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South Carolina

1997 Economic Census

Mining

Geographic Area Series

1997Issued May 2000

EC97N21A-SC

U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

The staff of the Manufacturing and Con-struction Division prepared this report.Judy M. Dodds, Assistant Chief for Cen-sus and Related Programs, was respon-sible for the overall planning, manage-ment, and coordination. Patricia L.Horning, Chief, Construction and Miner-als Branch, assisted by Susan L. DiCola,Section Chief, performed the planning andimplementation. Richard Hough, Chris-topher D. Perrien, John F. Roehl, Eva J.Snapp, and Sarah B. Teichner providedprimary staff assistance.

Brian Greenberg, Assistant Chief forResearch and Methodology Programs,assisted by Stacey Cole, Chief, Manufac-turing Programs Methodology Branch, andRobert Struble, Section Chief, providedthe mathematical and statistical tech-niques as well as the coverage operations.Jeffrey Dalzell and Cathy Ritenour pro-vided primary staff assistance.

Mendel D. Gayle, Chief, Forms, Publica-tions, and Customer Services Branch,assisted by Julius Smith Jr. and BarutiTaylor, Section Chiefs, performed overallcoordination of the publication process.Arlinda Allen, Kim Credito, PatrickDuck, Rhonda Jackson, Chip Murph,Arminta N. Quash, Wanda Sledd, andVeronica White provided primary staffassistance.

The Economic Planning and CoordinationDivision, Lawrence A. Blum, AssistantChief for Collection Activities and ShirinA. Ahmed, Assistant Chief for Post-Collection Processing, assisted by DennisShoemaker, Chief, Post-Collection CensusProcessing Branch, Brandy Yarbrough,Section Chief, Sheila Proudfoot, RichardWilliamson, Keith Fuller, Andrew W.Hait, and Jennifer E. Lins, was respon-sible for developing the systems and pro-cedures for data collection, editing, review,correction, and dissemination.

The staff of the National Processing Center,Judith N. Petty, Chief, performed mailoutpreparation and receipt operations, clerical

and analytical review activities, data key-ing, and geocoding review.

The Geography Division staff developedgeographic coding procedures and associ-ated computer programs.

The Economic Statistical Methods and Pro-gramming Division, Charles P. PautlerJr., Chief, developed and coordinated thecomputer processing systems. Martin S.Harahush, Assistant Chief for Quinquen-nial Programs, assisted by Barbara Lam-bert and Lisa Draper were responsiblefor design and implementation of the com-puter systems. Gary T. Sheridan, Chief,Manufacturing and Construction Branch,Lori A. Guido and Roy A. Smith, SectionChiefs, supervised the preparation of thecomputer programs.

Computer Services Division, Debra Will-iams, Chief, performed the computer pro-cessing.

Kim D. Ottenstein and Cynthia G.Brooks of the Administrative and Cus-tomer Services Division, Walter C. Odom,Chief, provided publications and printingmanagement, graphics design and compo-sition, and editorial review for print andelectronic media. General direction andproduction management were provided byMichael G. Garland, Assistant Chief, andGary J. Lauffer, Chief, Publications Ser-vices Branch.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

South Carolina

1997 Economic Census

Mining

Geographic Area Series

1997Issued May 2000

EC97N21A-SC

U.S. Department of CommerceWilliam M. Daley,

SecretaryRobert L. Mallett,Deputy Secretary

Economicsand Statistics

AdministrationRobert J. Shapiro,Under Secretary forEconomic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAUKenneth Prewitt,

Director

Paula J. Schneider,Principal Associate Directorfor Programs

Frederick T. Knickerbocker,Associate Directorfor Economic Programs

Thomas L. Mesenbourg,Assistant Directorfor Economic Programs

William G. Bostic Jr.,Chief, Manufacturingand Construction Division

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Economicsand StatisticsAdministration

Robert J. Shapiro,Under Secretaryfor Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Kenneth Prewitt,Director

William G. Barron,Deputy Director

CONTENTS

Introduction to the Economic Census 1.............................

Mining 5........................................................

TABLES

1. Industry Statistics for the State or Offshore Areas: 1997 7......

2. Detailed Statistics for the State or Offshore Areas: 1997 8......

3. Industry Statistics by Type of Operation for the State orOffshore Areas: 1997 8....................................

APPENDIXES

A. Explanation of Terms A–1.....................................

B. NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions B–1......................

C. Coverage and Methodology C–1................................

D. Geographic Notes ~~........................................

E. Metropolitan Areas ~~.......................................

~~ Not applicable for this report.

MININGmGEOG. AREA SERIES SOUTH CAROLINA iiiU.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census May 1, 2000

Introduction to the Economic Census

PURPOSES AND USES OF THE ECONOMIC CENSUS

The economic census is the major source of facts aboutthe structure and functioning of the Nation’s economy. Itprovides essential information for government, business,industry, and the general public. Title 13 of the UnitedStates Code (Sections 131, 191, and 224) directs the Cen-sus Bureau to take the economic census every 5 years,covering years ending in 2 and 7.

The economic census furnishes an important part of theframework for such composite measures as the grossdomestic product estimates, input/output measures, pro-duction and price indexes, and other statistical series thatmeasure short-term changes in economic conditions. Spe-cific uses of economic census data include the following:

• Policymaking agencies of the Federal Government usethe data to monitor economic activity and assess theeffectiveness of policies.

• State and local governments use the data to assessbusiness activities and tax bases within their jurisdic-tions and to develop programs to attract business.

• Trade associations study trends in their own and com-peting industries, which allows them to keep their mem-bers informed of market changes.

• Individual businesses use the data to locate potentialmarkets and to analyze their own production and salesperformance relative to industry or area averages.

ALL-NEW INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATIONS

Data from the 1997 Economic Census are published pri-marily on the basis of the North American Industry Classi-fication System (NAICS), unlike earlier censuses, whichwere published according to the Standard Industrial Classi-fication (SIC) system. NAICS is in the process of beingadopted in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Mosteconomic census reports cover one of the following NAICSsectors:

21 Mining22 Utilities23 Construction31-33 Manufacturing42 Wholesale Trade44-45 Retail Trade48-49 Transportation and Warehousing51 Information

52 Finance and Insurance53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical

Services55 Management of Companies and Enterprises56 Administrative and Support and Waste

Management and Remediation Services61 Educational Services62 Health Care and Social Assistance71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation72 Accommodation and Foodservices81 Other Services (except Public Administration)

(Not listed above are the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, andHunting sector (NAICS 11), partially covered by the censusof agriculture conducted by the U.S. Department of Agri-culture, and the Public Administration sector (NAICS 92),covered by the census of governments conducted by theCensus Bureau.)

The 20 NAICS sectors are subdivided into 96 subsectors(three-digit codes), 313 industry groups (four-digit codes),and, as implemented in the United States, 1170 industries(five- and six-digit codes).

RELATIONSHIP TO SIC

While many of the individual NAICS industries corre-spond directly to industries as defined under the SIC sys-tem, most of the higher level groupings do not. Particularcare should be taken in comparing data for retail trade,wholesale trade, and manufacturing, which are sectortitles used in both NAICS and SIC, but cover somewhat dif-ferent groups of industries. The industry definitions dis-cuss the relationships between NAICS and SIC industries.Where changes are significant, it will not be possible toconstruct time series that include data for points bothbefore and after 1997.

For 1997, data for auxiliary establishments (those func-tioning primarily to manage, service, or support the activi-ties of their company’s operating establishments, such asa central administrative office or warehouse) will not beincluded in the sector-specific reports. These data will bepublished separately.

GEOGRAPHIC AREA CODING

Accurate and complete information on the physicallocation of each establishment is required to tabulate thecensus data for the states, metropolitan areas (MAs), coun-ties, parishes, and corporate municipalities including cit-ies, towns, villages, and boroughs. Respondents were

INTRODUCTION 11997 ECONOMIC CENSUS

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census

required to report their physical location (street address,municipality, county, and state) if it differed from theirmailing address. For establishments not surveyed by mail(and those single-establishment companies that did notprovide acceptable information on physical location), loca-tion information from Internal Revenue Service tax formsis used as a basis for coding.

BASIS OF REPORTING

The economic census is conducted on an establishmentbasis. A company operating at more than one location isrequired to file a separate report for each store, factory,shop, or other location. Each establishment is assigned aseparate industry classification based on its primary activ-ity and not that of its parent company.

DOLLAR VALUES

All dollar values presented are expressed in current dol-lars; i.e., 1997 data are expressed in 1997 dollars, and1992 data, in 1992 dollars. Consequently, when makingcomparisons with prior years, users of the data shouldconsider the changes in prices that have occurred.

All dollar values are shown in thousands of dollars.

