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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT ROMANIA
ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY “GHEORGHE IONESCU ŞIŞEŞTI”
SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES IN
AREAS WITH SANDY SOILS
VOLUME 20TH, 2016
ANNALS OF THE RESEARCH - DEVELOPMENT CENTER FOR FIELD CROPS ON SANDY SOILS, DABULENI
Editura SITECH Craiova, 2016
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Se face schimb de publicaţii cu instituţii din ţară şi străinătate. Exchange of publications is posible with similar institutions from abroad and our country.
CHIEF EDITOR: Dr. Aurelia DIACONU [email protected]
Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni
SCIENTIFIC EDITOR: Dr. Reta DRAGHICI [email protected]
Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni
SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS:
Dr. Aurelia DIACONU Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy
Soils, Dabuleni
Dr. TOMA Vasile Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni
Dr. Reta DRĂGHGICI Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni
Dr. MATEI Gheorghe Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova
Dr. DRĂGHICI Iulian Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni
Dr. RĂŢOI Iulian Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni
Dr. Mihaela CROITORU Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni
ISSN 2360 – 0829 ISSN-L 2360 – 0829
Editorial and administrative address: 207220 DĂBULENI-DOLJ, ROMANIA Phone / Fax: +40251334402 / +40251334347 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Professor NICOLESCU Mihai – Vice President of Academy of Agricultural and Forestry
“Gheorghe Ionescu Şişeşti“, Bucharest, Romania
Dr. Aurelia DIACONU - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils,
Dabuleni, Romania
Dr. Reta DRAGHICI - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils,
Dabuleni, Romania
Dr. MATEI Gheorghe - Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova, Romania
Dr DRAGHICI Iulian – Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils,
Dabuleni, Romania
Dr. RATOI IIulian - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni,
Romania
Dr. Mihaela CROITORU - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils,
Dabuleni, Romania
Dr. PINTILIE Ioan - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni,
Romania
Dr. TOMA VASILE - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni,
Romania
Professor SOARE MARIN – Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova,
Romania
Dr. Marieta PLOAE - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils,
Dabuleni, Romania
Dr. Elena CIUCIUC - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils,
Dabuleni, Romania
Dr. Milica DIMA - Research-Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni,
Romania
Professor BACIU Adrian - Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova,
Romania
Prof.assoc. Mariana NICULESCU – Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of
Craiova, Romania
Professor MITREA Ion – Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Craiova,
Romania
Dr. ITTU Gheorghe – National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea,
Romania
Dr. Florica CONSTANTINESCU - Research and Development Institute for Plant Protection
Bucharest, Romania
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Dr. CHIRU Sorin – National Institute of Research and Development for Potato and Sugar
Beet, Braşov, Romania
Dr. STĂNICĂ Florin - University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest
Romania
Dr. HOZA Dorel - University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest
Romania
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CONTENTS
Page
Ciuciuc Elena. Influenţa unor tipuri noi de îngrăşăminte foliare asupra producţiei la culturile
de tomate şi pepeni verzi / The influence new types of foliar fertilizers upon production of
tomatoes and watermelons ………………………………………………………………………….
7
Ciuciuc Elena. Studiul unor caractere cantitative si calitative in procesul selectiei
conservative la soiul de pepene verde Oltenia / The study quantitative and qualitative
characters in selection process conservative at the Oltenia watermelon ……………………
14
Ciuciuc Elena, Croitoru Mihaela. Impactul conditiilor climatice asupra culturii de ceapa din
seminte pe solurile nisipoase / The impact of climatic conditions about onion seed crop on
sandy soils ……………………………………………………………………………………..
19
Croitoru Mihaela, Drăghici I., Drăghici Reta, Dima Milica. Cercetări privind calitatea
grâului în condițiile climatice specifice solurilor nisipoase din sudul Olteniei / Researches
regarding the wheat quality in specific climatic conditions of sandy soils in southern Oltenia
25
Croitoru Mihaela, Drăghici I., Drăghici Reta, Dima Milica. Cercetări privind evaluarea
însușirilor de calitate la unele soiuri de triticale în condițiile solurilor nisipoase din sudul
Olteniei / Research on the evaluation of quality characteristics of some varieties of triticale
under the conditions sandy soils from southern Oltenia ………………………………………..
33
Croitoru Mihaela, Toma V., Răţoi I. Cercetări privind influenţa fertirigării asupra calităţii
pepenilor verzi cultivaţi pe solurile nisipoase din sudul Olteniei / Research on the
influence fertigation on quality of watermelons grown on sandy soils in southern
Oltenia ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
41
Diaconu Aurelia, Ploae Marieta, Dima Milica, Paraschiv Alina. Influenţa unor măsuri
tehnologice asupra unor procese fiziologice la unele soiuri de cartof, cultivate pe solurile
nisipoase / Influence of technological measures on some physiological processes varieties
of potatoes cultivated on sandy soils ……………………………………………………………
50
Diaconu Aurelia, Ploae Marieta, Dima Milica, Paraschiv Alina. Influenţa fertilizării asupra
unor procese fiziologice la unele soiuri de cartof cultivate pe solurile nisipoase / Influence of
fertilization on physiological processes in some potato varieties, grown on sandy soils ……
65
Dima Milica. Variabilitatea unor caractere şi însuşiri la unele genotipuri de arahide cultivate
pe solurile nisipoase / Variability of characters and features some peanut genotypes grown
on sandy soils ………………………………………………………………………………………
77
Drăghici Iulian. Evaluarea potenţialului bioenergetic al producţiei primare și secundare la
cultura sorgului pentru boabe / Assessing the bioenergetically potential of primary and
secondary production to the grain sorghum crop ………………………………………………
82
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Drăghici Reta, Drăghici Iulian. Rezultate privind atacul produs de boli și dăunători la
cultura graului pe solurile nisipoase / Results concerning the disease and pest attack of the
wheat crop on sandy soils ……………………………………………………………………..…...
89
Pintilie Ioan. Genotipuri de ardei cu toleranță la Verticillium dahliae kleb. create la SCDL
Ișalnița-Dolj / Genotypes of pepper with tolerance of Verticillium dahliae kleb. created at
S.C.D.L. Işalniţa – Dolj ……………………………………………………………………………
97
Ploae Marieta, Ciuciuc Elena, Dima Milica. Influenta factorilor climatici si agrotehnici
asupra fiziologiei plantelor de vinete cultivate pe solurile nisipoase / The influence of climatic
factors on plant physiology and agrotechnical eggplant grown on sandy
soils…………………………………………………………………………………………………
103
Rățoi Iulian, Croitoru Mihaela. Influența condițiilor climatice din anul 2014 asupra stării
de vegetație la vița de vie cu struguri pentru vinuri roșii în plantațiile viticole din sudul
Olteniei / The influence of climatic conditions in the year 2014 on the state of vegetative
vine varieties for red wine in vineyards from southern Oltenia …………………………………
109
Rățoi Iulian, Croitoru Mihaela. Prima cl. 1022, un soi de perspectivă pentru plantațiile
viticole cu struguri de masă pe solurile nisipoase. / Prima cl. 1022, variety of prospect for
vineyards table grapes on sandy soils ……………………………………………………………
114
Rățoi Iulian, Dorneanu Aurel, Croitoru Mihaela. Cercetări privind utilizarea unor tipuri de
îngrăşăminte noi la viţa de vie pe solurile nisipoase / Research concerning using of new types of fertilizers to the vines on sandy soils …………………………………………………
120
Toma Vasile, Rățoi Iulian, Vladu Cristina Emanuela. Cercetări privind comportarea unor
cultivaruri de pepeni verzi pe solurile nisipoase din sudul Olteniei / Research on behaviour
of cultivars of watermelon on sandy soils from southern Oltenia ……………………………..
126
Toma Vasile, Rățoi Iulian, Vladu Cristina Emanuela. Comportarea uor cultivare de
pepeni galbeni pe solurile nisipoase din sudul Olteniei / The behaviour of some cultivars of
melons on sandy soils in the south-west Oltenia ………………………………………………
139
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INFLUENŢA UNOR TIPURI NOI DE ÎNGRĂŞĂMINTE
FOLIARE ASUPRA PRODUCŢIEI LA CULTURILE DE TOMATE ŞI PEPENI VERZI
THE INFLUENCE NEW TYPES OF FOLIAR FERTILIZERS
UPON PRODUCTION OF TOMATOES AND WATERMELONS
CIUCIUC ELENA
Key words: foliar fertilizer, tomatoes, watermelons
REZUMAT
În condițiile solurilor nisipoase din sudul Olteniei au fost testate o serie de îngrășăminte foliare
la culturile de tomate și pepeni verzi. Toate tipurile de îngrăşăminte foliare testate la cultura de tomate
au contribuit la realizarea unor sporuri de peroducţie care au oscilat între 0,5 – 8,1 t/ha (2 – 32 %). La
cultura de tomate s-au remarcat prin producţiile realizate tipurile: Maturevo aplicat în concentraţie de
0,6 % (33,7 t/ha), Codicevo şi Finarevo aplicate în concentraţie de 0,6 % cu producţie de 32,7 t/ha,
sporurile de producţie realizate faţă de martor fiind distinct semnificative. Aplicarea îngrăşămintelor
foliare la cultura de pepeni verzi asigură sporuri însemnate de producţie acestea fiind cuprinse între
2,6 – 8,8 t/ha (2 – 21 %) în funcţie de tipul folosit. S-au remarcat prin nivelul producţiilor realizate
tipurile: Algomax complex NPK, R – 3211 HUM şi R – 3211 HUAN aplicate în concentraţie de 1 %.
ABSTRACT
In sandy soils conditions from southern Oltenia were tested a number of foliar fertilizers on
crops of tomatoes and watermelons. All tested foliar fertilizer for growing tomatoes are contributed to
the development of production increases that ranged between 0.5 to 8.1 t / ha (2-32 %). The tomato
crop types were noted: Maturevo applied at a concentration of 0.6 % (33.7 t / ha) and Finarevo and
Codicevo applied in concentration of 0.6% with production of 32.7 t / ha, production increases were
distinct significant. Application of foliar fertilizer for growing watermelons provides significant
production increases which are between 2.6 to 8.8 t / ha (2-21 %) depending on the type of fertilizer
used. Were observed in the yields achieved types: NPK complex Algomax, R – 3211 HUM and R -
3211 HUAN applied at a concentration of 1 %.
INTRODUCTION
Crops of tomatoes and watermelons are a tradition in the area with sandy soils
in southern Oltenia are favorable conditions for growth and development represent an
important source of income for local residents (Toma V. et al., 1997). For the success
of a culture apart from a cultivated variety is particularly important
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fertilization. Tomatoes and watermelons grown on sandy soils react favorably to
fertilization with manure and chemical fertilizers. Good results have been obtained with
organo-mineral fertilization (Toma V., 1983, Spirescu C., 1986). The foliar fertilization
is the method which eliminates the loss of nutrients through leaching especially on
sandy soils, improves the nutritional status of crops in relation to plant requirements at
different stages of growth, using small amounts of fertilizer and micro-elements are
supplied the necessary plants. With the extra nutrition extraroot can make some
treatments to combat pathogens and pests. (Dorneanu A., 1976).
In addition to increased production of crops watermelons and melons, application of
foliar fertilization contributed to increasing the quality (Ciuciuc Elena et all., 1998,
2000, 2001, Lacatus V., 2000). The need for the continuous enrichment of the
composition of macro and microelements foliar fertilizers causes new types requiring
crops tested.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiments were monofactorial and were placed in the experimental field after
randomized block method in four replications. To provide the agrofond of 100 kg / ha
N, 100 kg / ha P2O5,100 kg/ha K2O by appling fertilizer 15-15-15. The first foliar
fertilization tomato crop was applied at the beginning of flowering and the following
within 10 days. The first watermelon fertilization was applied at the beginning of growh
and the 10 days. Yields were harvested and weighed each variant and calculated
and interpreted statistically.
In tables 1 and 2 are presented the studied variants.
REZULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Tomato yields obtained ranged between 25.6 to 33.7 t / ha (Table 3).
In the variant with control plants sprayed with water when applying foliar fertilizers and
production was done lowest (25.6 t/ha). In all other variants were obtained production
increases of these varying between 0.5 to 8.1 t/ha (between 2-32 %). In the variant in
which applied Calcium gluconate in concentration of 0.8% was achieved lower
production increase (0.5 t /ha), statistically uninsured.
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Table 1
The foliar fertilizers studied at tomatoes culture
Variant number
The fertilizer used The concentration (%) Number fertilization
1 Witness sprinkled with water - -
2 Solar amino 1.0 3
3 Solfert 0.4 3
4 Solar green 1.0 3
5 Algomax 0.5 3
6 Calciu gluconat 0.8 3
7 Algomax Fluid 0.3 3
8 Codicevo 0.6 3
9 Maturevo 0.6 3
10 Rezistevo 0.6 3
11 Nutrifol 1 1.0 3
12 Nutrifol 2 1.0 3
13 Abiogeneza H 1.0 3
14 R – 3211 HUM 1.0 3
15 R – 3211 HUAN 1.0 3
16 Fighter Phos 1.0 3
17 Finarevo 0.6 3
18 Energevo 0.6 3
Production increases statistically uninsured were obtained by applying the following
foliar fertilizer: Solar amino applied at a concentration of 1 % who achieved a
production of 27.4 t / ha, ie an increase of 1.8 t / ha, two types Nutrifol 2 and Fighter
Phos applied at a concentration of 1% which ensured the production of 28 t / ha (2.4 t
/ ha increase of production), Abiogeneza H applied at a concentration of 1 % (2.6 t / ha
gain), Fluid Algomax in a concentration of 0.3 % (2.9 t / ha, 11 %), Rezistevo in a
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concentration of 0.6 % (3.3 t / ha increase of production), Solfert in a concentration of
0.4% (3 6 t / ha increase production) and Energevo concentration of 0.6% which
achieved a production increase of 3.8 t / ha. Production increases statistically
significant has been achieved by applying the following foliar fertilizer types: R - 3211
HUM in concentration of 1 % (a production increase of 5.6 t / ha), Green solar in
concentration of 1 % and R - 3211 HUAN in concentration of 1% which ensures
production increases of 5.7 t / ha, Nutrifol 1 in concentration of 1 % (5.8 t / ha
increase) and Algomax in concentration of 0.5 % (increase 6,1 t / ha ). Distinct
significant increases of production has achieved types of foliar fertilizers: Codicevo
and Finarevo applied in concentration of 0.6 % which ensured production increases of
7.1 t / ha and type Maturevo in concentration of 0.6 % with an increase of production
of 8.1 t / ha. The variant of watermelons of control has achieved a production of 41.1 t
/ ha and production in fertilization variants ranged between 43.7 to 49.9 t /ha
depending on the type of fertilizer (Table 4). By applying fertilizer Biozine in
concentration of 0.2 % realize production of 43.7 t/ha, achieved production growth is
2.6 t/ha, statistically unsignificant. Foliar fertilizer Fluid Algomax applied at a
concentration of 0.3 % contributed to a production of 46 t/ha, production increase of
4.9 t/ha being provided statistically significant. In variant with foliar fertilizer R - 3211
HUAN applied in concentration of 1% has achieved a production of 48.3 t/ha,
respectively a production increase of 7.2 t/ha, distinct increase statistically significant.
The types of foliar fertilizers Algomax complex NPK and R - 3211 HUM applied at a
concentration of 1 % achieved productions very close in value (49.8 to 49.9 t/ha)
production increase compared to the control being achieved of 8.7 - 8.8 t/ha
significantly distinct.
Table 2
The foliar fertilizers studied at watermelons culture
No. The fertilizer used The concentration (%) Number fertilization
1 Witness sprinkled with water - -
2 Biozime 0.2 3
3 Algomax Fluid 0.3 3
4 Algomax complex NPK 1.0 3
5 R – 3211 HUM 1.0 3
6 R – 3211 HUAN 1.0 3
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Table 3
Tomato production depending on fertilization studied
The variant The
production
of tomatoes
(t/ha)
Relative
production
(%)
Diference
(t/ha)
Significance
Witness sprinkled with water 25.6 100 Mt.
Solar amino 27.4 107 +1.8
Solfert 29.2 114 +3.6
Solar green 31.3 122 +5.7 *
Algomax 31.7 124 +6.1 *
Calciu gluconat 26.1 102 +0.5
Algomax Fluid 28.5 111 +2.9
Codicevo 32.7 128 +7.1 **
Maturevo 33.7 132 +8.1 **
Rezistevo 28.9 113 +3.3
Nutrifol 1 31.4 123 +5.8 *
Nutrifol 2 28.0 109 +2.4
Abiogeneza H 28.2 110 +2.6
R – 3211 HUM 31.3 122 +5.7 *
R – 3211 HUAN 31.2 122 +5.6 *
Fighter Phos 28.0 109 +2.4
Finarevo 32.7 128 +7.1 **
Energevo 29.4 115 +3.8
LSD 5% = 5.05 t/ha
LSD 1% = 6.77 t/ha
LSD 0.1% = 8.93 t/ha
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Table 4
The watermelons production depending on fertilization variants studies
The variant
The
production of
watermelons
(t/ha)
Relative
production
(%)
Diference
(t/ha)
Significance
Witness sprinkled with water 41.1 100 Mt.
Biozime 43.7 106 +2.6
Algomax Fluid 46.0 112 +4.9 *
Algomax complex NPK 49.8 121 +8.7 **
R – 3211 HUM 49.9 121 +8.8 **
R – 3211 HUAN 48.3 118 +7.2 **
LSD 5% = 4.50 t/ha
LSD 1% = 6.40 t/ha
LSD 0.1% = 9.27 t/ha
CONCLUSIONS
1. All tested foliar fertilizers for tomatoes crops contributed to the production
increase that ranged between 0.5 to 8.1 t/ha (2-32 %).
2. For the tomato crops has evidenced by production types: Maturevo applied at a
concentration of 0.6 % (33.7 t/ha), Finarevo and Codicevo applied in
concentration of 0.6 % with the productions of 32.7 t/ha, production increases
compared to the control being significant.
3. The big productions and very close in value (31.2 to 31.7 t/ha) were performed
of the types: Algomax at 0.5 %, Nutrifol 1, Solar Green, R - 3211 HUM and R-
3211 HUAN applied in a concentration of 1 %.
4. Application of foliar fertilizer for watermelons provides significant production
increases which are between 2.6 to 8.8 t/ha (2-21 %) depending on the type
used.
5. For the watermelon crops has evidenced by production types: Algomax:
complex NPK, R – 3211 HUM and R- 3211 HUAN applied at a concentration of
1 %.
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REFERENCES
1. Ciuciuc Elena, Toma V., Dorneanu A., 1998 – Noi tipuri de îngrăşăminte foliare
folosite la fertilizarea pepenilor verzi pe solurile nisipoase. Anale ICLF Vidra, vol. XV.
2. Ciuciuc Elena, Dorneanu A., 2000 – Cercetări privind influenţa unor noi tipuri de
îngrăşăminte foliare asupra producţiei de pepeni galbeni, pe solurile nisipoase.
Scientific works SCCCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XII.
3. Ciuciuc Elena, Dorneanu A., 2001 – Cercetări privind folosirea unor compoziţii lichide
cu aminoacizi şi ureide la fertilizarea foliară a culturilor de pepeni verzi şi pepeni
galbeni. Lucrări științifice SCCCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XIII.
4. Dorneanu A., 1976 – Dirijarea fertilităţii solului. Ed. Ceres.
5. Lăcătuş V., 2000 – Fertilizarea culturilor de bostănoase cu îngrăşăminte de tip
KRISTALON. Hortinform nr. 8.
6. Toma V., 1983 – Cercetări privind fertilizarea tomatelor timpurii pe nisipuri în vederea
reducerii consumului de energie. Lucrări științifice SCCCDPN Dăbuleni, vol. V.
7. Toma V., Aurelia Ifrim, Elena Ciuciuc, Nanu Şt., Spirescu C., 1997 – Valorificarea
condiţiilor ecologice specifice nisipurilor amenajate din sudul Olteniei prin culturi
legumicole timpurii. Lucrări științifice SCCCPN Dăbuleni, vol. IX.
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STUDIUL UNOR CARACTERE CANTITATIVE SI
CALITATIVE IN PROCESUL SELECTIEI
CONSERVATIVE LA SOIUL DE PEPENE VERDE OLTENIA
THE STUDY QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS IN
SELECTION PROCESS CONSERVATIVE AT THE OLTENIA WATERMELON
CIUCIUC ELENA
Key words: watermelon, selection process conservative
REZUMAT
În vederea menținerii soiului de pepene verde Oltenia în limitele de variabilitate specifice, din
câmpul de alegere au fost alese 100 elite la care s-au studiate următoarele caractere: greutatea
fructului, lungime şi diametrul fructului, grosimea şi greutatea cojii, proporţia de coajă, numărul şi
cantitatea de seminţe din fruct, conținutul în substanță uscată solubilă. Din analiza variabilității
principalelor caractere la soiul de pepene verde Oltenia în procesul de selecție conservativă rezultă
o variabilitate mică pentru lungimea şi diametrul fructului, pentru proporția de coajă, numărul de
semințe într-un fruct, masa a 1000 semințe și conținutul în substanță uscată solubilă și variabilitate
mijlocie pentru greutatea fructului, grosimea cojii și greutatea cojii, greutatea miezului și greutatea
semințelor din fruct. Coeficienții de corelație arată că, greutatea fructelor se corelează pozitiv distinct
semnificativ cu greutatea cojii și semnificativ cu numărul de semințe din fruct și negative semnificativ
cu masa a 1000 semințe. Grosimea cojii se corelează distinct semnificativ în sens pozitiv cu greutate
coajă și proporția de coajă. Numărul de semințe dintr-un fruct se corelează distinct semnificativ pozitiv
cu cantitatea de semințe din fruct și negative distinct semnificativ cu masa a 1000 semințe
ABSTRACT
In order to maintain of the watermelon variety Oltenia in in specific limits of variability were
choice of 100 elites at that were studied following characters: the fruit weight, the fruit length and
diameter, thickness and weight shell,the ratio of shell , number and the quantity of seed from fruit
and dry substance solubile. From the analysis of the variability of the main characters at the
watermelon variety Oltenia in selection process conservative resulting a small variability for fruit
length, diameter, shell proportion, number of seeds in the fruit, the mass of 1000 seeds and dry
substance soluble, and middle variability for fruit weight, shell thickness and shell weight , the gist
weight and seed weight. The correlation coefficients show that fruit weight was positively correlated
significantly distinct with the shell weight and significantly with the number of seeds in fruit and
significant negative with the weight of 1000 seeds. The shell thickness was correlated positively
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significantly distinct with the proportion of shell and with the shell weight. The number of seeds in a
fruit was correlated positively significantly distinct with the quantity seed in the fruit and distinct
negative significant with mass of 1000 seeds.
INTRODUCTION
In the south of the country in addition to increasing the area planted with
watermelons manufacturers are interested in increasing production and its quality. An
important role were variety or hybrid cultivated. The marketing of existing varieties and
hybrids in the European Community catalogs is risk because they are not adapted to
existing natural conditions, so it is necessary to maintain the varieties created in
Rumania (Ambarus Silvia, 1999 Nanu St. , 2000). The variety of watermelon Oltenia,
created to CCDCPN Dabuleni is a valuable variety with high adaptability to the specific
area, high capacity and high fruit production and quality. Keeping the main characters
of varieties of watermelon in specific permissible limits of variability requires the
continuation of the maintenance they (Nanu St., 2001 Ciuciuc Elena 2012). In this
paper we present the variety of the watermelon Oltenia behavior in the conservative
selection process.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
At the variety of watermelons Oltenia the variability study was made on a
number of 100 elite extracts from the field of your choice.
Determinations made was focussed: the fruit weight, the size fruit (length and
diameter, thickness, weight and proportion shell, the number and quantity seeds from
a fruit.
Experimental data obtained was processed by statistical methods and mathematical
calculating: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation.
The variety of watermelon Oltenia the majority of quantitative characters showed
considerable variation (Table 1).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The elected elites had an average weight of 7.3 kg/fruit with a degree of
dispersion between 5.2 to 9.3 kg/fruit, the fruit length of 27.2 cm with a degree of
dispersion between 23.0 to 32.5 cm and an mean diameter of 23.1 cm and an degree
of dispersion of between 19.5 to 28.5 cm (Table 1).
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Table 1
Variability of quantitative characters of fruit and
seed watermelon Oltenia variety
Specification Arithmetic
average
(X)
The standard
deviation
(S)
Coefficient of
variation
(S%)
The degree of
dispersion
Fruit weight (kg) 7.3 0.89 12.1 5.2 – 9.3
Fruit length (cm) 27.2 1.70 6.25 23.0 – 32.5
Fruit diameter (cm) 23.1 1.22 5.28 19.5 – 28.5
Shell thick (cm) 1.5 0.28 18.66 1.0 – 2.4
Shell weight (kg) 3.2 0.43 13.44 2.4 – 4.2
Shell proportion (%) 43.7 3.60 8.24 36.0 – 51.3
Weight gist (kg) 4.3 0.61 14.19 2.7 – 5.5
Number of seeds in the fruit 604 142.51 0.70 153 - 922
Quantity of seed in fruit (g) 52.5 8.40 16.00 19 – 75
The mass of 1000 seeds (g) 87.4 8.07 9.23 71 – 124.2
Dry substance soluble (%) 9.4 0.21 2.23 8 - 11
The Shell thickness was between 1.0 to 2.4 cm with a weight of 2.4 to 4.2 kg
and the average 43.7 % of the weight of the fruit. The soluble dry matter content
ranged between 8-11 % with an average of 9.4 %. The largest differences was existed
in terms of number and weight of seeds to a fruit.
The values of coefficient variation indicate that the watermelon variety Oltenia submit
small variability for fruit length, diameter, shell proportion, number of seeds in the fruit,
the mass of 1000 seeds and dry substance soluble, variability middle for fruit weight,
shell thick, weight gist, shell weight for quantity of seed in fruit.
Table 2 presents the correlation coefficients between the main characters of fruit the
watermelon variety Oltenia.
It appears that fruit weight was positively correlated significantly distinct with rhe
shell weight (r = 0.5335 ) and significantly with the number of seeds from a the fruit (r =
0.2266 ) and significantly negative with the weight of 1000 seeds (r = 0.2331 ).
The shell thickness correlates significantly distinct positively with the shell weight (r =
0.4305 ) and the proportion of shell (r = 0.6965 ) .
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The number of seeds in a fruit positively correlated significantly distinct with quantity
of seeds from the fruit (r = 0.9316 ) and significantly distinct negative with the weight of
1000 seeds (r = - 3371).
Table 2
Simple correlation coefficients for the main characters
of the the the fruit of watermelons to Oltenia variety
Specification Shell
thick
(cm)
Shell
weight
(kg)
Shell
propor-
tion (%)
Number
of seeds
in the
fruit
Quantity
of seed
in fruit
(g)
The
mass of
1000
seeds
(g)
Fruit weight (kg) 0.1219 0.5335 -0.1898 0.2266 -0.0252 -0.2331
Shelll thick (cm) 0.4305 0.6965
Number of seeds in the fruit 0.9316 -0.3371
Quantity of seed in fruit (g) -0.1998
CONCLUSIONS
1. The analysis of the variability of the main characters to the watermelon variety
Oltenia in the selection process submit small variability for the fruit length,
diameter, shell proportion, number of seeds in the fruit, the mass of 1000 seeds
and dry substance soluble, variability middle for fruit weight, shell thick, weight
gist, shell weight and for quantity of seed in fruit
2. The correlation coefficients show that fruit weight was positively correlated
significantly distinct with shell weight and significantly with the number of seeds
from a fruit and significant negative with weight of 1000 seeds. The shell
thickness correlates significantly distinct positively with the proportion of shell
and shell weight.
3. The number of seeds in a fruit positively correlated significantly distinct with
quantity of seeds from the fruit and significantly distinct negative with the weight
of 1000 seeds.
4. To maintain the variety of watermelon Oltenia as close to its original structure is
still required rigorous selection process.
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REFERENCES
1. Ambăruş Silvia, 1999 - Variabilitatea principalelor caractere la soiul de morcov Chantenay
Red Core în procesul selecţiei conservative. Anale ICDLF Vidra, vol. XVI.
2. Munteanu N., Marcela Fălticeanu, 1995 – Studiul unor caractere cantitative la soiul de
fasole de grădină Aurie de Bacău. Anale ICLF Vidra, vol. XIII.
3. Nanu Șt., 2000 – Cercetări privind comportarea soiului de pepeni verzi Dulce de Dăbuleni
în procesul selecției conservative. Lucrări științifice SCCCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XII.
4. Nanu Șt., 2001 – Principalele însușiri cantitative și calitative ale soiului de pepeni verzi
Dulce de Dăbuleni. Lucrări științifice SCCCPN Dăbuleni, vol XIII.
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THE IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ABOUT ONION SEED CROP ON SANDY SOILS
IMPACTUL CONDITIILOR CLIMATICE ASUPRA
CULTURII DE CEAPA DIN SEMINTE PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE
CIUCIUC ELENA, CROITORU MIHAELA
Keywords: onion varieties, climatic conditions
REZUMAT
Pentru creşterea producţiei şi a rentabilităţii culturii de ceapă este necesară înlocuirea
tehnologiei din arpagic cu tehnologia prin semănare direct în câmp. La CCDCPD Dăbuleni au fost
urmărite două soiuri de ceapă din sămânţă în doi ani diferiţi din punct de vedere climatic (2012 şi
2013). Producţia de ceapă a fost dependentă de condiţiile climatice ale anului de cultură. În anul 2012
temperaturile maxime au depăşit frecvent 40 0C, producţiile de ceapă au fost mici (16,9 t/ha la soiul
De Buzău şi 14,2 t/ha la soiul Stuttgarter), dar cu un conţinut ridicat de substanţă uscată totală (16 %
la soiul De Buzău şi 11,35 % la soiul Stuttgarter). În anul 2013 cu temperaturi moderate în perioada
iunie-iulie producţiile de ceapă au fost de 40,1 t/ha la soiul De Buzău şi de 26,7 t/ha la soiul
Stuttgarter. Soiul de ceapă De Buzău prezintă adaptabilitate ridicată la condiţiile de stres termic şi
hidric care se instalează în lunile de vară în zona solurilor nisipoase.
ABSTRACT
To increase production and profitability at the culture of onion is necessary to replace the
technology of cultivated by chives with the technology through direct sowing in the field. At CCDCPN
Dăbuleni were followed two varieties of onions from seed in two years in different climatic conditions
(2012 and 2013). The onion production was dependent on the climatic conditions of culture. In 2012
year the maximum temperatures often exceed 400C, onion yields were low (16.9 t / ha variety De
Buzau and 14.2 t/ha Stuttgarter variety), but with a high content of total dry substance (16 % De
Buzau variety and the variety Stuttgarter 11.35%). In 2013, with moderate temperatures in June and
July onion yields were 40.1 t/ha variety De Buzau and 26.7t/ha Stuttgarter variety. Variety of onions
De Buzau presents high adaptability to temperature and water stress conditions that are installed in
the summer months in the sandy soils to conditions.
INTRODUCTION
Onions have been grown since ancient times for its quality food and medicines
being present almost daily in the diet throughout the year. Because of the importance
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and therapeutic feeding is recommended that in a rational diet daily to consume 20-25
g minimum onion, an average of 8-9 kg per year/person.
In our country the onion crop ranks third among vegetable species, after
tomatoes and cabbage. After the total area planted with onions, Romania ranks first in
Europe, and after total production obtained ranks six after Spain, Italy, England,
Holland and Poland.
Culture onion is costly, both due to very low yields and high production costs
especially onion by chives. Today in our country 70 % of the area is cultivated with
onion by chives, therefore from the increase production and profitability of this culture
is necessary to replace the technology of cultivated by chives with the technology
through direct sowing in the field. Worldwide, over 85 % of the total area planted with
onions is done using onion seed.
Growing onions by direct sowing is more demanding and requires a precise
knowledge of specific biological requirements to onion plant and specific requirements
of the environment especially in the most critical phases of the vegetation period
(Rădoi V. et al., 1995). It also has an important the contribution genotype dependent
on climatic conditions due footprint areas of origin (Mirghiş R. et al., 1996).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
In the climatic conditions of years 2012 and 2013 were studied the onion
varieties Stuttgarter and De Buzau. Culture was established by direct sowing in the
second decade of March on a land shaped crest height of 94 cm. On each furrow were
sown 4 rows at a distance of 70 cm. Has been applied the cultivation technology to
specific onions for the sandy soils. We determined the average weight of onion, the
water content and the total dry content of the substance and vitamine C.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The years 2012 and 2013 were two different years in terms of climate both in
terms of the rainfall and the temperatures. The year 2012 was very dry especially
during June-August with rainfall of 32.4 mm fallen in June, 8.2 mm in July and 21.8
mm in August (Table 1).
