ministero della difesa - meteoam.it · spectral line (optical wavelength at 656.3 nm) as a 3b...

SCI-229NATO Unclassified # 42

Space Domain Support to NATO Operations

Mauro MESSEROTTI1,2,31INAF‐Astronomical Observatory of Trieste, ITA2Dept. Of Physics, University of Trieste, ITA3Chair, NATO STO Systems Concepts and Integration SCI‐229

Ministero della Difesa

"The Multi‐functional Nature of the Aerospace Domain: a European Approach”Istituto Scienze Militari Aeronautiche23 October 2014, Florence, Italy

Panel 3Definition and planning of a Space Weather Service in Europe, a multi‐component issue

23/04/2014 M. Messerotti 1


• The Space Domain in the NATO Framework• NATO Activities Relevant to Space• NATO SCI‐229 Space Environment Support to NATO SSA• NATO Bi‐Strategic Command Space Working Group• WMO Inter‐Programme Coordination Team on SWx• A NATO SCI‐229 Case Study: An Hour Without GPS• Sample NATO SCI‐229 Deliverables for SWx• Conclusions

Outline of the Talk



THE SPACE DOMAIN IN THE NATOFRAMEWORK

NATO AND SPACE



The NATO Framework

NATO does not and is not planning toa. Conduct space operations

– Only space‐supported operations are performed

b. Own space assets– Space assets are provided by partner nations

c. Control space assets– NATO space operators do not exist



Space‐Supported NATO Operations• Require awareness of the Space Domain

• Define Space Domain Awareness (SDA)

• SDA is more comprehensive than SSA

• Require a NATO‐specific SDA infrastructure

• Require Space Planners expert on SDA



ACTIVITIES RELEVANT TO SPACE

NATO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATIONCOLLABORATION SUPPORT OFFICE



Space Capability Preservation

• NATO ACT established the Long‐Term aspect(LTA) for Space Capability Preservation– Preserve space capability/situational awareness forassets used by NATO through a combination of defensivemeasure of space‐ and ground‐based assets.

• The NATO STO Systems Concepts and Integration(SCI) Panel has been given the lead

23/04/2014 7M. Messerotti


• SCI‐229 RTGSpace Environment Support to NATO Space Situational Awareness

• SCI‐238 RSMNATO Space Capability Preservation

• SCI‐268 RSMNATO Space: S&T Developments to Enhance Resiliency and Effectiveness of NATO Operations

• SCI‐279 RTGEnabling Technical Considerations for a NATO‐Common Space Domain Operating Picture

NATO SCI Activities Relevant to Space

23/04/2014 M. Messerotti Slide 8


Objectives

• Harmonising studies related to Space Situational Awareness(SSA) between ESA, EU, EDA, ESPI (European Space PolicyInstitute) and NATO

• Working with the NATO JAPCC (Joint Air Power CompetenceCentre)

• Developing a NATO SSA Technology Development Plan

• Educating NATO SSA “Space Officers”

• Conducting ESA/NATO/EU workshops and a final conferencerelated to space systems, security and SSA

Space Environment Support to NATO Space Situational Awareness(SCI‐229 Research Task Group, 2011‐2014)

M. Messerotti Slide 923/04/2014


DEFINITION OF “NATO SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS”

NATO STO SCI‐229



NATO Space Situational Awareness [Definition by SCI‐229 ET & SCI‐229]

NATO Space Situational Awareness is theknowledge and the understanding of militaryand non‐military events, activities,circumstances and conditions within andassociated with the space environment or spacerelated systems that are relevant for current andfuture NATO interest, operations and exercises.



NATO SSA Scope[by SCI‐229 ET & SCI‐229]

NATO Space Situational Awareness• applies whenever and wherever NATO plans,conducts own operations, exercises and NATOactivities; as directed by the NAC and inaccordance with international law.

• considers the integrity of space assets and space‐related systems affected by space‐originatednatural or artificial hazards. NATO SSA alsocomprises such effects on society and individuals.