AVAILABILITY OF ADDITIONAL DATA

Reports in Print and Electronic Media

All results of the 1997 Economic Census are availableon the Census Bureau Internet site (www.census.gov) andon compact discs (CD-ROM) for sale by the Census Bureau.Unlike previous censuses, only selected highlights arepublished in printed reports. For more information, includ-ing a description of electronic and printed reports beingissued, see the Internet site, or write to U.S. CensusBureau, Washington, DC 20233-8300, or call CustomerServices at 301-457-4100.

Special Tabulations

Special tabulations of data collected in the 1997 Eco-nomic Census may be obtained, depending on availabilityof time and personnel, in electronic or tabular form. Thedata will be summaries subject to the same rules prohibit-ing disclosure of confidential information (including name,address, kind of business, or other data for individualbusiness establishments or companies) that govern theregular publications.

Special tabulations are prepared on a cost basis. Arequest for a cost estimate, as well as exact specificationson the type and format of the data to be provided, shouldbe directed to the Chief of the division named below, U.S.Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233-8300. To discuss aspecial tabulation before submitting specifications, callthe appropriate division:

Manufacturing and Construction Division 301-457-4673Service Sector Statistics Division 301-457-2668

HISTORICAL INFORMATION

The economic census has been taken as an integratedprogram at 5-year intervals since 1967 and before that for1954, 1958, and 1963. Prior to that time, individual com-ponents of the economic census were taken separately atvarying intervals.

The economic census traces its beginnings to the 1810Decennial Census, when questions on manufacturing wereincluded with those for population. Coverage of economicactivities was expanded for the 1840 Decennial Censusand subsequent censuses to include mining and somecommercial activities. The 1905 Manufactures Census wasthe first time a census was taken apart from the regulardecennial population census. Censuses covering retail andwholesale trade and construction industries were added in1930, as were some covering service trades in 1933. Cen-suses of construction, manufacturing, and the other busi-ness service censuses were suspended during World WarII.

The 1954 Economic Census was the first census to befully integrated: providing comparable census data acrosseconomic sectors, using consistent time periods, con-cepts, definitions, classifications, and reporting units. Itwas the first census to be taken by mail, using lists offirms provided by the administrative records of other Fed-eral agencies. Since 1963, administrative records alsohave been used to provide basic statistics for very smallfirms, reducing or eliminating the need to send them cen-sus questionnaires.

The range of industries covered in the economic cen-suses expanded between 1967 and 1992. The census ofconstruction industries began on a regular basis in 1967,and the scope of service industries, introduced in 1933,was broadened in 1967, 1977, and 1987. While a fewtransportation industries were covered as early as 1963, itwas not until 1992 that the census broadened to includeall of transportation, communications, and utilities. Alsonew for 1992 was coverage of financial, insurance, andreal estate industries. With these additions, the economiccensus and the separate census of governments and cen-sus of agriculture collectively covered roughly 98 percentof all economic activity.

Printed statistical reports from the 1992 and earliercensuses provide historical figures for the study of long-term time series and are available in some large libraries.All of the census reports printed since 1967 are still avail-able for sale on microfiche from the Census Bureau.CD-ROMs issued from the 1987 and 1992 Economic Cen-suses contain databases including nearly all data pub-lished in print, plus additional statistics, such as ZIP Codestatistics, published only on CD-ROM.

2 INTRODUCTION 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION

More information about the scope, coverage, classifica-tion system, data items, and publications for each of theeconomic censuses and related surveys is published in theGuide to the 1997 Economic Census and Related Statisticsat www.census.gov/econguide. More information on themethodology, procedures, and history of the censuses willbe published in the History of the 1997 Economic Censusat www.census.gov/econ/www/history.html.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

The following abbreviations and symbols are used withthe 1997 Economic Census data:

A Standard error of 100 percent or more.D Withheld to avoid disclosing data of individual

companies; data are included in higher leveltotals.

F Exceeds 100 percent because data includeestablishments with payroll exceeding rev-enue.

N Not available or not comparable.Q Revenue not collected at this level of detail for

multiestablishment firms.S Withheld because estimates did not meet

publication standards.

V Represents less than 50 vehicles or .05percent.

X Not applicable.Y Disclosure withheld because of insufficient

coverage of merchandise lines.Z Less than half the unit shown.a 0 to 19 employees.b 20 to 99 employees.c 100 to 249 employees.e 250 to 499 employees.f 500 to 999 employees.g 1,000 to 2,499 employees.h 2,500 to 4,999 employees.i 5,000 to 9,999 employees.j 10,000 to 24,999 employees.k 25,000 to 49,999 employees.l 50,000 to 99,999 employees.m 100,000 employees or more.p 10 to 19 percent estimated.q 20 to 29 percent estimated.r Revised.s Sampling error exceeds 40 percent.nec Not elsewhere classified.nsk Not specified by kind.– Represents zero (page image/print only).(CC) Consolidated city.(IC) Independent city.

INTRODUCTION 31997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


This page is intentionally blank.

4 INTRODUCTION 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Mining

SCOPE

The Mining sector of the 1997 Economic Census coversall mining establishments of companies with one or morepaid employees. Mining is defined as the extraction ofnaturally occurring mineral solids, such as coal and ores;liquid minerals, such as petroleum; and gases, such asnatural gas. The term mining is used in the broad sense toinclude quarrying, well operations, beneficiating (e.g.,crushing, screening, washing, and floatation), and otherpreparations customarily performed at the mine site or aspart of the mining activity.

The Mining sector distinguishes two basic activities:mine operation and mining support activities. Mine opera-tion includes establishments operating mines, quarries, oroil and gas wells on their own account or for others on acontract or fee basis. Mining support activities includeestablishments that perform exploration (except geophysi-cal surveying) and/or other mining services on a contractor fee basis.

Establishments in the Mining sector are classified byindustry according to the natural resources mined or to bemined. Included are establishments that develop the minesite, extract the natural resources, and/or those that ben-eficiate (i.e., prepare) the mineral mined. The operationsthat take place in beneficiation are primarily mechanical,such as grinding, washing, magnetic separation, and cen-trifugal separation. The range of preparation activities var-ies by mineral and the purity of any given ore deposit.

Mining, beneficiation, and manufacturing activitiesoften occur in a single location. Separate receipts are col-lected for these activities whenever possible. Whenreceipts cannot be broken out between mining and manu-facturing, establishments that mine or quarry nonmetallicminerals and beneficiate the nonmetallic minerals intomore finished manufactured products are classified basedon the primary activity of the establishment.

Hauling and other transportation beyond the mineproperty and contract hauling (except out of open pits inconjunction with mining) are excluded.

GENERAL

This report, from the 1997 Economic Census – Mining,is one of a series of 29 industry reports and 51 geo-graphic area reports, each of which provides statistics forindividual industries, states, or offshore areas. Alsoincluded for this sector are the General, Products, andMaterials and Fuels Consumed Summary reports, and datafiles on Location of Mining Operations.

Each industry report presents data for a six-digit NorthAmerican Industry Classification System (NAICS) industry.A description of the particular NAICS industry may befound in Appendix B. These reports include such statisticsas number of establishments, employment, payroll, valueadded by mining, cost of supplies used, value of ship-ments and receipts, capital expenditures, etc., for eachmining industry. Explanations of these and other termsmay be found in Appendix A. The industry reports alsoinclude data for states with 100 employees or more.

State reports present similar statistics at the sector levelfor each state, the District of Columbia, and the offshoreareas. The state of Delaware and the District of Columbiaare combined in a single report. The state reports alsoinclude data for industries with 100 employees or more inthe state.

The General Summary report contains industry and geo-graphic area statistics summarized in one report. Itincludes higher levels of aggregation than the industryand state reports as well as revisions to the data madeafter the release of the industry and state reports.

The Products Summary and the Materials and FuelsConsumed Summary reports summarize the products,materials, and fuels data published in the industry seriesreports.

The Location of Mining Operations data files includestatistics on the number of establishments by three- andsix-digit NAICS industry by state and offshore area byemployment size of the establishment.

GEOGRAPHIC AREAS COVERED

The state reports for the mining industries include dataat the state level and some offshore areas. No substatedata are available.