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Table 1
Climatic conditions during April - August 2012 recorded at a weather station CCDCPN Dăbuleni
The
specification
The temperature (0C) in month:
April May June July August Septem- ber
Decade I 11.5 19.3 21.8 26.7 26.5 21.8
Decade II 13.2 15.8 24.1 26.5 21.7 18.8
Decade III 17.0 16.6 24.0 27.2 24.6 19.2
The average 13.9 17.2 23.3 26.4 24.3 19.9
The maximum 29.4 31.8 37.8 41.4 42.6 32.0
The precipitation (mm)
66.6 93.8 32.4 8.2 21.8 8.0
The temperatures were very highs with 37.8 0C maximum in June and frequently
exceeded 400 C in July and August being the maximum of 41.4 0C in July and 42.6 0C
in August. Although was with repeated irrigation throughout the growing season
however the onion plants suffered. It is known that onion plants have a shallow root
system, explored a small volume of soil that is necessary irrigation to maintain soil
moisture at a high level (Ceausescu I. et al., 1980). Due to extremely high
temperatures, evapotranspiration at ground level was very high which made
maintaining with weight to moisture soil in the surface where increased the roots of
onion. During the formation, growth and maturation to onion optimum temperature is
25-30 0C. At a temperature exceeding 30 0C the growth bulbs greatly slows down or
even stops (Balasa M., 1970, Ceausescu I. et al., 1980). These conditions leading to
the production of small bulbs with an average weight of 56.6 g at variety Stuttgarter
and 110 g at variety De Buzau (Table 2). The onion production was determined
weight to bulbs. Was obtained a yield of 14.2 t / ha at variety Stuttgarter and 16.9 t / ha
at variety De Buzau.
The climate conditions of year 2013 are shown in Table 3.
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Table 2
The influence of climatic conditions in year 2012 on the onion crop
The variety The average weight of
bulb (g)
The production
(t/ha)
De Buzău 110.0 16.9
Stuttgarter 56.6 14.2
Table 3
Climatic conditions during April - August 2013 recorded at a weather station CCDCPN Dabuleni
The specification
The temperature (0C) in month:
April May June July August Septem- ber
Decade I 10.0 21.5 20.1 21.8 26.9 19.4
Decade II 13.4 20.0 23.9 23.1 25.2 18.3
Decade III 19.5 18.5 22.2 25.5 20.6 15.9
The average 14.3 20.0 22.1 23.5 24.1 17.8
The maximum 32.2 32.5 36.5 38.4 36.5 31.8
The precipitation (mm)
38.6 61.0 105.2 36.2 30.8 36.0
In year 2013, in April and May were recorded higher temperatures than in
year 2012 they exceeded 30 0C (the maximum of 32.2 0C in April and 32.5 0C in May)
The amount of precipitation was below that of 2012. In June and July temperatures
were moderate, as monthly averages and maximums are lower than those recorded in
year 2013. In June there was an average temperature of 22.1 0C , with maximum of
36.5 0C and average temperature in July was of 23.5 0C with a maximum of 38.4 0C .
The amount of precipitation was higher than in year 2012 is 102.5 mm in June. This
period corresponded to the period of training and growth of onion bulbs. The
favorability of climatic conditions in this period was materialized in big size bulbs and
the big production (Table 4).
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Table 4
The influence of climatic conditions in year 2012 on the onion crop
The variety The average weight of bulb
(g)
The Production
(t/ha)
De Buzău 130 40.1
Stuttgarter 94 26.7
At the variety Buzau the obtained bulbs were with a mean weight of 130 g and
a yield of 40.1 t/ha, and the variety Stuttgarter the obtained bulbs were obtained with a
mean weight of 94 g and a yield of 26.7 t/ha. It can be seen that the variety of onion
Buzau received better environmental conditions in the area. The amount of water in
onion bulbs in year 2012 was 84 % for the variety De Buzau and 88.65 % for variety
Stuttgarter below the average of 89 % in the literature, which means that the
accumulation was influenced by temperature very high in the air and soil (Table 5). In
year 2013, the water content from bulbs remained near normal. Total dry matter
content was high at the variety De Buzau in 2012 reached 16 %. In a very hot season,
but with soil moisture, will remain higher dry matter due to the reduction in the
intensity of respiration process and the amount of water the bulbs decreases with
increasing of total dry matter. At the variety Stuttgarter total matter content was very
similar values in the two years of research.
Table 5
The influence of climatic conditions on the composition biochemical onion bulb depending on cultivar
The year
The variety Water
%
Total dry
%
Solubile
matter
%
Vitamine C
mg/100g
fresh
substance
2012 De Buzău 84.00 16.00 10.0 7.92
Stuttgarter 88.65 11.35 10.0 7.04
2013 De Buzău 90.33 9.67 7.6 7.48
Stuttgarter 88.60 11.40 11.0 7.04
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The amount of vitamin C in onion bulbs was 7.04 mg / 100 g fresh substance at
the variety Stuttgarter and 7.92 mg / 100 g fresh substance, respectively 7.48 mg / 100
g fresh substance at the variety De Buzau.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The production of onion from seeds was dependent on climatic conditions of
culture. In the years very hot and dry, onion yields are low, but with a high
content of total dry.
2. In year 2012 the maximum temperatures often was exceed 40 0C , the onion
yields were low (16.9 t/ha at variety De Buzau and 14.2 t/ha at variety
Stuttgarter), but with a high content of total dry matter (16 % at the variety De
Buzau and 11.35 % at the variety Stuttgarter). In year 2013, with moderate
temperatures in June and July the onion yields were of 40.1 t/ha at the
variety De Buzau and 26.7 t/ha at the variety Stuttgarter.
3. The variety of onions De Buzau presents high adaptability to temperature
and water stress conditions that are installed in the summer months on the
sandy soils.
REFERENCES
1. Bălaşa M., 1970 – Ceapa şi usturoiul. Publisher CERES Bucharest
2. Ceauşescu I., Bălaşa M., Voican V., Saviţchi P., Radu Gr., Stan N., 1980 –
Legumicultură generală şi specială. Publisher Didactic and Pedagogical Bucharest.
3. Mirghişi R., Mirghiş Elisabeta, 1996 – Influenţa condiţiilor climatice asupra
manifestării fenotipice a unor genotipuri de allium sativum L. Research Institute for Vegetable
and Flower Vidra, vol. XIV.
4. Rădoi V., Mălcică P., 1995 – Tehnologia de cultivare a cepei prin semănare directă în
câmp. Annals of the Research Institute for Vegetable and Flower Vidra, vol. XIII, ISSN 0250-
2917.
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CERCETĂRI PRIVIND CALITATEA GRÂULUI ÎN CONDIȚIILE CLIMATICE SPECIFICE SOLURILOR NISIPOASE DIN SUDUL OLTENIEI
RESEARCHES REGARDING THE WHEAT QUALITY IN SPECIFIC CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS OF SANDY SOILS IN SOUTHERN OLTENIA
CROITORU MIHAELA, DRĂGHICI I.,
DRĂGHICI RETA, DIMA MILICA
Keywords: wheat, quality, protein, gluten, variety
REZUMAT
Calitatea grâului, indiferent de destinaţia lui, este un factor esenţial de stabilire a valorii de piaţă a
acestuia. Valorile însuşirilor de calitate sunt puternic influenţate de o multitudine de factori. Proteinele,
în care glutenul este cel mai important component, alături de alte substanţe conţinute în bob, dau
valoarea nutritivă, tehnologică şi de prelucrare. Lucrarea de faţă are ca scop comportarea unor soiuri
de grâu, în perioada 2012-2014, sub aspectul adaptării la condiţiile climatice, specifice zonelor cu
soluri nisipoase din sudul Olteniei. Calitatea grâului este puternic influenţată de soi și condiţiile
climatice manifestate în perioada de experimentare. Între indicii de calitate studiați şi factorii climatici
au fost determinate corelații, care evidenţiază influenţa determinantă a acestora în realizarea unor
producţii superioare calitativ. Creşterea cantităţii de precipitaţii peste valori de 300 mm în perioada de
formare și umplere a bobului a condus la scăderea procentuală a conţinutului de proteină şi gluten din
boabe.
ABSTRACT
The quality of wheat, regardless of his destination, is an essential factor laying down by the
value of the market. The values properties, quality, are strongly influenced by many factors. The
proteins in which gluten is the most important component, along with other substances contained in
grain, give nutritional value, technological and processing. The present paper aims to behavior of
some wheat varieties in the period 2012-2014, in terms of adaptability to climatic conditions, specific of
areas with sandy soils from southern Oltenia. The quality of wheat, is strongly influenced by variety
and climatic conditions manifested period of experimentation. Between the indices of quality and
climatic factors studied were determined correlations, which highlights the decisive influence thereof
performance yields superior quality. Increasing the amount of rainfall over the values of 300 mm in the
training period, and filling grain decreased the percentage of protein and gluten content grains.
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INTRODUCTION
The grains of wheat, are used mainly for flour production, intended for the
manufacture of bread - staple food for a large number of people (according to some
statistics 35-40 % of the world population) and shall provide around 20 % of total
calories consumed by humans. Also wheat grains are used to make pasta products,
and as raw material for other industrial products very different (starch, gluten, alcohol,
bioethanol used as fuel).
Many researches highlights the importance of obtaining of productions with quality
features superior (Mustăţea P., and colab. 2003, Idikut, I., Atalay, A.I., Kara, S.N.,
Kamalak, A., 2009, Pasha I., Anjum, F.M., Butt, M.S., 2009, Cristina Melucă, Sorina
Cernat, Tudorina Nistor, 2011, Voichiţa Haş, Ioan Haş, Ion Antohe, Ana Copândean,
Elena Nagy, 2010, M. Hrušková, I. Švec, J. Karas, 2012, Lingan Kong, Jisheng Si, Bin
Zhang, Bo Feng, Shengdong Li, Fahong Wang, 2013, Yuksel Kaya, Mevlut Akcura,
2014, etc.). The quality of wheat, regardless of his destination, is an essential factor
laying down the value of, market it. The values of quality characteristics are strongly
influenced by the applied technology (V. Tabără, 2005). The proteins, the gluten is the
most importantly component, along with other substances contained in the grains, give
nutritional value, technological and processing (Toader Maria, Gh. V. Roman, 2004).
On sandy soils in southern Oltenia wheat grain quality is influenced by the technology
used, and climatic conditions (Mihaela Croitoru, 2013).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
To show who were indexes values quality of wheat grains were taken in the
study several varieties: Dropia, Faur, Glosa, Litera, Miranda, Boema, Delabrad, Izvor,
Otilia, Pitar, Partener, Bezostaia.
Were performed the following observations and determinations:
* determined protein (%) - Perten method;
* determined humidity (%) - Perten method;
* determined wet gluten (%) - Perten method;
* determined Falling number (secunds) - Perten method;
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It always puts the question whether the cereals, or not find their place on sandy
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soils. The locals from the area cultivate wheat for their own consumptionin animal,
feeding and the surplus him capitalizes on the market. Have been taken in the study
along the time a large number of varieties of wheat that, which one have been
behaved well in qualitative point of view. All varieties analyzed showed quality
indicators were classified as very good wheat bread. The protein content, gluten and
grain moisture had very good values (Table 1).
Grain moisture is an important indicator for assessing the quality grain from
several points of view. The state of the optimal maturity at harvest is characterized
through the humidity of wheat, which does not not exceed 15 % and the keeping is not
carried out under optimum conditions until a humidity under 14 %. Humidity wheat
grains presented the values under 14%, wheat lumped values as very good.
The protein content of grain varies between 14.2 % to variety Partener and 16.9
% in the variety Dropia, depending in large part on the variety of wheat cultivated, by
seeding methods used and of conditions pedo climate during their development.
Grains of good quality are considered those in which more than 13% protein content.
Determine the content of protein is of particular importance in wheat and flour
quality evaluation as part of this is generating gluten. The amount of gluten in the
wheat grain, is an indicator of quality very importantly for the technological process
contributing to the characterization of the dough especially the capacity to process and
the potential for its baking grain. Are considered good quality those at that the gluten
content exceeds the 24-26 %. The varieties of wheat the gluten content studied
ranged from 32.1 % to variety Partener and 38.8 % to the variety Pitar.
As regards falling number average values obtained fall wheat as very good.
Falling number characterized by a number of seconds wheat starch quality by
increasing the activity alpha amylase which is directly related to the content of
sprouted grains in wheat the mass. Alpha-amylase activity optimum values are
between 200-260 seconds, over 300 seconds alpha-amylase activity is reduced, and
the quality of wheat is satisfactory.
Under the 160 seconds activity, alpha - amylase is intense (bean sprouts) and
wheat quality is unsatisfactory. In the year 2013, in the period grains maturation and
harvest (June and the first decade of July) were recorded heavy precipitation (105.2
mm in June and 32.6mm in the first decade of July), conditions that led to the
sprouting grains in the ear, with influence both on the germination process and the
quality of the grains .
Fritz (1934) cited by Bucurescu (1968) established a clear correlation between
weather and sprouting in the ear.
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The time in which occurs, the germination is very short, being determined by
high temperature, that is in the ear of the grain, the grains mature. Germination of in
the ear, biological, means that a higher percentage of or less than grains germinates
before harvest (in the ear). It triggers a series of enzymatic processes in grainthat
determines cell division in the embryo and further sprouting.
Table 1
The influence of variety on the nutritional quality of the grain of wheat
2012-2014
Variety
Moisture
(%)
Protein
(%)
Gluten
%
Falling number
(s)
Dropia 13.5 16.9 37.9 236.3
Faur 13.6 16.0 36.3 257.3
Glosa 13.5 15.4 36.7 253.3
Litera 13.5 15.2 36.0 280.3
Miranda 13.2 14.9 34.5 330.0
Boema 13.1 16.3 38.0 226.7
Delabrad 13.3 15.9 37.8 311.7
Izvor 13.1 14.9 34.4 263.6
Otilia 13.4 16.1 37.7 294.7
Pitar 13.1 16.8 38.8 258.7
Partener 12.9 14.2 32.1 295.0
Bezostaia 12.6 14.9 37.1 297.0
The average varieties 13.3 15.6 36.7 275.4
The field
appreciation
Very good 14 13 26 200-250
Good 14 12-13 24-26 180-200:250-280
Satisfactory 14 10-12 22-24 160-180;280
Unsatisfactory 14 10 22 160
The varieties, Miranda, Delabrad, Otilia and Bezostaia had values which fall
within the optimum (Figure 1). Those years in which precipitation missing in the period
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harvest, Falling number values were comprised between 250 and 400, which falls the
wheat to be satisfactory, good and very good. The best values were determined at the
varieties Dropia, Faur, Boema and Pitar.
Figure 1 - The influence of years of Falling number in wheat grains
Analysing the influence of years of study of the grain of wheat quality of the data
presented in Table 2 may be noticed that the protein content, gluten, falling number,
and moisture grains presented different values from year to year.
Thus, between the quantity of precipitation, in period of, formation and
maturation of the grains and the amount of protein in grains been established, a
correlation, which shows that the protein in the wheat grain decreases with the
increase in the amount of rainfall after the equation of the regression polynomial , with
an insignificant correlation factor. When the amount of precipitation exceeds 270 mm
in the period, the amount of protein begins to decrease (Figure 2).
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Table 2
The influence climatic conditions in the years of study on the grain
of wheat quality
The year
Precipitation
(mm)
In the period March
to June
Sum of the
degrees of
temperature
(0C)
Moisture
(%)
Protein
(%)
Gluten
%
Falling
number
(s)
2010 324 1688 13.00 16.73 -
2011 131 1629 12.53 14.30 34.00
2012 201 1869 11.30 14.56 33.40 335.40
2013 251 1889 14.02 19.09 46.02 126.86
2014 395 1824 14.07 13.62 31.06 275.40
Also, between the quantity of protein in the wheat grain and the amount of
temperature degrees there is a correlation given by an equation of degree 2
insignificant. The amount of protein increases with increasing amount of degrees of
temperature (Figure 2).
Grains of droughty climate zones are pronounced richer in protein substances
than the grain of oceanic climates. High temperatures, from 10 days before earing and
to adulthood determines a significant increase in the amount of protein in the wheat
grain. In professional journals write frequently about the problems we have some
countries on the export of wheat due to low protein content under the 11%. This fact
can happen only if the wheat is grown in damp areas and cold, or using varieties that
have been created in such climatic conditions.
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Figure 2 - The influence the amount of precipitation and the amount of degrees the
temperature on the accumulation of the protein in wheat grains
CONCLUSIONS
1. The quality of wheat is strongly influenced by variety and climatic conditions
manifested during the period of experimentation.
2. Between, study quality indexes and climatic factors were determined
correlations, which highlights the influence of their decisive in achieving higher
production quality.
3. In the action of climatic factors in the sandy soil by judicious choice of variety
within species and the application of technology performance culture, wheat
yields obtained are competitive in the market compared to yields obtained in
other areas of the country.
4. Increased the amount of precipitation over 300 mm values in the period training,
and grain filling decreased the percentage of protein content and gluten in
grains.
REFERENCES
1. Bucurescu N., 1968, Condiționarea semințelor destinate însămânțărilor, Editura
Agrosilvică, Bucuești.
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2. Ceapoiu N., 1968, Metode statistice aplicate în experienţele agricole şi biologice. Edit.
Agro-Silvică, Bucureşti.
3. Georgeta Olteanu, V. Tabără, 2008, Principalele insuşiri ale grâului Triticum durum
(soiul Pandur) sub influenţa unor măsuri fiotehnice, Buletinul AGIR nr. 1-2, pag. 9-13.
4. Idikut, L., Atalay, A.I., Kara, S.N., Kamalak, A., 2009 – Effect of hybrid on starch,
protein and yields of maize grain. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8
(10):1945-1947. ISSN: 1680-5593.
5. M. Hrušková, I. Švec, J. Karas, 2012, Relations between the grain hardnessand other
quality parameters of wheat, Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 43, 2012 (2): 70–77.
6. Pasha I., Anjum, F.M., Butt, M.S., 2009, Biochemical characterization of spring
wheats in relation to grain hardness, International Journal of Food Properties, 12, 910–
928.
7. Toader Maria, Roman Gh.V., 2004, Analiză comparativă privind compoziţia chimică a
boabelor de cereale şi pseudocereale, Lucrări ştiinţifice, Seria A XLVII Agronomie,
UŞAMV, Bucureşti.
8. Voichiţa Haş, Ioan Haş, Ion Antohe, Ana Copândean, Elena Nagy, 2010, Variability
of the grain yield and quality potential of maize hybrids in different FAO maturity
groups,An I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea, Vol. LXXVIII, nr. l, 2010 Print ISSN 2067– 5631.
9. Yuksel Kaya, Mevlut Akcura, 2014, Effects of genotype and environment on grain
yield and quality traits in bread wheat (T. aestivum L.), Food Sci.
Technol(Campinas) vol.34 no.2 Campinas April/June 2014.
10. Lingan Kong, Jisheng Si, Bin Zhang, Bo Feng, Shengdong Li, Fahong Wang,
2013, Environmental modification of wheat grain protein accumulation and associated
processing qualiy: a case study of China, Australian Journal of Crop Science 7(2):173-
181, ISSN:1835-2707.
11. Cristina Melucă, Sorina Cernat, Tudorina Nistor, 2011, Behavior of winter wheat
varieties under water and heat stress conditions of Burnas plain , An I.N.C.D.A.
Fundulea, Vol. LXXIX, nr. 2, 2011.
12. Mustăţea, P., Săulescu, N.N., Ittu, G., Păunescu Gabriela, Stere Ioana, Tanislav
N., Zamfir M.C., Voinea I., 2003 – Diferenţe genotipice în rezistenţa grâului la secetă,
evidenţiate în condiţiile anului 2002. An. I.N.C.D.A. Fundulea, LXX: 8-15.
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CERCETĂRI PRIVIND EVALUAREA ÎNSUȘIRILOR DE CALITATE LA UNELE SOIURI DE TRITICALE ÎN CONDIȚIILE SOLURILOR NISIPOASE DIN SUDUL
OLTENIEI
RESEARCH ON THE EVALUATION OF QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOME VARIETIES OF TRITICALE UNDER THE CONDITIONS SANDY SOILS
FROM SOUTHERN OLTENIA
CROITORU MIHAELA, DRĂGHICI I., DRĂGHICI RETA, DIMA MILICA
Keywords: triticale, quality, protein, gluten, variety
REZUMAT
Lucrarea de faţă are ca scop comportarea unor soiuri de triticale, în perioada 2012-2014, sub
aspectul adaptabilităţii la condiţiile climatice, specifice zonelor cu soluri nisipoase din sudul Olteniei,
manifestate în perioada de testare a capacităţii de producţie şi a calităţii acesteia.
Calitatea boabelor la specia triticale este puternic influenţată de soi și condiţiile climatice manifestate
în perioada de experimentare. Cele mai bune rezultate au fost obținute la soiurile: Titan (13 %
umiditate, 16 % proteină, 39,3 % gluten, 73 ml indicele Zelleny și 68 secunde indicele de cădere),
Rotric (12,2 % umiditate, 15,7 % proteină, 38,8 % gluten, 69 ml indicele Zelleny și 68 secunde indicele
de cădere) și Oda (13,3 % umiditate, 14,9 % proteină, 36,7 % gluten, 66 ml indicele Zelleny și 134
secunde indicele de cădere).
ABSTRACT
The present paper aims to behavior of some triticale varieties in the period 2012-2014, in terms
of adaptability to climatic conditions, specific of areas with sandy soils from southern Oltenia,
manifested over the test period of the production capacity and quality. Triticale grains quality is
strongly influenced by variety and the climatic conditions manifested during the period of
experimentation. The best results were obtained with varieties: Titan (13 % moisture, 16 % protein,
39.3 % gluten, 73 ml Index Zelleny and 68 seconds Falling number), Rotric (12.2 % moisture, 15.7 %
protein, 38.8 % gluten, 69 ml Index Zelleny and 68 seconds Falling number) and Oda (13.3 %
moisture, 14.9 % protein, 36.7 % gluten, 66 ml Index Zelleny and 134 seconds Falling number).
INTRODUCTION
In the current context of, the development of agriculture in the world, to protect
biodiversity and the return to a more environmentally friendly agriculture, and, with,
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reduced environmental impact as well as due to changes in the patterns of diet food,
diversification of agricultural production and consumer demand towards traditional
product with the enhanced nutritional quality, the focus is on less known indigenous
agricultural crops as they are triticale varieties that can become an alternative to bread
wheat varieties (Anamaria Birou, 2011).
The importance of these varieties derives mainly from their chemical composition,
nutritional value default, the high protein content in some of essential amino acids and
mineral substances and lipids, and from the fact that in production process does not
require large inputs, are not pretentious towards culture conditions, fertilization, shall
submit tolerance to pests and diseases and can survive some, harsh climates. The
trends in nutrition, especially in recent decades have turned toward, whole grains and
not refined flours with a high nutrient content higher than refined flours and toward
increasing the share in alimentation the fibers with beneficial effect on the human
body, which led to increased consumption of such products and the emergence of a
number high assortments of whole grain bread (Anamaria Birou, 2011).
Many researches both from the country and abroad have shown
the importance of culture, of triticale for the purpose to obtain new whole grain
products, but and the factors influencing production and its quality (variety, technology
culture, climate, etc.) (Anamaria Birou, Sevastiţa Muste, Simona Man, Vlad Mureşan,
2010, Anamaria Birou (Pop) , Sevastita Muste, Simona Man, Vlad Muresan, Carmen
Chircu, Rodica Kadar , 2010, Anamaria Birou, 2011, I. Burešová, I. Sedláčková, O.
Faměra, J. Lipavský, 2010, Racz I., 2013, Vasilichia Sinescu, 2010, Solvita Kalnina,
Tatjana Rakcejeva, Daiga Kunkulberga, Anda Linina, 2013).
This paper aims to behavior of some triticale varieties in the period 2012-2014in terms
of adaptability to climatic conditions, specific areas with sandy soils of southern
Oltenia, manifested during the test period of the production capacity and of the quality
grains.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The biological material studied consisted in 12 varieties of triticale: Titan, Stil, Haiduc,
Cascador, Mezin, Negoiu, Oda, Paltin Pisc, Rotric, 00474-T1, 07019- T1.
Were performed the following observations and determinations:
* determined protein (%) - Perten method;
* determined moisture (%) - Perten method;
* determined wet gluten (%) - Perten method;
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* determined sedimentation index Zelleny (ml) - Perten method;
* determined Falling number (secunde) - Perten method;
* Production (kg / ha).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The main chemical components of triticale grains are between wheat and rye
values. Compared to the average values is recorded rather large fluctuations caused
by the cultivated variety and climatic and soil conditions. The varieties and lines
triticale, cultivated, give it a reduced yield of flour (and give a higher amount of bran)
than wheat (bran content is about 28 % of wheat and 34-42 % at triticale). Triticale
flour has baking qualities of wheat flour lower, front at the which has less gluten
qualities.
The climatic conditions were different in the three years of study: the year 2012
was a year very droughty with maximum temperatures which have exceeded 40 0C,
the year 2013 was characterized as a dry year, with 450 mm annual precipitation, an
important part was recorded during the period of ripening grains and the year 2014
was the richest year in precipitation since when are records in climatic conditions on
sandy soils in 1956 (Table 1). Climatic conditions manifested during the period of
experimentation were reflected in the level of output, obtained and its quality, the
stress factors (the drought and the heat) having different degrees of manifestation.
The results concerning the triticale grains quality, shows the influence of variety on
production quality in climatic conditions during of experimentation.
Under the conditions sandy soils of southern Oltenia, triticale varieties taken in the
study have behaved in a different way depending on the variety the studied and
climatic conditions of the experimental period. Humidity, grains is an important
indicator of quality assessment. At harvest, the humidity should not exceed 15 % and
the keeping is not carried out in optimal conditions than at a humidity under 14 %. The
varieties studied, humidity grains ranged between 12.2 % at varietes Rotric and Pisc
and 13.5 % for the variety Mezin (Table 2). The amount of protein in grains showed
different values depending on the variety taken in the study and the climatic conditions
of the area culture. In triticale grains was determined an average content of protein
comprises from 13.2 % to 07 019 -T1 line, and 16.0 % for the variety Titan. For making
bread flour is preferred with minimal 11 % protein content. To obtain the flour, triticale
grains must have at least 12 % protein content between 1-1.5 % of the protein is lost
in the transformation into flour. All triticale varieties taken in the study showed a higher
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protein content of 13 %. Varieties were observed: Rotric (15.7 %), Titan (16.0 %), Pisc
and Stil (15.2 %), Oda (14.9 %). Some research indicate that triticale has potential for
use in the production of bread. However, since most of the available varieties are not
suitable for obtaining bread, just of triticale grains as a result of weak gluten content
and sticky, they can be successfully used only for producing a range of unleavened
products such as the cakes, cookies, biscuits, wafers, noodles, pasta and breakfast
cereals. Recently, efforts to increase food resources have led to new approaches to
extend the applicability triticale species for human consumption (Solvita Kalnina,
Tatjana Rakcejeva, Daiga Kunkulberga, Anda Linina, 2013). The values obtained for
these indicators in the sandy soils of southern Oltenia, by applying a correct crop
technologies, recommends triticale production obtained as very good. The average
content of the gluten of the grains was more than 30 % of all varieties.
Table 1
Abiotic stress factors during the vegetation period at culture of triticale
2012-2014
Stress factors
2012 2013 2014
Number of days with maximum
temperature
> 30 (0C ) during May-June
56 45 36
Number of days with atmospheric
humidity
< 30% during May-June
15 8 2
Σ temperatures (0C )
The normal (0C )
Differences ± the normal (0C )
4599
4125
+474
4636
4125
+511
4490
4125
+365
Σ rainfall (mm)
The normal (mm)
Differences ± the normal (mm)
342.2
542.9
-159.4
450
541
-89.5
994
546.8
+447.2
Characterization years Very dry Dry Rich in
precipitations
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Table 2
The influence of variety on the nutritional quality of grains triticale
2012-2014
Variety
Moisture
(%)
Protein
(%)
Protein
Kg/ha
Gluten
%
Index
Zelleny
(ml)
Falling
number
(s)
Producti
on
Kg/ha
Titan 13.0 16.0 595 39.3 73 68 3722
Stil 12.7 15.2 585 37.4 67 66 3813
Haiduc 12.5 14,6 591 35.4 62 66 4024
Cascador 12.6 14,7 599 35.8 63 114 4046
Mezin 13.5 14,1 561 33.9 59 112 3949
Negoiu 12.6 14.5 575 35.0 61 109 3938
Oda 13.3 14.9 597 36.7 66 134 3998
Paltin 12.6 14.3 546 34.6 60 121 3816
Pisc 12.2 15.2 616 35.8 63 63 4040
Rotric 12.2 15.7 676 38.8 69 68 4330
00474-T1 12.4 14.5 614 35.1 61 78 4190
07019-T1 12.6 13.2 521 31.1 51 139 3927
The average
varieties 12.7 14.7 590 35.7 63 95 3983
Between the content gluten end index Zelleny was established a positive linear
correlation with a highly significant correlation (r = 0.99 **) (Figure 1).
Protein quality is given by sedimentation index. The association sedimentation
index Zelleny with the protein content is described by a straight line regression with a
slope ascendan twhich shows that sedimentation rate is directly proportional to the
protein content. Also, the correlation between the content of gluten and the amount of
protein in, triticale grains is described by a straight line of the regression which shows
that gluten content is directly proportion to the quantity of protein in grains (Figure 2).
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Figure 1 - Correlation between the Figure 2 - Correlation between the protein Zelleny index and gluten in grains of content, Zelleny index and the gluten content
triticale in grains of triticale
Falling number that characterized by a number of seconds, quality starch from
grains, the grain is also an important indicator in determining the quality thereof. The
values of alpha-amylase activity optimum is between 200-260 seconds.
At the varieties of triticale studied, Falling number was between 63 seconds, at
the variety Pisc, and 139 seconds at the line 07 019-T1. At all varieties studied value
Falling number was low below the limit of 200 secunde.
The varieties of triticale generally exhibit low values of Falling number and in the
process improvement take account of use of, as genitors with higher values of the
index fall. Conditions climatic influences determinative the quality indicator values. On
average over the three years of experimentation the production of triticale, at the
varieties studied ranged from 3722 kg/ha at the variety Titan and 4330 kg/ha at the
variety Rotric (Table 2). The higher yields were determined at the varieties: Haiduc,
Cascador, Rotric, Pisc and the line 00474-T1 to which production has exceeded 4000
kg/ha. If we report the amount of protein obtained at production is increased by
increasing the production as a polynomial equation with a significant correlation factor
(r = 0.64 *) (Figure 3). By transforming the amount of protein in g/100 g dry matter in
kg/ha, we can see that it increases with increased production of grains, after a linear
correlation with a significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.70 *) (Figure 3).
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Figure 3 - The correlation from production and the amount of protein in grains triticale
Climatic conditions manifested during the vegetation period from April to July
were reflected in production levels as well on nutritional quality grains, the stress
factors (drought and heat) having degrees of manifestation different in the three years
of study. The experimental results obtained in the period 2012-2014 are shown in
Table 3. The amount of protein and gluten content have the shown the highest values
in the climatic conditions of the year 2013, when there were 1889 0C sum of the
degrees of temperature and precipitation were in the amount of 251mm. The year
2012 was very droughty and warm and 2014 was the richest in precipitation. Falling
number presented the lowest values in the years 2013 and 2014 when were recorded
precipitation during the period grain ripening and harvest.
Table 3
Influence years of study on the quality of the grain of triticale
Year Precipitation
(mm)
Sum of the degrees of
temperature
(0C)
Moisture
(%)
Protein
(%)
Gluten
%
Falling
number
(s)
2012 201 1869 11.4 13.2 30.4 151
2013 251 1889 13.5 17.6 45.2 64
2014 395 1824 13.2 13.5 31.7 70
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CONCLUSIONS
1. Quality, grains triticale the species is strongly influenced by variety and climatic
conditions manifested during experimentation.
2. In the context of the action of climatic factors in the sandy soils, by judicious
choice of variety within the species and application of advanced technologies
culture, triticale yields obtained are competitive on the market from the viewpoint
quality grains compared to yields obtained in other areas of the country.
