mini ehl: the essence of humanitarian law

7/31/2019 Mini EHL: the essence of humanitarian law

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Cbjb KDA b} e k}i{ mk lbv i ktpai bjh vdk p bjmbpak} ejf è}bm {ak} i bjvk jevbijead{cejbve bej aex $BDA"* Bv mij}b}v} i wk }kv} i }ku{kjvbea ake jbjh emvbwbvbk}! kemd6;cbj{vk} aijh! fk}bhjkf i {}k bj ìvd i cea ejf jij# i cea kf{mevbij iri{jh pkipak ejf ivdk bjvk k}vkf h i{p}* Bv mej `k {}kf bj e dea #fer xi l}dipi }p kef i{v iwk wk }kpe evk }k}}bij}* Cbjb KDA! xdbmd xe} fkwkaipkf `r vdk

Bjvk jevbijea Miccbvvkk i vdk Pkf M i}} $BMPM"! b} e }di vk ! cifb kf wk }bij i vdkKtpai bjh D{cejbve bej Aex $KDA" kf{mevbij p ih ecck* Bv mijvebj} e j{c`k i jkx ktk mb}k} ejf }i{ mk cevk bea}* F{ bjh vdk p imk}} i bv} fkwkaipckjv! bv xe}vk}vkf xbvd ;??pe vbmbpejv} ic iwk 0? mi{jv bk}*

Vdk ake jbjh cevk bea} e k è}kf ij kea#ab k }bv{evbij} ejf }dix dix BDA ebc} vip ivkmv ab k ejf d{cej fbhjbvr f{ bjh e ckf mij bmv ejf vi p kwkjv i kf{mk vdk}{ k bjh ejf vdk fkwe}vevbij me{}kf `r xe * @r }v{frbjh }bv{evbij} bjwiawbjh emv{eapkipak vdkb `kdewbi{ ejf vdk fbakcce} vdev vdkr i vkj dewk vi emk pe vbmbpejv}fkwkaip e jkx pk }pkmvbwk ejf `khbj vi {jfk }vejf vdk jkkf i {ak} f{ bjh xe e}xkaa e} vdk micpaktbvr i vdkb eppabmevbij*

Cbjb KDA kcpair} vdk }eck pe vbmbpevbwk ejf bjvk emvbwk ckvdifiaihr e} vdk {aaKDA p ih ecck* @r kjdejmbjh ab k }lbaa} ejf `r `{bafbjh ij mijmkpv} }{md e} d{cejfbhjbvr ejf d{cejbve bej emv! bv dkap} vi i}vk vdk fkwkaipckjv i e d{cejbve bejpk }pkmvbwk*

Gembabvevi } fi jiv jkkf vi `k ktpk v} bj BDA vi vkemd Cbjb KDA k kmvbwkar* Vdkb iak

Vdk k b} e xkeavd i KDA k}i{ mk cevk bea}vdev mej p iwbfk

{ vdk }{ppi v ejfh{bfejmk! pe vbm{ae arvdkHai}}e r . i BDA# kaevkf vk c}*Gembabvevi } xbaa jfvdkCkvdifiaihr H{bfk! . xdbmd aer}kcpde}b} ij vdkb

iak! i h kev dkapxdkj vdkr p kpe kvi vkemd Cbjb KDA* Bvmijvebj} e j{c`k i v ebjbjh xi l}dip}vdev xbaa dkap vdkc

ecbabe b~k vdkc}kawk}xbvd vdk mijmkpv} ejf

Cbjb KDA

Vdk k}}kjmk ig d{cejbve bej aex


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MIJVKJV]

]k}}bij 5> Vdk d{cejbve bej pk }pkmvbwk $@e}kf ij Bjv if{mvi r Ktpai evbij ejf Ktpai evbij} 5E! 5@!ejf 5M i KDA k}i{ mk peml" ;

]k}}bij 0> @e}bm {ak} ig BDA$@e}kf ij Ktpai evbij 0E i KDA k}i{ mk peml" 4

]k}}bij => Vdk aex bj emvbij $@e}kf ij Ktpai evbij 0E i KDA k}i{ mk peml" 55

]k}}bij 6> Wbiaevbij} ig BDA $@e}kf ij Ktpai evbij} 0M ejf =E i KDA k}i{ mk peml" 5=

]k}}bij ;> Fkeabjh xbvd wbiaevbij} $@e}kf ij Ktpai evbij 6E i KDA k}i{ mk peml" 58