Data for offshore areas that are part of Alaska, Califor-nia, Louisiana, and Texas are included in their respectivestate area reports and represent offshore operations on allthese state offshore leases and all Federal offshore leasesdefined by their state plane coordinate systems. State off-shore includes the areas extending from the coastline upto 3 geographical miles distance except for Texas andFlorida which extend 3 marine leagues from the coastlinein the Gulf of Mexico. Data for offshore areas not associ-ated with a state are in an Offshore Areas geographicreport which includes the following areas:

MINING 51997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Atlantic OffshoreAtlantic Federal AreaNew Hampshire state offshoreMaine state offshoreMassachusetts state offshoreConnecticut state offshoreNew York state offshoreNew Jersey state offshoreDelaware state offshoreMaryland state offshoreVirginia state offshoreNorth Carolina state offshoreSouth Carolina state offshoreGeorgia state offshoreFlorida state Atlantic offshore

Northern Gulf of Mexico OffshoreNorthern Gulf of Mexico Federal Areas defined by theUniversal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System(including areas generally south of the state planecoordinate systems of Louisiana and Texas)

Mississippi state offshoreAlabama state offshoreFlorida state Gulf offshore

Pacific OffshorePacific Federal areas defined by Universal TransverseMercator Coordinate System

Oregon state offshoreWashington state offshore

COMPARABILITY OF THE 1992 AND 1997 CENSUSES

The adoption of the North American Industry Classifica-tion System (NAICS) has had only a minor effect on thecomparability of data between the 1992 and 1997 cen-suses at the sector level. However, within the sector thenumber of major levels changed from four to three. In

addition, portions of industries left mining for the servicessector. Prominent among items leaving mining are geo-physical surveying and mapping services for metal min-ing, oil and gas, and nonmetallic minerals mining. If indus-tries are not comparable between the two censuses,historic data are not shown.

Another change resulting from the conversion to NAICSis that data for central administrative offices (CAOs) asso-ciated with mining are no longer included in the miningdata. This change affects all levels of data shown in thereports.

DISCLOSURE

In accordance with Federal law governing censusreports (Title 13 of the United States Code), no data arepublished that would disclose the operations of an indi-vidual establishment or company. However, the number ofestablishments classified in a specific industry or geogra-phy is not considered a disclosure and may be releasedeven when other information is withheld.

The disclosure analysis for the industry statistics files isbased on the total value of shipments and receipts. Whenthe total value of shipments and receipts cannot be shownwithout disclosing information for individual companies,the complete line is suppressed except for capital expen-ditures. If capital expenditures alone is a disclosure, onlycapital expenditures and cost of supplies statistics aresuppressed. The suppressed data are included in higher-level totals.

AVAILABILITY OF MORE FREQUENT ECONOMICDATA

The County Business Patterns program of the U.S. Cen-sus Bureau offers annual statistics on the number of estab-lishments, employment, and payroll classified by industrywithin each county and state.

6 MINING 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Table 1. Industry Statistics for the State or Offshore Areas: 1997[Offshore areas refer to those areas not associated with a state. For information on geographic areas followed by * and explanation of terms, see appendixes. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols,see introductory text]

NAICScode Industry

Allestablishments All employees Production, development, and

exploration workers

E1 Total

With 20em~

ploy~ees ormore

For payperiod

includingMarch 122

Annualpayroll

($1,000)

For payperiod

includingMarch 12

Annualhours

(1,000)

Annualwages

($1,000)

Value addedby mining($1,000)

Cost of suppliesused,

purchasedmachinery

installed, etc.($1,000)

Value ofshipments

and receipts($1,000)

Capitalexpendi~

tures($1,000)

SOUTH CAROLINA

21 Mining –............ 74 25 1 388 44 448 1 099 2 390 34 364 166 212 102 776 237 345 31 643

212 Mining (except oil & gas) –.... 68 25 1 361 43 883 1 082 2 360 33 945 165 066 102 450 235 951 31 565

2122 Metal ore mining –......... 3 1 c D D D D D D D D21222 Gold ore & silver ore

mining –............... 3 1 c D D D D D D D D212221 Gold ore mining –...... 3 1 c D D D D D D D D

2123 Nonmetallic mineral mining& quarrying –............. 65 24 g D D D D D D D D

21231 Stone mining &quarrying –............. 30 12 552 19 246 454 1 164 15 717 103 763 51 394 133 798 21 359

212312 Crushed & brokenlimestone mining &quarrying –........... 10 4 151 5 379 134 360 4 740 26 843 D 35 870 D

212313 Crushed & brokengranite mining &quarrying –........... 17 8 381 13 397 303 779 10 628 75 780 34 941 96 398 14 323

21232 Sand, gravel, clay,ceramic & refractoryminerals mng &quarrying 1............. 33 11 f D D D D D D D D

212321 Construction sand &gravel mining 2....... 21 4 263 7 332 195 409 5 581 20 029 D 26 572 D

212322 Industrial sand mining –. 7 2 c D D D D D D D 3 487212324 Kaolin & ball clay

mining –............. 5 5 200 7 102 156 336 4 732 14 698 13 882 26 464 2 116

1Some payroll and sales data for small single~establishment companies with up to 20 employees (cutoff varied by industry) were obtained from administrative records of other governmentagencies rather than from census report forms. These data were then used in conjunction with industry averages to estimate statistics for these small establishments. This technique was also used for asmall number of other establishments whose reports were not received at the time data were tabulated. The following symbols are shown where estimated data based on administrative~record dataaccount for 10 percent or more of the figures shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to89 percent; 9–90 percent or more.

2Industries with 100 employees or more are shown. Some statistics are withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. If employment is 100 or more, number of establishments isshown and employment~size range is indicated by one of the following symbols: c–100 to 249 employees; e–250 to 499 employees; f–500 to 999 employees; g–1,000 to 2,499 employees, h–2,500 to4,999 employees; i–5,000 to 9,999 employees; j–10,000 to 24,999 employees. Statistics for subsectors shown include data for all component industries, regardless of whether data are shown forindividual industries in the subsector.

MININGmGEOG. AREA SERIES SOUTH CAROLINA 7U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census May 1, 2000

Table 2. Detailed Statistics for the State or Offshore Areas: 1997[Offshore areas refer to those areas not associated with a state. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes]

Item Value

SOUTH CAROLINA

Companies1 number.................................................. 49

All establishments number............................................. 74Establishments with 0 to 19 employees number......................... 49Establishments with 20 to 99 employees number....................... 24Establishments with 100 employees or more number.................... 1

All employees for pay period including March 12 number................... 1 388Annual payroll $1,000.................................................. 44 448Annual fringe benefits not included in payroll $1,000....................... 10 487

Production, development, and exploration workers for payperiod including March 12 number..................................... 1 099

Production, development, and exploration worker annual hours 1,000........ 2 390Production, development, and exploration worker annualwages $1,000....................................................... 34 364

Total cost of supplies $1,000........................................... 102 776Cost of supplies used, minerals received, and purchasedmachinery installed $1,000.......................................... 71 231

Cost of resales $1,000............................................... DCost of purchased fuels consumed $1,000............................. 7 539Cost of purchased electricity $1,000................................... 10 868Cost of contract work $1,000......................................... D

Quantity of electricity purchased 1,000 kWh............................... 220 427

Item Value

SOUTH CAROLINAmCon.Quantity of electricity generated less sold 1,000 kWh....................... –

Cost of purchased communications services $1,000....................... 503

Total value of shipments and receipts $1,000............................. 237 345Value of resales $1,000.............................................. D

Value added by mining $1,000.......................................... 166 212

Total inventories, end of 1996 $1,000.................................... 32 397Mineral products, crude petroleum, and natural gas liquidsinventories, end of 1996 $1,000...................................... 25 328

Supplies, parts, fuels, etc., inventories, end of 1996 $1,000............... 7 069

Total inventories, end of 1997 $1,000.................................... 27 405Mineral products, crude petroleum, and natural gas liquidsinventories, end of 1997 $1,000...................................... 21 192

Supplies, parts, fuels, etc., inventories, end of 1997 $1,000............... 6 213

Capital expenditures (except land and mineral rights) $1,000............... 31 643Capital expenditures for buildings, structures, machinery, andequipment (new and used) $1,000................................... 30 822

Capital expenditures for mineral exploration anddevelopment2 $1,000............................................... 821

Capital expenditures for mineral land and rights3 $1,000................... 1 896

Total rental payments during year $1,000................................ 2 691Rental payments for buildings and other structures $1,000............... 257Rental payments for machinery and equipment $1,000................... 2 434

1For the census, a company is defined as a business organization consisting of one establishment or more under common ownership or control.2Excludes data for mining service industries and natural gas liquids industries where data were not collected.3Excludes data for mining service industries and oil and gas extraction industries where data were not collected.

Table 3. Industry Statistics by Type of Operation for the State or Offshore Areas: 1997[Offshore areas refer to those areas not associated with a state. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes]

NAICScode Geographic area and type of operation

All establishments All employees Production, development, and explorationworkers

Total

With 20employees

or more

Forpay period

includingMarch 12

Annual payroll($1,000)

Forpay period

includingMarch 12

Annualhours

(1,000)Annual wages

($1,000)

Value addedby mining($1,000)

SOUTH CAROLINA

21 Mining

Producing establishments 71.............................. 25 D D D D D DMines or wells only 5.................................. – 48 1 262 39 67 969 3 120

Underground mines –................................ – – – – – – –Open~pit mines 5.................................... – 48 1 262 39 67 969 3 120Combination mines, well operations, or other types ofmines –........................................... – – – – – – –

Mines with preparation plants 48......................... 25 1 193 39 547 955 2 146 30 786 155 270Underground mines –................................ – – – – – – –Open~pit mines 48.................................... 25 1 193 39 547 955 2 146 30 786 155 270Combination mines or other types of mines –........... – – – – – – –

Separately operated preparation plants 1................. – D D D D D DUndistributed1 17....................................... – 126 3 046 96 157 2 374 7 622

Nonproducing establishments 3........................... – D D D D D D

1Includes data for establishments that were not possible to classify based on information available.