THE NATO BI‐STRATEGIC COMMAND SPACE WORKING GROUP (NBISCSWG)


ACTAllied

CommandTransformation

ACOAllied

CommandOperations


The NATO Bi‐SCSpace Working Group

• Appointed by the Bi‐SC upon mandate of the MC

• Aimed at studying:a. NATO space dependencies.b. Best practices for NATO space‐supported operations.c. Educational activities about NATO space‐supported

operations.

• Released the NATO Space Handbook in Dec. 2013



THE INTER‐PROGRAMME COORDINATION TEAM ON SPACE WEATHER (ICTSW)



WMO Statement on Space Weather• In May 2008, the WMO Executive Council

– Has recognised the significant impact of Space Weather on themeteo infrastructure and relevant human activities;

– Has recognised the potential synergy of meteorological servicesand Space Weather ones for operational users.

• In May 2011, the WMO Congress has recognised the needof a co‐ordinated effort by WMO Members to define theobservational and service requirements suitable to protectthe society from the global Space Weather risks.

• The Inter‐programme Coordination Team on SpaceWeather (ICTSW) has been instituted.

Ref. Statement on Global preparedness for Space Weather Hazards



AN HOUR WITHOUT GPSNATO STO SCI‐229 ‐ A CASE STUDY



Phenomenological FrameworkThis example refers to a real event that occurred on 6 December 2006

1. A very energetic solar flare occurs in the solar chromosphere andcorona.

– The first manifestation is observed in the Soft X‐Ray (SXR) band at 0.1‐0.8nm wavelength range as an X6.5 flare, which lasts 31 minutes.

– Just 3 minutes later the second manifestation is observed in the H‐alphaspectral line (optical wavelength at 656.3 nm) as a 3B optical class flare for aduration of 183 minutes.

– Intense Solar Radio Bursts are observed all over the radio spectrum, whichsignificantly increase the radio noise level.

2. In particular, an exceptionally intense (106 sfu peak) SRB is observed at1400 MHz, which lasts 60 minutes and is Right‐Handed CircularlyPolarised (<‐ effective for GPS receiver interference).

– Both L1 and L2 are interferred as the SNR (Signal‐to‐Noise‐Ratio)experienced by the receivers is degraded by 17 and 20 dB respectively at thepeak of the effect, which lasts for 50 minutes.

3. This makes GPS unusable for this time span.

4. Augmentation systems are affected as well.



Magnitude of the Fades @ L1 & L2


Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

0

5

10

15

0

5

10

15


IGS Operational SunlitGPS Receivers’ Drop

23/04/2014 M. Messerotti 20Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

NUMBER OFOPERATIONALGPS RECEIVERS

SOLAR RADIOBURST

INTENSITY

120

60


SAMPLE AFFECTED TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

NATO STO SCI‐229 ‐ DEPENDENDENCIES ON GNSS



Civil Aircrafts

Civil Aircrafts areprovided with GPS and anInertial Navigation System(INS) based onaccelerometers, that canbackup the loss of lock forshort time spans (of theorder of 1 min).


Boeing 747‐400


Military Aircrafts

Military aircrafts areprovided with GPS and INSthat can supportnavigation for hours at theexpenses of precision, inparticular automatedlanding when low orscarce visibility.


F‐16 Fighting Falcon


Weapons

Weapons can suffercritical effects


Tomahawk Block IV Cruise Missile


Automatic Dependent Surveillance‐Broadcast (ADS‐B)

• The aircraft position isdetermined by GNSS

• It is periodicallybroadcasted to enabletracking.

• The transponderoperates in VHF andUHF that can beinterfered at theexpenses of precision.



Automatic Collision Avoidance Technology (ACAT)

• Airborne CollisionAvoidance Systems(ACAS) can be affectedby GPS failures.

• This effect can becritical in high densityareas.


USAF F‐16D provided with ACAT


Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems (RPAS)

Remotely Piloted AerialSystems• Harsh environmentalconditions can becritical for take off andlanding under visualcontrol.

• Furthermore, only near‐real‐time control ispossibile.


MQ‐1 Predator (USAF)


Fully Automated UAS(FAUAS)

Fully automated UASwhen available, will bemore sensitive tonavigation systeminterferences.