Cbjb KDA

Vdk k}}kjmk ig d{cejbve bej aex

_EPVBMB_EJV


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]k}}bij 5> Vdk d{cejbve bej pk }pkmvbwk

Vdk }v }k}}bij }kv} vdk vijk xbvd ej ipkj fb}m{}}bijbj xdbmd vdk embabvevi ejf vdk pe vbmbpejv} ktpai kfbgm{av u{k}vbij} vihkvdk * Vdk k e k ji bhdv ej}xk }ev vdb} }vehk! ejf pe vbmbpejv} e k jiv ktpkmvkf vi `kxkaa bj i ckf ij vdk }{`nkmv*

Vdk }k}}bij b} i hejb~kf e i{jf e }vi r eì{v eji fbje r cej xdi! ij db} ixj! ejf bj e }bv{evbij i wbiakjmk! emvkf vi p ivkmv vdk ab k ejf d{cej fbhjbvri pkipak xdic dk fbf jiv l jix i xdic dk xi{af

jiv i fbje bar dewk `kkj bjmabjkf vi dkap i p ivkmv* Dkemvkf fk}pbvk pdr}bmea ejf cevk bea b}l vi dbc}ka * Ci}vd{cejbve bej emv} m kevk fbakcce}< bj emv! cejr i vdkc e k pk i ckf ij bcp{a}k*

Vdb} }k}}bij kjeàk} pe vbmbpejv} vi fk jk vdk è}bmmijmkpv} e i{jf xdbmd Cbjb KDA b} i hejb~kf> d{cejfbhjbvr! `r}vejfk ! }imbea p k}}{ k! fbakcce! ejfd{cejbve bej emv*

I@NKMVBWK]

vi ktpai k }ick ig vdk ke}ij} xdr xk jkkf {ak} vi ktpai k vdk mijmkpv} ig d{cej fbhjbvr! `r}vejfk ! }imbea p k}}{ k! fbakcce ejf d{cejbve bej emv vi ktpai k vdk k kmv} ig e `r}vejfk } fkmb}bij vi emv i jiv

5*5* BMK @PKELKP> MDEBP]$5? cbj{vk}"

Gbjf ej ipkj }pemk i pe vbmbpejv}< xdkj vdkr mick bj! }kev vdkc bj mdeb }*Hbwk kemd pe vbmbpejv e fb k kjv bj}v {mvbij* ]di{af vdk k `k }kwk ea fii } i ji

_EPVBMB_EJV5*5 PK]I[PMK]


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5*0* KT_AIPK VDK ]VIPR $5; cbj{vk}"

_e vbmbpejv} e k fbwbfkf bjvi }ceaa h i{p}* Kemd h i{p kef} ejf fb}m{}}k} vdk}vi r! }v ecijh}v vdkc}kawk} ejf vdkj eaa vihkvdk * Pkcbjf pe vbmbpejv} vdevvdb} b} ej emmi{jv i }ickvdbjh vdev emv{eaar deppkjkf*


@ ewk }diplkkpk

Vdk k b} e mi jk i e ief bj @ejhlil xdk k hdvbjh ecijh h i{p} i ìr} }ickvbck} imm{ kf* Ijk fer! eh i{p i ìr} ic vdk ckmdejbm} }mdiia pbmlkf ij e ìr ic ejivdk }mdiia ejf mde}kf dbc fixj vdk ief*Vdk pii ìr ej i db} }{ wbwea ejf ji pe}}k #`r v bkf vi dkap dbc* Dk kemdkf vdk abvvak }dip ev vdk mi jk i vdk

ief* Vdk ìr} hbwbjh mde}k xk k kwk rfer m{}vick } ev vdb} }dip* Vdk }diplkkpk }ex xdev xe} deppkjbjh* Vdkìr ljimlkf ij db} fii * U{bmlar! vdk wkjfi ipkjkf vdk èml fii i db} }dip vi akv vdk ìr }abp bj*

]i{ mk> Emde e _k cpiia! vkemdk ic Vdebaejf* ]di vkjkf wk }bij i i bhbjea }vi r bjma{fkf bj KDA Cif{ak5*