8 SOUTH CAROLINA MININGmGEOG. AREA SERIESU.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census May 1, 2000

Appendix A.Explanation of Terms

ANNUAL PAYROLL

This item includes the gross earnings of all employeeson the payrolls of operating mining establishments paid inthe calendar year. Respondents were told they could fol-low the definition of payrolls used for calculating the Fed-eral withholding tax. It includes all forms of compensa-tion, such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay,bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensationin kind, prior to such deductions as employees’ socialsecurity contributions, withholding taxes, group insur-ance, union dues, and savings bonds. The total includessalaries of officers of corporations; it excludes paymentsto proprietors or partners of unincorporated concerns.Also excluded are payments to members of Armed Forcesand pensioners carried on the active payrolls of miningestablishments.

The census definition of payrolls is identical to that rec-ommended to all Federal statistical agencies by the Officeof Management and Budget. It should be noted that thisdefinition does not include employers’ social security con-tributions or other nonpayroll labor costs, such as employ-ees’ pension plans, group insurance premiums, and work-ers’ compensation.

Also collected, but not included in payroll, are employ-ers’ total supplemental labor costs (those required by Fed-eral and state laws and those incurred voluntarily or aspart of collective bargaining agreements).

BEGINNING- AND END-OF-YEAR INVENTORIES

Respondents were asked to report their beginning-of-year and end-of-year inventories at cost or market. Effec-tive with the 1982 Economic Census, this change to a uni-form instruction for reporting inventories was introducedfor all sector reports. Prior to 1982, respondents were per-mitted to value inventories using any generally acceptedaccounting method . Beginning in 1982, LIFO users wereasked to first report inventory values prior to the LIFOadjustment and then to report the LIFO reserve and theLIFO value after adjustment for the reserve.

Inventory Data by Type

Total inventories and two detailed components (1)mined or quarried products and (2) supplies, parts, fuels,etc., were collected.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

This item includes permanent additions and major alter-ations as well as replacements and additions to capacityfor which depreciation, depletion, or Office of Minerals

Exploration accounts are ordinarily maintained. Reportedcapital expenditures include work done on contract, aswell as by the mine forces. Totals for expenditures includethe costs of assets leased from other concerns throughcapital leases. Excluded are expenditures for land and costof maintenance and repairs charged as current operatingexpenses. Also excluded are capital expenditures for min-eral land and rights which are shown as a separate item.

For any equipment or structure transferred for the useof the reporting establishment by the parent company orone of its subsidiaries, the value at which it was trans-ferred to the establishment was to be reported. If anestablishment changed ownership during the year, thecost of the fixed assets (building and equipment) was tobe reported.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES FOR MINERAL LAND ANDRIGHTS

This item includes all capital expenditures for acquiringeither undeveloped or developed acreage. Included are allcapitalized lease bonuses and any other outlays necessaryto acquire leases, mineral rights, fee lands incident to min-eral exploration, development, or production.

COST OF PURCHASED COMMUNICATION SERVICES

Establishments were requested to provide informationon the cost of purchased communication services for suchitems as telephone, data transmission, fax, etc. This itemreflects the costs paid directly by the establishment.

COST OF SUPPLIES USED, PURCHASED MACHINERYINSTALLED, ETC.

This term refers to direct charges actually paid or pay-able for items consumed or put into production during theyear, including freight charges and other direct chargesincurred by the establishment in acquiring these items. Itincludes the cost of these items whether purchased by theindividual establishment from other companies, trans-ferred to it from other establishments of the same com-pany, or withdrawn from inventory during the year.Included are items charged to both current and capitalaccounts.

Included in this item are:

1. Costs of supplies used, minerals received forpreparation, and purchased machinery installed.

APPENDIX A A–11997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Includes all major supplies which were importantparts of the cost of production, exploration, anddevelopment of a particular industry.

2. Cost of products bought and sold in the samecondition.

3. Cost of fuels consumed for heat and power.Includes the cost of fuel consumed, whether pur-chased by the individual establishment from othercompanies, transferred to it from other establishmentsof the same company, or withdrawn from inventoryduring the year.

4. Cost of purchased electricity. The cost of pur-chased electric energy represents the amount actuallyused during the year for heat and power. In addition,information was collected on the quantity of electricenergy purchased and also the quantity of electricenergy generated by the establishment and the quan-tity of electric energy sold or transferred to otherestablishments of the same company.

5. Cost of contract work. This term applies to the costof all work done for an establishment by others. Itincludes payments for supplies and equipment fur-nished by the contractor incidental to the contractwork, and cost of services performed by others in theoperation or development of the establishment. Theterm ‘‘contract work’’ refers to the fee a company paysto another company to perform a service. It excludespayments to miners paid on a per ton, car, yard, orfootage basis. Also excluded are payments to suppli-ers who mined for their own account on propertyowned or leased by them and who paid royaltieseither directly or indirectly on the minerals mined.

Duplication in Cost of Supplies, Etc., and Value ofShipments and Receipts

The aggregate of the cost of supplies, etc., and value ofshipments and receipts figures for industry groups and allmining industries includes some duplication since theproducts of some industries are used as supplies by oth-ers. Some duplication exists because of the inclusion ofminerals transferred from one establishment to anotherfor mineral preparation or resale. Duplication may alsoexist within the products of some individual industrieswhere minerals shipped for preparation are also reportedas the prepared product by another establishment.

EMPLOYEES FOR PAY PERIOD INCLUDINGMARCH 12

This item includes all full-time and part-time employeeson the payrolls of establishments during any part of thepay period which included the 12th of March. Included areall persons on paid sick leave, paid holidays, and paidvacations during this pay period. A distribution of those

employees who work in units that serve manufacturing,distribution, or construction operations also carried on atthe mining establishment in addition to the mineralsoperation is also included. Officers of corporations areincluded as employees; proprietors and partners of unin-corporated firms are excluded.

Production, Development, and ExplorationWorkers

This item includes workers (up through the working-supervisor level) engaged in manual work (using tools,operating machines, hauling materials, loading and haul-ing products out of the mine, and caring for mines, plants,mills, shops, or yards). Included are exploration work,mine development, storage, shipping, maintenance, repair,janitorial and guard services, auxiliary production for useat establishments (e.g., power plant), recordkeeping, andother services closely associated with these productionoperations at the establishment covered by the report.Gang and straw bosses and supervisors who performedmanual labor are included, as are employees paid oneither a time- or piece-rate basis. Also included are minerspaid on a per ton, car, or yard basis and persons engagedby them and paid out of the total amount received bythese miners. Employees above the working-supervisorlevel are excluded from this item.

All Other Employees

This item covers nonproduction employees of the min-ing establishment including those engaged in the follow-ing activities: supervision above the working-supervisorlevel, sales, highway trucking (by employees not enteringmines or pits), advertising, credit, collection, clerical androutine office functions, executive, purchasing, financing,legal, personnel (including cafeteria, medical, etc.), profes-sional (such as engineers and geologists), and technicalactivities. Also included are employees on the payroll ofthe mining establishment engaged in the construction ofmajor additions or alterations utilized as a separate workforce. Workers engaged in regular maintenance and repairoperations are not included here but are classified as pro-duction, development, and exploration workers.

FRINGE BENEFITS

Fringe benefits include both legally required expendi-tures and payments for voluntary programs. The legallyrequired portion consists primarily of Federal old age andsurvivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, andworkers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programsinclude all programs not specifically required by legisla-tion whether they were employer initiated or the result ofcollective bargaining. They include the employer portionof such plans as insurance premiums, premiums forsupplemental accident and sickness insurance, pension

A–2 APPENDIX A 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


plans, supplemental unemployment compensation, wel-fare plans, stock purchase plans on which the employerpayment is not subject to withholding tax, and deferredprofit-sharing plans. They exclude such items as company-operated cafeterias, in-plant medical services, free parkinglots, discounts on employee purchases, and uniforms andwork clothing for employees.

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND COMPANIES

A separate report was required for each mining estab-lishment of firms with one employee or more. An estab-lishment is defined as a single physical location wheremining is performed. A company, on the other hand, isdefined as a business organization consisting of oneestablishment or more under common ownership or con-trol.

If the company operated at different physical locations,even if the individual locations were producing the samemineral product, a separate report was requested for eachlocation. If the company operated in two or more distinctlines of activity at the same location, a separate reportwas requested for each activity.

