Mining development and problems of the biospheric territory (Kyrgyzstan,

Issyk-Kul BR)

Djenbaev B.M.

Kaldibaev B.K.

Zholbolduev B.T.

Institute of Biology & Pedology

of National Academy of Sciences

of the KR, 265, Ave. Chui, 720071,

Bishkek , Phone: 996 312 657943,

Fax. 996 312 657943

E-mail: kg.bek.bm@bk.ru

Especially protected natural territories (EPNT) of Kyrgyzstan

In Kyrgyzstan the protected area is 1070.0 thousand hectares or 5.3% of the country area. Form EPNT in Kyrgyzstan are: 9 - state reserves (525.6 hectares), 8 - state national parks (243.2 hectares) 10 - forest reservation 22 – botanical reservation 19 – geological reservation 14 - zoological preserve 2 - complex reservation

Name Area,

hectares

Year of

creation

Sary Chelek State Biosphere Reserve 23868 1959

Besh-Aral State Reserve 81600 1979

Naryn State Reserve 36969 1983

Karatal-Zhaparyk State Reserve 5510 1994

Reserved area of Son Kul 8600 1994

Reserved area Chatyr Kul 7148 1998

Issyk-Kul State Reserve 19086,5 1948

Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve 72080 1995

Padyshata State Reserve 15846 2003

Kulunatinsky State Reserve 24500 2004

1. State Reserves of the Kyrgyzstan

Each reserve has a specific orientation (total - 9):

•Sary Chelek reserve-guarded walnut wood; •Issyk-Kul - wintering waterfowl; •Naryn-population of deer and other middle and high mountain ecosystems etc.

Name Area, hectares Year of creation

SNNP "Ala-Archa" 2286 1976

SNNP "Karakol" 38148 1997

SNNP "Chon-Kemin" 123654 1997

SNNP "Besh-Tash" 32411 1996-1997

SNNP "Kara Shoro" 8450 1996

SNNP "Kyrgyz-Ata" 11172 1992

SNNP "Salkyn-Tor" 10448 2001

SNNP "Saimaluu-Tash" 32000 2001

Total 258569

State National Park a relatively new form of protected areas, while maintaining the natural ecosystems they have a second, equally important educational task the organization of eco-tourism table 2. Table 2. State national natural parks (total - 8) of the Kyrgyz Republic

2. State National Park

3. Biosphere Reserves territory

Since 1998 Kyrgyzstan has been introduced new forms of protected areas - Biosphere reserves territorie. Biosphere reserve "Issyk-Kul‘ total area 4314.4 hectares was established in 2000, under the laws of the Kyrgyz Republic has the status of : - a protected natural areas at the national level with - a special regime of protection. In 2001 the UNESCO decision "Biosphere Reserve of Issyk-Kul" is included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO (of 2) From Kyrgyzstan to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO include: 1. Sary Chelek State Biosphere Reserve - 2386 hectares (1976) 2. Biosphere Reserve territory of Issyk-Kul (2001).

The card especially protected natural territories of Kyrgyzstan

Biosphere Reserve territory of Issyk-Kul On the "Biosphere Reserve of Issyk-Kul" are alpine Issyk-Kul Lake, unique ecosystems, rare and endangered species of plants and animals. Issyk Kul - one of the largest and most beautiful mountain lakes of the world (1609 m above sea level, volume - 1738 sq.km, coastline - 688 km, average depth - 278 m, greatest depth - 668 m, extent from the W. is to the E. equal 182 km, and from the S. to the N. - 58 km).

The BRTIK are represented almost all of their forms of protected areas: • two-kilometer security of Issyk-Kul lake coastal; • Reserves zoological (hunting): Jeti-Oguz, Uzengyu-Kuush, Dzhargylchak, Tup, Ken-Suu etc.; • Botanical: Tup, Ak-Suu; • Landscaping: Barskoon, Jets-Oguz; • National Park: Karacol; • Reserves: Sarychat-Ertash and Issyk-Kul.

The map of Biosphere Reserve Territory of Issyk-Kul

Ecological post in the biosphere territory of Issyk Kul

The raised money from an ecopost it is distributed thus:

10 % are transferred into the account of Republican fund of conservation

20 % the State Tax Administration takes away

20 % remain on the maintenance of the biospheric territory

50 % are used on carrying out nature protection actions.

The last 2012 y. it is collected 12 million soms (260 000 doll. USA).

The problems of protected areas (EPNT)

1. The problems of protected territories of the Kyrgyzstan not cover all critical ecosystems floristic and zoogeographic provinces. About 30 percent of endemic, rare and endangered species of plants and animals is outside the protected area. 2. Protection of endemic types (endemic and sub-endemic species in Kyrgyzstan to 13% of the flora, 8 % fauna). 3. Expansion protected territories (time protected territories to 10% and to 25% is necessary further the next). - currently in the process of organization of the Pamir-Alai Tran boundary protected area (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) - Central Asian Tran boundary territory (KR, RK and China) etc. 4. The crisis in the country has sharply exacerbated the problems associated with the conservation of biodiversity in protected areas. Reasons: poor physical infrastructure, low pay, lack of staff positions, weak personnel providing etc.