3. The best results were obtained at varieties: Titan (13 % moisture, 16 % protein,
39.3 % gluten, 73 ml Index Zelleny și 68 seconds Falling number), Rotric( 12.2
% moisture, 15.7 % protein, 38.8 % gluten, 69 ml Index Zelleny and 68 seconds
Falling number) and Oda (13.3 % moisture, 14.9 % protein, 36.7 % gluten, 66 ml
Index Zelleny and 134 seconds Falling number).
REFERENCES
1. Anamaria Birou, 2011, Calitatea cerealelor destinate panificației și identificarea
contaminării cu pesticide, Lucrare de doctorat, Cluj – Napoca.
2. Anamaria Birou, Sevastiţa Muste, Simona Man, Mureşan V., 2010, Preliminary
results on triticale recovery in bakery, Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and
Technologies 2010, 16 (2), 110-112
3. Birou (Pop) Anamaria, Sevastita Muste, Simona Man, Muresan V., Carmen
Chircu, Rodica Kadar, 2010,Optimixing the Wheat/Triticale Ratio to Improve the
Quatity Parameters of Bakery Products, Bulletin UASVM, Agriculture,67(2), pag. 186-
191.
4. Burešová .I., Sedláčková I., Faměra O., Lipavský J., 2010, Effect of growing
conditions on starch and protein contentin triticale grain and amylose content in starch,
Sol planta environ, 56 (3), 99-104
5. Racz I., 2013, Cercetări privind formarea producţiei şi evaluarea însuşirilor de calitate
la unele cereale panificabile în Câmpia Transilvaniei, Lucrare de doctorat, Cluj-
Napoca, 2013
6. Solvita Kalnina, Tatjana Rakcejeva, Daiga Kunkulberga, Anda Linina, 2013,
Investigation in physically-chemical parameters of in latvia harvested conventional and
organic triticale grains, International Journal of Agricultural, Biosystems Science and
Engineering Vol:7 No:9,
7. Vasilichia Sinescu, 2010, Fertilizarea foliară a culturii de triticale, Buletinul Agir nr. 2-
3/2010, aprilie-septembrie.
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CERCETĂRI PRIVIND INFLUENŢA FERTIRIGĂRII ASUPRA CALITĂŢII
PEPENILOR VERZI CULTIVAŢI PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE DIN SUDUL
OLTENIEI
RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE FERTIGATION ON QUALITY OF
WATERMELONS GROWN ON SANDY SOILS IN SOUTHERN OLTENIA
CROITORU MIHAELA, TOMA V., RĂŢOI I.
Keywords: Sandy soils, quality, C vitamin, carbohydrate, watermelons
REZUMAT
Pentru desfăşurarea normală a proceselor vitale, fiecărei specii de plante, îi sunt necesare
potrivit însuşirilor ereditare, anumite condiţii legate de climă, sol şi tehnologia de cultură. Aceşti factori
acţionează în complex şi au un rol pozitiv sau negativ asupra creşterii şi dezvoltării plantelor, cât şi
asupra recoltelor, atât din punct de vedere cantitativ, cât şi calitativ.
Fertirigarea culturii de pepeni verzi în condiţiile solurilor nisipoase din sudul Olteniei a condus la
obținerea de producții eficiente economic, dar şi cu însuşiri calitative superioare. Din rezultatele
obținute reiese că, cele mai mari valori ale indicilor de calitate s-au obținut în variantele în care
îngrășămintele au fost administrate fracționat prin irigare.Fertirigarea plantelor de pepeni verzi a
condus la îmbunătăţirea calităţii nutriţionale a fructelor, prin acumularea unui conţinut mai mare de
substanţă uscată, glucide şi vitamina C. Îngrășămintele aplicate au influențat calitatea nutrițională a
fructelor de pepeni verzi în funcție de tipul îngrășământului și doza aplicată. Cele mai bune rezultate
au fost obținute în variantele în care îngrăşămintele au fost aplicate odată cu apa de irigat (10,70%
substanţă uscată totală, 8,99% glucide, 8,80mg/100g substanţă proaspătă vitamina C, în varianta
fertilizată cu N100 P2O5 100 K2O 100 + fertirigare doza II). În varianta nefertilizată fructele au
prezentat un conținut mai mare de substanță uscată totală și glucide, dar producția obținută a fost mult
mai mică.
ABSTRACT
For the normal development of life processes, each plant species are necessary according to
hereditary traits, certain conditions of climate, soil and crop technology. These factors act in complex
and have a positive or negative role on growth and development of plants and crops, both in terms of
quantitative and qualitative. Fertigation culture watermelons in sandy soils in southern Oltenia
conditions led to obtaining cost-effective production, but with enhanced quality traits. From the results
it appears that the highest values of quality indices were obtained. In variants fertilizers through
irrigation systems has been divided doses. Fertigation plant watermelons has improved the nutritional
quality of the fruit, by accumulating a higher content of dry matter, carbohydrates and C vitamin.
Fertilizers applied influenced the nutritional quality of fruits watermelons depending on the type and
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dose of fertilizer applied. The best results have been obtained in variant where fertilizers were applied
with the irrigation water (10.70% total dray matter, 8.99% carbohydrates, 8.80mg / 100g fresh
substances C vitamin, in the variant fertilized with N100 P2O5100 K2O100 + fertigation dose II). In
unfertilized variant fruits presented a higher content of total dray matter and carbohydrates, but yields
were much lower.
INTRODUCTION
How sandy soils occupy large areas in our country, part of them can be used
effectively by culturing watermelons, using technology perfected by fertilization,
irrigation, varieties with different periods of ripening, from earliest to most late a view to
ensuring, of a continuous fresh fruit watermelons, o longer period of time.
Choosing the best varieties, applying the most appropriate technologies of culture will
lead to obtaining of high yields of high-quality watermelons, which is expressed
through a equilibrated biochemical composition of fruits.
Numerous research highlights the importance of applying fertilizers through fertigation,
in order to obtain economically efficient productions and with indices higher quality.
Thus, C. N. V. Fernandes et al, 2014 showed that the semi-arid regions, soils with, a
coarse texture (sandy soils), with a capacity, restraint, low water and nutrients, the
culture of watermelons should be irrigated and fertilized every day to get the best
performance of the crop.
Anderson Soares de Andrade Junior et al, 2009 have highlighted the importance of
applying nitrogen by fertigation at watermelons. Fertilization through irrigation of the
culture of watermelons not adversely affected fruit quality, particularly carbohydrate
content and pH them. Kappel N., et al, 2013, studied the effects fertigation with
increasing doses of potassium in combination with all other important nutrients at
culture of watermelons. This fertigation system has positively influenced the production
of grafted watermelons without loss of quality. Increasing the dose of potassium, led to
a higher content of carbohydrates in fruits. In China, Hua He and Junliang Li in 2001,
have recommended the applying fertilizers through fertigation at watermelons, due to
getting higher quality of fruits, with a higher content of carbohydrates and C vitamin .
In our country, researches conducted by Toma V., et al, 2007, Mihaela Croitoru et al,
2007, Elena Ciuciuc et al., 2007, have shown the importance of culture method at
watermelons for the purpose of obtaining productions efficiency and with good quality.
Fertigation culture of watermelons in sandy soils in southern Oltenia conditions has led
at obtaining economically efficient productions, but and with enhanced quality traits.
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MATERIAL AND METHOD
In order to determine at influence of fertilizer application through fertigation, the
culture of watermelons with plants grafted in culture mulch on fruit quality was
established an experience with the variety Talisman, with the following variants of
fertilization:
a1 – Unfertilized control;
a2 – Biohumussoil 1.4 t/ha
a3 – N100 P2O5 100 K2O 100 of complex 15-15-15 applied to prepare the ground for
planting + N 50 of ammonium nitrate applied to intensive haulm growth.
Total dose of fertilizer a3 - N150 P2O5 100 K2O 100
a4 – N50 P2O5 50 K2O 50 of complex 15-15-15 applied to prepare the ground for
planting +fertigation with dose I, respectively;
-25 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N13 P2O5 40 K2O 13 immediately after planting;
-25 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N28 P2O5 14 K2O 14 at 10 days after planting;
-25 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N28 P2O5 14 K2O14 at 20 days after planting;
-25 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N20 P2O5 20 K2O 20 the start of vine growth;
-25 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N20 P2O5 20 K2O 20 in intensive plant growth;
-25 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N 15 P2O5 15 K2O 30 in fruit ripening;
-25 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N 15 P2O5 15 K2O 30 in fruit maturation;
-25 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N 15 P2O5 15 K2O 30 in fruit maturation, at 10 days
after the first.
Total doze of fertilizer a4 - N 88.5 P2O 88.25 K2O 92.75 in which:
- agrofond N 50 P2O5 50 K2O 50
- fertigation N 38.5 P2O5 38.25 K2O 42.75 (doze I)
a5 – N100 P2O5 100 K2O 100 of complex 15-15-15, applied to prepare the ground for
planting + fertigation with doze 2, repectively:
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N13 P2O5 40 K2O 13 immediately after planting;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N28 P2O5 14 K2O 14 at 10 days after planting;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N28 P2O5 14 K2O14 at 20 days after planting;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N20 P2O5 20 K2O 20 the start of vine growth;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N20 P2O5 20 K2O 20 in intensive plant growth;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N 15 P2O5 15 K2O 30 in fruit ripening;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N 15 P2O5 15 K2O 30 in fruit maturation;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N 15 P2O5 15 K2O 30 in fruit maturation, at 10 days
after the first.
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Total doze of fertilizer a5 - N177 P2O5 176.5 K2O 185.5 in which:
-agrofond N100 P2O5 100 K2O 100
- fertigation N77 P2O5 76.5 K2O 85.5 (doze II)
a6 – Fertigation with doze II, repectively:
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N13 P2O5 40 K2O 13 immediately after planting;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N28 P2O5 14 K2O 14 at 10 days after planting;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N28 P2O5 14 K2O14 at 20 days after planting;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N20 P2O5 20 K2O 20 the start of vine growth;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N20 P2O5 20 K2O 20 in intensive plant growth;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N 15 P2O5 15 K2O 30 in fruit ripening;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N 15 P2O5 15 K2O 30 in fruit maturation;
-50 Kg/ha soluble fertilizer type N 15 P2O5 15 K2O 30 in fruit maturation, at 10 days
after the first.
Total doze of fertilizer a6 - fertigation N77 P2O5 76.5 K2O 85.5.
To appreciate the influence of fertigation on fruits quality of grafted watermelons were
performed the following observations and determinations:
* total dry matter and water (%) - gravimetric method;
* soluble dry matter (%) - refractometry method;
* carbohydrate (%) - Fehling Soxhlet method;
* titratable acidity (malic acid g/100g f.s.); - titrimetric method;
* C vitamin (mg/100 g f.s.)- iodometric method;
* nitrates (NO3 -) (mg / kg fruit) - potentiometric method;
* production of watermelons (t / ha);
* recording climatic elements of CCDCPN Dăbuleni weather station.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained on the influence of fertigation on quality of the fruit
watermelons emphasize both the role of fertilizers and climatic conditions of the three
years of experimentation. The system fertilizer influence the biochemical composition
of the fruits depending on the type of fertilizer applied, on the dose applied and the
requirements of the plants (Table 1).
In all fertilized variants were obtained values of quality indices higher compared to
variant witness, and the best results were obtained in variants fertilized with
Biohumussol 1.4 t / ha and fertigation N100P2O5100K2O100 + dose II (10.53 -10.70%
total dry matter and 8.66 - 8.99% carbohydrate). In unfertilized variant content of total
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dry matter and carbohydrate was lower compared with those determined in
embodiments where fertilizers were applied by fertigation, but was higher than the
chemically fertilized variant.
In the absence of fertilizers, the process of accumulation, of, assimilates, is more
intense, fruit, gradually reach maturity faster but with, declining production. Through
increasing the amount of fertilizertakes place a proportional increase in the number of
leaves and of the foliar area. Increasing the of the foliar area involves changes in plant
metabolism. A first effect is the intensification of photosynthesis due to increased the
amount of chlorophyll, which can grow more than 100%. Takes place a concomitant
increase in the enzymatic activity, the accumulation of organic acids and
carbohydrates, which in their turn ensures optimal substrates for the synthesis of
biochemical the upper other components of the fruits (proteins, vitamins,
carbohydrates, etc.).
You must also shown that most of crop plants presents due to its potential genetic,
some stability, of the content in certain biochemical components which give nutritional
quality of crops, but under the action of of fertilizers these can be change between the
certain limits. Fruit acidity was low, and differences between the variants very small.
As for C vitamin content it was between 6.15 mg/100g fresh substance in variant not
fertilized and 9.97 mg /100g variant fertilized with Biohumussol. In the variants in
which the applied fertilizer through the fertigation content of C vitamin fruit was higher
than 8mg. The results obtained regarding the nitrate content from watermelons
highlighted different values depending on fertilization system. The content of nitrates in
fruits watermelons was comprised between 82 mg / kg fruit in unfertilized variant and
126 mg / kg fruit in variant fertilized by fertigation dose II. The content of nitrates in
water melon fruits was higher in variants in which fertilizers were applied by fertigation.
If we analyze the results achieved in the three years of study, we can see the
influence of climatic conditions of each year (Figure 1). Those three years were
different in terms of climate: 2012 was a very droughty year with maximum
temperatures that have exceeded 40 0C, year 2013 was characterized as a dry year,
450 mm rainfalls, an important part being registered during intensive rearing fruit and
2014 was the richest year rainfall since when are made recordsof climate of the data
on sandy soils in 1956 (Table 2).
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Table1 The influence of the system of fertilization on the
quality of fruit of watermelons (2012-2014)
Variety Water (%)
Total dray matter (%)
Soluble dray matter (%)
Titratable acidity (g malic acid at 100g f.s.*)
Carbohydrate ( %)
C vitamin (mg/100g f.s.*)
NO3-
mg/kg fruit
Unfertilized control 90.46 9.54 9.00 0.17 7.87 6.15 82
Biohumussol 1,4 t/ha 89.47 10.53 9.93 0.16 8.66 9.97 93
N100P2O5100K2O100+N50
90.78 9.22 8.93 0.17 7.82 8.50 106
N50P2O550K2O50+fertigation doze I
89.59 10.41 9.77 0.15 8.16 8.21 117
N100P2O5100K2O100+fertigation doze II
89.30 10.70 9.87 0.17 8.99 8.80 120
Fertigation doze II 89.97 10.03 9.13 0.16 7.73 8.96 126
f.s.*- frech substance
Table 2
The factors of abiotic stress manifested during the vegetation period to the culture of watermelons (2012-2014)
Stress factors 2012 2013 2014
Number of days with maximum temperature
> 30 (0C ) during May-June 56 45 36
Number of days with atmospheric humidity
< 30% during May-June 15 8 2
Σ temperatures (0C )
The normal (0C )
Differences ± the normal (0C )
4599
4125
+474
4636
4125
+511
4490
4125
+365
Σ rainfall (mm)
The normal (mm)
Differences ± the normal (mm)
342.2
542.9
-159.4
450
541
-89.5
994
546.8
+447.2
Characterization years Very dry Dry Rich in
precipitations
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In all experimental variants, the total dry substance of fruits watermelons has
presented higher values in the conditions of the year 2013 less in variant fertilized with
Biohumussol product, variants that gave the best quality results under the climatic
conditions of 2012 (Figure 21). Also, in the carbohydrate content of the fruits
watermelons has submitted the highest values in the the conditions of 2013 in the
variant fertilized with N100P2O5100K2O100 + fertigation dose II (Figure 2).
Figure 1 - Total dry matter content of fruits watermelons depending for fertilization system in the period 2012-2014
Figure 2 – Carbohydrate content of fruits watermelons depending for fertilization system in the period 2012-2014
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The results obtained on the production of watermelons, highlights the role of fertilizer
in achieving the productions economic efficiency. The best production results were
obtained in variant fertilized with N100P2O5100K2O100 + fertigation dose II (71.16t
/ha) (Table 3).
It can be observed that in the variants in which, in addition to chemical fertilizers were
applied fertilizers by fertigation were obtained, higher production, or comparable
variant fertilized only chemically but the quantity of fertilizer smaller (69.25t / ha in the
variant fertilized with N100P2O5100K2O100 + N50 and 71.16t / ha in the variant
fertilized with N100P2O5100K2O100 + fertigation N77 P2O5 76.5 K2O 85.5 dose II). By
applying fertilizers through fertigation achievement of production is positively
correlated with superior quality fruit.
Table 3
The production of watermelons, depending of fertigation (2012-2014)
Variant Production (t/ha)
Production relative (%)
Difference (t/ha)
Signifi cantly
Unfertilized control 49.65 100 Witness Witness
Biohumussol 1.4 t/ha 54.35 109.47 +9.49 -
N100P2O5100K2O100+N50 69.25 139.48 +39.48 **
N50P2O550K2O50+fertigation doze I 68.20 137.36 +37.36 **
N100P2O5100K2O100+fertigation doze II 71.16 143.32 +43.32 **
Fertigation doze II 65.5 131.92 +31.92 **
DL 5% 16.6 t/ha
DL 1% 25.1 t/ha
DL 0.1% 50.4 t/ha
CONCLUSIONS
1. 1.The fertigation culture watermelons in the conditions of sandy soils in southern
Oltenia led to obtaining economically efficient productions, but with enhanced
quality traits.
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2. The best results have been obtained in the variants in which fertilizers were
applied in the irrigation water (10.70% total dry matter, 8.99% carbohydrate,
8.80mg / 100g fresh substance C vitamin , in the variant fertilized with N100
P2O5 K2O 100 100 + fertigation dose II).
3. 3.The best production results were obtained in variant fertilized with
N100P2O5100K2O100 + fertigation dose II (71.16t/ha), production statistically
assured.
REFERENCES
1. Anderson Soares de Andrada Junior, Claudio Ricardo da Silva, Nildo da Silva
Diaz, Braz Henrique Nunes Rodriques, Valdenir Quiroz Ribeiro, 2009. Response of
watermelon to nitrogen fertigation, Irriga, Botucatu, V.14, nr.2, p.115-122
2. Ciuciuc Elena, Toma V., Croitoru Mihaela, 2007. Cercetări privind influenţa altoirii
asupra pepenilor verzi cultivaţi în diferite condiţii de protejare. Lucrări Ştiinţifice ale
CCDCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XVI. pag. 114-124, Ed. Sitech, Craiova.
3. Croitoru Mihaela, Ciuciuc Elena, Toma V., 2007. Cercetări privind influenţa altoirii
asupra calităţii pepenilor verzi cultivaţi în adăposturi joase tip tunel şi prin mulcire.
Lucrări ştiinţifice ale CCDCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XVI. pag. 152-162, Ed. Sitech, Craiova.
4. Fernandes C. N. V., B. Mareira de Azevedo, J. R. Nascimento Neto, T. Vinicius de
Aranjo Viana, G. Gomes de Sousa, 2014. Irrigation and fertigation frequencies with
nitrogen in watermelon culture, Bragantia, Vol. 73, nr.2, Campinas April/ June 2014.
5. Hua He, Junliang Li, 2011. Effect of irrigation and fertilization methods on yield and
fruit quality of film mulched watermelon in greenhaus, Mechanic Automation and
Control Engineering (MACE), pag. 3097-3090, ISBN:978-1-4244-9436-1.
6. Kappel N., Balazes G., Fekete D., Bohm V., 2013. Use of defferent potassium and
magnesium treatment in watermelon production by fertigation, Research Fidings, e-ife,
nr.36
7. Toma V., Croitoru Mihaela, Marieta Ploae, 2007. Cercetări privind fertilizarea şi
desimea de plantare a culturilor de pepeni verzi altoite, pe solurile nisipoase. Lucrări
ştiinţifice ale CCDCPN Dăbuleni, Vol. XVI. Pag. 140-152, Ed. Sitech, Craiova.
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INFLUENŢA UNOR MĂSURI TEHNOLOGICE ASUPRA UNOR PROCESE FIZIOLOGICE LA UNELE SOIURI DE CARTOF CULTIVATE PE SOLURILE
NISIPOASE
INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES ON SOME
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES VARIETIES OF POTATOES CULTIVATED
ON SANDY SOILS
DIACONU AURELIA, PLOAE MARIETA, DIMA MILICA, PARASCHIV ALINA
Keywords: photosynthesis, leaf transpiration, variety, irrigation regime
REZUMAT
Schimbările climatice din ultimii ani produc modificări asupra metabolismului plantelor cultivate
pe solurile nisipoase. Fenomenele de creştere a temperaturii aerului peste 300 C până la 400 C în
perioada de cercetare (2012-2013) au influenţat creşterea şi dezvoltarea plantelor, procesele de
sinteză, producţia şi calitatea acesteia. Cercetările efectuate în domeniul fiziologiei vegetale au ca
scop monitorizarea reacţiilor fiziologice sub acţiunea factorilor climatici şi agrotehnici la unele soiuri de
cartof cultivate pe solurile nisipoase. În urma rezultatelor obţinute se pot selecta specii şi soiuri
tolerante şi rezistente la secetă pentru extinderea lor în cultura pe nisipuri. Procesele fiziologice
studiate (rata fotosintezei, rata transpiraţiei foliare) au prezentat o variaţie diurnă sub influenţa
factorilor climatici, a soiurilor studiate şi a regimului de irigare. Soiurile de cartof s-au comportat diferit
în funcţie de potenţialul lor genetic de adaptare la condiţiile climatice din zona solurilor nisipoase.
În condiţiile anului 2012 (an foarte secetos), soiurile Tresor, Carera şi Riviera au înregistrat valori ale
ratei fotosintezei cuprinse între 17,87-22,20 µmol CO2/m2/s şi producţia între 35-37 tone/ha. În condiţii
de irigare 80% din I.U.A., soiul Carera a înregistrat valori între 19,58-22,10 µmol CO2/m2/s la rata
fotosintezei şi o producţie de 43 tone/ha.
ABSTRACT
Climatic changes in recent years produced modification on the metabolism of plants grown on
sandy soils. The phenomena of increasing air temperature over 30o C to 40o C during the research
period (2012-2013), influenced plant growth and development, synthesis processes, production and
quality. Research conducted in the field of plant physiology aimed at monitoring physiological
reactions under the influence of climatic and agrotechnical factors at some potato varieties grown on
sandy soils. Following the obtained results can be selected species and varieties tolerant to drought
and resistant to their culture sands expansion. Physiological processes studied (photosynthesis rate,
leaf transpiration rate) had a diurnal variation under the influence of climatic factors, varieties studied
and irrigation regime. Potato varieties behaved differently according to their genetic potential for
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adaptation to climatic conditions in the sandy soils. In terms of 2012 (very dry year), varieties Tresor,
Riviera and Carera registered values of photosynthesis rate ranging from 17.87 to 22.20 µmol
CO2/m2/s and production between 35-37 tons/ha. Under irrigation 80% of Active Humidity Index
(A.H.I.), the variety Carera recorded values of photosynthesis rate between 19.58 to 22.10 µmol
CO2/m2/s and production of 43 tonnes/ha.
INTRODUCTION
Researchs carried out by Carpentieri in 1990, reveal that photosynthetic activity
remains stable up to temperatures of 30o C, then drops and inhibits at 40o C.
Research conducted by Hames at potato in 1990, reveal that raising the temperature
from 15o C to 40o C decreased the net intensity of photosynthesis with 37% of that
determined at 20o C. In heat stress conditions, photosynthesis is inhibited by
decreasing the activity of the enzyme ribulose-diphosphate-carboxylase, after Sage
and Cubien in 2007. Drought causes: soil solution concentration, reduce foliar
absorption by accumulating abscisic acid, which closes the stomata (Salisbury and
Ross, 1991). Determinations will be made diurnal and seasonal variation under the
direct influence of climatic and agrotechnical factors. Following research it is
established photosynthesis and transpiration maximum recording. By correlation with
agrotechnical observations will follow if assimilates are driven by increases of stems or
tubers. After leaf transpiration intensity can determine when potato crop needs
irrigation to avoid water stress. The concentration of cellular juice shows adaptability of
plants to drought and absorption of water and nutrients (Acatrinei and a.). Drought-
resistant plants increase their concentration of cellular juice avoiding excessive water
loss through transpiration on sandy soils (Petcu and colab.).
MATERIAL AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
Research period 2012-2013 was characterized by the action of stress factors
represented by the number of days with air temperature above 30° C (45-56 days),
low air humidity below 30% (8-15 days), a surplus of +474o C temperature and a
deficit of -159 mm rainfall against the normal annual averages (Table 1). In the period
2012-2013 were carried out research on the climatic and agrotechnical factors (variety,
humidity regim) on physiological processes in some potato varieties introduced into
the culture on sandy soils. During the growing season was followed diurnal variation in
the rate of photosynthesis, leaf transpiration rate, photosynthetic active radiation,
under the influence of air temperature and soil humidity.
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The experience included two factors:
Factor A - varieties studied: Tresor, Riviera, Carera, Magic, Astral, Tentant,
Artemis, Sante, Robusta, Redsec, Gared, Coval, Nemere, Evolution.
Factor B - irrigation theshold: - b1 – irrigation 50% of Active Humidity Index
- b2 – irrigation 80% of Active Humidity Index
Determinations were:
- The photosynthesis and transpiration rate with LCpro + Portable
Photosynthesis System;
- Photosynthetic active radiation;
- Air temperature at the time of determination;
- Soil humidity;
- Relative air humidity %.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Water and temperature stress in recent years acts as dehydrating forces of
plants, disturbing their metabolism. Research requires the selection of species with
short vegetation period in order to avoid atmospheric and soil drought in July and
August.
Table 1 Abiotic stress factors manifest during the growing culture of potato
Stress factors 2012 2013
Number of days with maximum temperatures > 30 ° C during April-July 56 45
Number of days with atmospheric humidity < 30% during April-July 15 8
∑ of temperature (oC)
Normal temperature (oC)
The difference between ∑ of temperature and normal temperature (oC)
4599
4125
+474
4636
4125
+511
Σ of rainfall (mm)
Normal rainfall (mm)
The difference between ∑ of rainfall and normal rainfall (mm)
342.2
542.9
-159.4
450
541
-89.5
Characterization of the year
Very dry
year
Dry
year
Potato meets these requirements and herein was followed directing
agrotechnical factors (variety and irrigation) in order to obtain high yields and
economically efficient. The researches were conducted on 14 potato varieties grown
under irrigation at two different levels:
- irrigation threshold of 50% of Active Humidity Index;
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- irrigation threshold of 80% of Active Humidity Index.
At plants irrigated 50% of the Active Humidity Index (Table 2), photosynthesis
rate recorded, at 9 o’clock, values between 12.06 µmol CO2/m2/s at Magic variety and
17.87 µmol CO2/m2/s at Carera variety, at 12 o’clock, between 16.99 µmol CO2/m
2/s at
Evolution variety and 23.1 µmol CO2/m2/s at Redsec variety, and at 15 o’clock values
ranged between 11.66 µmol CO2/m2/s (Riviera) and 22.20 µmol CO2/m
2/s (Redsec).
Carera and Redsec varieties recorded maximum values at the rate of photosynthesis
in the phase of intensive growth of the tubers.
Table 2
Diurnal variation of physiological processes at potato cultivated under irrigation 50% of Active Humidity Index in 2012
Variety
Photosynthesis rate (µmol CO2/m2/s)
Daily average
(µmolCO2/m2/s)
Production
(t/ha)
9 o’clock 12 o’clock 15 o’clock
TRESOR 16.06 21.03 16.64 17.91 35.1
RIVIERA 16.26 18.27 11.66 15.39 30.3
CARERA 17.87 19.87 21.26 19.66 37.2
MAGIC 12.06 20.40 17.53 16.66 26.2
ASTRAL 15.50 18.09 13.55 15.71 23.7
TENTANT 15.34 16.51 16.95 16.26 25.6
ARTEMIS 13.03 16.85 16.09 15.32 25.5
SANTE 16.71 17.24 18.89 17.61 23.1
ROBUSTA 14.44 20.17 19.18 17.93 20.4
REDSEC 16.17 23.17 22.20 20.51 21.3
GARED 16.75 19.91 18.70 18.45 28.0
COVAL 16.90 12.65 17.10 15.55 25.3
NEMERE 15.75 21.41 18.77 18.64 21.6
EVOLUTION 14.02 16.99 16.81 15.94 25.6
Assimilates from photosynthesis are directed to the tuber varieties Tresor,
Riviera and Carera, who recorded yields between 30-35 t/ha, compared with Tentant,
Artemis and Coval varieties, who have recorded yields under 25 t/ha and assimilates
were used in vegetative growth (Fig. 1).
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Fig. 1. The daily average of photosynthesis and production of the varieties studied, irrigated 50% of Active Humidity Index
At plants irrigated 80% of the Active Humidity Index (Table 3), the rate of
photosynthesis recorded following values: At 9 o’clock, between 14.88 µmol CO2/m2/s
(Astral) and 21.05 µmol CO2/m2/s (Carera). At 12 o’clock, between 14.48 µmol
CO2/m2/s (Coval) and 22.10 µmol CO2/m2/s (Carera). At 15 o’clock, between 10.67
µmol CO2/m2/s (Tentant) and 19.58 µmol CO2/m
2/s (Carera). It is noted that the variety
Carera recorded the maximum rate of photosynthesis measurements at all times but
also recorded the highest production of 43.6 t/ha.
Table 3
Diurnal variation of physiological processes at potato cultivated under irrigation 80% of Active Humidity Index in 2012
Variety
Photosynthesis rate (µmol CO2/m2/s)
Daily average (µmolCO2/m
2/s) Production
(t/ha)
9 o’clock 12 o’clock 15 o’clock
TRESOR 17.79 18.22 19.32 18.44 40.8
RIVIERA 17.01 18.76 18.25 18.00 39.3
CARERA 21.05 22.10 19.58 20.91 43.6
MAGIC 20.28 19.43 15.52 18.41 27.9
ASTRAL 14.88 18.76 16.77 16.80 33.1
TENTANT 16.25 17.96 10.67 14.96 33.0
ARTEMIS 18.59 19.89 16.36 18.28 31.2
SANTE 19.64 20.74 12.69 17.69 27.1
ROBUSTA 15.65 20.02 12.59 16.08 20.8
REDSEC 18.26 16.61 11.26 15.37 24.8
GARED 19.63 15.39 12.10 15.70 28.8
COVAL 16.94 14.48 14.47 15.29 30.9
NEMERE 16.60 19.77 13.26 16.54 22.7
EVOLUTION 16.17 17.42 12.68 15.42 23.9
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Irrigation of plants to 80% of Active Humidity Index, maintain good water supply
plant, which increase photosynthetic rate and production per hectare. It remains
Tresor, Riviera and Carera varieties with a maximum yield of, between 40-43 t/ha (Fig.
2).
Fig. 2 The daily average of photosynthesis and production of the varieties studied, irrigated 80% of Active Humidity Index (A.H.I.)
Fig. 3 Correlation between tuber production and photosynthesis rate
Between production and soil irrigation threshold established a positive correlation,
distinctly significant, showing that increased photosynthesis rate increases studied
varieties and production (Figure 3). It is noted that some varieties like Redsec, Gared,
Nemere, use water efficiently from the 50% of A.H.I, beeing more tolerant to drought
(Fig. 4).
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Fig. 4. Daily average of photosynthesis (µmol CO2/m2/s) at two thresholds of humidity (2012)
It is notet how, the thresholds of humidity influences the production of tubers,
which in some varieties record values between 40-45 t/ha (Tresor, Riviera, Carera)
(Fig 5).
Fig. 5. Production (t/ha) obtained at two thresholds of humidity (2012)
Leaf transpiration rate showed a diurnal variation, beeing influenced by variety
and climatic factors since determinations.
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At 9 o’clock the values were between 1.30 mmol H2O/m2/s (Redsec) and 3.87
mmol H2O/m2/s (Carera) at 12 o’clock between 1.91 mmol H2O/m2/s (Tresor) and 2.79
mmol H2O/m2/s (Magic), and at 15 o’clock between 3.53 mmol H2O/m2/s (Astral) and
7.00 mmol H2O/m2/s (Redsec). With the increase of air temperature and relative
humidity decrease to 30% was doubled and the amount of water evaporated by
transpiration (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration (mmol H2O/m2/s) at varieties studied, irrigated 50% of Active Humidity Index (A.H.I.)