For the crude petroleum and support activities for min-ing industries, the basis for reporting is different from theestablishment basis used for other types of mining. Firmsoperating oil and gas wells, drilling wells, or exploring foroil and gas for their own account were required to submita separate report for each state or offshore area adjacentto a state in which it conducted such activities. Firms thatperformed contract services for oil and gas field opera-tions or for mining establishments were required to sub-mit one report covering all such activities in the UnitedStates and to include information on receipts for servicesand production-worker wages and hours by state. Theseconsolidated reports were then allocated to state estab-lishments based on the data reported at the state level.

An establishment not in operation for any portion ofthe year was requested to return the report form with theproper notation in the ‘‘Operational Status’’ section of theform. In addition, the establishment was requested toreport data on any employees, capital expenditures, inven-tories, or shipments from inventories during the year.

PRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND EXPLORATIONWORKER HOURS

This item covers hours worked or paid for at the estab-lishment, including actual overtime hours (not straight-time equivalent hours). It excludes hours paid for vaca-tions, holidays, or sick leave. Also excluded are hoursworked by employees of contractors.

QUANTITY OF ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMED FORHEAT AND POWER

Data on the quantity and cost of purchased electricenergy were collected on all census forms, except for theshort forms. In addition, information is collected on the

quantity of electric energy generated by the establishmentand the quantity of electric energy sold or transferred toother plants of the same company.

RENTAL PAYMENTS

Total rental payments are collected on all census forms.This item includes rental payments for the use of all itemsfor which depreciation reserves would be maintained ifthey were owned by the establishment, e.g., structuresand buildings, machinery, and production, office, andtransportation equipment. Excluded are royalties andother payments for the use of intangibles and depletableassets and land rents where separable.

When an establishment of a multiestablishment com-pany was charged rent by another part of the same com-pany for the use of assets owned by the company, it wasinstructed to exclude that cost from rental payments.However, the book value (original cost) of these company-owned assets was to be reported as assets of the estab-lishment at the end of the year.

If there were assets at an establishment rented fromanother company and the rents were paid centrally by thehead office of the establishment, the company wasinstructed to report these rental payments as if they werepaid directly by the establishment.

VALUE ADDED BY MINING

This measure of mining activity is derived by subtract-ing the cost of supplies, minerals received for preparation,purchased machinery installed, purchased fuel, purchasedelectricity, and contract work from the sum of the value ofshipments and receipts (mining products plus receipts forservices rendered) and capital expenditures. The result ofthis calculation is adjusted by the addition of value addedby merchandising operations (i.e., the difference betweenthe sales value and the cost of products sold without fur-ther processing).

‘‘Value added’’ avoids the duplication in the figure forvalue of shipments and receipts that results from the useof products of some establishments as supplies, energysources, or materials by others. Moreover, it provides ameasure of value added not only in mineral productionbut also in the development of mineral properties. Valueadded is considered to be the best value measure avail-able for comparing the relative economic importance ofmining among industries and geographic areas.

VALUE OF SHIPMENTS AND RECEIPTS

This item covers the net selling values, f.o.b. mine orplant after discounts and allowances (exclusive of freightand excise taxes), of all products shipped, both primaryand secondary, as well as all miscellaneous receipts, suchas installation and repair, sales of scrap, and sales of prod-ucts bought and sold without further processing. Includedare all products physically shipped by the establishments,

APPENDIX A A–31997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


whether sold, transferred to other plants of the same com-pany, or shipped on consignment. For products trans-ferred to other establishments of the same company, orprepared on a custom or toll basis, companies wererequested to report the estimated value, not merely thecost of producing the product. In the case of multiunitcompanies, the mineral operation was requested to reportthe value of products transferred to other establishmentsof the same company at full economic or commercialvalue, including not only the direct cost of production butalso a reasonable proportion of ‘‘all other costs’’ (includingcompany overhead) and profit.

In addition to the value for North American IndustryClassification System (NAICS) defined products, aggre-gates of the following categories of miscellaneous receiptsare reported as part of a total establishment’s value ofshipments and receipts:

1. Receipts for services. Receipts for work or servicesthat an establishment performed for others.

2. Value of resales. Sales of products brought and soldwithout further processing.

3. Other miscellaneous receipts. Such as repair work,installation, sales of scrap, etc.

Industry primary product value of shipments representsone of the three components of value of shipments. Thosecomponents are:

1. Primary products value of shipments.

2. Secondary products value of shipments and receiptsfor services.

3. Value of resales.

An establishment is classified in a particular NAICSindustry if its shipments of primary products of thatindustry exceed in value its shipments of the products ofany other single industry.

An establishment’s value of shipments and receiptsinclude those products assigned to an industry (primaryproducts), those considered primary to other industries(secondary products), receipts for services and miscella-neous activities, and the value of resales.

A–4 APPENDIX A 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Appendix B.NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions

SECTOR 21 MINING

The Mining sector comprises establishments thatextract naturally occurring mineral solids, such as coaland ores; liquid minerals, such as crude petroleum; andgases, such as natural gas. The term mining is used in thebroad sense to include quarrying, well operations, benefi-ciating (e.g., crushing, screening, washing, and flotation),and other preparation customarily performed at the minesite, or as a part of mining activity.

The Mining sector distinguishes two basic activities:mine operation and mining support activities. Mine opera-tion includes establishments operating mines, quarries, oroil and gas wells on their own account or for others on acontract or fee basis. Mining support activities includeestablishments that perform exploration (except geophysi-cal surveying) and/or other mining services on a contractor fee basis.

Establishments in the Mining sector are grouped andclassified according to the natural resource mined or to bemined. Industries include establishments that develop themine site, extract the natural resources, and /or those thatbeneficiate (i.e., prepare) the mineral mined. Beneficiationis the process whereby the extracted material is reducedto particles that can be separated into mineral and waste,the former suitable for further processing or direct use.The operations that take place in beneficiation are prima-rily mechanical, such as grinding, washing, magneticseparation, and centrifugal separation. In contrast, manu-facturing operations primarily use chemical and electro-chemical processes, such as electrolysis and distillation.However some treatments, such as heat treatments, takeplace in both the beneficiation and the manufacturing (i.e.,smelting/refining) stages. The range of preparation activi-ties varies by mineral and the purity of any given oredeposit. While some minerals, such as petroleum andnatural gas, require little or no preparation, others arewashed and screened, while yet others, such as gold andsilver, can be transformed into bullion before leaving themine site.

Mining, beneficiating, and manufacturing activitiesoften occur in a single location. Separate receipts will becollected for these activities whenever possible. Whenreceipts cannot be broken out between mining and manu-facturing, establishments that mine or quarry nonmetallicminerals, beneficiate the nonmetallic minerals into morefinished manufactured products are classified based onthe primary activity of the establishment. A mine thatmanufactures a small amount of finished products will be

classified in Sector 21, Mining. An establishment thatmines whose primary output is a more finished manufac-tured product will be classified in Sector 31-33, Manufac-turing.

211 Oil and Gas Extraction

Industries in the Oil and Gas Extraction subsector oper-ate and/or develop oil and gas field properties. Suchactivities may include exploration for crude petroleum andnatural gas; drilling, completing, and equipping wells;operating separators, emulsion breakers, desilting equip-ment, and field gathering lines for crude petroleum; andall other activities in the preparation of oil and gas up tothe point of shipment from the producing property. Thissubsector includes the production of crude petroleum, themining and extraction of oil from oil shale and oil sands,and the production of natural gas and recovery of hydro-carbon liquids.

Establishments in this subsector include those thatoperate oil and gas wells on their own account or for oth-ers on a contract or fee basis. Establishments primarilyengaged in providing support services, on a fee or con-tract basis, required for the drilling or operation of oil andgas wells (except geophysical surveying and mapping) areclassified in Subsector 213, Support Activities for Mining.


This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 21111, Oil and Gas Extraction.


This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in operating and/or developing oil and gas fieldproperties and establishments primarily engaged in recov-ering liquid hydrocarbons from oil and gas field gases.Such activities may include exploration for crude petro-leum and natural gas; drilling, completing, and equippingwells; operation of separators, emulsion breakers, desilt-ing equipment, and field gathering lines for crude petro-leum; and all other activities in the preparation of oil andgas up to the point of shipment from the producing prop-erty. This industry includes the production of crude petro-leum, the mining and extraction of oil from oil shale andoil sands, the production of natural gas and the recoveryof hydrocarbon liquids from oil and gas field gases. Estab-lishments in this industry operate oil and gas wells ontheir own account or for others on a contract or fee basis.

APPENDIX B B–1MINING


211111 Crude Petroleum and Natural GasExtraction

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in (1) the exploration, development and/or theproduction of petroleum or natural gas from wells inwhich the hydrocarbons will initially flow or can be pro-duced using normal pumping techniques, or (2) the pro-duction of crude petroleum from surface shales or tarsands or from reservoirs in which the hydrocarbons aresemisolids. Establishments in this industry operate oil andgas wells on their own account or for others on a contractor fee basis.