_i}}bàk u{k}vbij}: Xdkj ejf xdk k fbf vdk kwkjv} bj vdk }vi r velk paemk9: Xdi}k ab k i d{cej fbhjbvr b} ev b}l bj vdb} }bv{evbij ejf dix9: Xdi xk k vdk `r}vejfk } ejf xdev mdibmk} fbf vdkr celk9 Xdr9: Xdev i`}vemak} fbf vdk k}m{k emk9 Xdev xe} dk b}lbjh9 Xdev p k}}{ k} ejf b}l}



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Jivk vi embabvevi }Dk k e k }ick lkr fk jbvbij}>

D{cej fbhjbvr> $}ka " k}pkmv* Er}vejfk b} }ickijk xdi b} exe k i ej bjmbfkjv! xbvdi{v `kbjh bjwiawkf! xdk k

vdk ab k i d{cej fbhjbvr i ivdk } b} bj fejhk * Vdk `r}vejfk de} vi fkmbfk xdkvdk vi emv i jiv! `kme{}k fibjh kbvdk cer p{v dbc i dk i vdk pkipak dk i }dk b}v rbjh vi p ivkmv ev b}l! pdr}bmeaar i cevk beaar* Kbvdk mdibmk mej dewk micpakt ejf aijh#vk c mij}ku{kjmk} i eaa bjwiawkf*

]imbea p k}}{ kb} vdk bjg{kjmk ktk vkf `r ecbar! bkjf} i ivdk h i{p} i pkipakvdev p{v} p k}}{ k ij ej bjfbwbf{ea vi `kdewk bj e pe vbm{ae cejjk *

Efbakcce b} e }bv{evbij vdev ku{b k} e mdibmk `kvxkkj ipvbij} vdev e k i }kkcku{eaar {j ewi{ e`ak i c{v{eaar ktma{}bwk*

Ed{cejbve bej emv b} ej emv me bkf i{v vi p ivkmv }ickijk xdi}k ab k i d{cejfbhjbvr b} bj fejhk ! k}pkmbeaar }ickijk xdic ijk xi{af jiv i fbje bar `k bjmabjkf vi dkap i p ivkmv* ]{md emv} e k ablkar vi bjwiawk pk }ijea i cevk bea b}l*

Hiifjk}}! ablk kwba! i vkj`khbj} bj }ceaa }vkp}*Dk ik} kwiawk< vdkr e kjv `i j* Wk r i vkj vdk

k}m{k } celk ijar e }ceaa

miccbvckjv ev vdk }ve v vi dbfk }ickijk i efer i vxi* @{v ijmk vdkr def velkj vdev }vkp! vdkr `khej vi }kk vdkc}kawk}fb k kjvar! e} }ickijkxdi dkap}* K wbj ]ve{ ! Vdk Piiv}i Kwba

% LKR BFKE]

Ijk ig vdk mi k b}}{k} vdev xbaa `k ktecbjkf vd i{hdi{v Cbjb KDA b} vdb}>Fixk jkkf {ak}9

Vdk mijmkpv} ig d{cej fbhjbvr! `r}vejfk ! fbakcce! }imbea p k}}{ k ejf


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]k}}bij 0> @e}bm {ak} ig BDA

]k}}bij 5 ktecbjkf e d{cejbve bej emv vdev ej i fbje rpk }ij me bkf i{v }pijvejki{}ar vi p ivkmv ab k ejfd{cej fbhjbvr bj e }bv{evbij i wbiakjmk ivdk vdej e ckfmij bmv* ]k}}bij 0 }db v} vdk im{} vi {ak} i `kdewbi{vdev e k }pkmb meaar fk}bhjkf vi p ivkmv vdk abwk} ejf

d{cej fbhjbvr i pkipak e kmvkf `r e ckf mij bmv*

_e vbmbpejv} ktpai k we bi{} ktpk bkjmk} e b}bjhic e ckf mij bmv vi }{hhk}v {ak} jkkfkf vi abcbv

{jjkmk}}e r }{ k bjh ejf vi p ivkmv ab k ejf d{cejfbhjbvr* Vdkr vdkj micpe k vdkb jfbjh} xbvd vdk è}bm

{ak} i bjvk jevbijea d{cejbve bej aex $BDA"*

I@NKMVBWK]

vi {jfk }vejf }ick ig vdk ke}ij} xdr {ak} e k jkkfkf bj e ckf mij bmv vi bfkjvbgr ejf {jfk }vejf vdk è}bm p bjmbpak} ejf {ak} ig BDA

0*5* FB]M[]]BIJ XEP $5? cbj{vk}"