Leaf transpiration rate (Table 4) recorded values between 2.60 to 4.50 mmol
H2O/m2/s at 9 o’clock, between 2.04 to 2.73 mmol H2O/m2/s at 12 o’clock and
between 1.17 to 6.04 mmol H2O/m2/s at 15 o’clock. Daytime maximum was recorded
at 15 o’clock, at variety Magic, evaporated water not beeing used efficiently because
production recorded was reduced to 27.9 t/ha. Carera variety had a leaf transpiration
of 3.81 mmol H2O/m2/s, efficiently using the water evaporated, expressed through
maximum production of 43.6 t/ha. Varieties showing lower values of leaf transpiration
are more resistant to drought and reduce irrigation water consumption.
In 2013, plants irrigated 50% of the Active Humidity Index (Table 5) have the following
values: at 9 o’clock were between 11.71 µmol CO2/m2/s (Nemere) and 21.60 µmol
CO2/m2/s (Redsec); at 12 o’clock were between 12.33 µmol CO2/m
2/s (Astral) and
21.28 µmol CO2/m2/s (Nemere); at 15 o’clock were between 10.26 µmol CO2/m
2/s
(Tresor) and 20.08 µmol CO2/m2/s (Coval).
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Table 4 Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration at potato cultivated under
irrigation 80% of A.H.I. in 2012
Variety
Leaf transpiration rate (mmol H2O/m2/s) Daily average of
leaf transpiration
9 o’clock 12 o’clock 15 o’clock
TRESOR 3.63 2.57 3.26 3.15
RIVIERA 3.03 2.73 5.46 3.74
CARERA 2.60 2.67 3.81 3.02
MAGIC 4.50 2.64 6.04 4.39
ASTRAL 2.94 2.27 3.83 3.01
TENTANT 2.75 2.32 4.11 3.06
ARTEMIS 3.26 2.21 2.93 2.80
SANTE 3.25 2.19 4.48 3.30
ROBUSTA 2.84 2.28 1.17 2.09
REDSEC 3.44 2.17 3.14 2.91
GARED 3.71 2.04 4.25 3.33
COVAL 2.90 2.07 1.73 2.23
NEMERE 3.97 2.13 4.51 3.53
EVOLUTION 2.90 2.07 5.60 3.52
Table 5
Diurnal variation of photosynthesis and production at potatoes grown under irrigation 50% of A.H.I., 2013
Variety
Photosynthesis rate (µmol CO2/m2/s) Daily average of
photosynthesis
Production
(t/ha) 9 o’clock 12 o’oclock 15 o’clock
TRESOR 12.50 16.57 10.26 13.11 50.0
RIVIERA 13.15 19.35 10.40 14.30 41.6
CARERA 19.23 17.21 16.70 17.71 40.6
MAGIC 16.97 15.83 13.71 15.50 33.2
ASTRAL 11.86 12.33 18.04 14.07 26.6
TENTANT 18.81 15.19 14.10 16.03 25.2
ARTEMIS 17.73 14.91 14.69 15.77 25.6
SANTE 12.16 18.15 16.74 15.68 30.8
ROBUSTA 18.46 16.81 15.66 16.97 25.0
REDSEC 21.60 20.57 13.76 18.64 35.6
GARED 16.81 18.43 19.31 18.18 27.4
COVAL 17.12 12.84 20.08 16.68 37.2
NEMERE 11.71 21.28 17.86 16.95 27.0
EVOLUTION 15.54 17.47 19.38 17.46 35.6
At plants irrigated 50% of the Active Humidity Index assimilates from photosynthesis
are found in the production of tuber varieties Tresor, Riviera and Carera, which
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registered between 45-50 t/ha and varieties Redsec, Coval and Evolution registered
between 35-37 t/ha (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7 The daily average of photosynthesis (µmol CO2/m2/s) and production (t/ha)
of the varieties studied, irrigated 50% of A.H.I.
Plants irrigated 80% of A.H.I. (Table 6) recorded the following values:
- at 9 o’clock, between 9.43 µmol CO2/m2/s (Tentant variety) and 19.78 µmol
CO2/m2/s (Gared variety);
- at 12 o’clock, between 10.22 µmol CO2/m2/s (Carera variety) and 25.46 µmol
CO2/m2/s (Nemere variety);
- at 15 o’clock, between 11.50 µmol CO2/m2/s (Carera variety) and 23.57 µmol
CO2/m2/s (Gared variety).
At plants irrigated 80% of A.H.I. assimilates are directed mainly to the tubers, the main
consumers, and are found in high yields ranging from 40-60 t/ha in most varieties
studied (Fig.8.).
Between the rate of photosynthesis and production of tubers established a positive
correlation, distinctly significant, showing that the higher rate of photosynthesis
increased tuber production in all varieties studied (Figure 9). Irrigation of plants to 80%
of A.H.I., maintain a balance in plant water balance, increases the rate of
photosynthesis and doubles tuber production in some varieties.
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Table 6 Diurnal variation of photosynthesis and production at potatoes grown
under irrigation 80% of A.H.I., 2013
Variety
Photosynthesis rate (µmol CO2/m2/s) Daily average of
photosynthesis
Production
(t/ha) 9 o’clock 12 o’clock 15 o’clock
TRESOR 11.98 17.87 10.66 13.50 52.2
RIVIERA 16.51 13.54 19.68 16.57 54.6
CARERA 12.52 10.22 11.50 11.41 61.8
MAGIC 10.95 16.25 18.66 15.28 48.6
ASTRAL 10.37 16.52 17.85 14.91 51.2
TENTANT 9.43 14.39 16.09 13.30 52.2
ARTEMIS 17.06 21.66 17.05 18.59 30.8
SANTE 11.63 21.77 18.09 17.16 49.2
ROBUSTA 12.43 18.99 17.03 16.15 45.3
REDSEC 13.51 23.97 13.76 17.08 56.4
GARED 19.78 10.64 23.57 17.99 43.2
COVAL 14.51 16.26 14.36 15.04 48.6
NEMERE 16.41 25.46 15.56 19.14 43.8
EVOLUTION 18.24 20.37 15.52 18.04 64.2
Fig.8 The daily average of photosynthesis (µmol CO2/m2/s) and production
of the varieties studied, irrigated 80% of A.H.I.
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Fig. 9 Correlation between tuber production and photosynthesis rate
In the climatic conditions of 2013 is observed difference in production of tubers from the two thresholds of humidity. At most varieties, production registered high values under irrigation 80% of the A.H.I. (Figure 10).
Fig. 10 Production (t/ha) obtained at two thresholds of humidity (2013)
Leaf transpiration rate is influenced by climatic factors (air temperature, soil
humidity and air humidity). At high temperatures of 35-42o C foliar suction force
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increases, the water evaporates and is lost as heat through vaporization. The plants
are dehydrated, the stomata are closed and stops the diffusion of the air used in
photosynthesis. The evaporated water can be replaced by irrigation and plant
metabolism is maintained at optimum values, positively influencing the production of
tubers, which ranged from 30 tons / hectare at variety Artemis and 64.4 t/ha at variety
Evolution. Leaf transpiration rate (Figure 11) showed a diurnal variation under the
influence of air temperature and varieties studied.
The values recorded were:
- At 9 o’clock, between 0.92 mmol H2O/m2/s at variety Carera and 1.98 mmol
H2O/m2/s at variety Evolution;
- At 12 o’clock, between 1.95 mmol H2O/m2/s at variety Carera and 4.88 mmol
H2O/m2/s at variety Redsec;
- At 15 o’clock, between 2.57 mmol H2O/m2/s at variety Redsec and 5.16 mmol
H2O/m2/s at varieties Gared and Astral.
Leaf transpiration rate increase is observed with increasing air temperature to
40oC, at 15 o’clock, when stress factors present maximum action.
Fig. 11 Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration (mmol H2O/m2/s) at varieties studied, irrigated 50% of Active Humidity Index (2013)
Leaf transpiration rate (Fig. 12) presented a diurnal variation under the influence
of air temperature and varieties studied. The recorded values were:
- At 9 o’clock, between 0.58 mmol H2O/m2/s (Artemis) and 1.91 mmol H2O/m2/s
(Redsec);
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- At 12 o’clock, between 1.66 mmol H2O/m2/s (Carera) and 3.47 mmol H2O/m2/s
(Nemere);
- At 15 o’clock, between 3.00 mmol H2O/m2/s (Riviera) and 5.48 mmol H2O/m2/s
(Coval).
Leaf transpiration rate increase is observed with increasing air temperature to
36o C at 13, when the action of stress factors is maximal.
Fig. 12. Diurnal variation of leaf transpiration (mmol H2O/m2/s) at varieties studied, irrigated 80% of Active Humidity Index (2013)
CONCLUSIONS
1. Physiological processes studied were influenced by climatic factors, the
threshold humidity and studied varieties.
2. Photosynthesis rate recorded values between 17.87-22.20 µmol
CO2/m2/s, at varieties Tresor, Carera and Riviera, at plants irrigated 50%
of A.H.I. and production between 35-37 tonnes/ha in climatic conditions in
2012.
3. At plants irrigated 80% of A.H.I., photosynthesis rate recorded values
between 19.58-22.10 µmol CO2/m2/s and a production of 43 t/ha, at
variety Carera.
4. Leaf transpiration rate showed a diurnal variation, with maxim values at
midday (from 12 to 15 o’clock) in plants irrigated 50% of A.H.I., in the dry
year 2012. High values were registered varieties Magic, Robusta and
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Redsec, between 6.25 to 7.00 mmol H2O/m2/s. Varieties with high
photosynthetic potential, tolerant and drought resistant will expand in crop
on sandy soils.
REFERENCES
1. Acatrinei Gh., 1991, Adjusting eco-physiological processes in plants, Junimea, Iaşi
2. Burzo I. and colab., 2004, Plant Physiology Culture, Vol. I, Ceres, Bucharest
3. Diaconu Aurelia, 2009, Rational irrigation of early potatoes, Ed. SITECH, Craiova.
4. Petcu Elena, 2008, The impact of climate change on plants: DROUGHT, Domino.
5. Carpentieri, R.,1999, Effect of high-temperature stress on the photosyntetic
apparatus, Edit. Inc. New York, Basel.
6. Hammes, P.S., 1990, Net photosynthetic rate of potato high temperature. Journal
potato Research, vol.33, 515-520.
7. Sage and Kubien, 2007, The temperature response of C3 and C4 photosynthesis.
Enviroment 30,1086-1107.
8. Salisburi, F.B.Ross, 1991, Plant Physiology. Belmont, California.
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INFLUENŢA FERTILIZĂRII ASUPRA UNOR PROCESE FIZIOLOGICE LA
UNELE SOIURI DE CARTOF, CULTIVATE PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE
INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN
SOME POTATO VARIETIES, GROWN ON SANDY SOILS
DIACONU AURELIA, PLOAE MARIETA, DIMA MILICA, PARASCHIV ALINA
Keywords: photosynthesis, leaf transpiration, variety, fertilization
REZUMAT
Culturile rentabile de cartof, datorită producţiilor ridicate pe care trebuie să le realizeze, nu se
pot concepe fără fertilizare chimică sau organică. Fertilizarea trebuie să asigure valorificarea cât mai
bună a potenţialului productiv al soiurilor intensive în condiţiile ecologice ale zonei de cultură. Dozele
pe care le poate ceda solul într-un an, în funcţie de gradul de aprovizionare cu elemente nutritive sunt
de 0-130 kg / ha azot, 0-75 kg / ha fosfor şi 0-220 kg / ha potasiu (Copony, W. 1988.). La acestea se
adaugă pierderile prin levigare, fixare etc., procese foarte complexe ale solului.
Excesul de azot stimulează mult creşterea plantelor, procesul de fotosinteză şi întârzie
maturarea. Nitrat reductaza este enzima care catalizează reducerea nitraţilor şi se află în mezofilul
foliar (Crayford,1995). Fosforul şi potasiu au rol stimulator asupra procesului de biosinteză a
proteinelor (Marschner ,H,1995). Soiurile de cartof absorb selectiv macroelementele (Larcher 1991).
Cartoful consumă cantităţi mari de îngrăşăminte chimice pentru creşterea producţiilor la hectar.
Pe solurile nisipoase stresul termo-hidric afectează procesele fiziolgice (transpiraţia, fotosinteza (Rao
şi alţi 2006). În condiţii de stres termic intensitatea fotosintezei poate să scadă cu 50% la plantele
neirigate corespunzător cerinţelor fiziologice (Smith ,1999).
Procesele fiziologice studiate au fost influenţate de condiţiile climatice, de soiurile studiate şi
de dozele de fertilizare utilizate.
ABSTRACT
Profitable potato crops due to the high productions they have to realize are inconceivable
without chemical fertilizer or organic. Fertilization should ensure the best possible exploitation of the
productive potential of intensive varieties in the environmental conditions of the area of culture. Doses
that may cede the soil in a year, depending on the degree of nutrient supply are of 0-130 kg / ha
nitrogen, 0-75 kg / ha phosphorus and 0-220 kg / ha of potassium (Copony, W. 1988). Add to this the
losses by levigation, fixation etc. very complex processes of soil. Excess nitrogen stimulates plant
growth, photosynthesis and delays maturation. Nitrate reductase is the enzyme that catalyzes the
reduction of nitrates and is in leaf mesophyll (Crayford, 1995). The phosphorus and potassium have
stimulating role in the process of biosynthesis of proteins (Marschner, H, 1995). Potato varieties
selectively absorb macroelements (Larcher 1991). Potatoes consume large quantities of chemical
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fertilizers to increase the productions. On sandy soils thermal-hydr stress affects physiological
processes (transpiration, photosynthesis) (Rao and others 2006). In heat stress conditions, intensity of
photosynthesis may decrease by 50% on non-irrigated plants corresponding to the physiological
requirements (Smith, 1999). Physiological processes studied were influenced by climatic conditions,
varieties studied and the doses of fertilizer used.
INTRODUCTION
In determining fertilizer regime it is appropriate to start from the controllable
elements chemical analyzes. It must know beforehand the potential fertility of the soil
and production levels wich can be achieved in the technological conditions given. This
can avoid excess fertilization, or insufficient fertilization in the case of sandy soils
poorly fertile and easy levigable. The potato is using the nitrogen throughout the
growing period. The most intense consumption is achieved, however, when the plants
have a height of 15-20 cm. at the beginning of blossoming. More specifically we can
say that until the blooming period, potato assimilates approx. 60-70% of total nitrogen.
Nitrate – reductase reduce nitrates to nitrites and then to ammoniacal nitrogen that is
used in the biosynthesis of amino acids (Fedorova 1994). Nitrate – reductase
maximum activity was determined in the leaves that have reached maximum size. The
phosphorus stimulates photosynthesis, blooming, fructification, storage of the reserve
substances and maturation of tubers. The potassium stimulates the process of protein
biosynthesis (Hepler, P.K. and Waine, R.O.-1985).
MATHERIAL AND METHOD
In the research period 2012-2014 were carried out research on influence of the
climatic factors and the agrotechnycal factors (variety, doses of fertilizer) on
physiological processes at some potato varieties grown on sandy soils. During the
growing season was followed diurnal variation in the rate of photosynthesis, leaf
transpiration rate, photosynthetic active radiation, under the influence of air
temperature and fertilizer dosages. During the growing season was followed diurnal
variation of photosynthesis rate, leaf transpiration rate, photosynthetyc active
radiation, under the influence of air temperature and fertilizer dosages.
The experience included two factors:
Factor A - Varieties studied: Carera and Riviera;
Factor B - fertilizer Dosage: N100P50K50, N150P75K75; N200P100K100, Kg active
substance / ha.
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Determinations were:
- Photosynthesis rate with LCpro + Portable Photosynthesis System;
- Leaf transpiration rate with LCpro + Portable Photosynthesis System;
- Active radiation in photosynthesis;
- Air temperature;
- Air relativ humidity;
- Production at Varieties studied.
Potato culture can be profitable on sandy soils by establishing optimal dosage of
fertilizer and varieties selection with high photosynthetic potential to obtain high
productions and efficient in economic terms. In terms of 2012, in May (Table 1 and Fig.
1, 2) the climatic conditions are optimal for conducting physiological processes and the
values of photosynthesis rate were high in all cases, ranging between:
- At 9 o’clock, the values of photosynthesis rate were ranged from 22.03 to
26.90 µmol CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 24.70 and 26.40 µmol CO₂/m²/s
at Riviera variety.
- At 12 o’clock, the values of photosynthesis rate were ranged from 20.20 to
25.87 µmol CO₂/m²/s at variety Carera and between 19.16 and 24.27 µmol CO₂/m²/s
at Riviera variety.
- At 15 o’clock, the values of photosynthesis rate were ranged from 18.24 to
24.47 µmol CO₂/m²/s at variety Carera and between 12.18 and 18.33 µmol CO₂/m²/s
at Riviera variety. Note that photosynthesis rate has recorded high values a 25.29
µmol CO₂/m²/s at variety Carera, at dose of fertilizer N100P50K50, at 9 o’clock, and
24.81 µmol CO₂/m²/s at 12 o’clock, been not justified the fertilizers uptitrating.
In this phase of the tuber growing, photosynthesis recorded high values during
measurements in both varieties. Fertilization with high doses of fertilizers increased
vegetative growth at the expense of production. Transpiration rate was influenced by
the degree of hydration in metabolism that takes place each variety. This presented a
diurnal variation, beeing influenced by variety and dosage of fertilizer applied.
Transpiration rate values increased from morning till 15 o'clock, when there were
maximum in all variants.
At 9 o’clock transpiration rate values ranged between 2.92 and 3.32 mmol
H₂O/m²/s at Carera variety and between 3.21 and 3.80 mmol H₂O/m²/s at Riviera
variety. At 12 o’clock transpiration rate values ranged between 2.43 and 4.07 mmol
H₂O/m²/s at Carera variety and between 3.02 and 4.03 mmol H₂O/m²/s at Riviera
variety. At 15 o’clock transpiration rate values ranged between 3.77 and 6.11 mmol
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H₂O/m²/s at Carera variety and between 5.38 and 6.14 mmol H₂O/m²/s at Riviera
variety.
Table 1
The influence of fertilization on physiological processes at potato (May 26)
Variety / Fertilizer
dosage
Photosynthesis rate
µmol CO₂/m²/s
Transpiration rate
mmol H₂O/m²/s
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
CARERA
N100P50K50 25.29 24.81 20.21 2.92 3.21 3.77
N150P75K75 22.03 20.20 18.24 2.98 2.43 4.06
N200P100K100 26.90 25.87 24.47 3.32 4.07 6.11
RIVIERA
N100P50 K50 25.80 19.16 25.61 3.21 3.04 5.38
N150 P75K75 24.70 24.27 17.30 3.80 3.02 6.14
N200P100K100 26.40 18.34 24.97 3.71 4.03 6.08
Fig. 1 Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate
Fig. 2 Diurnal variation of transpiration rate
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In June (Table 2) values of photosynthesis rate decreased with physiological
maturation of the leaves in varieties with short vegetation period. At 9 o’clock
photosynthesis rate recorded values between 10.38 and 13.21 µmol CO₂/m²/s Carera
variety and between 11.64 and 17.00 µmol CO₂/m²/s Riviera variety. At 12 o’clock
photosynthesis rate recorded values between 9.20 and 14.58 µmol CO₂/m²/s at Carera
variety and between 13.65 and 21.67 µmol CO₂/m²/s Riviera variety. At 15 o’clock
photosynthesis rate recorded values between 13.02 and 16.85 µmol CO₂/m²/s Carera
variety and between 15.45 and 18.22 µmol CO₂/m²/s Riviera variety. At 12 o’clock
photosynthesis rate recorded higher values in both varieties at the dose of fertilizer
N100P50K50, then photosynthesis rate decreased with increasing fertilizer rates. In
conditions of atmospheric and soil drought, plants can not effectively use high doses
of chemical fertilizers.
Leaf transpiration rate recorded following values:
At 9 o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 1.29 to 1.78 mmol H₂O/m²/s
at variety Carera and from 2.19 to 3.39 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Riviera. At 12
o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 1.59 to 3.71 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety
Carera and from 2.98 to 3.46 H₂O/m²/s at Riviera variety. At 15 o’clock leaf
transpiration values ranged between 2.10 and 4.71 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Carera
and between 2.80 and 5.57 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Riviera.
Noting at the variety Carera were recorded low values at the rate of leaf
transpiration compared with variety Riviera who recorded the maximum values at 15
o’clock. Carerra variety has recorded high values at the rate of photosynthesis, at leaf
transpiration rate has recoeded reduced values and the evaporated water was
harnessed effectively by the high production from 53-58 tons/ha.
Moderate doses of chemical fertilizers have maintained a balance between the
physiological processes, positively influenced the production at varieties studied,
ranged between 45-52 tonnes / ha at variety Carera and 45-48 tons / ha at variety
Riviera. On sands are recommended varieties with shorter growing season, with high
photosynthetic potential and moderate leaf transpiration and low consumption of
fertilizer to capitalize efficiently climatic conditions in May, June avoiding stress
thermo-hydric that installs in July-August.
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Table 2
The influence of fertilization on physiological processes at potato (June 21)
Variety / Fertilizer
Dosage
Photosynthesis rate
µmol CO₂/m²/s
Transpiration rate
mmol H₂O/m²/s
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
CARERA
N100P50 K50 12.57 14.58 16.44 1.67 3.71 2.79
N150 P75K75 10.38 13.92 16.85 1.29 2.75 2.10
N200P100K100 13.21 9.20 13.02 1.78 1.59 4.71
RIVIERA
N100P50 K50 11.64 21.67 18.22 2.19 3.46 4.66
N150 P75K75 15.19 19.76 16.61 2.67 3.38 5.57
N200P100K100 17.00 13.65 15.45 3.39 2.98 2.80
In terms of 2013, in May (table 3) determinations were performed on
diurnal variation of photosynthesis and transpiration rate of the plants. The values
recorded in photosynthesis rate were:
At 9 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 11.66 and 19.27 µmol
CO₂/m²/s Carera variety and between 17.72 and 23.03 µmol CO₂/m²/s Riviera variety.
At 12 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 15.23 and 21.41 µmol
CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 15.87 and 21.34 µmol CO₂/m²/s Riviera
variety. At 15 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 13.95 and 25.54
µmol CO₂/m²/s Carera variety and between 12.13 and 18.33 µmol CO₂/m²/s Riviera
variety. Maximum values were recorded at plants fertilized with dose N100P50K50,
where Carera variety registered a production of 82 t/ha and the variety Riviera 59.5
t/ha.
Leaf transpiration rate recorded following values:
At 9 o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 1.36 to 2.24 mmol H₂O/m²/s
at variety Carera and from 1.91 to 3.58 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Riviera. At 12
o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 3.29 to 3.44 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety
Carera and from 2.55 to 4.05 H₂O/m²/s at Riviera variety. At 15 o’clock leaf
transpiration values ranged between 3.11 and 4.12 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Carera
and between 2.29 and 4.17 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Riviera. Transpiration rate was
influenced by the increase in air temperature at 15 o’clock to 38o C. Daytime maximum
was recorded at variants where it was applied N100P50K50 and N200P100K100. Increasing
the dose of fertilizer, it concentrate the solution of soil and increases the effort of the
plants to remove water from the soil.
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Table 3
The influence of fertilization on physiological processes at potato (May)
Variety / Fertilizer
Dosage
Photosynthesis rate
µmol CO₂/m²/s
Transpiration rate
mmol H₂O/m²/s
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
CARERA
N100P50 K50 11.66 21.41 25.54 1.36 3.33 3.37
N150 P75K75 19.27 20.17 13.95 2.46 3.44 3.11
N200P100K100 15.16 15.23 18.69 2.19 3.29 4.12
RIVIERA
N100P50 K50 23.03 21.34 12.13 3.58 4.05 2.29
N150 P75K75 22.11 19.06 18.33 2.75 3.13 4.17
N200P100K100 17.72 15.87 12.91 1.91 2.55 4.07
In June, in the maximum accumulation phase, assimilates are transferred to the
tubers, which are the main consumers. The rate of photosynthesis recorded following
values (Fig. 3):
At 9 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 12.56 and 16.01 µmol
CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 12.38 and 18.76 µmol CO₂/m²/s at Riviera
variety. At 12 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 10.09 and 15.36
µmol CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 7.07 and 17.59 µmol CO₂/m²/s at
Riviera variety. At 15 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 13.42 and
13.91 µmol CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 12.27 and 12.87 µmol CO₂/m²/s
at Riviera variety. At this stage of maturity of the tubers, photosynthesis rate
decreased in all varieties, due to aging leaves and increased atmospheric and soil
drought.
Leaf transpiration rate recorded following values (Fig. 4):
At 9 o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 3.97 to 5.70 mmol H₂O/m²/s
at variety Carera and from 4.56 to 4.80 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Riviera. At 12
o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 4.37 to 6.12 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety
Carera and from 3.76 to 4.74 H₂O/m²/s at Riviera variety. At 15 o’clock leaf
transpiration values ranged between 3.42 and 3.91 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Carera
and between 2.27 and 4.32 mmol H2O/m2/s at variety Riviera.
Leaf transpiration rate has grew because of low relative humidity below 25%
and the temperature rose to 38oC.
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Fig. 3 Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate
Fig. 4 Diurnal variation transpiration rate
In terms of 2014, during flowering (May) (Table 4) determinations were made on
the influence of climatic factors and fertilization on plant physiology.
The rate of photosynthesis recorded following values (Fig.5):
At 9 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 8.80 and 12.68 µmol
CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 10.79 and 14.01 µmol CO₂/m²/s at Riviera
variety. At 12 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 11.90 and 19.95
µmol CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 14.85 and 25.68 µmol CO₂/m²/s at
Riviera variety. At 15 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 6.28 and
13.38 µmol CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 9.87 and 10.17 µmol CO₂/m²/s at
Riviera variety. In this phase of vegetation photosynthesis rate values were influenced
by the time of determination, by varieties studied and doses of fertilizer applied.
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Variety Riviera recorded a maximum value at fertilization N150P75K75. Fertilization dose
of N150P75K75 maintained a balance in plant metabolism and photosynthesis rate was
higher.
The climatic conditions in this year with more precipitation, decreased leaf
transpiration rate, plants being well supplied with water.
Leaf transpiration rate recorded following values (Fig.6):
At 9 o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 1.67 to 2.11 mmol H₂O/m²/s
at variety Carera and from 2.18 to 2.57 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Riviera. At 12
o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 2.88 to 3.29 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety
Carera and from 1.59 to 4.33 H₂O/m²/s at Riviera variety. At 15 o’clock leaf
transpiration values ranged between 2.03 and 3.61 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Carera
and between 1.13 and 2.49 mmol H2O/m2/s at variety Riviera.
Table 4
The influence of fertilization on physiological processes at potato (May)
Variety / Fertilizer
dosage
Photosynthesis rate
µmol CO₂/m²/s
Transpiration rate
mmol H₂O/m²/s
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
CARERA
N100P50 K50 11.56 19.95 13.38 2.11 3.20 2.03
N150 P75K75 8.80 11.90 12.28 2.00 3.29 3.61
N200P100K100 12.68 14.84 6.28 1.67 2.88 2.43
RIVIERA
N100P50 K50 14.01 21.90 10.17 2.18 1.59 2.28
N150 P75K75 10.79 25.68 10.07 2.24 4.33 1.13
N200P100K100 12.05 14.85 9.87 2.57 3.31 2.49
In June (Table 5) the rate of photosynthesis recorded following values:
At 9 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 14.46 and 17.03 µmol
CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 9.11and 17.66 µmol CO₂/m²/s at Riviera
variety. At 12 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 6.58 and 15.40
µmol CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 6.78 and 13.66 µmol CO₂/m²/s at
Riviera variety. At 15 o’clock photosynthesis rate recorded values between 5.07 and
7.81 µmol CO₂/m²/s at Carera variety and between 3.65 and 10.53 µmol CO₂/m²/s at
Riviera variety.
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Fig. 5 Diurnal variation of photosynthesis rate
Fig. 6 Diurnal variation of transpiration rate
Leaf transpiration rate recorded following values:
At 9 o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 0.84 to 2.16 mmol H₂O/m²/s
at variety Carera and from 0.61 to 1.52 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Riviera. At 12
o’clock, leaf transpiration values ranged from 1.83 to 5.92 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety
Carera and from 1.95 to 3.81 mmol H₂O/m²/s at Riviera variety. At 15 o’clock leaf
transpiration values ranged between 1.67 and 3.47 mmol H₂O/m²/s at variety Carera
and between 1.93 and 4.60 mmol H2O/m2/s at variety Riviera.
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Table 5
The influence of fertilization on physiological processes at potato (June)
Variety / Fertilizer
dosage
Photosynthesis rate
µmol CO₂/m²/s
Transpiration rate
mmol H₂O/m²/s
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
9
o’clock
12
o’clock
15
o’clock
CARERA
N100P50 K50 14.46 9.95 6.26 0.84 1.83 1.67
N150 P75K75 16.86 6.58 5.07 2.16 2.29 3.47
N200P100K100 17.03 15.40 7.81 1.22 5.92 3.3o
RIVIERA
N100P50 K50 9.11 6.78 3.65 0.61 1.95 1.93
N150 P75K75 17.66 13.34 10.53 1.52 2.83 3.60
N200P100K100 16.23 13.66 10.41 0.94 3.81 4.60
Table 6
Production at varieties studied
Variety / Fertilizer
dosage
Production (t/ha)
2012 2013 2014
CARERA N100 P50 K50 53.4 82.2 26.6
N150 P75K75 42.6 51.9 50.1
N200P100K100 58.0 59.9 43.0
RIVIERA N100 P50 K50 45.0 59.5 68.1
N150 P75K75 48.0 49.9 18.6
N200P100K100 52.2 54.9 23.2
Fig. 7. Production of potatoes
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Different climatic conditions of the study period, characterized 2012 as
excessively dry, droughty 2013 and 2014 as a rainy year. Potato productions (Table 7
and Fig. 7) were maximum at variety Carera in 2013 (82.2 t / ha) at the dose of
N100P50K50 and variety Riviera in 2014 to 68 t/ha at the dose of N100P50K50. Increasing
fertilizer rates is not justified because assimilates are used for vegetative growth at the
expense of production.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Physiological processes were influenced by climatic conditions during research,
fertilization doses and varieties studied.
2. Noting that in 2012, photosynthesis rate recorded high values of 25.29 µmol
CO₂/m²/s at variety Carera, on N100P50K50 dose of fertilizer at 9 am and 24.81
µmol CO₂/m²/s at 12 o’clock, beeing not justified increasing the dose of fertilizer.
3. Leaf transpiration rate recorded high values from 12 to 15 o’clock (in June)
when the action of stress factors was highest.
4. Potato productions were maximum at variety Carera, in 2013, of 82.2 t/ha at the
dose of fertilizer N100P50K50 and at variety Riviera, in 2014, 68 t/ha at the same
dose of fertilizer.
5. On sands are recommended varieties with shorter growing season, with high
photosynthetic potential and moderate leaf transpiration and low consumption of
fertilizer to capitalize efficiently climatic conditions in May, June avoiding stress
thermo-hydric that installs in July-August.
REFERENCES
1. Crawford, N.M., 1995. The Plant Cell. Vol. 7, p. 1099-1111.
2. Marschner, H., 1995. Nutriţion in Higher plants. Londra
3. Hepler P.K. and Wayne R.O.,1985. Annu, Rev. Plant Physiol 36, p. 397-439..
4. Rao, K.V.M. and al, 2006. Molecular Biology of Stress Toleranc in plants.
Springer,Dordreght.
5. Smith, J.B. 2003. Climate, Change Adaptative Capacity and Development. Imperial
College Press.London.
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VARIABILITATEA UNOR CARACTERE ŞI ÎNSUŞIRI LA UNELE
GENOTIPURI DE ARAHIDE CULTIVATE PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE
VARIABILITY OF CHARACTERS AND FEATURES SOME PEANUT
GENOTYPES GROWN ON SANDY SOILS
DIMA MILICA
Keywords: genotype, peanuts, sandy soils
REZUMAT
În zona solurilor nisipoase din sudul Olteniei arahidele găsesc condiţii ecopedologice
favorabile pentru creştere şi fructificare, condiţii care permit cultivarea cu bune rezultate a acestei
specii. Germoplasma de arahide existentă la CCDCPN Dăbuleni oferă posibilitatea studierii unor
caractere şi însuşiri , în scopul promovării în cultură a celor mai valoroase. A fost evidenţiată
variabilitatea fenotipică şi genotipică la 10 genotipuri de arahide , care au fost iniţial studiate în cultură
comparativă de concurs.
