISORDERS OF CALCIUM METABOLISM
HypocalcemiaHypercalcemia
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HYPOCALCEMIA
Causes Features Treatment
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HYPOCALCEMIA CAUSES Inadequate intake
Impaired absorption
Increased excretion
Magnesium deficiency
Acute pancreatitis
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HYPOCALCEMIA - FEATURES Muscle cramps
and tetany
Laryngospasm
Convulsion
Cardiac arrhythmias
Prolongation of QT interval
Cataract
Chronic hypocalcemia
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HYPOCALCEMIA – SIGNS OF TETANY
Contraction of facial muscle in response to tapping the facial nerve
Chvostek’s sign
Carpal spasm occurring after occlusion of the brachial artery with BP cuff for 3 min
Trousseau’s sign
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HYPOCALCEMIA - TREATMENTSevere symptomatic
cases
Intravenous Calcium gluconate
Asymptomatic cases
Calcium carbonate
Vitamin D
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HYPERCALCEMIA
Causes Features
Treatment
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HYPERCALCEMIA CAUSES Increased intake
Increased absorption
Decreased excretion
Malignancy
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HYPERCALCEMIA - FEATURESFEATURES Metastatic calcification
Neurological symptoms
Renal symptoms
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Cardiac arrhythmias
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HYPERCALCEMIA - TREATMENT
Treatment of primary disease
Induction of natriuresis
Calcitonin
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