Vkaa pe vbmbpejv} vdev>

bj vdb} }k}}bij vdkr xbaa mij}bfk vdk jkkf gi {ak} bj e ckf mij bmv ejf aiil evktecpak} i }{md {ak} @e}bm {ak} ig BDA

_i}}bàk u{k}vbij}: Xdev cbhdv vdk mepvbwk `k vdbjlbjh9 Vdk h{e f}9: Bcehbjk vdev vdk mepvbwk b} ri{ ` ivdk * Dix xi{af ri{ xejv dbc vi `k v kevkf9

Xdr9: Bcehbjk vdev vdk mepvbwk lbaakf ri{ bkjf bj èvvak* Dix xi{af ri{ xejv dbc vi `k

v kevkf9 Xdr9 Vdkj kmijwkjk vdk mae}} ejf fb}m{}} vdk iaaixbjh u{k}vbij}>

: Dix }di{af e cej i xicej velkj p b}ijk f{ bjh e ckf mij bmv `k v kevkf9: ]{ppi}k p b}ijk } dewk bcpi vejv bj i cevbij* ]di{af vdev e kmv vdkb v kevckjv9: Bj xdev xer b} e p b}ijk } d{cej fbhjbvr ev b}l9 E h{e f}9

Vdk ci}v ficbjejv kcivbij b} i kxbafk bjh

ke ev vdk eabkj}{ i{jfbjh} ejf {jmk vebjvr i ijk}

{avbcevk evk*Kcìfbkf bj vdb} }kj}k i ai}} $ bkjf}! ecbar" b} vdk{jmk vebjvr i vbck* Dix aijh9 Gi kwk 9 e mepv{ kf eb m e v pbaiv

E}l pe vbmbpejv} vi u{bmlar vdbjl {p {ak} vdev cbhdv `k jkkfkf vi p ivkmv p b}ijk }

f{ bjh e ckf mij bmv*_ k}kjv _divi miaaehk*


Dewk pe vbmbpejv} ktecbjk vdk pdivi} ejf }{hhk}v ivdk {ak} vdev cbhdv `k jkkfkf*Celk e ab}v i vdk}k p ipi}kf {ak} ejf e}l pe vbmbpejv} vi hbwk vdkb ke}ij} i kemd

{ak*

Vdkj! fb}m{}} vdk pe vbmbpejv} }{hhk}vbij}* Bfkjvb r vdi}k {ak} xbvd xdbmd vdk h i{p


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0*=* FB]MIWKP VDK @E]BM P[AK] EJF _PBJMB_AK] IG BDA$5; cbj{vk}"

_ k}kjv vdk mde v vbvakf @e}bm P{ak} i BDA* [}k vdk iaaixbjh u{k}vbij} vi h{bfkvdk fb}m{}}bij>

:

Xdbmd i vdk}k {ak} ejf p bjmbpak} e k }bcbae vi vdk ijk} vdev ri{ }{hhk}vkf bjvdk p kwbi{} ktk mb}k9: E k vdk k ejr {ak} i p bjmbpak} bj vdb} mde v vdev ri{ jf }{ p b}bjh9

$Ipvbijea" Mdii}k ijk {ak $vdk p bjmbpak} e k vii hkjk ea" ejf fb}m{}} xdev xi{afdeppkj b bv fbf jiv ktb}v*

_EPVBMB_EJV0*= PK]I[PMK]

0*5GEMBABVEVIPPK]I[PMK]

Jivk vi embabvevi }Dk k e k }ick {ak} vdev baa{}v evk vdk {jfk arbjh p bjmbpak} i BDA>

_ bjmbpak ig d{cejbvr> Mbwbabej} ejf xi{jfkf! }bml! mepv{ kf i }{ kjfk bjh}iafbk } c{}v `k v kevkf d{cejkar*

_ bjmbpak ig fb}vbjmvbij>Vdi}k xdi e k hdvbjh c{}v fb}vbjh{b}d vdkc}kawk} icvdi}k xdi e k jiv*

_ bjmbpak} ig p ipi vbijeabvr ejf p kme{vbij> Vdk k e k abcbv} vi vdk vrpk} i xkepij ejf ckvdif} i xe e k vdev mej `k {}kf vi iwk mick ej efwk }e r*

%

]k}}bij 0> @e}bm {ak} ig BDA


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]k}}bij => Vdk aex bj emvbij