ABSTRACT
In the sandy soils of southern Oltenia peanuts ecopedological conditions are favorable for
growth and fructification, conditions allowing the cultivation of this species with good results. Peanut
germplasm existing at Dabuleni CCDCPN enables the study of character and features, to promote the
culture of the most valuable. It was highlighted phenotypic and genotypic variability of 10 genotypes of
groundnut, which were studied in comparative culture of competition.
INTRODUCTION
In response to increased peanut areas and production of high capitalization and
favorability is working to diversify the range of cultivation of drought tolerant genotypes
with potential for adaptability to stress condition.
In the sandy soils of southern Oltenia peanuts ecopedological conditions are favorable
for growth and fructification, conditions allowing the cultivation of this species with
good results, (Mitrea, I., 1993). Due to good yields which is made peanut both sandy
soils and other soils and advantages that this plant offers may be considered by
cultivating them bigger surface provides a superior capitalization and high profitability
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of these lands. Peanut germplasm existing CCDCPN Dăbuleni enables the study of
characters and features, to promote the culture of the most valuable.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Experience has been placed in the experimental field on a sandy soil with low nitrogen
content (0.06 %), well stocked in extractable phosphorus (79.5 ppm), medium stocked
in exchangeable potassium (67 ppm) and low in humus (0.55 %), with a pH of 6.72
which indicates a mild acid reaction. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the
variability of phenotypic and genotypic and behavior of peanut genotypes under sandy
soils from Dabuleni. Biological material used in this study was 10 peanut genotypes
that were studied in comparative culture of competition. The experience was founded
by randomized block method, in 2010-2012. Study variability of quantitative characters
was done using biometric measurements and observations during the growing
season, and laboratory determinations were performed on pods and beans. Research
results obtained were processed using the method of variation of the string.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The data in table 1 it is observed that the genotypes studied shows a low
variability in the length of the stem, with individuals uniform, homogeneous. Plant
height showed values between 27.5 cm at Provenance China 1 variety and 41.8 cm at
Brazilian Begici variety. Coefficient of variation values are between 3.13% and 4.8 %.
In terms of the number of stems per plant this character is more variable, their number
ranging on average between 5.5 at Henan Province variety and 7 at Brazilian Begici
variety. Coefficient of variation values are between 4.29 % and 6.61 %. Brazilian
Begici variety that had the highest waist presented the highest number of stems per
plant.
Number of pods per plant that forms an element of production, and of these an
important role in mature pods (Table 2). The highest number of mature pods per plant
was recorded in Provenance China 1 variety, which achieved an average 41.2 mature
pods per plant, and the lowest number of mature pods per plant was recorded Velican
variety that has achieved an average 26.3 mature pods per plant. Compared to the
Dăbuleni variety (control), 6 groundnut genotypes showed a greater number of mature
pods per plant (35.7 to 41.2 mature pods / plant). The variability coefficient is between
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3.08 % and 4.85 %. Regarding the number of grains per pod, this character is very
variable with coefficient of variation values between 30.34 % and 48.5 %. The varieties
HYY 3 and Henan Province variability coefficient is 0, the individuals uniform,
homogeneous.
Table 1
Morphological some peanut genotypes studied in CCDCPN Dăbuleni
Genotypes
Plant height(cm) Number of stems / plant
X Sx S% X Sx S%
Dăbuleni (control) 31.5 1.12 3.56 6.5 0.31 4.77
Brazilian Begici 41.8 1.31 3.13 7.0 0.3 4.29
Velican 40.0 1.35 3.38 6.7 0.32 4.78
LiniaT55 38.2 1.4 3.66 6.2 0.28 4.52
HYY3 30.1 1.08 3.59 6.5 0.33 5.08
Tâmbureşti 37.5 1.41 3.76 5.8 0.26 4.48
Viorica 30.3 1.05 3.47 5.8 0.28 4.83
LiniaL44 27.9 1.34 4.8 5.8 0.36 6.21
Prov. China1 27.5 1.16 4.22 5.6 0.37 6.61
Henan Province 28.2 1.21 4.29 5.5 0.3 5.45
X –arithmetic average
Sx- standard deviation of the arithmetic mean
S% - coefficient of variation
Analyzing variability of plant productivity in terms of production of pods, weight of 1000
grains is found that there is a better stability of the weight of 1000 grains (s% = 0.77 to
1.08) and the number of mature pods per plant (s % = 3.08 to 4.85) compared with the
production of pods obtained (s% = 5.48 to 14.67). Average yield of grains varied in the
range of 1844 - 2850 kg/ha pods, with an overflow to the Dăbuleni variety (2159
kg/ha), of 80 - 691 kg/ha at HYY 3, Viorica, L 44, Provenance China 1, Henan
Province genotypes, but with better stability Henan Province variety, which recorded
the lowest standard deviation of the arithmetic average (Sx = 145) and the lowest
coefficient of variation (s% = 5.48).
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Table 2 Variability coefficient of variation of the number of mature pods per plant and number
of grains per pod in some peanut genotypes
Genotypes
Number mature pods / plant Number of beans in the pod
X Sx S% X Sx S%
Dăbuleni (control)
33.0 1.6 4.85 2.33 0.81 34.76
Brazilian Begici
37.2 1.4 3.76 2.67 0.81 30.34
Velican 26.3 0.81 3.08 2.33 0.81 34.76
LiniaT55 31.3 1.2 3.83 1.67 0.81 48.5
HYY3 35.7 1.3 3.64 2.0 0 0
Tâmbureşti 35.8 1.28 3.58 2.33 0.81 34.76
Viorica 40.9 1.37 3.35 2.67 0.81 30.34
LiniaL44 31.2 1.05 3.37 2.33 0.81 34.76
Prov. China1 41.2 1.5 3.64 2.33 0.81 34.76
Henan Province
36.3 1.4 3.86 2.0 0 0
X –arithmetic average, Sx- standard deviation of the arithmetic mean
S% - coefficient of variation
Table 3
Variability in productivity in some peanut genotypes studied in CCDCPN Dăbuleni
Genotypes
Weight of 1000 grains(g) Production of pods( kg/ha)
X Sx S% X Sx S%
Dăbuleni(control) 475.3 5.06 1.06 2159 232.6 10.77
Brazilian Begici 425 4.6 1.08 1844 182.3 9.89
Velican 501 5.0 1.0 1906 202.6 10.63
LiniaT55 585.5 5.2 0,89 2048 196.3 9.58
HYY3 624.1 5.8 0.93 2768 350.1 12.65
Tâmbureşti 483 5.2 1.08 1975 205 10.38
Viorica 523 5.6 1.07 2239 210.5 9.4
LiniaL44 880 6.8 0.77 2850 418.2 14.67
Prov. China1 613 4.2 0.69 2735 350.2 12.8
Henan Province 654 5.3 0.81 2648 145 5.48
X –arithmetic average Sx- standard deviation of the arithmetic mean S% - coefficient of variation
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CONCLUSIONS
1. Peanut genotypes studied are very diverse and allow selection of valuable forms
used in the process of improvement.
2. Analyzing some characters of stems, there is a small variation in the length of
the stem with values of s% = 3.13 to 4.85 % and the number of stems / plant
with higher values of s% = 4.29 to 6.61 %.
3. The number of grains per pod and weight of 1000 grains show a good stability in
all genotypes.
4. Compared to the Dăbuleni variety who made 2159 kg/ha pods, L 44 and HYY3
genotypes showed yield increases of 609-691 kg/ha pods respectively from 28.2
to 32 %.
REFERENCES
1. Manoharan,V. et all, 1990. Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, no 50
2. Mitrea, I., 1993. Utilizarea resurselor ecologice si stabilirea principalelor verigi
tehnologice pentru cresterea productiei de arahide pe nisipurile din sudul Olteniei,
Teză de doctorat
3. Nedelcu N.,1996. Valorificarea superioară a terenurilor prin culturi agricole, Editura
Tehnică, Bucureşti
4. Pop L., Bârnaure V., Marghitu Valeria, Chichea I., 1986. Cultura alunelor de pământ,
Ed. Ceres, Bucuresti.
5. Soare M, Olaru L., 1998. Variabilitatea unor caractere şi însuşiri la unele soiuri de
arahide cultivate pe nisipurile din stânga Jiului, Analele CCDCPN Dăbuleni, vol.X.
6. Voica N., Soare M., 1992. Biometrie. Reprografia Universităţii din Craiova.
7. Voica, N., Soare, M., Paula Soare, 2003. Genetica vegetală. Ed. Universitaria,
Craiova
8. Zadav R.K., 1992. Genetic variability for yield and yield trits in later generations of
early maturing crosses of groundnut. Crop Res.
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EVALUAREA POTENŢIALULUI BIOENERGETIC AL PRODUCŢIEI PRIMARE
ȘI SECUNDARE LA CULTURA SORGULUI PENTRU BOABE
ASSESSING THE BIOENERGETICALLY POTENTIAL OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PRODUCTION TO THE GRAIN SORGHUM CROP
DRĂGHICI IULIAN
Key Words: hybrid, grain, biomass, foliar index
REZUMAT
Cercetările au fost efectuate în perioada 2013-2014 la CCDCPN Dăbuleni și au vizat
comportarea a 6 hibrizi de sorg pentru boabe în condițiile microclimatului din sudul Olteniei. Nivelul
producțiilor de 7309-8049 kg/ha boabe obținute la hibrizii de sorg în condițiile ecopedologice specifice
solurilor nisipoase în anii 2013-2014, au scos în evidență potențialul de producție în condiții de stress
termic și hidric, precum și gradul de adaptabilitate al hibrizilor la condițiile vitrege întalnite frecvent pe
solurile nisipoase. Potențialul bioenergetic al producției principale (boabe) subliniază superioritatea
hibrizilor Solarius, Mistral și Armida (30909 - 31616 Mcal/ha), care au înregistrat cel mai mare spor de
energie (523-1233 Mcal/ha) și cel mai mic consum de energie (96-98 %), comparativ cu media
hibrizilor. Sub aspectul producției secundare s-au remarcat printr-un potențial bioenergetic ridicat
(69856 – 78329 Mcal/ha) și un consum redus de energie pe kg (93-98 %) hibrizii Arlys și Arakan.
ABSTRACT
Researches were conducted in the 2013-2014 period, to CCDCPN Dăbuleni and focused the
behavior of six hybrids of grain sorghum in microclimate conditions from Oltenia southern. The
production levels of 7309-8049 kg / ha obtained at six grain sorghum hybrids obtained, highlighted the
productive potential in terms of temperature and water stress, and the degree of adaptability of hybrids
to the harsh conditions frequently encountered on sandy soils. The bioenergetically potential of the
main production (grain) emphasizes the superiority of Solarius, Mistral and Armida sorghum hybrids
(30909-31616 Mcal / ha), which recorded the largest increase of energy (523-1233 Mcal / ha) and
lowest energy consumption (96-98 %) compared to the average hybrids. From the point of secondary
production, were marked by a high bioenergetic potential (69856-78329 Mcal / ha) and a low energy
consumption per kg of biomass (93-98 %) the Arakan and Arlys hybrids.
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INTRODUCTION
Sorghum grain can be grown successfully under less favorable for other crops
due to increased resistance to drought, the plant was also called "camel vegetable"
(Antohe I. et al, 2002 Draghici I., 2009). Drought tolerance is given by: highly
developed root system, located on 8 levels and provided with the root small bristles,
double compared of corn; the presence of a wax coating on the stem and leaves,
which greatly reduces perspiration (Gumaniuc N. et al., 1979). The rate of transpiration
of the sorghum plant is 158-274, compared to the value of 597 record Species with C4
of photosynthesis cycle, sorghum is dryland grain (below 450 mm rainfall / year) and
high humidity (over 700-800 mm rainfall / year), being an important source of
bioenergyed oats. The first part of the vegetation, when sorghum has increased
sensitivity to photoperiodicity waythey will gain twice as much biomass resulting from
the stems and leaves, compared with biomass resulting from seed (Sara N. Olson et
al., 2012). The same authors show that at the end of the season, the energy produced
by stems representing 83% of total energy. Due to climate change in the 21st century,
sorghum may modify reaction to certain stress factors (I. Tari et al., 2013), therefore
the genotype used of the seeding can blur the negative effect of these factors.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The research was conducted during 2013-2014 at CCDCPN Dăbuleni and
aimed the behavior 6th grain sorghum hybrids under the microclimate in southern
Oltenia. The experiment was conducted under irrigation conditions on sandy soil with
a low natural fertility (0.38 to 0.59 % humus). Was monitored sorghum hybrids
behavior in terms of achieving bioenergy production, resulting from primary production
(beans) and secondary production (stems + leaves, roots, without grain panicle).
Experiment was performed under irrigation conditions on sandy soil with a low natural
fertility (from 0.38 to 0.59 % humus) providing a plant density of 260,000 plants / ha
and fertilization with N150P80K80. Were determined numerically and gravimetric the
main components of primary production (grain) and secondary (height plant and
shoots, number of shoots / plant, main stem and sprouts diameter, stems + leaf
weight, root weight, weight panicule). It was also calculated leaf area index (L.A.I.).
Used to calculate the energy equivalent energy obtained was 3.928 Mcal/kg of grain
sorghum and 0.991 Mcal/kg for biomass sorghum. To calculate the energy
consumption were taken into account and gain harvesting costs, amounting to 0.02 %.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The climatic conditions in during the study, or average air temperature and
rainfall recorded is differentiated as compared to the values multiannual (Figure 1). Is
observed a tendency of temperature rise, and a greater amount of rainfall recorded
during the growing season sorghum. If we analyze the distribution of these climate
elements, it highlights the emphasis drought in August when the sorghum
consumption for water is maximal, which necessitated supplementing it by irrigation to
maintain soil moisture above the minimum threshold of 50 % of the interval of moisture
assets (IMA) to a depth of 50 cm.
From the point of view of plant growth and development, the 6 grain sorghum
hybrids have recorded a plant height of from 117.5 to 129.5 cm and a diameter of 3.1
to 3.7 cm of the main stem. In conditions of study, a plant of sorghum has formed 1.5-
2 shoots with a diameter of 2.2 - 2.5 cm (Table 1). Leaf area index (L.A.I.) that shows
the relationship between leaf area (m2) which is formed on a unit of land, and this land
area (m2), is essential in the conduct of assimilation at a time in culture (Gh. Sipoş et
al., 1881). The L.A.I. value of the sorghum hybrids has oscillated within 6.1 to 7, with
an average of 6.9. Is there a direct correlation between development of the plant
(height of main stem and shoots), and the L.A.I. There have been noted through high
values of these parameters the Arlys and Aquilon hybrids.
Figure 1. Climatic conditions during the growing season of grain sorghum
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Table 1
Biometric measurements performed of sorghum grain hybrids in sandy soil conditions
Hybrid
Height
plants
(cm)
Diameter
plants
(cm)
No shoots
/ plant
(cm)
Height
shots
(cm)
Diameter
shots
(cm)
L.A.I.
ARMIDA 126.5 3.1 1.5 109.5 2.2 6.1
ARLYS 136 3.7 1.5 128 2.5 6.9
ARAKAN 117.5 3.2 2 104 2.3 6.3
AQUILON 133 3.5 1.5 123 2.4 7
MISTRAL 129.5 3.5 1.7 121 2.4 6.8
SOLARIUS 128 3.5 2 117.5 2.2 7
Average hybrids 128.4 3.4 1.7 117.2 2.3 6.9
Gravimetric determinations of carried out to harvest the plant, emphasizes
differentiation hybrids as well as negative correlations between weight components
plant (root, stem, panicle) and grain yield (Table 2). Thus, hybrids Solarius, Mistral and
Armida were different, in terms of statistically, significant and distinct significantly from
the average of hybrids, with differences of 134-314 kg/ha. The maximum of
production was recorded in the Solarius hybrid (8049 kg/ha), and the minimum
recorded to Arlys hybrid (7674 kg/ha). Production levels of sorghum hybrids, in the
conditions of specific ecopedological sandy soils, have highlighted the productive
potential in condition of thermic and hydric stressas, well as the adaptability of hybrids
to the harsh conditions frequently encountered sandy soils.
Analyzing the bioenergetic potential of the main production (grain) obtained from
sorghum for grain in sandy soil conditions, it is highlighted variability within 28710 -
31616 Mcal/ha, depending on the hybrid included in this study (Table 3). Compared to
the average hybrids (30383 Mcal/ha), the largest increase of energy (523-1233
Mcal/ha) and lowest energy consumption (96-98 %) were registered in Solarius,
Armida and Mistral hybrids. The decrease in grain production has led to increased
consumption of energy per kilogram of product.
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Table 2 Gravimetric determinations performed to harvesting sorghum hybrids
in sandy soil conditions
Hybrid
Weight
stems
g/plant
Weight
root
g/plant
Weight
panicle
g/plant
Weight
grains /
panicle
-g-
Grain yield Difference
kg/ha
significance
Kg/ha %
ARMIDA 174 78 55 30.2 7869 102 134*
ARLYS 194 82 58 29.6 7674 99 -61
ARAKAN 182 80 56 28.1 7309 94 -426000
AQUILON 176 80 54 29.1 7570 98 -1650
MISTRAL 178 78 52 30.5 7937 103 202**
SOLARIUS 172 79 51 30.9 8049 104 314**
Average
hybrids 7735 100 Mt
LSD 5% = 128 kg/ha LSD 1% = 201 kg/ha LSD 0.1% - 361 kg/ha
Table 3
The bioenergetically potential of the main production registered to sorghum hybrids in sandy soil conditions
Hybrid
Grain Yield
(main)
Kg/ha
Energy production in
the grain yield
Mcal/ha
The difference
in energy,
compared to
the control
(Mcal/ha)
Energy
consumption per
kg of grain
(%)
ARMIDA 7869 30909 523 98
ARLYS 7674 30143 -240 101
ARAKAN 7309 28710 -1673 106
AQUILON 7570 29735 - 648 102
MISTRAL 7937 31176 793 97
SOLARIUS 8049 31616 1233 96
Average hybrids 7869 30383 Mt. 100
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Under the aspect of biomass production registered at sorghum for grain, which
resulted from he root weight, weight stem and weight panicles without grains/ plant
were marked by higher values (from 75374 to 79040 kg/ha) the Arlys and Arakan
hybrids (Table 4). The energy production, from biomass harvested, by the two of
sorghum hybrids, ranged within 69856-78329 Mcal/ha, with an increase of energy
contained within 1683-5316 Mcal/ha, compared to the average of hybrids. To achieve
a kilo of biomass, sorghum hybrids have registered a energy consumption of 93 -105
%.
Table 4
The bioenergetically potential of the secondary production registered to sorghum hybrids in sandy soil conditions
Hybrid
Biomass
Production
Kg/ha
Production of
energy from
biomass
Mcal/ha
The difference
in energy,
compared to
the control
(Mcal/ha)
Energy
consumption per
kg of biomass
(%)
ARMIDA 71968 71320 -1693 102
ARLYS 79040 78329 5316 93
ARAKAN 75374 74696 1683 98
AQUILON 73034 72377 -636 101
MISTRAL 72150 71501 -1512 102
SOLARIUS 70486 69856 -3157 105
Average hybrids 73675 73013 Mt. 100
CONCLUSIONS
1. In sandy soil conditions, the six sorghum hybrids, under study, they found
favorable conditions for growth and development of plants (plant height = 117.5
to 129.5 cm; stem diameter = 3.1 to 3.7 cm; leaf area index = 6.1 to 7).
2. The main production (grain) from 7309-8049 kg/ha and secondary (resulting
biomass from root, stem + leaves, panicle without grains) of 70486 -79040
kg/ha, have been differentiated by cultivated hybrid.
3. The bioenergetically potential of the main production (grain yield) emphasizes
the superiority of Solarius, Mistral and Armida sorghum hybrids (30909-31616
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Mcal/ha), which recorded the largest increase of energy (523-1233 Mcal/ha) and
lowest energy consumption (96-98 %) compared to the average hybrids.
4. The Arlys and Arakan sorghum hybrids have been highlighted through high
values resulting from secondary production of bioenergy (69856-78329 Mcal/ha)
and through reduced energy consumption per kg of biomass (93-98 %).
REFERENCES
1. Antohe, I., Draghici, I., Naidin, C., 2002. Sorghum an alternative crop for south of
Romania. In: Drought mitigation and prevention of land desertification, 22-24 April,
2002, Bled, Slovenia: 112.
2. Daghici, I., 2006. Implications of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization on sorghum for
grain grown on sandy soils. Work. Simp . Management nutrients for crop quality
improvement and conservation of environment.
3. Gh. Sipoș, D. Scurtu, Gh. Sin, I. Moga, 1981. The optimal density of the plant. Ceres
Editura, Bucharest.
4. Gumaniuc, N., Antohe, I., Cosmin O., 1979. The best possibilities for valorisation of
climatic resources through grain sorghum crop. Agricultural Problems, 4: 16-22.
5. I.Tari, G. Laskay, Z. Takács, P. Poór, 2013. Response of Sorghum to Abiotic
Stresses: A Review. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, August, 2013.
10.1111/jac.12017
6. Sara N. Olson, Kimberley Ritter, William Rooney, Armen Kemanian, Bruce A.
McCarl, Yuquan Zhang, Susan Hall, Dan Packer and John Mullet, 2012. High
biomass yield energy sorghum: developing a genetic model for C4 grass bioenergy
crops. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. Volume 6, Issue 6, pages 640–655,
November/December 2012
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REZULTATE PRIVIND ATACUL PRODUS DE BOLI ȘI DĂUNĂTORI LA
CULTURA GRAULUI PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE
RESULTS CONCERNING THE DISEASE AND PEST ATTACK OF THE
WHEAT CROP ON SANDY SOILS
DRAGHICI RETA, DRĂGHICI IULIAN
Key Words: pathogens, infection, treatment, degree of attack
REZUMAT
La cele 7 genotipuri de grâu, studiate în condițiile solurilor nisipoase, gradul de atac produs de
Erysiphe graminis a fost cuprins între 17,5-27,2 %, cel produs de Septoria tritici a fost cuprins între
13,9-35,5 %, iar cel produs de Puccinia graminis între 19,3-31 %. S-au remarcat printr-o toleranţă mai
bună la atacul bolilor foliare soiurile: Dropia, Glosa, Boema. Pierderile de plante datorate atacului
produs de bolile foliare au oscilat între 2-17,6 %, iar cele datorate atacului produs pe Eurygaster sp. a
înregistrat valori în medie de 1,1-7,1 %. Cele mai bune rezultate s-au obţinut prin aplicarea unui
tratament în vegetaţie in faza de burduf – inceput inspicat cu produsele Topsin 500 SC în doză de
1,25 l/ha + Bravo 500 SC, în doză de 1,5 l/ha + Calypso 480 CE, în doză de 0,1 %.
ABSTRACT
At the 7 wheat genotypes studied under sandy soils, the degree of attack produced by
Erysiphe graminis was between 17.5 to 27.2 %, by Septoria tritici ranged from 13.9 to 35.5 %, while
that produced by Puccinia graminis between 19.3 to 31 %. They noted a greater tolerance to foliar
diseases attacking varieties: Dropia, Glosa, Boema. Plant losses due to attack produced by foliar
diseases, ranged between 2 to 17.6 % and due to attack produced by Eurygaster sp. has registered
on average values of 1.1 to 7.1 %. The best results were obtained by treatment of the vegetation in
the phase of skin - start gray with products Topsin 500 SC at a dose of 1.25 l/ha + Bravo 500 SC, at a
dose of 1.5 l/ha + Calypso 480CE, a dose of 0.1 %.
INTRODUCTION
The effects of climate change have a great impact on agriculture, droughts
became more frequent, with negative effects on agroecosystems, especially
highlighted the uneven distribution of populations of harmful organisms. To establish
an effective management as for the establishment of agricultural performance and
promote sustainable agriculture, have found these genotypes of plants and those
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methods that are easily adapted thermo-hydric stress conditions existing in different
ecological areas in the south (Banita Emilia et al., 2002, Elena Nagy, 2006, Gh Sin,
2005). Research conducted during the 2007-2009 wheat crop on sandy soils located
in southern Oltenia highlights the variety and agro-technical methods in reducing the
pathogens attack product.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The research was conducted during 2007-2014 at the Research -
Development Centre for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni concerned the
following issues:
- identify and spread of pathogens in wheat crop on sandy soils located in
southern Oltenia;
- the behavior of wheat genotypes to attack pathogens;
- testing of systemic and contact insecticides and fungicides in order to optimize
procedures for modeling populations of pathogens in the wheat crop.
The research was conducted on a psamosol with reduced fertiltate, characterized by a
reduced content of 0.41 to 0.61 % of humus, and pHH2O = 6.8-7.1. The experiments
were placed under irrigation, the method blocks randomized and subdivided parcels
and phytosanitary treatments were applied in the growing phase skin - start gray. Let
determine the pathogen attack, depending on the frequency and intensity, the
numerical density of pests, loss of plants, some indices and physiological processes in
wheat plants, the grain yield at harvest. In flower, were taken leaf samples to
determine the water content of the plant (free water, total water and bound water, dry
matter and concentration of cellular juice). It was also determined perspiration process
plant into two times of the day, at 9 o'clock and 15. The results were calculated and
statistically interpreted, using mathematical functions and standard deviation, from the
average infection with pathogens, that cause foliar diseases at wheat grown on sandy
soils in southern Oltenia.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Sandy soils in southern Oltenia covers an area of 209.400 ha and are situated
on the Danube terraces, between Jiu and Olt and west of Oltenia plain, and of these
104.000 ha, are between Calafat, Poiana Mare Sadova, Bechet, Dabuleni and
Danube, being characterized as soils with coarse texture and low water retention
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capacity and nutrient. The physicochemical characteristics of these soils deficiency
associated with weather conditions in recent years, printed in the south of Oltenia
character semi-arid area, with accents aridity. Climate change over the past 30 years,
amid strong anthropic actual state of sands, highlight the clear trend of intensification
and extension of droughts, with negative implications on the crops.
Analysis of climatic conditions at weather station to CCDCPN Dabuleni (Figure 1),
have strongly emphasized the monthly average temperature increase, compared to
the annual average throughout the growing season, which combined with rainfall in the
period from March to July, resulting in stagnation of the growth and development of
plants, the inhibition of plant physiological processes and to create conditions
conducive to attack by pathogens (Erysiphe graminis, Puccinia recondita and Septoria
tritici). Erysiphe graminis Analysis of correlations between plant density and degree of
foliar disease attack wheat grown in sandy soil conditions in southern Oltenia, found
increased plant susceptibility to infection with Erysiphe graminis and Puccinia
recondita with increasing plant density (Figure 2). Literature mentions the increasing
infection with agents of pest plants in less developed cultures, with density below and
above the recommended optimum technology for each crop (Puşcasu A. and
Gheorghe D., 1981).
Results on physiological indices registered at the 7 varieties of wheat, have
shown that in adverse environmental conditions, when plants are vital activity greatly
reduces, the amount of free water decreases and and the bound water increases,
resulting in greater resistance plants (Table 1). In leaves of wheat the quantity of free
water was influenced both by the variety and climatic factors. Bound water content
values varied between 3.10 % to Litera variety and 3.89 % to Glossa variety. The
higher quantity of bound water is higher, the variety is resistant to adverse weather
conditions (high temperatures, drought, low humidity in soil and air). While water
absorption and transport in plant, massive elimination occurs in the atmosphere, a
process conducted in all aerial organs, especially the leaves, by process of
perspiration. This deficit is caused by saturation with water vapor of the
atmosphere.The wheat varieties studied was shown a different intensity of perspiration
process for each of variety and climatic conditions during the determinations.
The variation interval for production of wheat varieties, within the range from
2884 to 3551.2 kg / ha, and the degree of attack of pathogens ranged from 17.5 to
24.9 % of Erysiphe graminis at 13.9 – 35.5 % of Septoria tritici and from 19.3 to 28.2
% of Puccinia recondita (Figure 3).
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Figure 1 Climatic conditions during the wheat growing season,
recorded at weather station CCDCPN Dabuleni
Figure 2 Correlation between the degree of attack of foliar diseases and plant density for wheat in sandy soil conditions in southern Oltenia
Results obtained on infection with pathogens recorded in the 7 wheat varieties
tested on sandy soils show that they noticed a better tolerance to foliar diseases
attacking genotypes: Dropia, Glossa, Boema. Analysing the relationship between
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII
Months
Pre
cip
ita
tio
n
(mm
/s.m
.)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Air
tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Precipitation (2007-2014)
Precipitation (1956-2014)
The average temperature in air (2007-2014)
The average temperature in air (1956-2014)
y(Puccinia) = x2 - 0,92x + 14,5
R2 = 0,5684
y(Septoria) = -0,325x2 + 0,635x + 11,025
R2 = 0,9359
y(Erysiphe) = x2 + 2,28x + 27,75
R2 = 0,7584
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
450 pl/m2 500 pl/m2 550 pl/m2 600 pl/m2
Deg
ree
of
att
ack
(%
)
Erysiphe graminis Septoria tritici Puccinia recondita
Poly. (Puccinia recondita) Poly. (Septoria tritici) Poly. (Erysiphe graminis)
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infection with pathogens and grain yield obtained of 7 wheat genotypes, grown in
sandy soil conditions, it is found negative correlations (Figure 4). Infection of wheat
plants with Erysiphe graminis has influenced most of the wheat production (r = -0. 950
**).
Table 1 Physiological behavior in terms of wheat varieties grown
on sandy soils in southern Oltenia
Genotypes Total water (%)
Free water (%)
Bound water (%)
Dry matter (%)
The cell juice (%)
Plant perspiration (g / 10 g fresh substance / hour)
9 hour 15 hour average
Dropia 57.83 54.02 3.81 42.17 15.3 5.1 8.1 6.6
Boema 59.12 55.94 3.18 40.88 15.8 3.4 9.1 6.3
Litera 59.75 56.65 3.10 40.25 15.0 2.5 7.0 4.8
Glosa 59.04 55.15 3.89 40.96 15.0 7.8 4.1 6.0
Miranda 59.67 56.49 3.18 40.33 17.0 4.7 5.9 5.3
Izvor 59.67 56.28 3.39 40.33 15.2 6.4 6.2 6.3
Faur 58.54 55.15 3.39 41.46 15.4 7.7 4.3 6.0
Weather conditions during the period 1-12 May (sampling of plant): - Maximum temperature in air: 25.9 - 31 °C; - Average temperature in air: 12.8 - 22.4 °C ; - Precipitation: 5.2-17.2 mm / square meter.
Figure 3. Degree's attack produced by foliar diseases in some wheat varieties
grown on sandy soils
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Dropia Boema Litera Glosa Miranda Izvor Faur
Variety
Deg
ree
of
att
ack
(%
) (%
)
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800kg/h
a
Erysiphe graminis Septoria tritici
Puccinia recondita Grain yield (kg/ha)
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Figure 4. The correlation between the grain yield obtained from 7 varieties of wheat and the degree of attack on pathogens
Numerical density of pests identified in wheat varieties were below economically
damaging (Figure 5). For reducing as much as possible of the production losses,
caused by drought and other environmental factors unfavorable biotic (diseases leaf
and of the ear, etc.) and abiotic (low temperature, high temperature, germination in the
ear, etc.), research recommends the cultivation of romanian varieties which, in our
conditions, ensures safe crops (Ionescu C. et al., 1989).