The data published with NAICS code 211111 includethe following SIC industry:

1311 Crude petroleum and natural gas

211112 Natural Gas Liquid Extraction

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in the recovery of liquid hydrocarbons from oiland gas field gases. Establishments primarily engaged insulfur recovery from natural gas are included in this indus-try.


1321 Natural gas liquids

This definition comes from the 1997 NAICS Manual.However, for this industry, the 1997 Economic CensusMining did not fully implement the conversion to NAICS.Data for NAICS industry 211112 do not include establish-ments primarily engaged in sulfur recovery from naturalgas. The NAICS definitions will be fully implemented withthe 2002 Economic Census.

212 Mining (Except Oil and Gas)

Industries in the Mining (except Oil and Gas) subsectorprimarily engage in mining, mine site development, andbeneficiating (i.e, preparing) metallic minerals and nonme-tallic minerals, including coal. The term ‘‘mining’’ is usedin the broad sense to include ore extraction, quarrying,and beneficiating (e.g., crushing, screening, washing, siz-ing, concentrating, and flotation), customarily done at themine site.

Beneficiation is the process whereby the extractedmaterial is reduced to particles which can be separatedinto mineral and waste, the former suitable for furtherprocessing or direct use. The operations that take place inbeneficiation are primarily mechanical, such as grinding,washing, magnetic separation, centrifugal separation, andso on. In contrast, manufacturing operations primarily usechemical and electrochemical processes, such as electroly-sis, distillation, and so on. However some treatments,such as heat treatments, take place in both stages: thebeneficiation and the manufacturing (i.e., smelting/ refin-ing) stages. The range of preparation activities varies by

mineral and the purity of any given ore deposit. Whilesome minerals, such as petroleum and natural gas, requirelittle or no preparation, others are washed and screened,while yet others, such as gold and silver, can be trans-formed into bullion before leaving the mine site.

Establishments in the Mining (except Oil and Gas) sub-sector include those that have complete responsibility foroperating mines and quarries (except oil and gas wells)and those that operate mines and quarries (except oil andgas wells) for others on a contract or fee basis. Establish-ments primarily engaged in providing support services, ona contract or fee basis, required for the mining and quar-rying of minerals are classified in Subsector 213, SupportActivities for Mining.

2121 Coal Mining

This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 21211, Coal Mining.

21211 Coal Mining

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) mining bitu-minous coal, anthracite, and lignite by underground min-ing, auger mining, strip mining, culm bank mining, andother surface mining; (2) developing coal mine sites; and(3) beneficiating (i.e, preparing) coal (e.g., cleaning, wash-ing, screening, and sizing coal).

212111 Bituminous Coal and Lignite SurfaceMining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) surface min-ing or development of bituminous coal and lignite; (2)developing bituminous coal and lignite surface mine sites;and (3) beneficiating bituminous coal (e.g., cleaning,washing, screening, and sizing coal) whether mined onsurface or underground.


1221 Bituminous coal and lignite surface mining

212112 Bituminous Coal Underground Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) the under-ground mining of bituminous coal; (2) developing bitumi-nous coal underground mine sites; and (3) the under-ground mining and beneficiating bituminous coal (e.g,cleaning, washing, screening, and sizing coal).


1222 Bituminous coal underground mining

B–2 APPENDIX B MINING


212113 Anthracite Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) mininganthracite coal; (2) developing anthracite coal miningsites; and (3) beneficiating anthracite coal (e.g., cleaning,washing, screening, and sizing coal).


1231 Anthracite mining

2122 Metal Ore Mining

This industry group comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing mine sites or mining metallic min-erals, and establishments primarily engaged in ore dress-ing and beneficiating (i.e., preparing) operations, such ascrushing, grinding, washing, drying, sintering, concentrat-ing, calcining, and leaching. Beneficiating may be per-formed at mills operated in conjunction with the minesserved or at mills, such as custom mills, operated sepa-rately.

21221 Iron Ore Mining

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in (1) developing mine sites, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e., preparing) iron ores and manganiferousores valued chiefly for their iron content and/or (2) pro-ducing sinter iron ore (except iron ore produced in ironand steel mills) and other iron ore agglomerates.

212210 Iron Ore Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in (1) developing mine sites, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e., preparing) iron ores and manganiferousores valued chiefly for their iron content and/or (2) pro-ducing sinter iron ore (except iron ore produced in ironand steel mills) and other iron ore agglomerates.


1011 Iron ores

21222 Gold Ore and Silver Ore Mining

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e., preparing) ores valued chiefly for their goldand or silver content. Establishments primarily engaged inthe transformation of the gold and silver into bullion ordore bar in combination with mining activities areincluded in this industry.

212221 Gold Ore Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e., preparing) ores valued chiefly for their gold

content. Establishments primarily engaged in transforma-tion of the gold into bullion or dore bar in combinationwith mining activities are included in this industry.


1041 Gold ores

212222 Silver Ore Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e, preparing) ores valued chiefly for their silvercontent. Establishments primarily engaged in transforma-tion of the silver into bullion or dore bar in combinationwith mining activities are included in this industry.


1044 Silver ores

21223 Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc Mining

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e., preparing) ores valued chiefly for their cop-per, nickel, lead, or zinc content. Beneficiating includes thetransformation of ores into concentrates.

212231 Lead Ore and Zinc Ore Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e., preparing) lead ores, zinc ores, or lead-zincores.


1031 Lead and zinc ores

212234 Copper Ore and Nickel Ore Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in (1) developing the mine site, mining, and/orbeneficiating (i.e, preparing) copper and/or nickel ores,and (2) recovering copper concentrates by the precipita-tion, leaching, or electrowinning of copper ore.

The data published with NAICS code 212234 includethe following SIC industries:

1021 Copper ores

1061 Ferroallaoy ores, except vanadium (pt)

21229 Other Metal Ore Mining

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e., preparing) metal ores (except iron and man-ganiferous ores valued for their iron content, gold ore, sil-ver ore, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc ore).



212291 Uranium-Radium-Vanadium Ore Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e., preparing) uranium-radium-vanadium ores.


1094 Uranium-radium-vanadium ores

212299 All Other Metal Ore Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, and/or ben-eficiating (i.e., preparing) metal ores (except iron and man-ganiferous ores valued for their iron content, gold ore, sil-ver ore, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, and uranium-radium-vanadium ore).


1099 Miscellaneous metal ores, n.e.c.,

1061 Ferroalloy ores, except vanadium (pt)

2123 Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying

This industry group comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing mine sites, or in mining or quarry-ing nonmetallic minerals (except fuels). Also included arecertain well and brine operations, and preparation plantsprimarily engaged in beneficiating (e.g., crushing, grind-ing, washing, and concentrating) nonmetallic minerals.

Beneficiation is the process whereby the extractedmaterial is reduced to particles which can be separatedinto mineral and waste, the former suitable for furtherprocessing or direct use. The operations that take place inbeneficiation are primarily mechanical, such as grinding,washing, magnetic separation, and centrifugal separation.In contrast, manufacturing operations primarily use chemi-cal and electrochemical processes, such as electrolysis anddistillation. However some treatments, such as heat treat-ments, take place in both the beneficiation and the manu-facturing (i.e., smelting/refining) stages. The range ofpreparation activities varies by mineral and the purity ofany given ore deposit. While some minerals, such as petro-leum and natural gas, require little or no preparation, oth-ers are washed and screened, while yet others, such asgold and silver, can be transformed into bullion beforeleaving the mine site.

21231 Stone Mining and Quarrying

This industry comprises (1) establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining or quarryingdimension stone (i.e., rough blocks and/or slabs of stone),or mining and quarrying crushed and broken stone and/or(2) preparation plants primarily engaged in beneficiatingstone (e.g., crushing, grinding, washing, screening, pul-verizing, and sizing).

212311 Dimension Stone Mining and Quarrying

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site and/or mining orquarrying dimension stone (i.e., rough blocks and/or slabsof stone).


1411 Dimension stone

212312 Crushed and Broken Limestone Mining andQuarrying

This U.S. industry comprises (1) establishments prima-rily engaged in developing the mine site, mining or quar-rying crushed and broken limestone (including relatedrocks, such as dolomite, cement rock, marl, travertine,and calcareous tufa), and (2) preparation plants primarilyengaged in beneficiating limestone (e.g., grinding or pul-verizing).


1422 Crushed and broken limestone

212313 Crushed and Broken Granite Mining andQuarrying

This U.S. industry comprises (1) establishments prima-rily engaged in developing the mine site, and/or mining orquarrying crushed and broken granite (including relatedrocks, such as gneiss, syenite, and diorite) and (2) prepa-ration plants primarily engaged in beneficiating granite(e.g. grinding or pulverizing).