Bj ]k}}bij =! pe vbmbpejv} xbaa {}k e me}k }v{fr vi v rvi eppar vdk {ak} vdkr bfkjvb kf bj ]k}}bij 0* Vdb} xbaakjeàk vdkc vi ktpai k vdk fbakcce} vdev cer e b}k bjepparbjh bjvk jevbijea d{cejbve bej aex $BDA"*

]k}}bij = ea}i hbwk} pe vbmbpejv} ej ippi v{jbvr viktpai k vdk fb k kjmk} `kvxkkj d{cej bhdv} aexejfBDA*

I@NKMVBWK]

vi `k eàk vi kmihjb~k fbakcce} vdev cer e b}k bj k}pkmvbjh BDA bj micèv }bv{evbij} vi ktpai k vdk }bcbae bvbk} ejf fb k kjmk} `kvxkkj BDA ejf d{cej bhdv} aex

=*5* ME]K ]V[FR> HIEVDKPF [JFKP EVVEML9 $0? cbj{vk}"

Fbwbfk pe vbmbpejv} bjvi }ceaa h i{p}* Vdkr kef vdk }vi r ejf fb}m{}} bv! }vecijh}v vdkc}kawk} xbvdbj vdkb h i{p} ejf vdkj eaa vihkvdk * Pkcbjf pe vbmbpejv}vdev vdb} b} ej emmi{jv i }ickvdbjh vdev emv{eaar deppkjkf f{ bjh vdk e ckfmij bmv bj E hdejb}vej*

_EPVBMB_EJV=*5 PK]I[PMK]

=*5GEMBABVEVIPPK]I[PMK]

Xejfk bjh Eghdej hievdk f ecbf}v akvdea evveml ij Veakèj ief}bfk ìc`k }

Gi{ Veakèj bj}{ hkjv} eppke kf ev ijk kjf i e ` bfhk ejf `khej vi fbh e diak i e ief}bfk ìc`* @{~~bjh


12/45

=*0* ]BCBAEPBVBK] @KVXKKJ BDA EJF D[CEJ PBHDV] AEX$5; cbj{vk}"

Vkaa pe vbmbpejv} vi k k èml vi vdkb ixj ab}v i {ak} ic ]k}}bij 0*$Jivk> B vdkr fi jiv dewk vdk ab}v! vdkr mej k k vi vdk k}i{ mk vbvakf @e}bm P{ak} i BDA* "E}l vdkc vi ktpai k! bj }ceaa h i{p} ehebj! xdbmd i vdk}k {ak} }di{af ea}i epparxdkj vdk k b} ji xe *

Vdkj! p k}kjv Vdk [jbwk }ea Fkmae evbij i D{cej Pbhdv} ejf dewk pe vbmbpejv}micpe k bv xbvd vdkb jkx ab}v* Vdkr }di{af! hkjk eaar! keab~k vdev vdk k b} e }kvi mi k {ak} vdev b} miccij vi ìvd* Ijk i vdk mi k {ak} vdev pe vbmbpejv} cerpibjv vi b} vdk p idb`bvbij ehebj}v vi v{ k*

_ibjv i{v vdev vdk}k }bcbae bvbk} ktb}v `kme{}k vdk vxi }kv} i {ak} micpakckjvkemd ivdk * Ktpaebj vdev d{cej bhdv} aex eppabk} ev eaa vbck}! xdk ke} BDA eppabk}

ijar bj e ckf mij bmv* Vdk k i k! vdkr cer `k }ebf vi p iwbfk micpakckjve ri c} i p ivkmvbij*

_EPVBMB_EJV0*= PK]I[PMK]

_EPVBMB_EJV=*0 PK]I[PMK]

=*=* FB]VBJMVBIJ @KVXKKJ BDA EJF D[CEJ PBHDV] AEX $5? cbj{vk}"

Mijvbj{k xi lbjh bj }ceaa h i{p}* Hbwk kemd h i{p vdk iaaixbjh veàk ejf e }kv i ej}xk }* E}l vdkc vi aa bj vdk veàk `r kjvk bjh kemd ej}xk bj vdk mi kmv mkaa*

_EPVBMB_EJV=*= PK]I[PMK]