In 1985 was released the first "Red Book of the Kyrgyz USSR," which included

57 birds

21 mammals

7 reptiles

2 amphibians

64 highest plant

18 - species of arthropods 7 - fish 2 - amphibians 83 – highest plant

In 2007 published the second edition of the "Red Book of Kyrgyzstan" which includes:

8 - reptiles 53 - birds 26 - species of mammals

The Red data Book

Kyrgyzstan is rich in minerals (Hg, Sb, Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, U and other rare earth elements) and is currently in the country rapidly developing mining. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in Kyrgyzstan left: 55 - tail with more than 132 million square м3 volumes on 770 hectares 85 - dumps of 700 mountain m3 occupy area of over 1,500 hectares. Uranium waste: 31 - tailings 25 - dumps - uranium waste, the volume of 51.83 million m3. As of 2010 their total radioactivity over 90 thousand Ci.

Mining in Kyrgyzstan

Fig. Waste storage sites

Mining in the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve Territory

According to scientists the geochemists and biogeochemists of Issyk-Kul basin is a natural uranium biogeochemical provinces. It functioned Kaji-Sai mining plant for processing uranium ore from 1948 to 1969. Scrap and industrial equipment were buried to form the tailings (total amount of uranium waste 400 thousand m

3, an area of 10.8 thousand m

2).

Tailings from uranium waste is located 2.5 km from the residential village and 1.5 km from the lake.

Natural factors - rainfall, groundwater, landslides and mudflows an environmental threat to the Issyk-Kul and the slopes between the mountains with a slope up to 30-45 °.

Our study showed that the power of natural background radiation from gamma rays coastal lake is an average of 17 to 25 mR/h in some areas up to 40 mR/h.

1.5 km

For small areas with high natural background radiation include coastal zones and beaches v. Zhenish, Ak-Terek, located on the southern shore of Issyk-Kul Lake. The radioactivity of 30 - 60 mR/h, and in some places of high exposure rate increases of up to 400 mR/h.

Fig. Looses of the village Jenish (Th - sands) The Issyk Kul lake

1.5 km

Schematical map of the exposure of external gamma radiation in coastal Issyk-Kul lake

Radioisotope composition of soil

The overall level of the studied radionuclides in the soil cover at background level. The results showed that the area with 228Th. Jenish 2-3 times increased relative to other sites (67 Bg/kg); 228Ra at the site v. Jenish and hot spring v. Bar-Bulak increased by 2 - 2.5 times (range from 35.4 to 80 Bg/kg).

7

5

Fig. Change of leafs of the trees in area of tails

FigFig.. Morphological changed forms – Liliaceae -- Iris Iris

songarica Schrenksongarica Schrenk

Fig. Morphological changed petals forms -

Peganum garmala

Fig. Morphological changed petals forms –

Potentilla argentea

Radio ecological analysis showing vegetation

Gold mine Kumtor (4000 m) It should be noted that in recent years in the republic developed the gold roughly (Kumtor, Makmal, Jerue and others) and other mining companies. The gold combine works 4000 m above sea

level. Because of thoughtless mining in the country every year more and more polluted industrial waste mountain ecosystems (migration of chemical elements in the biogeochemical system, heavy metals, radio-nuclides, dioxins, cyanides, etc.

It is known that almost any interior design is the direct destruction of natural ecosystems: mines, dams, rivers and river basins, plant-soil, etc.

Gold extracting the company Kumtor works since 1997 to the present (Canadian-Kyrgyz company)

Kurmenty Cement factory

The plant was entered in 1956. Materials for cement it is got in this area, the Kurmentinsky field of limestone and loam. The design capacity of 60 thousand tons of cement in a year. Plant from the lake 4 km before a mountain zone are located.

Because the Issyk-Kul is the resting places (tourist area 1 year is resting more than 1 million people), both nationally and internationally, with particular concern of the public and the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Sanatoriums and tourist center

Card of resort complexes of the Issyk Kul Lake

Historical and cultural monuments in the IKBR

Besides the general damage of environment at mining development occurs:

degradations of natural ecosystems addition

deterioration of the infrastructure of local residents

destruction of livelihoods

negative effect on the industrial and agricultural

damage or becomes inaccessible vital sources of water, pastures for animals etc.

Ecological and social problems

Mountains - the last major areas where the natural landscape is save

Social disruption can be unpredictable with profound political implications

For example in 2010 inconsistent result with the inhabitants of the province gold mine Jerue people blocked the road. In 2012 in March and October in Taldy-Bulak they set fire to the camp mining company. Locals demand compensation for breach of the environment the destruction of pastures, roads, etc.

Mongolian horse herdsmen staged a protest against the reckless invasion of the subsoil (19 April 2012).

all mining resources should be owned by the state and they have to control;

take into account the interests of local people and the environment;

government must take a balanced and informed decisions;

question of needs to be strengthened in the environmental assessment of mining projects;

raising public awareness about the value of protected areas, biodiversity etc.

Recommendations (decision)

developing a program to involve donors in the conservation of biodiversity in protected areas and mountain areas;

improvement and harmonization of national and regional protected areas;

earth-friendly land use

developing special programs and environmental education and environmentally friendly production;

may develop new laws to protect the natural mountain ecosystems and biodiversity.

Recommendations (decision)

Thank you !