Figure 5. Numerical density of species of pests of wheat crop on sandy soils
Dro
pia
Bo
em
a
Lite
ra
Glo
sa
Mir
an
da
Izvo
r
Fa
ur
Eurygaster sp. (adults and
nymphs/m2)
Lema melanopa (larvae/m2)
Anisoplia sp. (adults /m2)
Haplothrips tritici (number of
individuals / ear)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
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Research results obtained by treating wheat crop with different contact and systemic
products, showed that plant losses, due to attack caused by the foliar diseases, varied
between 2 to 17.6 % and those due to attack produced by Eurygaster sp. recorded
values averaged 1.1 to 7.1 %, depending on treatment. The smaller loss in wheat
plants were obtained by treatment of skin in growth phase - gray top products: Topsin
500 SC dose of 1.25 l / ha + Bravo 500 SC, at a dose of 1 5 l/ha + Calypso 480 CE, a
dose of 0.1 l / ha (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Influence of treatment on the loss of plants from wheat in sandy soils conditions
Figure 7. Influence factors on the standard deviation from the average infection pathogens at wheat in sandy soils conditions
05
1015202530354045
Untreated
Caly
pso
Karate
Topsin
Topsin
+C
alypso
Topsin
+K
arate
Brav
o
Brav
o+
Caly
pso
Brav
o+
Karate
Brav
o+
Topsin
Brav
o+
Topsin
+C
alypso
Brav
o+
Topsin
+K
arate
The loss o
f pla
nts
(%
) (
%)
Total loss of plant Losses due to attack foliar diseases
Losses due to attack Eurygaster sp. Losses due to other factors
15,27
13,9
6,5
6,6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Plant treatment
Climatic conditions
Plant density
Variety
Standard deviation (σ)
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CONCLUSIONS
1. Have been distinguished, through a better tolerance to foliar diseases
attack, wheat varieties: Dropia, Glossa La Boema;
2. The wheat, plant density was positively correlated with the degree of
attack produced by Erysiphe graminis and Puccinia recondita and negative with
Septoria tritici attack, the best results registered for the the density of 500 plants /
square meter;
3. The plant losses due to attack produced by foliar diseases, ranged
between 2 to 17.6 % and due to attack produced by Eurygaster sp., showed an
average values of 1.1 to 7.1%;
4. The smallest losses in wheat plants were registered by a treatment in
growing phase bellows - ear occurrence, with products: Topsin 500 SC at a dose of
1.25 l / ha + Bravo 500 SC dose of 1 , 5 l / ha + Calypso 480 CE dose of 0.1 l / ha;
5. Standard deviation (σ), calculated from the average infection with
pathogens that cause foliar diseases of wheat grown on sandy soils in southern
Oltenia, were influenced by factors studied, falling from 6.5-15.27 with the highest
values in treatment plant and climatic conditions (σ = 13.9 - 15.27);
REFERENCES
1. Baniţă Emilia, Păunescu Gabriela, Luca Emilia, Oana Maria, Oncică Fraga, Naidin
C., 2002. Foliar diseases of wheat in Oltenia. Ed. Alma Craiova, pag. 70-91;
2. Ionescu C., Munteanu I., Sesan Tatiana, Gheorghies C., Stanescu C., Stroia
Ioana, 1989. Behavior of cereal grain varieties to attack major pathogens during 1986-1988.
Cereals and industrial crops, no 7, pag.41-48;
3. Nagy Elena 2006. Foliar treatments with fungicides for stalky cereals inTransilvania.
Plant health I.S.S.N. 1453-9330, no. 96 (5) p. 5. Publisher ALCEDO SRL Bucharest;
4. Puşcasu A., Gheorghe D., 1981. Research on foliar disease control in wheat grown
on the sands of southern Oltenia. SCCCPN Dabuleni Scientific papers, vol. VI, pag. 29-34
5. Sin, Gh., 2005. Technology management of field crops. Edit. Ceres, Bucharest.
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GENOTIPURI DE ARDEI CU TOLERANȚĂ LA VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE KLEB. CREATE LA SCDL IȘALNIȚA-DOLJ
GENOTYPES OF PEPPER WITH TOLERANCE OF VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE
KLEB. CREATED AT S.C.D.L. IŞALNIŢA – DOLJ
PINTILIE IOAN
Key words: germplasm, breeding, selection coefficient, productive
REZUMAT
Soiurile de ardei create la SCDL Ișalnița – Dolj, ardei gras Ișalnița 85 V, Andrada, Ișalnița-
Rovine și Amaradia și ardei lung Lung de Ișalnița, Bogdan și Doljan, au capacitate mare de producție
și prezintă toleranță la Verticillium dahliae Kleb. și Alternaria capsici annui și rezistență medie la VMT.
ABSTRACT
The variety of pepper created at SCDL Işalniţa – Dolj, Işalniţa 85 V, Andrada, Ișalnița-Rovine and
Amaradia, short type and Long of Işalniţa, Bogdan and Doljan, long type, have very good productive
capacity and present genetic tolerance to Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and Alternaria capsici annui and
medium resistance at TMV.
INTRODUCTION
The pepper cultivated in România increased in the last few years through the
biological material exchange with other countries and trough the homologation new
romanian varieties. The low number of romanian varieties and the deficiencies of
quality, the low strength at diseases and the opposite environmental condition from the
central area of Oltenia, they imposed the initiative of a breeding program of pepper at
SCDL Işalniţa – Dolj ever since 1966. This way there had been studied 240
accessioning the germplasm colection, 36 accession being the fundamentally of the
creation of the initial breeding material. Between 1985 – 2000 there had been studied
2528 hybrid descendants, being hold back 8 homozygote lines of pepper.
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MATERIAL AND METHOD
The breeding pepper at SCDL Işalniţa had as a start base the collection of
germplasm, improved on the way, collection that gathered 240 accession of pepper: F1
hybrids, varieties, lines and local population (Table 1).
Table 1
The sources of germplasm at pepper studied at SCDL Işalniţa
between 1985 – 2000
Type of germplasm 1985 - 1990 1991 - 1996 1997 - 2000 Total
S U S U S U S U
Hybrids type grossum 30 5 6 3 15 2 51 10
Varieties type grossum 65 13 21 1 14 2 100 16
Varieties type longum 11 - 4 - 10 3 25 3
Local population 6 2 16 - 20 3 42 5
Homozygote lines 15 2 1 - 6 - 22 2
Total 127 22 48 4 65 10 240 36
S = studied U = use
Out of the 240 accession witch had been studied, 36 accession had been
introduced in the breeding with the purpose of creating the initial breeding material.
The research ways applicated were: the mass selection one aplicated choice in
the valuable local population, the simple cross breeding followed by a genealogic
selection and the backcross. The valuable biologic material had been realized
depending on the productivity, the fruits quality and the genetic tolerance at
Verticillium dahliae and Alternaria capsici annui. The biometrical values for the main
studied and characteristic features and the unregistered production had been
statistically remarked.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Using the valuable pepper accessions and the breeding working between 1985
– 2000 there had been obtained and studied 2528 hybrid descendants in different
generation, being hold back and studied 2924 choices, the selection coefficient being
of 1.46% (Table 2).
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Table 2
The hybrid descendants studied at SCDL Işalniţa between 1985 – 2000
The year Hybrid
descendants
Plant studied Choices Selection
coefficient (%)
1985 27 2268 60 2.64
1986 60 5040 58 1.15
1987 58 4872 190 3.89
1988 190 15960 195 1.22
1989 195 16380 173 1.05
1990 173 14532 200 1.37
1991 200 16800 190 1.13
1992 190 15960 195 1.22
1993 195 16380 286 1.74
1994 286 24024 290 1.20
1995 290 24360 160 0.65
1996 160 13440 261 1.94
1997 117 7020 253 3.60
1998 143 8680 105 1.21
1999 105 6300 165 2.62
2000 139 8340 143 1.71
Total 2528 200356 2924 1.46
New genotypes created 8 0.27
The choices had been selected depending on the productivity, the quality of the
fruits as well as the genetic tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and Alternaria capsici
annui and resistance at the environmental factors from the central area of Oltenia. The
chosen choices had been submissive afterwards the selection, with the purpose of
obtaining homozygote lines of pepper. Homozygote lines this way obtained had been
studied in comparatively crops to be hold back the most valuable genotypes. During
this time, there had been emphasized especially new 8 genotypes of pepper, witch
presented high productivity, quality fruits and tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and
Alternaria capsici annui the most important pathogen agents wich affect the crops of
pepper from the central area of Oltenia. Using these genotypes of pepper with
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tolerance at diseases reduces in a considerable way the number of the useful
applicated treatments with positive repercussion over the costs and the toxic residues
of the fruits. According to the registered results at ISTIS, 7 genotypes of pepper had
been homologated (Table 3), 4 short types (Isalnita 85 V, Andrada, Amaradia, Ișalnița-
Rovine ) and long types (Long of Isalnita, Bogdan, Doljan).
Table 3
Genotypes of sweet pepper created at SCDL Işalniţa
Genotype Characteristics
Short type
Işalniţa 85 V – 1997
productive potential : 40 – 50 t/ha;
early;
cone shape fruits, with sharp top, with thick
walls, green-yellow color at the ethnologic
maturity and red at the physiological maturity;
genetic tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and
Alternaria capsici annui and medium
resistance at TMV.
Andrada – 2000
productive potential: 40 – 46 t/ha;
medium-early;
cone shape fruits, with sharp top, with thick
walls, yellow-green color at the technologic
maturity and red at the physiological maturity;
genetic tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and
Alternaria capsici annui and medium
resistance at TMV.
Amaradia - 2009
productive potential : 40 – 52 t/ha;
medium-early;
fruits are uniform in size and shape, blocky
with thick walls,
dark green color at the technologic maturity
and red at the physiological maturity;
genetic tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and
Alternaria capsici annui and resistance at
TMV.
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Ișalnița-Rovine – 2007
productive potential: 35 – 45 t/ha;
medium-early;
fruits are uniform in size and shape, blocky
with thick walls, yellow green color at the
technologic maturity and red at the
physiological maturity;
genetic tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and
Alternaria capsici annui and resistance at
TMV.
LONG TYPE Long of Işalniţa 1997
productive potential: 35 – 45 t/ha;
medium-early;
long fruits about 15 – 16 cm, with thick walls,
dark green color at the technologic maturity
and red at the physiological maturity;
genetic tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and
Alternaria capsici annui and medium
resistance at TMV.
Bogdan 1999
productive potential: 35 – 41 t/ha;
medium-early;
long fruits about 18 – 20 cm, with thick walls,
green yellow color at the technologic maturity
and red at the physiological maturity;
genetic tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and
Alternaria capsici annui and medium
resistance at TMV.
Doljan 2011
productive potential:35 – 40 t/ha ;
medium-early;
long fruits about 14 – 15 cm, with thick walls,
green yellow color at the technologic maturity
and orange at the physiological maturity;
genetic tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and
Alternaria capsici annui and medium
resistance at TMV.
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CONCLUSIONS
1. The pepper varieties created at SCDL Işalniţa have high productive potential,
with genetically tolerance at Verticillium dahliae and Alternaria capsici annui ,
resistance or medium resistance at TMV;
2. Using these genotypes of pepper with tolerance at diseases reduces in a
considerable way the number of the useful applicated treatments with positive
repercussion over the costs and the toxic residues of the fruits.
REFERENCES
1. Berkmortel, L. G. 1972 - Breeding pepper for resistance to a strain of TMV .
Capsicum 77. Comptes Rendu du 3º Congrés Eucarpia sur la Génétique et la
Selection du Piment. Avignon-Montfavet: 89-92.
2. Ceapoiu, N . 1968 – Metode statistice aplicate în experienţele agricole şi biologice.
Editura Agro-Silvică, Bucureşti.
3. Csillery, G., 1984 – Genetic resourses on the Capsicum genus. International meeting
– Paprika breeding on production in Hungary : 60-70.
4. Pintilie, I., 1996-Linii noi de ardei gras create la SCPL Işalniţa. Analele ICLF Vidra,
XIV : 233-239.
5. Pintilie, I., 2005 - Pepper's breeding at SCDL Işalniţa – Dolj. Bulentinul USAMV Cluj –
Napoca, 62 : 138-139.
6. Pintilie, I., Pelaghia Chilom, Giorgota, M., Maria Dinu, 2003 - Realizări în
ameliorarea ardeiului (Capsicum annum L.). Simpozion ştiinţific internaţional " 70 ani ai
Universităţii Agrare de Stat din Moldova" : 163 - 164.
7. Pochard, E., Palloix, A., Daubeze, A.M., 1992 - Le piment. Amélioration des especes
végétales cultivées. INRA Paris .
8. Săulescu, N. A., Săulescu, N. N., 1967 – Câmpul de experienţă. Editura Agro-Silvică,
Bucureşti.
9. Snedecor, G. W., 1968 – Metode statistice aplicate în cercetările de agricultură şi
biologie. Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti.
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INFLUENTA FACTORILOR CLIMATICI SI AGROTEHNICI ASUPRA
FIZIOLOGIEI PLANTELOR DE VINETE CULTIVATE PE SOLURILE
NISIPOASE
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND
AGROTECHNICAL EGGPLANT GROWN ON SANDY SOILS
PLOAE MARIETA, CIUCIUC ELENA, DIMA MILICA
Keywords : egg plant, sandy soil, photosynthesis
REZUMAT
Condiţiile climatice specifice zonei solurilor nisipoase pot fi valorificate eficient prin cultura
plantelor protejate pentru obţinerea de recolte extratimpurii și profitabile economic. În primele faze de
vegetatie protejarea plantelor asigura conditii optime desfasurarii metabolismului plantelor.Rata
fotosintezei a inregistrat valori maxime la ora 12 (25,77 micromoli CO2/m2/s), iar rata transpirației
foliare a inregistrat maximul la ora 15 (5,08 micromoles CO2/ m2 /s .Plantele protejate cu agril au
inregistrat valori ridicate ale proceselor fiziologice si productii maxime.
ABSTRACT
The climatic conditions of the region sandy soils can be harnessed effectively by crop
protected to achieve economic and profitable crop. In early stages of vegetation plant protection
ensure optimal conditions for photosynthesis plant metabolism. Photosynthesis rata recorded
maximum values at 12 hour (25.77 micromoles CO2 / m2/s) and leaf transpiration rate recorded
maximum at 15 hour (5.08 micromoles CO2 / m2/s). Protected plants Agril recorded high values of
physiological processes and maximum productions.
INTRODUCTION
Research in plant physiology aimed at monitoring physiological reactions under
the influence of climatic and agrotechnical factors. The obtained results can be
selected species and varieties tolerant and drought-resistant crop for their expansion
in the sandy soils. Research by Carpentieri, 1990 showed that photosynthetic activity
remains stable up to a temperature of 30 0C and then subtract 40 0C inhibits C.
Research conducted on potato by Hammes in 1990 showed that raising the
temperature from 15 0C to 40 0C decreased net photosynthesis intensity by 37 % than
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that determined from heat stress 200 C. Under heat stress photosynthesis is inhibited
by decreasing enzyme activity ribulose diphosphate and -carboxilaza by Sage and
Cubien in 2007.
Drought causes soil solution concentration, reducing foliar absorption by
abscisic acid accumulation closing stomata and 100 times increase in water stress
(Salisbury and Ross, 1991).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks and maintenance were
those provided in protected plant cultivation technology on sandy soils.
In the period 2012-2014 were performed on stages of vegetation determinations on
diurnal variation of physiological processes:
-the quantity of water in the leaf- by steaming at 105 0C;
-the quantity of dry matter in leaves;
-concentraion cellular juice in the leaves;
-interest leaf transpiration;
-interest photosynthesis with device L.C PRO +
During the vegetation were recorded data:
- air temperature;
- active radiation in photosynthesis;
- rainfall;
- relative humidity in air.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The amount of water eggplant values ranged between 85.5 % at unprotected
plants and 89.7 % at protected plants Agrilia + mulch. Eggplants operates at a higher
metabolism moisture than pepper.
Leaf dry matter varied between 10.3-14.5 % and 6.0 to 7.8 % concentration of cellular
juice. Increasing the concentration of cellular juice plant plays an effort to save water
evaporated by foliar transpiration (Table 1).
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Table 1
Diurnal variation of physiological indices in leafs at egg plants, 2013
Species
Wather in the leaves %
Dray substance %
Concentraţion of cellular juice %
Unprotected
85.5 14.5 7.0
Protected with mulch P.E. 85.5 14.5 7.8
Protected tunnel P.E. 87.8 12.2 6.0
Protected tunnel + mulch 85.9 14.1 6.0
Protected by Agrilia
85.9 14.1 6.8
Protected by Agrilia + mulch
89.7 10.3 6.2
Table 2
Variation of physiological processes eggplant, 2013
SPECIES Photosyntetic rate micromoles CO2/m
2/s Leaf transpiraţion rate milimoles H2O/m2/s
Hour 9 Hour 12 Hour 15 Hour 9 Hour 12 Hour 15
Unprotected
11.14 25.35 11.70 1.80 3.34 3.95
Protected with mulch P.E.
11.25 21.68 14.08 2.27 3.60 2.54
Protected tunnel P.E. 15.09 25.77 9.80 1.38 4.23 5.02
Protected tunnel + mulch
13.4 17.78 15.29 2.33 3.33 5.81
Protected by Agrilia
19.7 14.44 13.03 2.64 3.82 4.90
Protected by Agrilia + mulch
24.6 15.36 10.58 2.56 4.56 5.08
Photosynthesis rate showed a diurnal variation under the influence of climatic
factors since the method of determination and protection method.
At 9 hour photosynthesis rate values ranged from 11.14 to 24.6 micromoles, CO2/m2/s
at 12 from 14.4 -25.77 micromoles CO2/m2/s and at 15 from 9.8 to 14 08 micromoles
CO2/m2/s. In early stages of vegetation protection ensures optimum temperature
conduct photosynthesis (Table 2). Leaf transpiration rate recorded values between
1.38 to 2.64 mmol CO2/m2/s at 9, from 3.33 to 4.56 mmol CO2/m
2/s at 12 and between
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millimoles 2.54 - 5.08 CO2/m2/s at 15 hour. Note that with increasing air temperature at
midday leaf transpiration rate increases and protected variants tunnel and mulch.
In 2014 the climatic conditions of the eggplant water quantity values ranged between
80.5 % unprotected plants and 87.0 % protected plants Agril + mulch. Eggplant
metabolism operating at a higher moisture than pepper. Leaf dry matter varied
între13.0-19.5 % and between 6.0 to 7.9 % concentration of cellular juice. Elevated
cellular juice plant plays an effort to save water evaporated by foliar transpiration. The
climatic conditions of this year rainfall during the growing season ensured a good
supply of water to avoid plant water stress (Table 3)
Table 3
Variation of physiological indices at eggplant, 2014
Species
Wather in the leaves %
Dray substance %
Concentraţion of cellular juice %
Unprotected
80.5 19.5 7.9
Protected with mulch P.E.
83.5 16.5 7.0
Protected tunnel P.E. 84.8 15,2 6.2
Protected tunnel + mulch
85.0 15.0 6.4
Protected by Agrilia
85.9 13.9 6.7
Protected by Agrilia + mulch
87.0 13.0 6.0
The climatic conditions of the month April 2014 the physiological processes
were influenced by climatic factors external, to changes in the microclimate of the
tunnel and the varieties studied.
At 9 hour photosynthesis rate values ranged between 9.51 micromoles CO2/m2/s
unprotected plants and 26.97 plants protected tunnel + mulch. Microclimate tunnel
provide optimal conditions for photosynthesis in the early stages of plant vegetation. At
12 hour values photosynthesis rate ranged between 9.63 micromoles CO2/m2/s
protected plants and mulch + tunnel and 19.18 micromoles CO2/m2/s protected plants
with polyethylene mulch. At 15 hour the values of the photosynthesis rate ranged from
14.98 micromoles of CO2/m2/s at unprotected plants and 18.91 microromoles in the
protected tunnel + mulch. In all versions protected photosynthesis rate values were
higher than the protected plants unprotected plants. Leaf transpiration rate was
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influenced by the method of protection, climatic factors during the growing season
(Table 4).
Table 4
Variation of physiological processes eggplant, April 2014
SPECIES Photosyntetic rate micromoles CO2/m
2/s Leaf transpiraţion rate milimoles H2O/m2/s
Hour 9 Hour 12 Hour 15 Hour 9 Hour 12 Hour 15
Unprotected
9.51 12.90 14.98 1.32 4.70 3.66
Protected with mulch P.E. 10.35 19.18 17.31 1.63 3.79 3.02
Protected tunnel P.E. 12.04 15.29 17.14 2.31 3.42 3.25
Protected tunnel + mulch 26.97 9.65 18.91 3.47 5.37 5.83
Protected by Agrilia
17.88 13.79 16.68 3.04 5.30 4.09
Protected by Agrilia + mulch
15.60 9.63 17.24 3.17 3.21 4.90
At 9 hour leaf transpiration rate values ranged between 1.32 mmol H2O/m2/s at
unprotected plants and 3.47 mmol H2O/m2/s protected plants tunnel + mulch. At noon
the air temperature increase above 30 0C leaf transpiration rate in the range 12-15
hours to 5.83 mmol H2O/m2/s tunnel + mulch. Polyethylene under the action of the
sun heats the air temperature and leaf transpiration increases as protected plants.
In May the eggplant photosynthesis rate showed a diurnal variation under the
influence of climatic factors. At 9 hour values ranged between 6.63 micromoles
CO2/m2/s unprotected and 7.42 micromoles CO2/m
2/s in the protected polyethylene
mulch. At 12 hour maximum was recorded at Agril being protected plants 26.15
micromoles CO2/m2/s compared with unprotected plants where there was 13.77
micromoles CO2/m2/s. It is observed that the rate of photosynthesis doubled protected
plants where environmental conditions in the tunnel were optimal functioning plant
metabolism. At 15 hour the maximum was recorded at protected plant with Agril 28.24
micromoles CO2/m2/s. Cloth of Agril allow circulation of air currents and increases in
photosynthetic gas exchange. Leaf transpiration rate is low in the first hour when the
plants are hydrated during nights and increases to 12 to 15 hour recording peak day
time hours at 15 with a value of 6.24 micromoles CO2/m2/s at protected plants Agril +
mulch where photosynthesis was maxim. Eggplants are heat-loving plants and adapts
easily to the conditions in the area where hurries earliness protection methods. The
eggplant production recorded values between 53.8 tons/ha, at unprotected plants and
65.2 tons to protected plants with Agril+ mulch.
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Table 5
Variation of physiological processes eggplant, May 2014
SPECIES Photosyntetic rate
micromoles CO2/m2/s
Leaf transpiraţion rate
milimoles H2O/m2/s
Hour 9 Hour 12 Hour 15 Hour 9 Hour 12 Hour 15
Unprotected 6.63 13.77 16.9 0.75 6.07 6.14
Protected with mulch P.E. 7.42 23.29 19.21 0.82 5.10 4.71
Protected tunnel P.E. 11.07 23.66 13.65 0.87 4.10 2.09
Protected tunnel + mulch 11.38 9.92 25.01 1.41 4.87 6.81
Protected by Agrilia 6.76 26.15 28.24 1.16 5.91 5.41
Protected by Agrilia + mulch 7.02 19.33 20.01 0.88 5.81 6.24
CONCLUSIONS
1. The methods of protection used have contributed to a different microclimate with
positive impact both on plant metabolism and the earliness and high production
compared to control plants unprotected.
2. Physiological processes studied were influenced by climatic factors, the method
of protecting and time determination.
3. Protected plants Agril showed high values which positively influenced the rate of
photosynthesis and the production of eggplant.
REFERENCES
1. Carpentieri,R.,1999, Effect of high-temperature stresson the photosyntetic
apparatus.Edit.Inc.New York, Basel.
2. Hammes, P.S. 1990, Net photosynthetic rate of potato hgh temperature. Journal potato
Research,vol.33, 515-520.
3. Sage şi Kubien, 2007-The temperature response of C3 and C4 photosynthesis.
Enviroment 30,1086-1107.
4. Salisburi,F.B .Ross -1991-Plant Physiology. Belmont, California.
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INFLUENȚA CONDIȚIILOR CLIMATICE DIN ANUL 2014 ASUPRA STĂRII DE
VEGETAȚIE LA VIȚA DE VIE CU STRUGURI PENTRU VINURI ROȘII ÎN
PLANTAȚIILE VITICOLE DIN SUDUL OLTENIEI
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN THE YEAR 2014 ON THE
STATE OF VEGETATIVE VINE VARIETIES FOR RED WINE IN VINEYARDS
FROM SOUTHERN OLTENIA
RĂȚOI IULIAN, CROITORU MIHAELA
Key words: sandy soils, variety, red wine
REZUMAT
În condiții climatice favorabile vița de vie este afectată de o mulțime de boli, cele mai virulente
fiind Plasmopara viticola și Uncinula necator. Condițiile climatice manifestate în anul 2014 au fost
deosebit de favorabile pentru atacul bolilor foliare la vița de vie, respectiv precipitații abundente și
temperaturi relativ scăzute dar propice pentru infecție și atac în lunile aprilie, mai, iunie și iulie, în
anumite zile. Atacul combinat produs de cele două boli a fost, la unele soiuri, de 100 %. Cel mai
sensibil soi față de atacul de boli atât pe frunze cât și pe ciorchini a fost soiul Pinot noir (gradul de atac
a fost de 91 % și respectiv 97 %) iar cel mai rezistent a fost soiul Cabernet Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl.
(25% și respectiv 62 %). Gradul mare de atac al bolilor a influențat negativ mărimea producției de
struguri. Dacă în anul 2013 producția de struguri a fost cuprinsă între 6818 Kg/ha la soiul Cabernet
Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl. și 23106 Kg/ha la soiul Amurg, în anul 2014 producția de struguri a oscilat între
3408 Kg/ha la soiul Pinot noir și 8331 Kg/ha soiul Amurg.
ABSTRACT
In the favorable climatic conditions the vine is affected by many diseases, the most virulent
Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator. Climatic conditions in 2014 were manifested particularly
conducive to foliar diseases attack the vines, respectively rainfall and relatively low temperatures but
conducive to infection and attack in April, May, June and July, on certain days. The combined product
of the two attack of the diseases was, in some varieties, of 100 %. The most sensitive variety of
diseases to attack both the leaves and bunches was Pinot Noir (degree of attack was 91 % and 97 %)
was the most resistant and Cabernet Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl. (25 % and 62 %). The high degree of attack
of diseases negatively influenced the size of grape production. If grape production in 2013 was
between 6818 Kg/ha Cabernet Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl. and 23 106 kg/ha Amurg variety, grape
production in 2014 ranged from 3408 kg/ha in Pinot Noir and 8331 Kg/ha variety Amurg.
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INTRODUCTION
The vine is affected by a large number of diseases but, of these, the most
dangerous for green organs are Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator and for
grape is Botryotinia fuckeliana and therefore plant protection measures have an
important place in culture technologies (Severin V., Dejeu L., 1994; P. Galet, 1991).
Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator attacks all organs of green vine in training:
leaves, shoots, flowers, grapes training, circle (Ţârdea C., Dejeu L., 1995). The most
dangerous attack is the flowers and grapes in training. The attack becomes dangerous
during periods of favorable climatic conditions or high atmospheric humidity and
temperatures above 3 - 4 °C, for Uncinula necator and above 10 °C for Plasmopara
viticola (Savulescu Tr., 1941, quoted by Al Lazarus. et al., 1977). The most effective
treatments to prevent and combat these diseases are carried out at warning and
systemic substances. In rainy periods should be performed weekly treatments
(Oşlobeanu M. et al., 1980).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The research on the degree of tolerance or resistance to the attack of the
fungus Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator, were performed in ampelographic
collection of CCDCPN Dabuleni, a total of 12 varieties of black grapes for red wines:
Haiduc, Codană, Mamaia, Novac, Cabernet Sauvignon 33 Vl., Cristina, Pandur,
Arcaş, Amurg, Pinot noir, Busuioacă de Bohotin, Băbească neagră. Age plantation, 5
years. Planting Distances 2.2/1.2 m. Comparing the results of production was done
with 2013 year with favorable conditions for vine growing on the sandy soils of
southern Oltenia.
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
In 2014 year occurred particulary favorable climatic conditions for foliar diseases
attack the vines, respectively rainfall and temperatures but conducive to infection and
attack in April, May, June and July, on certain days, for all vine varieties. There are not
exist immune vine varieties. During the 2014 growing season (April to September)
rainfall records equaled the largest amount, 640.7 mm, compared to the monthly
amount of multi-vegetation period 1956 - 2014, of 313.2 mm (Table 1) . The amount of
rainfall was 123.8 mm in April, 111 mm May, 92 mm in June, 125.6 mm in July, 16 mm
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in August and 165.9 mm September, spread over a number great day, 17 April, 16
May, 11 days in June and 13 days in July 4 days in August and 13 days in September.
A total of 183 days that sums up the April-September rainfall were recorded in 74 days
(40.4 %). About half of the days, from this period were with precipitation. Also, daily
dew formed, which persisted up to 11-12 hours. Basically during this period there were
favorable conditions for the development of foliar diseases of grapevine. If at the
beginning of the period (early May) were conditions mildew (Uncinula necator), as the
temperature climbed, from the second half of May, the attack appeared mildew
(Plasmopara viticola). The first symptoms of the disease occurred in the formation of
inflorescences. Attack of the two diseases, the beginning was not virulent, due to
lower values of temperature overnight, then with increasing these values, the virulence
of the disease has increased. The 9 phytosanitary treatments carried out have failed to
fully prevent and combat major diseases of grapevine, Plasmopara viticola and
Uncinula necator. All the same purpose was made in the early leafless in
inflorescences zone. Nevertheless, the degree of attack combination product either
disease was in some varieties until 100 %.
Phytosanitary treatments, the number of 9, were carried out with both the products
and the contact systemic action:
1 - Ridomil plus 48 (metalaxyl + copper oxychloride), 0.3 % + Kumulus
(sulphur), 0.3 %;
2 - Ridomil plus 48 (metalaxyl + copper oxychloride), 0.3 % + Kumulus
(sulphur), 0.3 %;
3 - Ridomil plus 48 (metalaxyl + copper oxychloride), 0.3 % + Shavit
(triadimenol + folpet), 0.2 % ;
4 - Ridomil plus 48 (metalaxyl + copper oxychloride), 0.3 % + Shavit
(triadimenol + folpet), 0.2 % ;
5 – Champ (copper hydroxide), 0.3 % + Kumulus (sulphur), 0.3 %;
6 – Champ (copper hydroxide), 0.3 % + Kumulus (sulphur), 0.3 %;
7 - Zeamă bordeleză (copper), 0.5 % + Kumulus (sulphur), 0.3 %;
8 - Zeamă bordeleză (copper), 0.5 % + Kumulus (sulphur), 0.3 %;
9 - Ridomil plus 48 (metalaxyl + copper oxychloride), 0.3 % + Kumulus
(sulphur), 0.3 %.
The most sensitive variety of diseases to attack both the leaves and bunches
was Pinot Noir (degree of attack was 91 % and 97 %), (Table 2). The most resistant to
diseases attack both the leaves and the bunches was Cabernet Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl.
(25 % and 62 %). The high degree of attack of diseases negatively influenced the size
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of grape production. If grape production in 2013 was between 6818 Kg/ha Cabernet
Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl. and 23106 kg/ha Twilight variety, grape production in 2014
ranged from 3408 kg/ha in Pinot Noir and 8331 Kg/ha variety Amurg.
Table 1 Characterization climate during the growing season of 2014
Table 2 The degree of attack produced by major diseases (Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator) of vine varieties of grapes for red wines in climatic conditions in 2014 year
Variety
Degree of attack
%
Grapes production
Kg/ha
leaves bunches 2013 year 2014 year
Băbească neagră 84 96 20455 7953
Haiduc 72 88 21212 7574
Codană 44 69 22728 7953
Mamaia 54 76 18940 7195
Novac 68 92 21212 7574
Cabernet Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl. 25 62 6818 3787
Cristina 66 86 21212 5680
Pandur 76 92 21591 6816
Arcaş 90 87 21212 7195
Amurg 76 72 23106 8331
Pinot noir 91 97 10227 3408
Busuioacă de Bohotin 54 67 11742 4544
Climatical element/ Month IV V VI VII VIII IX Total
Average temperature (C0) 12.6 16.6 20.7 23.1 23.7 18.3 19.2
Minimum temperature C0) 2.5 10.2 10.2 12.5 8.2 5.1 2.5
Maximum temperature (C0) 25.5 29.5 33.7 34.9 37.6 30.6 37.6
Rainfall (mm) 123.8 117.4 92 125.6 16 165.9 640.7
Air relative humidity (%) 80.3 76.9 76.9 75 72 82.3 77.2
Multiannual average temperature 1956-2014
11.8 16.8 21.8 23.1 22.3 17.7 18.9
Rainfall Multiannual average 1956-2014
45.8 60,6 68 53.3 38.2 47.3 313.2
Total days 30 31 30 31 31 30 183
Total days with rainfall 17 16 11 13 4 13 74 (40.4%)
Total days with rainfall in May-June
- 16 11 13 - - 40 (43.5%)
Duration of sun brightness 145.9 248.1 256.4 304.6 322.5 184.2 1461.7
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CONCLUSIONS
1. Climatic conditions in 2014 were manifested particularly conducive to foliar
diseases attack the vines, respectively rainfall and temperatures but conducive
to infection and attack in April, May, June and July, on certain days, for all vine
varieties. There are not exist immune vine varieties.
2. The combined product of the two attack of the disease was in some varieties of
until 100 %.
3. The variety sensitive to both diseases attack the leaves and bunches was Pinot
Noir (degree of attack was 91 % and 97 %) was the most resistant and
Cabernet Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl. (25 % and 62 %).