]k}}bij => Vdk aex bj emvbij


13/45

]k}}bij 6> Wbiaevbij} ig BDA

Bj ]k}}bij 6! pe vbmbpejv} hi ij vi mij}bfk xdr pkipakwbiaevk bjvk jevbijea d{cejbve bej aex $BDA" ejf xdi`ke } vdk k}pij}b`babvr i kj}{ bjh vdev vdk {ak}e k k}pkmvkf* Vdkr ktpai k ijk i vdk}k wbiaevbij}>

vdk km {bvckjv ejf {}k i mdbaf kj `r e ckf i mk}ejf e ckf h i{p}* _e vbmbpejv} ea}i v emk vdk xer bjxdbmd ijk wbiaevbij mej }kv i e mdebj kemvbij*

I@NKMVBWK]

vi `k e`ak vi bfkjvbgr wbiaevbij} ig BDA vi ktpai k vdk b}}{k ig mdbaf }iafbk } vi {jfk }vejf dix ijk wbiaevbij mej akef vi ejivdk

6*5* PIAK#_AERBJH KTKPMB]K> B FIJV XEJV VI HI @EML$0? cbj{vk}"

Fbwbfk vdk pe vbmbpejv} bjvi vxi h i{p}> Emvi } ejf Pkpi vk }* Vdk k }di{af `k evake}v 5? pkipak bj vdk h i{p i Emvi }*

Hbwk vdk Emvi } vdk bj}v {mvbij} ejf akv vdkc kef vdkc*

Fbwbfk vdk Pkpi vk } bjvi ji ci k vdej vd kk }ceaak h i{p}* Hbwk vdkc vdk me f}xbvd bj}v {mvbij}> kemd h i{p c{}v `k hbwkj vdk }eck me f*



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Bj}v {mvbij} vi Pkpi vk }>

]kakmv vdk ckfb{c ri{ xejv vi kp k}kjv $jkx}pepk }! VW! efbi! kvm*"! ejf x bvke jkx} }vi r eì{v kemd }mkjk vdev vdk Emvi } xbaa p k}kjv* Pkpi v bj ijv i kwk rijk e vk kemd }mkjk* Eaa vdk ckc`k } i ri{ h i{p }di{af velk pe v*

Bj}v {mvbij} vi Emvi }>

Emv i{v vdk iaaixbjh vd kk }mkjk}! bj kwk }k md ijiaihbmea i fk ! }ve vbjh xbvdvdk ci}v kmkjv*

]mkjk 5> E ri{jh ìr lbaa} gi{ pkipak $0???"F{ bjh ej e ckf mij bmv! e ri{jh ìr evveml} ejf lbaa} e cej* Dk vdkj p imkkf} vilbaa! xbvdi{v ke}ij! vd kk ivdk pkipak xdi n{}v deppkjkf vi `k bj vdk wbmbjbvr*

]mkjk 0> E ri{jh ìr b} km {bvkf vi `k e mdbaf }iafbk $5222"Ej e ckf mij bmv b} bj p ih k}} bj vdk mi{jv r* E ri{jh ìr b} }bvvbjh i{v}bfk! bjvdk }v kkv xdk k dk abwk}* Vdk k b} e }ef ktp k}}bij ij db} emk ejf dk }kkc} ai}vbj vdi{hdv* E bkjf mick} eaijh vi mijwbjmk dbc vi nibj vdk e cr! i xdbmd dkb} e ckc`k * E vk e xdbak! vdk ìr b} pk }{efkf ejf db} bkjf velk} dbc vi `kbjv if{mkf vi vdk miaijka xdi vdkj hbwk} dbc e h{j*

]mkjk => Vdk deppr gecbar $5224"


15/45

Ktpaebj vi vdk pe vbmbpejv} dix akhea p ivkmvbij b} p iwbfkf vi mdbaf kj bj e ckf mij bmv*

Mdbaf kj bj xe `kjk v g ic vdk p ivkmvbij e i fkf vi mbwbabej} r BDA $}kk@e}bm P{ak} i BDA"* @kme{}k i vdkb pe vbm{ae w{ajk e`babvr ejf jkkf}! vdk ke k }pkmbea {ak} vdev p kwkjv vdkb km {bvckjv bjvi e ckf i mk} ejf e ckfh i{p}! e} xkaa e} vdkb pe vbmbpevbij bj di}vbabvbk}*

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wk di{ }! pe var `kme{}k e micpi{jf }{}pkmvkf i `kbjh {}kf `r vdk Veakèj de} def vi `k }ke mdkf $"]iafbk } }p kef i{v vi mijv ia vdk h i{jf ejf celk}{ k vdk k b} ji ijk mijmkeakf xbvdbj }bhdv i vdk` bfhk xdi cbhdv `k eàk vi fkvijevk e ìc`*

