minerals. humans cannot survive without minerals 16 minerals needed for humans to survive.03% of...
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Minerals
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Humans cannot survive without minerals
• 16 minerals needed for humans to survive
• .03% of what we eat but we would not survive without the minerals
• Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, phosphorous
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Minerals make-up many practical parts of our lives
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Glass is made from 6 minerals
• Silica• Limestone• Magnesium • Boric acid• Soda• Aluminum• 40 billion glass
containers/year in USA• 35 % are recycled
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Gold in California
• Discovered in the American River, 1848
• Gold Rush- 1849• Population of SF- 575
males,177 females, 60 children- March, 1848
• 100,000- December 1849• Chinese, Welsh, German,
English, Mexican, Spanish and French
• Diversity of California
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Salt
• Early people collected salt before they understood how important the mineral is for survival
• Mediterranean-salt cakes were used as money
• Greeks traded salt for slaves
• England flourished when fuel for boiling brine changed from wood to coal
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Minerals are mined for our use
Magmatic copper, magnetite, uranium
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What is a mineral?
• Naturally occurring• Inorganic• Crystalline structure
Halite, salt, sodium chloride
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Atoms make-up minerals
• An atom is the smallest component of matter
• Each element is defined by the number of protons
• The atom must be electrically neutral
• The number of protons equals the number of electrons
http://www.howstuffworks.com/atom/htm#
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Eight elements make-up 99% of the Earth’s crust
Silicon and oxygen make-up 70 % of the Earth’s crust
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Why do atoms combine to form minerals?
• Write the following questions and answer in your notes:
• Look at the salt with the hand lens
• What is the color?
• What is the shape of the crystals?
• Does the shape match the halite crystals?
• What is a distinguishing characteristic of salt?
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Salt is also named Sodium Chloride
• Look at the periodic table:• Write the chemical notation, atomic
number and atomic weight for sodium and chlorine
• Now sketch an atom with the nucleus containing the correct number of protons and neutrons
• Sketch the electrons on the “rings” around the nucleus
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Sodium chloride: sketch a diagram of the sodium and
chlorine atoms
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Why do sodium and chlorine combine to form salt?
• Explain why sodium and chlorine combine to form salt
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The configuration of electrons determines if an atom will respond
with another atom
The sodium atom has one electron on its outer ring. The Chlorine atom has 7 electrons on its outer ring. The two atoms share electrons forming an ionic bond.
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Atomic structure determines the mineral’s characteristics
Salt or halite always has a cubic form and tastes salty.
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Cations and Anions
• The one electron on the outer shell is given up
• This leaves the sodium atom with more protons, +1
• The one electron is added to Chlorines outer shell
• This leaves the chlorine atom with one more electron, -1
cation anion
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Mineral Formation
• Cooling of magma: crystallization
• Evaporation: salt• Hydrothermal
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Silicate minerals are the building block of igneous rocks
Mountains, British Columbia
Granite: individual minerals make-up the rock
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Minerals are the building block of rocks
Feldspar crystal
Biotitie
Quartz
Hornblende
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Minerals can be identified by physical properties
• Crystal habit
• Cleavage
• Fracture
Quartz has a conchoidal fracture Mica has a single, perfect cleavage
Equant garnet: same dimension in all directions
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Color
malachite
sulfur
apatite
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Hardness
How the mineral can be scratched
• Fingernail• Penny• File or knife
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Streak
• Minerals leave a distinct residue on a porcelain plate
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Luster
• Metallic or non-metallic
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Classification of Minerals
• Composition
• Rock forming minerals contain silicon and oxygen
The silicon tetrahedron
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The arrangement of the silicon tetrahedron determines the mineral’s
shape
Biotite: sheet structure; breaks easily on one surface
Olivine
Hornblende: double chain
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Mineral Classification: based on dominant element
Pyrite: fool’s gold; FeS2
Sulfides: contains the element sulfur
Galena: PbS; important ore of lead
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• Carbonates: contains calcium carbonate; CaCO3
Mineral Classification: based on dominant element
Calcite: CaCo3Dolomite: CaMg(CO3)2
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Summary
• Mineral definition• How do minerals form?• Read and understand information associated
with the periodic table of the elements• Be able to sketch a diagram of an atom:
hydrogen, helium, carbon, sodium, chlorine• How are minerals classified: rock forming
minerals? Silicates, sulfides, carbonates• Name and describe the physical characteristics
to distinguish minerals.