1423 Crushed and broken granite

212319 Other Crushed and Broken Stone Miningand Quarrying

This U.S. industry comprises (1) establishments prima-rily engaged in developing the mine site and/or mining orquarrying crushed and broken stone (except limestoneand granite), (2) preparation plants primarily engaged inbeneficiating (e.g., grinding and pulverizing) stone (exceptlimestone and granite), and (3) establishments primarilyengaged in mining or quarrying bituminous limestone andbituminous sandstone.


1429 Crushed and broken stone, n.e.c.

1499 Miscellaneous nonmetallic minerals, except fuels(pt)



21232 Sand, Gravel, Clay, and Ceramic andRefractory Minerals Mining and Quarrying

This industry comprises (1) establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site and/or mining, quar-rying, dredging for sand and gravel, or mining clay, (e.g.,china clay, paper clay and slip clay) and (2) preparationplants primarily engaged in beneficiating (e.g., washing,screening, and grinding) sand and gravel, clay, andceramic and refractory minerals.

212321 Construction Sand and Gravel Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) operatingcommercial grade (i.e., construction) sand and gravel pits;(2) dredging for commercial grade sand and gravel; and(3) washing, screening, or otherwise preparing commercialgrade sand and gravel.


1442 Construction sand and gravel

212322 Industrial Sand Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) operatingindustrial grade sand pits; (2) dredging for industrialgrade sand; and (3) washing, screening, or otherwise pre-paring industrial grade sand.


1446 Industrial sand

212324 Kaolin and Ball Clay Mining

This U.S. industry comprises (1) establishments prima-rily engaged in developing the mine site and/or miningkaolin or ball clay (e.g., china clay, paper clay, and slipclay) and (2) establishments primarily engaged in benefici-ating (i.e., preparing) kaolin or ball clay.


1455 Kaolin and ball clay

This definition comes from the 1997 NAICS Manual.However, for this industry, the 1997 Economic CensusMining did not fully implement the conversion to NAICS.Data for NAICS industry 212324 do not include establish-ments only engaged in beneficiating or preparing kaolinand ball clay. The NAICS definitions will be fully imple-mented with the 2002 Economic Census.

212325 Clay and Ceramic and Refractory MineralsMining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in one or more of the following: (1) mining clay(except kaolin and ball), ceramic, or refractory minerals;

(2) developing the mine site for clay, ceramic, or refractoryminerals; and (3) beneficiating (i.e., preparing) clay(except kaolin and ball), ceramic, or refractory minerals.


1459 Clay, ceramic, and refractory minerals, n.e.c.

This definition comes from the 1997 NAICS Manual.However, for this industry, the 1997 Economic CensusMining did not fully implement the conversion to NAICS.Data for NAICS industry 212325 do not include establish-ments only engaged in beneficiating or preparing clay,ceramic and refractory minerals. The NAICS definitions willbe fully implemented with the 2002 Economic Census.

21239 Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining andQuarrying

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, and/or mill-ing or otherwise beneficiating (i.e., preparing) nonmetallicminerals (except coal, stone, sand, gravel, clay, ceramic,and refractory minerals).

212391 Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining and/or mill-ing, or otherwise beneficiating (i.e., preparing) naturalpotassium, sodium, or boron compounds. Drylake brineoperations are included in this industry, as well as estab-lishments engaged in producing the specified mineralsfrom underground and open pit mines.


1474 Potash, soda, and borate minerals

212392 Phosphate Rock Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, milling,and/or drying or otherwise beneficiating (i.e., preparing)phosphate rock.


1475 Phosphate rock

212393 Other Chemical and Fertilizer MineralMining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining, milling,and/or drying or otherwise beneficiating (i.e., preparing)chemical or fertilizer mineral raw materials (except pot-ash, soda, boron, and phosphate rock).


1479 Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining, n.e.c.



This definition comes from the 1997 NAICS Manual.However, for this industry, the 1997 Economic CensusMining did not fully implement the conversion to NAICS.Data for NAICS industry 212393 do not include establish-ments only engaged in beneficiating or preparing chemicaland fertilizer minerals. The NAICS definitions will be fullyimplemented with the 2002 Economic Census.

212399 All Other Nonmetallic Mineral Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in developing the mine site, mining and/or mill-ing or otherwise beneficiating (i.e., preparing) nonmetallicminerals (except stone, sand, gravel, clay, ceramic, refrac-tory minerals, chemical and fertilizer minerals).


1499 Miscellaneous nonmetallic minerals, except fuels(pt)

This definition comes from the 1997 NAICS Manual.However, for this industry, the 1997 Economic CensusMining did not fully implement the conversion to NAICS.Data for NAICS industry 212399 do not include establish-ments only engaged in beneficiating or preparing miscella-neous nonmetallic minerals. The NAICS definitions will befully implemented with the 2002 Economic Census.

213 Support Activities for Mining

Industries in the Support Activities for Mining subsectorgroup establishments primarily providing support ser-vices, on a fee or contract basis, required for the miningand quarrying of minerals and for the extraction of oil andgas. Establishments performing exploration (except geo-physical surveying and mapping) for minerals, on a con-tract or fee basis, are included in this subsector. Explora-tion includes traditional prospecting methods, such astaking core samples and making geological observationsat prospective sites.

The activities performed on a fee or contract basis byestablishments in the Support Activities for Mining subsec-tor are also often performed in-house by mining opera-tors. These activities include: taking core samples, makinggeological observations at prospective sites, and such oiland gas operations as spudding in, drilling in, redrilling,directional drilling, excavating slush pits and cellars; grad-ing and building foundations at well locations; well sur-veying; running, cutting, and pulling casings, tubes androds; cementing wells; shooting wells; perforating wellcasings; acidizing and chemically treating wells; andcleaning out, bailing, and swabbing wells.


This NAICS Industry Group includes establishmentsclassified in NAICS Industry 21311, Support Activities forMining.


This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in providing support services, on a fee or con-tract basis, required for the mining and quarrying of min-erals and for the extraction of oil and gas. Drilling, takingcore samples, and making geological observations at pro-spective sites (except geophysical surveying and mapping)for minerals, on a fee or contract basis, is included in thisindustry.

213111 Drilling Oil and Gas Wells

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in drilling oil and gas wells for others on a con-tract or fee basis. This industry includes contractors thatspecialize in spudding in, drilling in, redrilling, and direc-tional drilling.


1381 Drilling oil and gas wells

213112 Support Activities for Oil and GasOperations

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in performing oil and gas field services (exceptcontract drilling) for others, on a contract or fee basis. Ser-vices included are exploration (except geophysical survey-ing and mapping); excavating slush pits and cellars; grad-ing and building foundations at well locations; wellsurveying; running, cutting, and pulling casings, tubes,and rods; cementing wells; shooting wells; perforatingwell casings; acidizing and chemically treating wells; andcleaning out, bailing, and swabbing wells.


1382 Oil and gas field exploration services (pt)

1389 Oil and gas field services, n.e.c.

213113 Support Activities for Coal Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in providing support services, on a fee or con-tract basis, required for coal mining. Exploration for coalis included in this industry. Exploration includes traditionalprospecting methods, such as taking core samples andmaking geological observations at prospective sites.


1241 Coal mining services

213114 Support Activities for Metal Mining

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in providing support services, on a fee or con-tract basis, required for the mining and quarrying ofmetallic minerals and for the extraction of metal ores.



Exploration for minerals is included in this industry. Explo-ration (except geophysical surveying and mapping ser-vices) includes traditional prospecting methods, such astaking core samples and making geological observationsat prospective sites.


1081 Metal mining services (pt)

213115 Support Activities for NonmetallicMinerals (Except Fuels)

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in providing support services, on a fee or con-tract basis, required for the mining and quarrying of non-metallic minerals and for the extraction of nonmetallic

minerals. Exploration for minerals is included in thisindustry. Exploration (except geophysical surveying andmapping services) includes traditional prospecting meth-ods, such as taking core samples and making geologicalobservations at prospective sites.


1481 Nonmetallic minerals services, except fuels (pt)



Appendix C.Coverage and Methodology

MAIL/NONMAIL UNIVERSE

The mining universe includes about 25,000 establish-ments. This number includes those industries in the NAICSdefinition of mining, but not those portions of industriesleaving the mining sector in the classification change. Theamounts of information requested from mining establish-ments were dependent on a number of factors. The mostimportant consideration was the size of the company. Themethods of obtaining information for the various subsetsof the universe to arrive at the aggregate figures shown inthe publication are described below:

1. Small single-establishment companies not sent areport form.

Approximately 40 percent of the mining establish-ments were small single-establishment companies thatwere excused from filing a census report. Selection ofthese establishments was based on two factors:annual payroll and our ability to assign the correct six-digit NAICS industry classification to the establish-ment. For each four-digit Standard Industrial Classifi-cation (SIC) industry code, an annual payroll cut-offwas determined. These cutoffs were derived so thatthe establishments with payroll less than the cutoffwere expected to account for no more than 3 percentof the value of shipments and receipts for the indus-try. Generally, all single-establishment companies withless than 5 employees were excused, while all estab-lishments with more than 20 employees were mailedforms. Establishments below the cutoff that could notbe directly assigned a six-digit NAICS code weremailed a classification report which requested infor-mation for assigning NAICS industry codes. Establish-ments below the cut-off that could be directlyassigned a six-digit NAICS code were excused fromfiling any report. For below-cut-off establishments,information on the physical location, payroll, andreceipts was obtained from the administrative recordsof other Federal agencies under special arrangementswhich safeguarded their confidentiality.