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Vdk akhea p bjmbpak} ejf ejear}b}>Bj me rbjh i{v ej evveml! }iafbk })pbaiv})miccejfk }c{}v ve hkv ijar cbabve r i`nkmvbwk}* Ijmk vdkr dewkk}veàb}dkf vdev vdkb ve hkv b} akhbvbcevk! vdk evvemlk }dewk ej iàbhevbij vi cbjbcb~k mbwbabej me}{eavbk}

ejf fecehk vi mbwbabej i`nkmv} `r me k {aar fkmbfbjhxdkj ejf dix $xbvd xdev xkepij} ejf vemvbm}" vdkrxbaa me r i{v vdk evveml* Vdk p bjmbpak} i fb}vbjmvbij!p ipi vbijeabvr ejf p kme{vbij fbmvevk vdb} aihbm*

B xk eppar vdk}k p bjmbpak} $}kk vdk mde v vbvakf @e}bmP{ak} i BDA" vi vdk me}k ev dejf! bv mej `k }ebf vdev>

vdk bj}{ hkjv} paejvbjh vdk ief}bfk ìc` xk ke akhbvbcevk cbabve r i`nkmvbwk p bjmbpak ig fb}vbjmvbij kmijicbm! }imbea ejf m{av{ ea bhdv}"*

Vdk }v miwkjejv de} }k wkf e} e cifka i cejr ivdk v kevbk} e} xkaa e} i jevbijea

mde vk } ij mbwba ejf piabvbmea bhdv} ejf kkfic}* Vdk }kmijf ijk! ij vdk ivdk dejf!de} }kkj bv} bcpemv abcbvkf `r mi{jv bk} we rbjh mepembvbk} vi bcpakckjv bv*

Vdk k b} e jkx vkjfkjmr vi k k vi e vdb f hkjk evbij i d{cej bhdv}! bjwiawbjh!i ktecpak! vdk bhdv vi jevbijea }ka #fkvk cbjevbij! cbji bvr bhdv}! kmijicbm ejf

}imbea fkwkaipckjv! pkemk i e dkeavdr kjwb ijckjv! xdbmd mijvbj{k} vi `k fkèvkf*

Vdk bcpi vejmk i d{cej bhdv} de} ea}i `kkj kmihjb~kf `r khbijea bjvk #hiwk jckjvea i hejb~evbij}! }{md e} vdk Mi{jmba i K{ ipk! vdk I hejb~evbij i Eck bmej ]vevk} ejf vdk E bmej [jbij* Vdk}k i hejb~evbij} dewk fkwkaipkf e

BDA ejf d{cej bhdv} aex mijvkjv ejf micpakckjve bvr

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]{md {ak} xk k hkjk eaar weabf i ijar ijk èvvak i i e }pkmb m mij bmv* Ci kiwk !vdkr xk k jiv {jb i c! we rbjh emmi fbjh vi pk bif! paemk ejf v efbvbij*

Vdk 5476 Hkjkwe Mijwkjvbij aebf vdk i{jfevbij} i mijvkcpi e r bjvk jevbijead{cejbve bej aex* ]bjmk vdb} v kevr} efipvbij! vdk aex de} mijvbj{kf vi kwiawkbj }vehk} vi abcbv vdk fkwe}vevbij me{}kf `r vkmdjiaihbmea efwejmk} bj xkepij}

ejf jkx vrpk} i mij bmv* Vifer vdk i{ Hkjkwe Mijwkjvbij} i 5262 ejf vdkbEffbvbijea _ ivimia} i 5288 e k vdk cebj BDA v kevbk}*

BDA }v blk} e keab}vbm ejf p ehcevbm èaejmk `kvxkkj cbabve r jkmk}}bvr ejfp bjmbpak} i d{cejbvr* Bv fik} vdb} `r p idb`bvbjh vdk bj bmvbij i }{ k bjh! bjn{ r ifk}v {mvbij jiv jkmk}}e r i emmicpab}dbjh akhbvbcevk cbabve r hiea}*