4. The high degree of attack of diseases negatively influenced the size of grape
production. If grape production in 2013 was between 6818 Kg/ha Cabernet
Sauvignon Cl. 33 Vl. Variety and 23106 kg/ha Amurg variety, grape production
in 2014 ranged from 3408 kg/ha in Pinot Noir and 8331 Kg/ha Amurg variety.
REFERENCES
1. Galet P., 1991 – Précis de patologie viticole. Imprimerie Déthan, Montpellier.
2. Lazăr Al., Bobeș I., Comes I., Drăcea A., Hatman M., 1977 – Fitopatologie, Editura
didactică și pedagogică București.
3. Oșlobeanu M., Magdalena Georgescu, Oprean M., Baniță P., Alexandrescu I.,
Jianu L., 1980 – Viticultură generală și specială. Editura didactică și pedagogică
București.
4. Severin V., Dejeu L., 1994 – Prevenirea și combaterea bolilor și dăunătorilor viței de
vie. Editura Ceres, București.
5. Țârdea C., Dejeu L., 1995 – Viticultură. Editura didactică și pedagogică București.
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PRIMA CL. 1022, UN SOI DE PERSPECTIVĂ PENTRU PLANTAȚIILE
VITICOLE CU STRUGURI DE MASĂ PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE
PRIMA CL. 1022, VARIETY OF PROSPECT FOR VINEYARDS TABLE
GRAPES ON SANDY SOILS
RĂȚOI IULIAN, CROITORU MIHAELA
Key words: sandy soils, Prima Cl. 1022 variety, vineyards
REZUMAT
Îmbunătățirea sortimentului de soiuri de viță de vie se află permanent printre obiectivele de
cercetare la CCDCPN Dăbuleni. În acest sens, în anul 2010, s-a înființat o nouă colecție
ampelografică, cu 50 soiuri. Din grupa soiurilor cu struguri de masă s-a evidențiat prin precocitate dar
și prin nivelul ridicat al producției de struguri, soiul Prima Cl. 1022, cu o producție de 20076 Kg/ha, în
primul an de rod. Maturitatea de consum a strugurilor s-a realizat în jurul datei de 15 iulie, în ambii ani
de studiu. Soiul Prima Cl. 1022 prezintă boabe de mărime mijlocie, de 3,7-3,9 g, de culoare negru-
violaceu. Are un conținut de zaharuri totale mai redus (140-152 g/l), aceasta fiind o caracteristică a
soiurilor de plante cu maturare timpurietate. Acest soi manifestă capacitatea de a rodi pe elemente
scurte de rod, astfel că, în anii în care mugurii sunt distruși, de eventualele temperaturi minime
negative, asigură o producție de struguri de circa 9 000 Kg/ha.
ABSTRACT
Improvement of the assortment of vine varieties are permanent objectives of research at
Dăbuleni CCDCPN. To this end, in 2010, it has established a new ampelographic collection, with 50
varieties. The group of table grape varieties was highlighted by recocity but also by the high level of
production of grapes, the Prima Cl. 1022 variety, with an output of 20076 Kg/ha in the first year of
production. Consumption of grape maturity was achieved on or around July 15, in both years of the
study. The Prima Cl. 1022 presents sized grains, 3.7-3.9 g, black-purple color. Content of total sugars
lower (140-152 g/l), which is a feature of new varieties of plants with maturing precocity. This variety
has the ability to bear fruit on short elements (2-3 eyes), so that, in years when the buds are
destroyed, any minimum negative temperatures, providing a yield of grapes by about 9 000 Kg/ha.
INTRODUCTION
Viticulture is an important branch of culture in our country. The grapes have
economic value, nutritional value and medicinal value. The economic value of table
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grape varieties is given mainly to the level of marketed production (Oşlobeanu M., et
al., 1980). Vine varieties with table grapes are appropriate conditions of culture in our
country [Martin T. and al., 1974].
Analysis of climatic conditions of our territory emerged that sandy soils fall into
very favourable area for varieties of table grapes (Martin T. et al., 1974; A. M. A. M.
Bishtawi, Popa A., 2005). Sandy soils confer agricultural products obtained precocity,
which can enhance the variety of genetic terms earlier.
In order to establish the different types of table grape varieties have carried out
studies on their behaviour in different areas (Baniţă P., Vlădoianu Em., 1979,
Costescu Adriana and al., 2012, Dumitru I. and al., 2009, Liliana Rotaru, 2005,
Mohammad Ahmad Abdel Majid Bishtawi, Popa A., 2005). After an assortment of table
grape varieties is continuous improvement a priority of this process (Cichi Daniela
Doloris, Costea D.C., 2008, Popa Camelia and al., 2008, Popa Camelia and al., 2009,
Stroe Marinela Vicuța and al., 2012).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The behaviour of the Prima Cl. 1022 variety was studied in ampelographic collection at
Dăbuleni CCDCPN from third year from planting (2012) and in the first year of fruiting
(2013). In 2014 year because the attack of main diseases to vine, Plasmopara viticola
and Uncinula necator, the yield was compromited.
Planting distance: 2.2/1.2 m. Driving form: classic (low).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The charge of buds at cutting was small, 22 - 24 principal buds, on long
elements of 10 - 11 principal buds (Table 1). Have entered into more than 80 %
vegetation. Coefficient of absolute fertility registered more than one values, in both
years. In the year 2012, the plants were in third year from planting and though suffered
considerable losses of buds and wood this produce grapes, even if not at the level of
genetic potential. He has been able to ascertain, and emphasized, the potential of
fruiting of benefiting from this variety on short elements (2-3 eyes). Grape production
was 9998 Kg/ha (Table 2). In 2013, the first year of the Prima Cl. 1022, achieved an
output of 20076 Kg/ha. The quality of grapes production had advantages and
disadvantages, but also due to the climatical conditions of the agricultural year,
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meaning a higher content of total sugars and a total titrable acidity in 2012 and a lower
content of total sugars and value of total titrable acidity too great in 2013 (Table 2).
Table 1
Viability of buds in to entrance of vegetative and fertility of offshoots at the variety of
vines with table grapes Prima Cl. 1022
Year Charge of
buds
(eyes/vine)
Viability of buds in to
entrance of vegetative
%
Coefficient
of relative
fertility
Coefficien
t of
absolute
fertility
2012 (third year from planting) 22 87 0.99 1.22
2013 (first year of fruiting) 24 81 1.06 1.28
Table 2 Grape production and its quality at the variety of vines with table grapes
Prima Cl. 1022
Year Grapes
production
Kg/ha
Weight of 100
grains
g
Total sugar
g/l
Total titrable
acidity
g/l H2SO4
2012 (third year from planting) 9998 372 152 3.8
2013 (first year of fruiting) 20076 393 140 4
Weight of 100 grains of grapes was 372 g in 2012 and 393 g in 2013. The
phenological phase of entrance in vegetative, flourished and began breeding of grains
were conducted like any normal years of climatic in 2012 and something later in the
year 2013 (Table 3). However, due to the temperature conditions during the period
that followed after blooming recovered the sum of degrees of temperature, starting
from ripe and maturation of grapes, so that consumption of grape maturity was
recorded just one day later in 2013.
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Table 3
Phenological observations at the vines variety with table grapes Prima Cl. 1022
Year Entrance in vegetative
Blooming Beginning breeding of grains
Beginning ripe
Consumption of grape maturity
Beginning End Beginning End
2012 (third year from planting)
09.04.12 16.04.12 12.05.12 23.05.12 18.05.12 26.06.12 15.07.12
2013 (first year of fruiting)
20.04.13 26.04.13 16.05.13 26.05.13 20.05.13 24.06.13 16.07.13
Figure 1. Prima Cl. 1022 variety (wieu vine ensamble)
Figure 2. Prima Cl. 1022 variety (wieu grapes detail)
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CONCLUSIONS
1. The Prima Cl. 1022 variety with table grapes, along with the maturation of
grapes, precocity it was noted, and through a high level of production of grapes, 20076
Kg/ha in the first year of production. Consumption of grape maturity was achieved on
or around July 15, in both years.
2. The Prima Cl. 1022 presents sized grains, 3.7-3.9 g, black-purple color.
Content of total sugars lower (140-152 g/l), which is a feature of new varieties of plants
with maturing precocity.
3. This variety has the ability to bear fruiting on short elements, so that, in years
when the buds are destroyed, any minimum negative temperatures, providing a yield
of grapes by about 9 000 Kg/ha.
REFERENCES
1. Baniţă P., Vlădoianu Em., 1979. Studiul comportării unor soiuri cu struguri pentru
masă pe nisipurile ameliorate din Oltenia. Analele SCCCPN Dăbuleni, vol. III, pp. 445-
454. Publishing Scrisul românesc, Craiova.
2. Cichi Daniela Doloris, Costea D.C., 2008. Soiuri de viță de vie cultivate și cultivabile
în România. Publishing Arves, Craiova, pp. 300-308.
3. Costescu Adriana, Liviu Dejeu, Popa Camelia, 2012. Evaluating the quality of the
table grape varieties obtained and cultivated in the vineyard Ștefănești – Argeș.
Scientific papers of University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, Faculty of Horticulture, Series B. Horticulture, Volume LVI. pp. 69-72.
Publishing UASVM Bucharest.
4. Dumitru I., Cezarina Necula, Camelia Popa, Ștefania Iordache, Cristina Rizescu,
2009. The bihavior of variety for table grapes – Muscat Iantarnii in vineyards conditions
of Ștefănești Argeș. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 66 (1).
5. Liliana Rotaru, 2005. The behaviour of some new varieties of table grapes in
Romania, in the ecoclimatical conditions of the nord-est region. Agricultural University
– Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Scientific Works, vol. L., Book 6, Jubilee Scientific Conference
,,State of the art and problem of agricultural sciense and education”, 19-20 october.
6. Martin T. et al., 1974. Strugurii de masă. Editura CERES, Bucureşti.
7. Mohammad Ahmad Abdel Majid Bishtawi, Popa A., 2005. Comportarea unor soiuri
de masă în condițiile ecopedoclimatice din centrele viticole Dăbuleni, Banu Maracine,
Drăgășani. Analele Universității din Craiova, vol X (XLVI). Editura Universitaria,
Craiova, pp. 39-44.
8. Oşlobeanu M.,și colb., 1980. Viticultură. Editura didactică și pedagogică, București.
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9. Popa Camelia, Daniela Cichi, Cezarina Necula, 2008. Argessis and Golden
Ștefănești new varieties for table grapes with biological strength. Proceedings of the
32st World Congress of Vine and Wine, 7th General Assembly of the O.I.V., Verona,
Italia. Edition Naklada. Publishing Universitaria Craiova.
10. Popa Camelia, Cezarina Necula, Daniela Cichi, Giugea N., 2009. Studies on the
behaviour of variety Golden Ștefănești in vineyards Ștefănești and Banu Mărăcine.
Analele Universității din Craiova, Seria Biologie, Horticulturaă, Tehnologia Prelucrării
Produselor Agricole, Ingineria Mediului, vol. XIII (XLIX), pp. 45-48. Publishing
Universitaria Craiova.
11. Stroe Marinela Vicuța, Bucur Georgeta Mihaela, 2012. Study regarding the
influence of low winter temperatures between 2011-2012 on the viability of winter
buds of some table grape varieties in the conditions of the didactic experimental field
in Bucharest. Scientific papers of University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary
Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Horticulture, Series B. Horticulture, Volume LVI, pp.
181-184. Publishing UASVM Bucharest.
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RESEARCH CONCERNING USING OF NEW TYPES OF FERTILIZERS TO
THE VINES ON SANDY SOILS
CERCETĂRI PRIVIND UTILIZAREA UNOR TIPURI DE ÎNGRĂȘĂMINTE NOI LA VIȚA DE VIE PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE
RĂȚOI IULIAN
1, DORNEANU AUREL2, MIHAELA CROITORU1
1Research and Development Centre for plant growing on Sands Dăbuleni 2National Institute of research-development for Agrochemistry and pedology-Protection (INCDPAPM), Bucharest
Key words: vineyard, sandy soils, foliar fertilized
REZUMAT
Cercetările s-au efectuat într-o plantaţie de producţie, în vârstă de 5 ani, înființată la o distanță
de 2,2/1,2 m, rezultând o desime de 3787 butuci de viță de vie pe hectar, pe soiul Roșioară.
Fertilizarea de bază s-a făcut cu îngrăşăminte complexe de tip 15 15 15, în cantitate de N45 P45
K45. Pentru fertilizarea suplimentară s-au folosit 14 tipuri de îngrasaminte foliare, ale căror rezultate
s-au fost comparat cu o variantă tratată cu apă (varianta martor). Tratamentele foliare s-au efectuat la
trei momente, primul, după fenofaza de înflorit a viţei de vie, a doua la un interval de 14 zile după
primul tratament, al treilea, la un interval de 14 zile după al doilea tratament. Determinările efectuate
au vizat producţia şi calitatea strugurilor. S-au evidențiat variantele în care s-au administrat Humic V2,
cu un spor de producţie de 5.3 t/ha, Solfert, şi Humic V1 cu un spor de producţie de 4.2 / ha,
Abiogeneza, cu un spor de producţie de 3,9 t/ha şi MSC cu un spor de producţie de 3.8 t/ha, în
comparaţie cu varianta martor.
ABSTRACT
The research was conducted in a plantation production, aged 5 years, established at a
distance of 2.2/1.2 m, and a density of 3787 vines/hectare, on a Roșioară variety. Base fertilization of
plantation was made with complex fertilizer type 15 15 15, the amount of N45 P45 K45. He tested a
total of 14 types of foliar fertilizers, whose results were compared with a variant treated with water
(control variant). Foliar treatments were carried out three times, the first, after the pedological phase of
development of the vine, the second at an interval of 14 days after the first treatment, the third, at an
interval of 14 days after the second treatment. Determinations were carried out on the production and
quality of grapes. Variants emphasized the variants were administered Humic V2, with a production
increase of 5.3 t/ha, Solfert, and Humic V1, increase production 4.2/ha, Abiogeneza, increase
production with 3.9 t/ha and MSC increase production 3.8 t/ha, compared to the control.
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INTRODUCTION
The diversity of soil conditions determined the existence of a large number of types
and subtypes of soil and vegetation (Cardașol V., et al., 2003). The soils with low
natural fertility occupies a significant area in Romania (Gavriluță I. et al., 2003). These
include and sandy soils, which are characterized by a low organic matter content (0.5-
1.2%), and minerals (0.01-0.06% total N, 13-43 ppm PAL, 42-110 ppm KAL, Toma V., et
al., 2008). Optimum fertilization on sandy soils is an important (Toma V., et al., 2002).
In order to reduce the level of pollution and the loss of nutrients through leaching is
recommended to use smaller doses administered in several occasions, or certain
quantities will be supplemented with foliar fertilizer application (Dejeu L., Magdalena
Georgescu, 1992; Oşlobeanu M., 1980).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The researchers have been conducted in a plantation production, aged 5 years,
founded at distance 2.2/1.2 m, with 3787 stumps/hectare, per variety Roșioară.
Basic fertilization plantation has been carried out with a fertiliser complex type of
15 15 15, in the amount N45 P45 K45.
It has been tested a number of 14 types of foliar fertilizers, whose results were
compared with a treated water variant (blank version), resulting in a number of 15
variants.
Experience variants:
Witness, treated with water;
Solfert 0.4%;
Calciu gluconat 0.6%;
ASFAC 0.2%;
MSC 1.0%;
Abiogeneza 1.0%;
Abiogeneza H 1.0%;
Humic V1 0.5%;
Humic V2 0.5%;
F-1 0.5%;
F-2 0.5%;
Abiogenez 1.0%;
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R-3211 Hum 1.0%;
R-3211 Huan 1.0%;
Biozime 0.2%.
Foliar treatments were carried out at three moments:
First, after blooming sprays;
Second, at an interval of 14 days after the first treatment;
Third, at an interval of 14 days after the second treatment.
Determinations were made relating to the production of grape and its quality
(weight of 100 grains, total sugars, total acidity titrable).
RESULTS AND DISCUTIONS
Vine stocks went into growing very well and the load of buds on a vine enabled
a close genetic potential yields of variety (table 1).
Table 1
Grape production according to the different types of foliar fertilizers on sandy soils in
the southern Oltenia
Variant Grape production Production spore
t/ha relative
(%)
t/ha (%)
Witnes, treated with water 16.6 100 - -
Solfert 0.4% 20.8 125 4.2 25
Calciu gluconat 0.6% 18.2 109 1.6 9
ASFAC 0.2% 19.7 118 3.1 18
MSC 1.0% 20.4 123 3.8 23
Abiogeneza 1.0% 20.5 123 3.9 23
Abiogeneza H 1.0% 19.7 118 3.1 18
Humic V1 0.5% 20.8 125 4.2 25
Humic V2 0.5% 21.9 132 5.3 32
F-1 0.5% 19.3 116 2.7 16
F-2 0.5% 19.6 118 3 18
Abiogenez 1.0% 18.5 111 1.9 11
R-3211 Hum 1.0% 18.9 114 2.3 14
R-3211 Huan 1.0% 19.7 118 3.1 18
Biozime 0.2% 17.8 107 1.2 7
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The production performed in the control variant (fertilized only with root N45 P45 K45)
was 16.6 t/ha. In all other variants fertilized with foliar fertilisers applied during the
growing season, were obtained from production increases, which have oscillated
between 1.2 t/ha, in the fertilized with Biozime 0.2% and 5.3 t/ha in the fertilized with
0.5% Humic V2. They noted that the variations were administered Solfert products,
0.4% and 0.5% Humic V1 (4.2 t/ha production increase, respectively 25%),
Abiogeneza, 1.0% (3.9 production increase t/ha, respectively 23%), and MSC 1.0%
(3.8 production increase t/ha, respectively 23%) compared with the control group.
Younger spore production of 7% was achieved in the fertile leaf with Biozime 0.2%,
where it has achieved a production of grape 17.8 t/ha.
Increases production of fertilised extra has been attributed to foliar fertilizers applied
that contributed to the increase in the average weight of the grains of grapes (table 2).
Table 2
Quality grape production according to the different types of foliar fertilizers on sandy
soils in the southern Oltenia
Variant Weight of 100
grains
g
Total sugar
g/l
Total titrable acidity
g/l H2SO4
Witnes, treated with water 215 164 2.45
Solfert 0.4% 223 160 2.7
Calciu gluconat 0.6% 230 158 2.9
ASFAC 0.2% 237 159 2.9
MSC 1.0% 243 160 3.1
Abiogeneza 1.0% 240 158 2.95
Abiogeneza H 1.0% 232 160 2.95
Humic V1 0.5% 229 158 2.85
Humic V2 0.5% 246 157 2.95
F-1 0.5% 239 158 3.05
F-2 0.5% 238 158 2.95
Abiogenez 1.0% 235 152 2.95
R-3211 Hum 1.0% 240 154 2.85
R-3211 Huan 1.0% 242 154 2.85
Biozime 0.2% 230 156 3.05
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In variants fertilized with foliar fertilizer application, the average weight of 100
grains of grapes was located within the limits of 223-246 g compared with fertilized
only root, where the average weight of 100 grains of grapes has recorded 215 g. Total
sugars content of the grapes was lower in treated with foliar fertilisers, around the
genetic potential of the variety characteristic 156-160 g/l, respectively.
Only the size of production of grapes has made the difference between the
sugars content values. The values of the content of total sugars from grapes treated
with fertilizer variants extra roughness were between 152 and 160 g/l, compared with
fertilized only root, 164 g/l, where grape production was lower. Also, total acidity and
titrable recorded values characteristic of the variety, Ro;ioară, influenced the type of
fertilizer used. These values have been framed within the confines 2.70-3.05 g/l
H2SO4.
CONCLUSIONS
1. It was revealed by administering additional foliar fertilizer application to the
culture of vines increases were made of grape production in all variants.
Production increases were different, depending on the type of fertilizer, being
between 1.2 t/ha (7%) and 5.3 t/ha (32%), in variantns in which the products
have been applied, Humic V2, 0.5%, (production increase 5.3 t/ha, respectively,
32%), and Solfert 0.4%, Humic V1, 0.5% (production increase 4.2 t/ha,
respectively 25%), Abiogeneza, 1.0%, (production spore 3.9 t/ha respectively
23%), MSC, 1.0% (3.8 t/ha production increase, respectively 23%) compared
with the control variant.
2. The lowest increase of production, of 7%, was achieved in the fertilized variant
with Biozime 0.2%, where it has achieved a production of grape 17.8 t/ha.
Production increases were made solely on behalf of foliar fertilizers.
REFERENCES
1. Cardașol V., Faur F., Stroia M., 2003 - Importanța fosforului asupra producției și
calității furajelor pe pajiști. Lucrări științifice ICPA. Folosirea îngrășămintelor cu fosfor
în România. Aspecte actuale și de perspectivă. Editura Agris-Redacția revistelor
agricole.
2. Dejeu L., Magdalena Georgescu, 1992 – Înfiinţarea plantaţiilor de vii şi întreţinerea
lor în primii trei ani. Editura Ceres, Bucureşti.
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3. Gavriluță I., Dorneanu A., Povarnă Fl., Maria Călinoiu, Prodan T., Daniela Dana,
2003 - Eficiența fertilizării cu îngrășăminte pastilate a culturilor agricole pe solurile cu
fertilitate naturală scăzută. Lucrări științifice ICPA. Folosirea îngrășămintelor cu fosfor
în România. Aspecte actuale și de perspectivă. Editura Agris-Redacția revistelor
agricole.
4. Oşlobeanu M., Oprean M., Alexandrescu I., Magdalena Georgescu, Baniţă P.,
Jianu L., 1980 – Viticultură generală şi specială. Editura didactică şi pedagogică,
Bucureşti.
5. Toma V., Mihaela Croitoru, Marieta Ploae, 2008 - Cercetări privind eficacitatea unor
compuși naturali ai borului în fertilizarea culturilor de pepeni verzi de pe solurile
nisipoase din sudul Olteniei. Lucrări științifice ICPA. Reconstrucția ecologică și
necesarul de îngrășăminte în zona Gorjului. Editura New Agris-Reviste agricole.
6. Toma V., Rățoi I., Mihaela Croitoru, 2002 - Eficacitatea unor îngrășăminte cu potasiu
la culturile de tomate și viță de vie pe solurile nisipoase din sudul Olteniei. Fertilizarea
echilibrată a principalelor culturi în România. Editura AGRIS – Redacția revistelor
agricole, București.
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CERCETĂRI PRIVIND COMPORTAREA UNOR CULTIVARURI DE PEPENI VERZI PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE DIN SUDUL OLTENIEI
RESEARCH ON BEHAVIOUR OF CULTIVARS OF WATERMELON ON
SANDY SOILS FROM SOUTHERN OLTENIA
TOMA VASILE1, RĂȚOI IULIAN1, VLADU CRISTINA EMANUELA2
1Research-Development Centre for Agricultural Plants on Sands – Dăbuleni, Str. Victoriei, 130, Code
207220, Dăbuleni, County Dolj, Romania, Tel. 040 251 334 402 2Faculty of Horticulture, Craiova, Romania
Key words: watermelons, cultivars, sandy soils
REZUMAT
Pe solurile nisipoase de la CCDCPN Dăbuleni, în perioada 2012-2014 , a fost studiată
comportarea a 25 de cultivaruri de pepeni verzi. Soiurile de pepeni verzi create la CCDCPN Dăbuleni
s-au remarcat prin producţia mare, relativ constantă. La soiul Oltenia producţia medie a celor trei ani
de experimentare a fost de 87,4 t/ha. Capacitatea mare de producţie este detrminată de vigoarea
plantelor, rezistenţa la atacul agenţilor patogeni şi de mărimea fructelor care în medie pe cei trei ani a
fost de 7,182 Kg. S-au mai remaracat prin mărimea producţiei cultivarurile Bontha F1, ACX 5428 F1,
Sun Sweet F1, CRX 10041 F1, Lady F1, Talisman F1. S-au evidenţiat prin mărimea producţiei timpurii
obţinută la prima recoltare hibrizii Regina F1, Bontha F1, Manitou F1, CRX 10007, Katherine F1, Lady
F1, Van Guard F1.Soiurile create la CCDCPN Dăbuleni Oltenia, Dulce de Dăbuleni şi De Dăbuleni
sunt soiuri semitimpurii nefind recomandate pentru cultura extratimpurie, dar care dau rezultate foarte
bune când se cultivă prin răsad.
ABSTRACT
On sandy soils at CCDCPN Dăbuleni, during 2012-2014, has been studied the behaviour of 25
cultivars of watermelons. Varieties of watermelons at CCDCPN Dăbuleni stood out through the large,
relatively constant production. The average production of Oltenia variety on three years of
experimentation was 87.4 t/ha. High production capacity is detrmined of plant vigour, resistance to
attack pathogens and fruit size, which averaged over the three years was 7.182 Kg. Were emphasized
by the size of the production the hybrids Bontha F1, ACX 5428 F1, Sun Sweet F1, CRX 10041 F1,
Lady F1, Talisman F1. Were highlighted by the size of the production from early first harvest Regina
F1, Bontha F1, Manitou F1, CRX 10007, Katherine F1, Lady F1, Van Guard F1. Varieties created
CCDCPN, Oltenia, Dulce de Dăbuleni and De Dăbuleni are semiearlier varieties give great results
when the seedling are grown through.
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INTRODUCTION
Watermelons are found on sandy soils in southern Oltenia favorable conditions
for growth and development. Specific environmental conditions, ensuring optimum
water through irrigation and nutrients in organic and mineral fertilizers are the main
factors that ensure high yields, very early and good quality. Watermelons culture
occupies in southern Oltenia 6000-7000 ha annually, being one of the few crops that
ensure profitable operation sandy soils. Watermelons from Dabuleni were imposed by
times and organoleptic qualities. Sandy soil, high temperatures in summer are climatic
factors that positively early production and especially the size and quality. The
assortment of varieties of watermelons grown on sandy soils experienced significant
changes over time. At first they cultivated so-called wild watermelons, oblong, large
fruit, but lacking quality. Later, were cultivated several varieties Romanian: of Arad,
Braille, of Tâmbureşti. Subsequently, the increasing demands of growers and imposed
the introduction of foreign varieties (Sugar Baby, Crimson Sweet, early Canada,
Charleston Gray) and Romanian (532 Lovrin, Minis, Dr Mauch, etc). Gradually, it
became necessary to further research to improve the watermelons to SCDCPN
Dăbuleni, which have resulted in the creation of varieties Dăbuleni (1986), Sweet
Dăbuleni (1989), Oltenia (2005), varieties that are well adapted to organic soils sandy.
Sweet Dăbuleni variety was cultivated a long time after its introduction in culture,
occupying 90% of the area is known by consumers across the country and imposed ,,
melon Dăbuleni brand ''. After 2000 and especially after our country entered into the
European Union, the assortment of watermelons has been greatly diversified. All major
European companies, and especially the Dutch introduced the hybrid Dăbuleni very
early, highly productive, some of which have adapted well to conditions on sandy soils.
Cultivate after the traditional technology by direct sowing in the field, melons are
harvested at Dăbuleni starting July 18 to 20, by the end of September recorded a peak
production between 5 to 25 August. With results Research Station Development for
crop sands that executed in recent years a large number of projects and research
topics on improving the technology of cultivation of watermelons, farmers in the sandy
soils apply today's high performance technologies. To increase earliness, crops of
watermelons created through seedling, it protects the low shelters tunnel, the land
covered with polythene film and irrigation is done through localized drip. Cultivate after
this technology melons are harvested starting from June 15 to 20. In recent years an
increasing number of growers for growing watermelons use technology with grafted
plants (Toma V., et. Al. 2007, Toma V., et al. 2007, Toma V., et al., 2011). By grafting
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increases plant resistance to attack by pathogens, with particular reference to the
attack of the Fusarium oxysporum, increases resistance to stress factors, increases
efficiency of use of fertilizers and irrigation water.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
In order to recommend certain varieties of watermelons adapted to sandy soils
in the period 2012-2014 within the project ADER 5.3.3 Improving the supply of agro-
ecosystem production psamosoils for increasing food security and quality of primary
agricultural products Sectoral Plan of MARD, the CCDCPN Dăbuleni were tested a
total of 25 varieties and hybrid creations of our unity and foreign companies
recognized. Experimental culture was established by seedling produced in unheated
solar greenhouse. The technological works were mented in technology of cultivation of
watermelons on sandy soils (Toma V., et. Al. 2011). Plant density was 5555 plant / ha
and was carried out by planting the seedlings at a distance of 1.8 m between rows and
1 m between plants in the row. It was sown on the 01.04.2013 in alveolar trays.
Planting seedlings age was 30 days. Irrigation was done by drip, supplemented by
sprinkler irrigation for watering in years past when necessary. Were carried out
preventive treatment plant to combat anthracnose, blight and fusariosis. To combat
pathogens mentioned were used Dithane M45 products, Kurds Manox, Champion and
Topsin M 70. For aphid control was required treatment Calipso. To combat weeds and
loosening the field, the range unmulched with PE film were executed two hand hoeing
and four works by tiller. Harvesting was done at intervals by 1-3 passes depending on
the climatic conditions of the year and particularities of cultivars tested.
RESULTS AND DISCUTION
Since the experimental conditions were different from year to year and because
some cultivars have not been studied in as many years, the results will be presented
on years of research. In terms of 2012, which were not very favorable for growing
watermelons, 12 cultivars were tested, of which 3 are created in CCDCPN Dăbuleni
,Sweet Dabuleni, De Dăbuleni and Oltenia. Compared to these varieties were studied
Admira F1 hybrids, F1 Talisman, Manitou F1, F1 Katherine, ACX F1 5428, F1 Regina,
Crimson Sweet, Bonthe F1, F1 Lucia. Production of watermelons (Table 1) was
between 34.4 t / ha and 78.3 t / ha. The big production cultivars were Oltenia 78.3 t /
ha, Bonthe F1 (73.0 t / ha), Talisman F1 (72.0 t / ha). Smaller productions were
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performed in cultivars ACX 5428 F1 (34.4 t / ha), Admira F1 (43.9 t / ha), Lucia F1
(46.9 t / ha). They noted the production earliness at F1 cultivars Regina, Bonthe F1
and F1 Lucia where the first fruits were harvested in the first decade of July (07 July).
From this point of view is highlighted Bonthe F1 first harvest realized production of
27.5 t / ha (37.3% of total production). Sweet varieties of Dăbuleni, Dăbuleni and
Oltenia are later harvesting varieties, whose first collection was made in the last
decade of July (table 2).
The climate of 2013, characterized by temperature and precipitation close to the
annual average were very favorable for plants watermelons. There were tested 14
cultivars: Sweet Dăbuleni, De Dăbuleni, Oltenia, Caravan F Pumpkin F1, Manitou F1,
Katherine F1, Regina F1 (Guifeixigua) ACX 5428 F1 Bonthe F1, Sun Sweet F1 CRX
10049 F1 3 - 10007 F1 CRX, CRX 10041 F1. Production of watermelons (ranged from
30.0 t / ha and 103.9 t / ha. Cultivars with the largest production were Oltenia 103.9 t /
ha, ACX 5428 F1 95.1 t / ha, Sun Sweet F1 90.4 t / ha, 10049 F1 CRX 86.9 t / ha,
Dăbuleni (83.8 t / ha), Sweet Dăbuleni (83.1 t / ha) and Caravan F1 (82.4 t / ha . The
lowest productions were performed in Queen cultivars F1 (30.0 t / ha), CRX 10041
(44.8 t / ha), CRX 10007 (46.3 t / ha). They noted again the size of early production
from the initial harvest F1 hybrid Bonthe 43.0 t / ha, Manitou F1 28.6 t / ha, CRX
10007 24.3 t / ha, Katherine F1 at which the first fruits are collected in the first decade
of July (09 July) compared with varieties Oltenia, De Dăbuleni and Sweet Dăbuleni,
CRX 10049 F1 and ACX 5429 F1 at the first harvest was done after 6 days. It should
be emphasized special precocity of hybrid of provenance Chinese Regina F1 and the
harvesting period ended July 15, but with smaller fruits and a weak resistance to the
attack of pathogens achieved a low production level, only 30.0 t / ha. The cumulative
production by 15 July 5428 ACX stands 63.7 t / ha (67.0% of total production), Bontha
F1 63.2 t / ha (92.3% of total production), Sun F1 Sweet 60 7 t / ha (67.2% of total
production).