Estimates of data for these small establishmentswere developed using industry averages in conjunc-tion with the administrative information. The value ofshipments and receipts, cost of supplies, etc., andcost of fuels were not distributed among specificproducts, supplies, and fuels for these establishmentsbut were included in the product, supplies, and fuels‘‘not specified by kind’’ (nsk) categories.

The industry classification codes included in theadministrative-record files were assigned on the basisof brief descriptions of the general activity of theestablishment. As a result, an indeterminate numberof establishments were erroneously coded to a four-digit SIC industry and then erroneously recoded to asix-digit NAICS industry. This was especially truewhenever there was a relatively fine line of demarca-tion between industries or between mining and non-mining activity.

Sometimes the administrative-record cases hadonly two- or three-digit SIC group classification codesavailable in the files. For the 1997 Economic Census–Mining, these establishments were sent a separateclassification form, which requested information onthe products and services of the establishment. Thisform was used to code many of these establishmentsto the appropriate six-digit NAICS level. Establish-ments that did not return the classification form werecoded later to those six-digit NAICS industries identi-fied as a default within the given subsector.

As a result of these situations, a number of smallestablishments may have been misclassified by indus-try. However, such possible misclassification has nosignificant effect on the statistics other than on thenumber of companies and establishments.

The total establishment count for individual indus-tries should be viewed as an approximation ratherthan a precise measurement. The counts for establish-ments with 20 employees or more are far more reli-able than the count of total number of establishments.

2. Establishments sent a report form.

The establishments covered in the mail canvasswere divided into two groups:

a. Large and medium size establishments.

Approximately 48 percent of all mining estab-lishments were included in this group. A variablecutoff, based on administrative-record payroll dataand determined on an industry-by-industry basis,was used to select those establishments that wereto receive 1 of the 10 economic census – miningregular forms. The first four pages, requestingestablishment data for items, such as employmentand payroll, costs, assets, and capital expenditures,were fairly standard although some variationoccurred depending on the industries collected on

APPENDIX C C–11997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


the form. The remaining pages of the form con-tained product, supply, fuel, and special inquiries.The diversity of the mining activities necessitatedthe use of several forms to canvass the 29 miningindustries. Each form was developed for a group ofindustries.

b. Small single-establishment companies.This group included approximately 12 percent of

all mining establishments. For those industrieswhere application of the variable cutoff foradministrative-record cases resulted in a large num-ber of small establishments being included in themail canvass, an abbreviated or short form wasused. Establishments in the crushed stone, sandand gravel, and crude petroleum and natural gasindustries with 5 to 19 employees received 1 of 2versions of the short form. The form requestedsummary product and material data and totals butno details on payrolls, cost of supplies and fuels,assets, and capital expenditures.

Use of the short form has no adverse effect onpublished totals for the industry statistics becausethe same data were collected on the short form ason the long form. However, detailed information onproducts, supplies, and fuels was not collected onthe short form; thus, its use would increase thevalue of the nsk categories.

INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS

Each of the establishments covered in the 1997 Eco-nomic Census – Mining was classified in 1 of 29 mineralindustries in accordance with the industry definitions inthe 1997 NAICS manual. This is the first edition of theNAICS manual and is a major change from the 1987 SICmanual that was used in the past. Appendix A of the 1997NAICS manual notes the comparability between the 1987SIC and the 1997 NAICS classification systems. Whenapplicable, Appendix G of this report shows the productcomparability between the two systems for the data inthis report.

In the NAICS system, an industry is generally defined asestablishments grouped according to similarity in the pro-cesses used to produce the mineral products. To theextent practical, the system uses supply-based orproduction-oriented concepts in defining industries. Theresulting group of establishments must be significant interms of its number, value added by mining, value of ship-ments and receipts, number of employees, and payroll.

The coding system works in such a way that the defini-tions progressively become narrower with successiveadditions of numerical digits. In the mining sector for1997, there are 3 subsectors (three-digit NAICS), 5 indus-try groups (four-digit NAICS), and 10 NAICS industries(5-digit NAICS) that are comparable with Canadian andMexican classification and 29 U.S. industries (six-digit

NAICS). This represents a slight reduction of the four-digitSIC-based U.S. industries from 31 in 1987. Within indus-tries, there are 141 seven-digit product classes and 196ten-digit products. The ten-digit products are consideredthe primary products of the industry with the same firstsix digits.

For the 1997 Economic Census – Mining, all establish-ments were classified in particular industries based on theproducts they produced. If an establishment made prod-ucts of more than one industry, it was classified in theindustry with the largest product value.

Establishments frequently make products classifiedboth in their industry (primary products) and other indus-tries (secondary products). Industry statistics (employ-ment, payroll, value added by mining, value of shipmentsand receipts, etc.) reflect the activities of the establish-ments which may make both primary and secondary prod-ucts. Product statistics, however, represent the output ofall establishments without regard for the classification ofthe producing establishment. For this reason, when relat-ing the industry statistics (especially the value of ship-ments and receipts) to the product statistics, the composi-tion of the industry’s output should be considered.

ESTABLISHMENT BASIS OF REPORTING

The 1997 Economic Census – Mining covers each min-ing establishment of firms with one or more paid employ-ees operating in the United States. A company operatingmore than one establishment is required to file a separatereport for each location. A mining establishment is definedas a single physical location where mineral operations areconducted. However, a company engaged in distinctly dif-ferent lines of activity at one location is required to submita separate report for each activity if the plant records per-mit such a separation and if the activities are substantialin size.

For oil and gas field operations and for contract ser-vices, the basis for reporting is different from the ‘‘estab-lishment’’ basis used for other types of mining. Firmsoperating oil and gas wells, drilling wells, or exploring foroil and gas for their own account were required to submita separate report for each state or offshore area adjacentto a state in which it conducted such activities. Firms thatperformed contract services for oil and gas field opera-tions or for mining establishments were required to sub-mit one report covering all such activities in the UnitedStates and to include information on receipts for servicesand production-worker wages and hours by state. Theseconsolidated reports were then allocated to state estab-lishments based on the data reported at the state level.The 1997 figures for establishments include the summa-tion of operations for each state allocated from thesenationwide reports.

In the 1997 Economic Census – Mining, as in censusessince 1967, data for single-unit firms without paidemployees were excluded. This exclusion had only a slight

C–2 APPENDIX C 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


effect on industry aggregates for most industries. Data forfirms without employees were included in the 1963, 1958,and 1954 censuses if they reported more than $500 in (1)value of shipments and receipts, (2) cost of supplies andpurchased machinery, or (3) capital expenditures.

The 1997 Economic Census – Mining excludes data forcentral administrative offices. Statistics for employmentand payroll for individual industries and industry groupsno longer include employment and payroll figures foradministrative offices, warehouses, storage facilities, andother auxiliary establishments servicing mining establish-ments. These data are included in a separate report series.

DUPLICATION IN COST OF MATERIALS AND VALUEOF SHIPMENTS

Data for cost of materials and value of shipmentsinclude varying amounts of duplication, especially athigher levels of aggregation. This is because the productsof one establishment may be the materials of another. Thevalue added statistics avoid this duplication and are, formost purposes, the best measure for comparing the rela-tive economic importance of industries and geographicareas.

VALUE OF INDUSTRY SHIPMENTS COMPARED WITHVALUE OF PRODUCT SHIPMENTS

The 1997 Economic Census – Mining shows value ofshipments and receipts data for industries and products.In the industry statistics tables and files, these data repre-sent the total value of shipments of all establishmentsclassified in a particular industry. The data include theshipments of the products classified in the industry (pri-mary to the industry), products classified in other indus-tries (secondary to the industry), and miscellaneousreceipts (repair work, sale of scrap, research and develop-ment, installation receipts, and resales). Value of productshipments shown in the products statistics tables and filesrepresent the total value of all products shipped that areclassified as primary to an industry regardless of the clas-sification of the producing establishment. The value ofproducts shipped also may include some products shippedfrom manufacturing establishments with mining opera-tions.

APPENDIX C C–31997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Appendix D.Geographic Notes

Not applicable for this report.

APPENDIX D D–11997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


Appendix E.Metropolitan Areas

Not applicable for this report.

APPENDIX E E–11997 ECONOMIC CENSUS


EC97N21A-SC 1997 South Carolina 1997 Economic Census Mining Geographic Area Series U S C E N S U S B U R E A U

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