BDA b} eppabmeàk ijar bj e ckf mij bmv}* Vdk {ak} i BDA kh{aevk ìvd bjvk jevbijeaejf jij#bjvk jevbijea e ckf mij bmv}* Dixkwk ! vdkr fi jiv miwk }bv{evbij} i

bjvk jea fb}v{ èjmk ejf vkj}bij! }{md e} biv} i b}iaevkf ejf }pi efbm emv} i wbiakjmk vdev fi jiv kemd vdk akwka i e ckf mij bmv*

BDA eff k}}k} vdk keabvr i e ckf mij bmv ejf kh{aevk} ijar vdi}k e}pkmv} i vdkmij bmv xdbmd e k i d{cejbve bej mijmk j$n{} bj `kaai"*Bv fik} jiv mij}bfk vdk

ke}ij} i i vdk akheabvr i k}i vbjh vi i mk$n{} ef `kaa{c"< vdk p iwb}bij} i BDAvd{} eppar ku{eaar vi eaa xe bjh pe vbk}*

Eaa pe vbk} vi e mij bmv c{}v k}pkmv vdk {ak} i BDA* Bj effbvbij! ]vevk} pe vr viBDA bj}v {ckjv} e k iàbhkf vi kj}{ k k}pkmv i BDA ejf vi p kwkjv ejf }{pp k}}

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Mdbaf }iafbk } ejf bjvk jevbijea aex

@ivd d{cej bhdv} aex ejf bjvk jevbijea d{cejbve bejaex $BDA" ktvkjf p ivkmvbij} vi mdbaf kj e kmvkf `re ckf mij bmv* Xdbak p ivkmvbij} {jfk d{cej bhdv}aex e k p iwbfkf xbvdbj vdk hkjk ea eckxi l i mdbaf kj} {jfeckjvea bhdv}! BDA eff k}}k} vdk }pkmb m

jkkf} i mdbaf kj bj }bv{evbij} i e ckf mij bmv*@ivd ìfbk} i aex mijvebj {ak} khe fbjh vdkpe vbmbpevbij i mdbaf kj bj e ckf mij bmv* E}mdbaf }iafbk }! vdkb bjwiawkckjv cer ejhk icdkapbjh micèvejv} $me rbjh xkepij}! mijf{mvbjh

kmijjeb}}ejmk cb}}bij}! fkabwk bjh ck}}ehk}! kvm*" viemv{eaar hdvbjh*

Vdk vxi _ ivimia} effbvbijea vi vdk HkjkweMijwkjvbij} $Effbvbijea _ ivimia B ejf Effbvbijea_ ivimia BB"! i 4 N{jk 5288! xk k vdk }v bjvk jevbijeav kevbk} vi eff k}} vdk}k b}}{k}* Effbvbijea _ ivimia B!xdbmd p iwbfk} {ak} i bjvk jevbijea e ckf mij bmv!

ku{b k} hiwk jckjv} vi velk eaa pi}}bàk cke}{ k} vip kwkjv mdbaf kj {jfk 5; ic velbjh fb kmv pe v bj

hdvbjh* Bv ktp k}}ar p idb`bv} vdkb km {bvckjv bjvivdk e ckf i mk} ejf kjmi{ ehk} hiwk jckjv}! xdkj

`khbjjbjh! vdk}k }kmvbij} i vdk MPM f kx mij}bfk eàkm bvbmb}c* Gi ijk vdbjh! vdkr e k vdk ijar pe v i vdkMPM vdev fkpe v ic vdk hkjk ea fk jbvbij i e mdbafe} ejrijk {jfk 54! bj }pbvk i vdk emv vdev vdkrfkea xbvd ijk i vdk ci}v fejhk i{} }bv{evbij} vdev

mdbaf kj mej `k ktpi}kf vi e ckf mij bmv* Ci kiwk !vdk}k }kmvbij} effkf jivdbjh jkx ejf kwkj b}lkffb}v emvbjh evvkjvbij ic vdk }v ijhk }vejfe fmijvebjkf bj Effbvbijea _ ivimia BB! xdbmd p iwbfk}e`}ia{vk ejf ci k micp kdkj}bwk p idb`bvbij} bj jij#bjvk jevbijea e ckf mij bmv}*

Bj abhdv i vdk m bvbmb}c}! ejf bj lkkpbjh xbvd vdkbjvk jevbijea micc{jbvr} h ixbjh exe kjk}} i ejf

mijmk j i vdk pabhdv i mdbaf kj e kmvkf `r e ckfmij bmv! ej bjbvbevbwk vi eb}k vdk cbjbc{c ehk i

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mini ehl: the essence of humanitarian law

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