X‐47B Pilotless Plane(Northrup Grumman Corp.)


SAMPLE DELIVERABLES FOR NATO SPACE DOMAIN AWARENESS

NATO STO SCI‐229



SPACE WEATHER INFORMATION PROCESSING CENTRE @ INAF‐TRIESTE

NATO STO SCI‐229


SCI-229NATO Unclassified # 4203/10/2014 NATO SCI‐229 NURP M. Messerotti 31


MULTI‐LEVEL GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR SWX APPLICATIONS

NATO STO SCI‐229



Prototype Web GUI

PerturbedConditions



Information Page

for Space Segment



SPACE WEATHER, SPACE IMPACT, MIL IMPACT DASHBOARDS

NATO STO SCI‐229


GCR

MAGSPH

EP

RAM P

EP

GEO

EP

MEO ATMO

EP Currents

HYDRO/GEO

Compression GMS

GMS RFI

Radiation Belts GIC

EMR

IONO

12:00 UTC12:00 UTC

LEO

EP EP

EMR EMR

GalvanicCorrosion

False SignalTriggering

Scintillation

Radio Propagation

GNSSNavigation

SATCOM

COM

Heating

Expansion

Drag

DragDrag

12:00 UTC

12:00 UTC12:00 UTC12:00 UTC 12:00 UTC

ElectricityBlackout

Electrical Charging

SEU

Disorientation

Electrical Charging

SEU

Disorientation

Electrical Charging

SEU

Disorientation

Currents

Ring Current

Total Dose Total Dose Total Dose

Space Debris

NEO

JAM CYBER LASER

DoS DoS DoS

Destruction Destruction Destruction

EMP


EXPERT SYSTEM “SENECA” (SPACE ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS ADVISOR)

NATO STO SCI‐229


PHOTOSPHERE CORONAL MASS EJECTION

GEOMAGNETIC STORM GIC


SWX RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

NATO STO SCI‐229


Risk management – Principles and guidelines, ISO 31000:2009(E)


SWx Risk Assessment & Managementin the NATO Framework

EVENTRELEVANCE OF IMPACT FOR MISSION

Unaffected Important Essential Critical

OCCURRENCEPROBABILITY

Low x x x x

Medium x x x x

High x x x x

Very High x x x x

26/03/2013 SCI‐238 SM, NATO School, DEU M. Messerotti 40

PRIORITY ASSIGNMENT IS THE MOST CHALLENGING EXERCISE DUE TO:a. THE VARIETY OF NATURAL EVENTS;b. THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG EVENT CATEGORIES;c. THE VARIETY OF POTENTIALLY AFFECTED SUBSYSTEMS;d. THE VARIETY OF POSSIBLE IMPACTS;e. THE POSSIBILITY OF CASCADING EFFECTS OF IMPACTS;f. THE VARIETY OF POSSIBLE PRIORITY PERSPECTIVES ACCORDING TO

THE MISSION SCENARIO AND GOALS.


A. DEPENDENCIES ON SWX ARE MANIFOLDB. EXTREME SWX EVENTS ARE MISSION‐CRITICALC. SWX FORECASTING IS STILL IN ITS INFANCYD. IMPACT MITIGATION CANNOT BE FULLY

EFFECTIVE FOR INTRINSIC REASONSE. SOPHISTICATED SYSTEMS ARE LESS RESILIENTF. SPACE DOMAIN AWARENESS IS A MUST FOR

NATO LONG‐TERM CAPABILITY PRESERVATIONG. MULTI‐LEVEL EDUCATION IN SWX IS A MUSTH. COORDINATION OF RESPONSE TO SWX IMPACTS

IS A MUST

Conclusions


SCI-229NATO Unclassified # 4223/04/2014 M. Messerotti 42

Ministero della Difesa

"The Multi‐functional Nature of the Aerospace Domain: a European Approach”Istituto Scienze Militari Aeronautiche23 October 2014, Florence, Italy

Panel 3Definition and planning of a Space Weather Service in Europe, a multi‐component issue

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

ministero della difesa - meteoam.it · spectral line (optical wavelength at 656.3 nm) as a 3b...

Documents