In 2014 were studied 16 cultivars assortment consisting of: Sweet Dăbuleni, De
Dăbuleni, Oltenia, Caravan F1, Lady F1, Talisman F1 F1, Katherine F1, Regina F1
(Guifeixigua), Bontha F1, Crimson Sweet, BSS 945 F1, BSS 943 F1, F1 Ruby, Van
Guard F1, F1 Pilot, Vista F1. Climatic conditions of 2014 were characterized during the
growing season of watermelons (April-August) through lower temperatures and rainfall
richer than the multiannual average. Cultivars tested differed clearly in ECAC
manufacturing capability, earliness, production quality, resistance to attack by
pathogens. Production of watermelons ranged from 29.6 t / ha and 91.6 t / ha.
Cultivars with big production were Sweet Dăbuleni 94.6 t / ha, Oltenia 80.1 t / ha,
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Bonthe F178,2 t / ha, Dăbuleni 68.9 t / ha, Lady F1 68.4 t / ha. Smaller productions
were performed in 943 F1 cultivars BSS 29.6 t / ha and Regina F1 (46.6 t / ha) due
fruits that have a lower weight and a poor resistance to attack by pathogens. Were
noted the size of early production from the initial harvest (21.07) Bonthe F1 cultivars
63.2 t / ha (80.8% of total production), Regina F1 53.7 t / ha (82.1% of production
total), Van Guard F1 56.4 t / ha (64.6 5 of total production). Dăbuleni CCDCPN
varieties developed in Oltenia, The Sweet Dăbuleni Dăbuleni and are delayed (Table
4). Being created in the environmental conditions of sandy soils, varieties of
watermelons produced by CCDCPN Dăbuleni stood by producing large, relatively
constant. The variety Oltenia average production of the three years of experimentation
was 87.4 t / ha. Production capacity is enteritis due to high plant vigor, resistance to
attack pathogens (Tables 7-9) and the size of fruit on average three years was 7182 g
(Table 5). The other two varieties developed at CCDCPN Sweet Dăbuleni and
Dăbuleni is characterized by high production achieved (79.4, respectively 71.4 t / ha
average of three years). Being semitardive, they are not recommended for obtaining
extraearliness productions. Tolerance to attack pathogens recommends for ecological
culture. PRN force cultivars studied or differentiated plant by plant growth. At 45 days
after planting cultivars with larger main vine length were ACX 5428 F1 Sweet
Dăbuleni, Oltenia, Manitou F1, F1 Katherine. Less vigorous plants were recorded in
cultivars Regina F1, F1 945 BSS. CRX 10041 F1. Most cultivars have shown tolerance
to attack pathogens. Higher sensitivity to anthracnose watermelons was recorded in
Regina F1, F1 Pumpkin, BSS 943 F1, Van Guard F1, F1 Pilot (Tables 6-8).
CONCLUSIONS
1. Cultivated in different climatic conditions of 2012-2014, the watermelon
cultivars tested had a different behavior depending on responsiveness determined
genetic structure.
2. The varieties of watermelons designed to CCDCPN Dăbuleni stood by higher
production relatively constant. Variety Oltenia average production of the three years of
experimentation was 87.4 t / ha. High capacity production is enteritis due to plant
vigor, resistance to attack pathogens (and the size of fruit on average three years was
7182 g. There were stood by size production cultivars Bonta F1, ACX 5428 F1, Sun
Sweet F1 CRX 10041 F1, Lady F1, Talisman F1.
3. Were revealed by size of early production from the initial harvest Regina F1
hybrids, F1 Bonthe, Manitou F1 CRX 10007, Katherine F1, F1 Lady, Van Guard F1.
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Dăbuleni CCDCPN varieties developed in Oltenia, Sweet Dăbuleni and Dăbuleni mid
early varieties are recommended for culture which has not had earlyer but give good
results when the seedling is cultivated or planted directly in the field.
REFERENCES
1. Toma V.,Ciuciuc Elena, Croitoru Mihaela, Ploae Marieta, 2007, Comportarea
unor cultivare de pepeni verzi în cultură altoită pe solurile nisipoase din sudul Olteniei,
Lucrări ştiinţifice ale CCDCPN Dăbuleni, Vol. XVI. Ed. SITECH, Craiova
2. Toma V., Croitoru Mihaela, Ploae Marieta, 2007, Cercetări privind fertilizarea şi
desimea de plantare a culturilor de pepeni verzi altoite, pe solurile nisipoase, Lucrări ştiinţifice
ale CCDCPN Dăbuleni, Vol. XVI. Ed. SITECH, Craiova
3. Toma V. şi colab. 2011-Cultura ecologică a pepenilor verzi cu plante altoite pe
solurile nisipoase, Editura Sitech, Craiova.
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Table 1 Production watermelons growers CCDCPN Dăbuleni studied in the years 2012-2014
Cultivar Production years(t/ha) Average production 2012-2014
2012 2013 2014 t/ha % Diferences Semnification
V1- Dulce de Dăbuleni 63.5 83.1 91.6 79.4 100.0 Mt. Mt.
V2- De Dăbuleni 61.4 83.8 68.9 71.4 89.9 -8.0 -
V3 – Oltenia 78.3 103.9 80.1 87.4 110.0 +8.0 -
V4- Admira F 1 43.9 - - - - - -
V5- Talisman F1 72.0 - 63.3 - - - -
V6- Manitou F1 48.1 64.2 - - - - -
V7- Katherine F1 57.0 52.5 56.9 55.2 69.5 -24.2 00
V8- ACX 5428 F1 34.4 95.1 - - - - -
V9 - Regina F1 50.5 30.0 46.6 42.7 53.7 -36.7 000
V10- Crimson Sweet 64.1 - 59.5 - - -
V11- Bontha F1 73.0 68.4 78.2 73.2 92.1 -6.2 -
V12- Lucia F1 46.9 - - - - - -
V13- Caravan F1 - 82.4 59.2 - - - -
V14- Bostana F1 - 51.7 - - - - --
V15- Sun Sweet F1 - 90.4 - - - - -
V16- CRX 10049 F1 - 86.9 - - - - -
V17- CRX 10007 F1 - 46.3 - - - - -
V18- CRX 10041 F1 - 44.8 - - - - -
V19- Lady F1 - - 68.4 - - - -
V20- BSS 945 F1 - - 59.0 - - - -
V21- BSS 943 F1 - - 29.6 - - - -
V22- Ruby F1 - - 65.4 - - - -
V 23- Van Guard F1 - - 66.7 - - - -
V24- Pilot F1 - - 57.8 - - - -
V25 - Vista F1 - - 73.8 - - - - DL 5% = 11.6 8 3 22.9 14.2 t/ha DL 1% = 15.5 11.2 31.2 19.3 t/ha DL 0.1% = 20.5 14.4 41.2 25.3 t/ha
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Table 2 The dynamics of the culture of watermelons (Year 2012)
Cultivar JULY AUGUST Total
t/ha Decade I (07.07) Decade II (15.07) Decade III (22.07) Decade I (06.08)
t/ha %
from
total
t/ha % from
total
t/ha % V1 % from
total
t/ha %V1 %
from
total
V1-Dulce de Dăbuleni - - - - 61,1 100,0 96,2 2,4 100 3,8 53,5
V2-De Dăbuleni - - - - 57,8 94,6 94,1 3,6 150 5,9 61,4
V3 -Oltenia - - - - 73,9 120,9 64,4 4,4 183 5,6 78,3
V4- Admira F 1 - - 3,8 8,6 38,1 62,3 86,8 2,0 83 4,6 43,9
V5-Talisman F1 - - 10,6 14,7 40,4 82,5 70,0 11,0 458 15,3 72,0
V6-Manitou F1 - - 36,4 75,7 11,0 18,0 22,9 0,7 29 0,4 48,1
V7Katherine F1 - - 36,0 63,2 19,5 31,9 34,2 1,5 62 2,6 57,0
V8- ACX 5428 F1 - - 12,1 35,2 21,9 35,8 63,6 0,4 17 1,2 34,4
V9 -China 7,2 14,3 27,5 54,5 15,8 25,8 31,2 - - - 50,5
V10-Crimson Sweet - - 27,5 42,9 36,6 59,9 57,1 - - - 64,1
V11-Bontha F1 27,5 37,3 34,0 46,6 11,1 18,1 15,2 0,4 16 0,5 73,0
V12-Lucia F1 8,9 19,0 28,0 59,7 9,3 15,2 19,8 0,7 29 1,5 46,9
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Table 3 The dynamics of the culture of watermelons (Year 2013)
Cultivar Harvesting I
(09.07)
Harvesting II (15.07) Harvesting III
(22.07)
Total
Partially Cumulative
t/ha %T t/ha % V1 % T t/ha % V1 % T t/ha % V1 % T t/ha %
V1-Dulce de Dăbuleni - - 35.0 100.0 42.1 35.0 100.0 42.1 48.1 100.0 57.9 83.1 100.0
V2-De Dăbuleni - - 24.9 71.1 29.7 24.9 71.1 29.7 58.9 122.4 70.3 83.8 100.8
V3 -Oltenia - - 38.8 110.8 37.3 38.8 11.8 62.7 65.1 135.3 62.7 103.9 125.0
V4- Caravan F 1 16.3 19.8 39.3 112.2 14.7 55.6 158.8 67.5 26.8 55.7 32.5 82.4 99.1
V5-Bostana F1 17.9 34.6 21.1 60.3 40.8 39.0 111.4 75.4 12.7 26.4 24.6 51.7 62.2
V6-Manitou F1 28.6 44.5 27.9 79.7 43.5 56.5 161.4 88.0 7.7 16.0 12.0 64.2 77.3
V7-Katherine F1 20.6 39.2 30.6 74.2 58.3 51.2 146.2 97.5 1.3 2.7 2.5 52.5 63.2
V8- Regina (China) 16.3 54.3 13.7 39.1 45.7 31.0 88.5 100.0 - - - 30.0 36.1
V9 - ACX 5428 F1 - - 63.7 18.0 67.0 63.7 182.0 67.0 31.4 -65.2 33.0 95.1 114.4
V10- Bontha F1 43.0 62.7 20.2 57.7 29.5 63.2 180.5 92.3 5.2 10.8 7.7 68.4 82.3
V11-Sun Sweet F1 14.6 16.2 46.1 13.,7 51.0 60.7 173.4 67.2 29.7 61.7 32.8 90.4 108.8
V12-CRX 10049 F1 - - 53.1 151.7 61.0 53.1 151.7 61.1 33.8 70.2 38.9 86.9 104.6
V13- CRX 10007 F1 24.3 52.5 10.9 31.1 23.5 35.2 100.5 76.0 11.1 23.0 24.0 46.3 55.7
V14- CRX 10041 F1 5.5 12.3 18.0 51.4 40.1 23.5 67.1 52.4 21.3 44.2 47.6 44.8 53.9
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Table 4 Dynamics of harvesting the cultivation of watermelons (Year 2014)
Cultivar Harvesting I (21.07) Harvesting II (28.07) Harvesting III (04.08) Total t/ha t/ha %V1 %Total t/ha %V1 %Total t/ha %V1 %Total
V1-Dulce de Dăbuleni
15.4 100.0 16.8 29.5 100.0 32.2 46.7 100.0 51.0 91.6
V2-De Dăbuleni 9.1 59.0 13.2 29.3 99.3 42.5 30.5 65.3 44.3 68.9
V3 -Oltenia 17.5 113.6 21.8 27.8 94.2 34.7 34.8 74.5 43.5 80.1
V4- Caravan F 1 38.1 247.2 64.3 14.7 49.8 24.9 6.4 13.7 10.8 59.2
V5-Lady F1 43.9 285.0 64.2 24.5 83.1 35.8 - - - 68.4
V6-Talisman F1 46.7 303.6 73.8 16.6 56.2 26.2 - - - 63.3
V7-Katherine F1 41.7 270.7 73.3 15.2 51.5 26.7 - - - 58.9
V8- Regina F1 37.6 244.1 80.7 9.0 30.5 19.3 - - - 46.6
V9 –Bontha F1 63.2 410.3 80.8 15.0 50.8 19.2 - - - 78.2
V10-Crimson Sweet 38.5 250.0 64.7 21.0 71.1 35.3 - - - 59.5
V11- BSS 945 F1 40.7 264.2 69.0 18.3 62.0 31.0 - - - 59.0
V12- BSS 943 F1 11.0 71.4 37.2 18.6 63.0 62.8 - - - 29.6
V13- Ruby F1 F1 53.7 348.7 82.1 11.7 39.6 17.9 - - - 65.4
V14-Van Guard F1 56.4 366.2 64.6 10.3 34.9 15.4 - - - 66.7
V15-Pilot F1 24.7 160.3 65.3 33.1 111.2 14.7 - - - 57.8
V16-Vista F1 36.4 236.3 49.3 37.4 126.7 50.7 - - - 73.8
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Table 5 Average fruit weight of watermelons to cultivars studied
Cultivar Year 2012 Year 2013 Year 2014 Average
V1- Dulce de Dăbuleni
6.817 6.294 5.995 6.368
V2- De Dăbuleni 7.635 6.153 5.276 6.354
V3 - Oltenia 8.173 6.338 7.036 7.182
V4- Admira F 1 4.859
V5- Talisman F1 9.566 7.475
V6- Manitou F1 7.218 7.107
V7- Katherine F1 6.841 6.300 5.774 6.315
V8- ACX 5428 F1 6.048 7.449 -
V9 - Regina F1 6.167 4.000 5.242 5.136
V10- Crimson Sweet 7.565 6.695
V11- Bontha F1 8.089 6.362 6.397 6.949
V12- Lucia F1 5.730 V13- Caravan F1 6.738 6.179 V14- Bostana F1 5.636
V15- Sun Sweet F1 6.609
V16- CRX 10049 F1 7.564
V17- CRX 10007 F1 5.434
V18- CRX 10041 F1 5.627
V19- Lady F1 6.566
V20- BSS 945 F1 5.660
V21- BSS 943 F1 4.105 V22- Ruby F1 3.925 V 23- Van Guard F1 4.210 V24- Pilot F1 5.777 V25 - Vista F1 6.475
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Table 6 Status crop growing season depending on cultivar watermelons
35 days after planting (07.06.2012)
Cultivar
The length of the main vine (cm)
Growing phase
Vigor (Note 1-10)
Pathogens / degree assault
V1-Dulce de Dăbuleni 102 unbloom 10
V2-De Dăbuleni 89 Manly flower 9
V3 -Oltenia 85 Manly flower 9
V4- Admira F 1 96 Number fruit 9
V5-Talisman F1 96 Number fruit 9
V6-Manitou F1 102 Number fruit 7
V7-Katherine F1 108 Number fruit 9
V8- ACX 5428 F1 100 Manly flower 10
V9 -China 96 Number fruit 4 Fusarium ox./25 %
V10-Crimson Sweet 89 Number fruit 8
V11-Bontha F1 104 Number fruit 9
V12-Lucia F1 102 Number fruit 7
Table 7
Status crop growing season depending on cultivar watermelons 42 days after planting (11.06. 2013)
Cultivar
The length of the main vine (cm)
Growing phase Vigor (Note 1-10)
Pathogens / degree assault
V1-Dulce de Dăbuleni 148 Number fruit 2-3 cm 10
V2-De Dăbuleni 136 Number fruit 2-3 cm 10
V3 -Oltenia 152 Number fruit 2-3 cm 10
V4- Caravan F 1 139 Number fruit 1-2 Kg 10
V5-Bostana F1 129 Number fruit 2-3 Kg 8 Coletotrihum /15%
V6-Manitou F1 132 Number fruit 2-3 Kg 8
V7-Katherine F1 138 Number fruit 2-3 Kg 9
V8- Regina (China) 128 Number fruit 2-3 Kg 6 Coletotrihum /25%
V9 - ACX 5428 F1 169 Fructe legate 0.5-1 Kg
10
V10- Bontha F1 139 Number fruit 2-3 Kg 9
V11-Sun Sweet F1 144 Number fruit 0.5-1 Kg 10
V12-CRX 10049 F1 145 Number fruit 0.5-1 Kg 10
V13- CRX 10007 F1 125 Number fruit 2-3 Kg 6 Coletotrihum /25%
V14- CRX 10041 F1 148 Number fruit 0.5-1 Kg 9
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Table 8 Status crop growing season depending on cultivar watermelons
45 days after planting (15.06.2014)
Cultivar
The length of the
main vine (cm)
Growing phase Vigor
(Note 1-
10)
Pathogens /
degree assault
V1-Dulce de Dăbuleni 220 Bloom 10
V2-De Dăbuleni 206 bloom 10
V3 -Oltenia 226 First fruit 10
V4- Caravan F 1 220 Fruit of 100 g 10
V5-Lady F1 196 Fruit of 1 Kg 10
V6-Talisman F1 199 Fruit of 0.6 Kg 10
V7-Katherine F1 189 Fruit of 1 Kg 10
V8- Regina (China) 178 Fruit of 2.2 Kg 9 Coletotrihum /25%
V9 –Bontha F1 192 Fruit of 1 Kg 9
V10-Crimson Sweet 180 Fruit of 0.5 Kg 9
V11- BSS 945 F1 196 Fruit of 0.5 Kg 9
V12- BSS 943 F1 178 Fruit of 1 Kg 7 Coletotrihum /25%
V13- Ruby F1 F1 204 Fruit of 0.2 Kg 10
V14-Van Guard F1 184 Fruit of 0.2 Kg 9 Coletotrihum /25%
V15-Pilot F1 189 Fruit of 0.2 Kg 9 Coletotrihum /25%
V16-Vista F1 205 First fruit 10
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COMPORTAREA UOR CULTIVARE DE PEPENI GALBENI PE SOLURILE NISIPOASE
THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOME CULTIVARS OF MELONS ON SANDY
SOILS IN THE SOUTH-WEST OLTENIA
TOMA VASILE1, RĂȚOI IULIAN1, VLADU CRISTINA EMANUELA2
1Research-Development Centre for Agricultural Plants on Sands – Dăbuleni, Str. Victoriei, 130,
Code 207220, Dăbuleni, County Dolj, Romania, Tel. 040 251 334 402
2Faculty of Horticulture, Craiova, Romania
Key words: melons, sandy soils
REZUMAT
Cultura pepenilor galbeni pe solurile nisipoase din sud-vestul Olteniei este o cultură
tradițională. În această zonă se realizează condiții climatice foarte favorabile pentru această
cultură. La SCDCPN Dăbuleni, s-a studiat un număr de 6 cultivaruri: Capri F1, Malika F1, Ismai F1
(1816 ANOF) F, Hales Best Jumbo, Sweet Lady F1, Eldorado F1, în perioada 2012-2013 și un
număr de 10 cultivaruri, dintre care 2 au existat și perioada 2012-2013: Capri F1, Ismai F1 (1816
ANOF), Waler F1, NUN 23027 F1, Robust F1, Grand Slam F1, Tamara F1, Merlin F1, Home Ron
F1, Zemos în anul 2014. Din cercetările efectuate a reieșit că majoritatea cultivarurilor de pepeni
galbeni studiate se adaptează bine condiţiilor climatice de pe solurile nisipoase şi dau producţii de
peste 30 t/ha. S-au evidenţiat prin mărimea producţiei hibrizii Sweet Lady F1 (41,9 t/ha media
2012-2013), Capri F1 40,3 t/ha, Ismail F1 34,6 t/ha, NUN 23027 F1 34,3 t/ha), Robust F1 38,2 t/ha.
Prin timpurietatea producţiei s-au remarcat hibrizii Capri F1, Home Run F1 şi Waler F1 care în
condiţiile anului 2014, la prima recoltare au realizat producţiile de 17,2 t/ha (58,5 % din producţia
totală),16,9 t/ha( 54,0 % din producţia totală), respectiv15,1 t/ha (53,9% din producţia totală).
Hibridul Tamara F1 este cel mai tardiv dintre cultivarurile studiate, el fiind recoltat după 4 zile.
Greutatea medie a fructelor, fiind un caracter de soi, a înregistrat valori apropiate de valorile
menţionate în cataloagele firmelor producătoare. Fructele cele mai mari s-au înregistrat la hibrizii
mai tadivi, care s-u remarcat şi prin vigoarea plantelor Merlin F1, Ismail F1, Waler F1, Robust F1.
La hibridul Capri F1 s-au obţinut fructele cu greutatea medie cea mai mică, fiind o corelaţie
evidentă între mărimea producţiei, timpurietate şi mărimea fructelor.
ABSTRACT
Melons culture on sandy soils in the South-West Oltenia is a traditional crop. In this area is
carried out very favorable climatic conditions for this crop. At SCDCPN Dăbuleni, it was studied a
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number of 6 cultivars: Capri F1, F1, F1 Malika Ismai (1816 ANOF) F, Hales Best Jumbo Sweet F1
F1 Lady, Eldorado, in the period 2012-2013 and 10 cultivars, of which 2 were the period 2012-
2013: Capri F1, Ismai F1 (1816 ANOF), Waler F1, NUN 23027 F1, Robust F1, Grand Slam F1,
Tamara F1, Merlin F1, Home Ron F1, Zemos in 2014 year. The research conducted has appeared
that most cultivars of melons studied adapts well climatic conditions on sandy soils and achieved
over 30 production t/ha. Were highlighted by the size of the production of hybrids Sweet Lady F1
(41,9 t/ha media 2012-2013), Capri F1 40,3 t/ha, Ismail F1 34,6 t/ha, NUN 23027 F1 34,3 t/ha),
Robust F1 38,2 t/ha By earlier production stood hybrids Capri F1, Home Run F1 şi Waler F1
which, in the conditions of the year 2014, the first harvest have made yields 17.2 t/ha (58.5% of
total production), 16.9 t/ha (54.0% of total production), respectively 15,1 t/ha (53.9% of total
production). Tamara hybrid F1 is the most cultivars belatedly of this being studied, harvested after
4 days. The average individual fruit weight, being a variety of recorded values close to the values
mentioned in catalogues copyrights. The largest fruit were recorded more hybrids, which tadivi u
and through plant vigor Merlin F1, Ismail F1, Waler F1, Robust F1. The hybrid of Capri F1 have
reaped the fruits with the smallest average weight, making it an obvious correlation between the
size of production, fruit size and precocity.
INTRODUCTION
Areas favourable for growing watermelons are those in which the annual
amount of temperature is over 3000 °C and daily averages are higher than or equal
to 15 ° C. On sandy soils in the southern Oltenia melons found optimum conditions
in terms of the requirements of heat and light, and through fertlizare and irrigation
are insured and requirements for nutrients and water (Rățoi I. et al., 1986).
Establishment of the cultivation of melons by seedling contributes to obtain early
productions regardless of the variety of the crop (Ceaușescu I., et al., 1980; Ciuciuc
Elena, 2000), and the application of foliar fertilizers contribute to obtain increases of
production (Ciuciuc Elena, 2000). Lăcătuș V., 2000, show that plant metabolism of
melons, in various stages of growth, imposes certain requirements for macro and
micro-nutrients, and Voinea M., et al., 1997, outlines the role of magnesium and
boron in the binding process of fruits and fruit well.
By ensuring optimal factors required for melons is based on large productions, very
early and very good quality. The emergence of new varieties and hybrids created in
areas with specific other than sandy soils of the necessity of studying the reaction
of a number of 15 cultivars at SCDCPN Dăbuleni.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
During the period 2012-2013, at CCDCPN Dăbuleni, was studied a number
of 6 cultivars: Capri F1, Malika F1, Ismai F1 (1816 ANOF) F, Hales Best Jumbo,
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Sweet Lady F1, Eldorado F1, and in 2014, it was studied the 10 cultivars, of which
2 were the period 2012-2013:: Capri F1, Ismai F1 (1816 ANOF), Waler F1, NUN
23027 F1, Robust F1, Grand Slam F1, Tamara F1, Merlin F1, Home Ron F1,
Zemos.
Production of seedlings has been in the solar greenhouse unheated. Number of
plants was 11111 plants/ha and was achieved by planting seedlings at the distance
of 1.8 m between rows and 0.5 m between plants on the row. It was sown in trays
alveolar. Age of seedlings at planting was 35 days. Irrigation was done through a
drip, being supplemented by the sprinkler for the last 4 irrigations. They were made
of plant 8 preventive treatments for control Colletotrihum lagenarium, Alternaria sp.,
and Fusarium oxysporum. To control pathogens mentioned have used products
Dithane M 45, Curzate Manox, Champion and Topsin M 70. To control fleas were
necessary two treatments with Mospilan. For weed control and land on aeration
during the interval with foil on unmulchited were executed two manuals works and
four works with the tiller. The observations and determinations were carried out and
earlyer the total output and the main characteristics of the fruit.
In the years 2012-2014 experimentation climatic conditions were differentiated by
the air temperature and rainfall in the period of vegetation. As a result cultivars
studied responded differently from one year to another through its production,
earlyer, tolerance to pathogens attack.
RESULTS AND DISCUTIONS
In the year 2012 production of melons, depending on cultivar, ranged
between 44,5 t/ha at Capri F1 and 23,9 t/ha at Hales Best Jumbo, (table 1). Other
cultivars achieved over large productions 30 t/ha (43,7 t/ha Sweet Lady F1,
Eldorado F1 39,2 t/ha).
By earlier production was noted in the year 2012, the F1 hybrid of Capri
(table 2). Its harvesting began in the first decade of July (Jul 07), wits 10 days
before the hybrids Malika F1, Hales Best Jumbo and Eldorado F1 and wits 20 days
earlier than the Sweet Lady F1. The earlier of F1 hybrid Capri is better highlighted
the fact that up to 20 July this hybrid achieves 21.8 production t/ha (48.8% of total
production), with much higher than those recorded in other cultivars. F1 hybrid Ismail
has first fruits which have reached maturity in the first decade of July, but due to their lack
of size phasing and fruit production over a long period, so that on 20 July a production of
cumulated 7.1 t/ha (22.5% of the total production. The year with very favorable conditions,
as was the year 2013, production of melons, ranged between 40.1 t/ha at Sweet Lady F1
and 27.0 t/ha at Hales Best Jumbo (table 3). Other cultivars have achieved production of
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37.7 t/ha, at Ismail F1, 36.1 t/ha at Capri F1 and Malika 33.9 t/ha. And in 2013 it was noted
by earlier production hybrid Capri F1. Harvesting began in the first decade of July, Capri
F1, Malika F1, Ismail F1 şi Eldorado F1, 7 days after being harvested and Hales Best
Jumbo şi Sweet Lady F1.
Table 1 Fruit production in cultivars of melons experienced
Cultivars Years of experimentation
Average production in 2012-2013
(t/ha)
Production
(%)
Different (t/ha)
Semnification
2012 2013 2014
Capri F1 44.5 36.1 29.4 40.3 100.0 Mt. Mt.
Malika F1 31.1 33.9 - 34.4 85.3 -5.9 -
Ismail F1 31.5 37.7 32.1 34.6 85.3 -5.7 -
Hal Best Jumbo 23.9 27.0 - 25.4 63.0 -14.9 000
Sweet Lady F1 43.7 40.1 41.9 103.9 +1.6 -
Eldorado F1 39.2 32.8 36.0 89.3 -4.3 -
Waler F1 - - 28.0
NUN 23027 F 34.3
Robust F1 38.2
Grand Slam F1 32.2
Tamara F1 15.3
Merlin F1 23.1
Home Ron F1 31.3
Zemos 22.1 DL 5% = 14.2 5.3 4.5 9.7 DL 1% = 19.6 7.3 6.6 13.4 DL 0.1% = 27.1 10.1 9.6 18.6
Earlier of F1 hybrid Capri is better highlighted by the fact that the first harvest has
achieved production of 7.8 t/ha (21.6% of total production), and up to July 15,
achieved production of 25.6 t/ha (70.9% of total production) the other hybrids were
vastly more tardivi, considered as very tardy F1 hybrid Sweet Lady whose harvest
began on the 15th July realizing at last harvest 93.8% of total production.
The climatic conditions of 2014 year were less favourable for melons, lower
temperature and precipitation from the period of vegetation of melons, negatively
influencing production size (table 4). Production of melons, ranged between 38.2
t/ha to Robust hybrid F1 and 15.3 t/ha in hybrid Tamara F1. Higher yields were
obtained at hybrids NUN 23027 F1, 34.3 t/ha, Grand Slam F1, 32.2 t/ha, Ismail F1,
32.1 t/ha, Hom Ron F1, 31.3 t/ha, Capri F1, 29.4t/ha. Stood by earlier production
hybrids Capri F1, Home Run F1 and Waler who at first harvesting, dated 21 July,
had achieved yields 17.2 t/ha (58.5% of total production), 16.9 t/ha (54.0% of total
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production), respectively 15,1 t/ha (53.9% of total production). Hybrid Tamara F1 is
the most cultivars belatedly of him being studied, harvested after 4 days. Lower
yields in the first harvest have obtained hybrids Ismail F1, Robust F1, Merlin F1,
NUN 23027 F1.
The average individual fruit weight, being a variety of recorded values close
to the values listed in the catalogues of firms producing (table 5). The largest fruit
were recorded more hybrids, which tardy and through plant vigor Merlin F1, Ismail
F1, Waler, Robust F1. The hybrid Capri F1 have reaped the fruits with the smallest
average weight, making it an obvious correlation between the size of production,
fruit size and precocity.
In 2014 year the biggest fruit were recorded at hybrids more tardy, that stood
out and plant vigor through 2040, at Merlin F1, 1828 g at ANOF F1g, 1765 g, at
Waler, 1735 g at Robust F1. The hibryd Capri F1 were obtained with average fruit
weight of the smallest 1074 g, being an obvious correlation between the size of
production, fruit size and precocity. Of cultivars experienced Capri F1 and Waler
F1, are of Galia type, with the fruit with greenish-white, very fragrant. Zemos
variety, created at SCDCPN, also has the white-greenish fruit luscious, easily
approached as a taste of the local populations of melon grown in the southern
region of Oltenia. Other cultivars studied Ismail F1, NUN 23027 F1, Robust F1,
Grand Slam F1, Tamara F1, Merlin F1, Home Ron F1, have yellow-orange pulp
colour, elongated oval shape, except Home Run F1 that has oval fruit.
All cultivars were studied by the taste and aroma of fruit type-specific (table 6).
CONCLUSIONS
1. From the research conducted has appeared that most cultivars of melons
studied adapts well climatic conditions on sandy soils and ackived over 30
production t/ha.
2. Were highlighted by the size of production hybrids Sweet Lady F1 (41,9 t/ha
media 2012-2013), Capri F1, 40,3 t/ha, Ismail F1, 34,6 t/ha, NUN 23027 F1,
34,3 t/ha, Robust F1, 38,2 t/ha.
3. By earlier production stood hybrids Capri F1,Home Run F1, and Waler F1
which in the conditions of the year 2014, the first harvest have made yields
17.2 t/ha (58.5% of total production), 16, 9 t/ha (54.0% of total production),
respectively 15,1 t/ha (53.9% of total production). Tamara hybrid F1 is the
most tardy cultivar of him being studied, harvested after 4 days. Lower yields
in the first harvest have obtained hybrids Ismail F1, Robust F1, Merlin F1,
NUN 23027 F1.
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4. The average individual fruit weight, being a variety of recorded values close
to the values mentioned in catalogues copyrights. The largest fruit were
recorded more hybrids, which tady and through plant vigor Merlin F1, Ismail
F1, Waler F1, Robust F1. The hybrid Capri F1 have reaped the fruits with
the smallest average weight, making it an obvious correlation between the
size of production, fruit size and precocity.
REFERENCES
1. Ceaușescu I., Bălașa M., Voican V., Savițchi P., Radu Gr., Stan N., 1980.
Legumicultură generală și specială. Editura didactică și pedagogică, București.
2. Ciuciuc Elena, 2000. Influența metodei de culivare și a epocii de înființare a culturii
de pepene galben asupra producției pe solurile nisipoase. Lucrări științifice
SCDCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XII. Editura Sitech, Craiova.
3. Ciuciuc Elena, Dorneanu A., 2000. Cercetări privind influența unor tipuri noi de
îngrășăminte foliare asupra producției de pepeni galbeni pe solurile nisipoase.
Lucrări științifice SCDCPN Dăbuleni, vol. XII. Editura Sitech, Craiova.
4. Lăcătuș V., 2000. Fertilizarea culturilor de bostănoase cu îngrășăminte de tip
Kristalon. Revista Hortinform, nr. 8.
5. Rățoi I., Diaconu Aurelia, Toma V., Croitoru Mihaela, Ciuciuc Elena, Drăghici
I., Drăghici Reta, Ploae Marieta, Dima Milica, Durău Anica, 2014. Oferta de
produse agricole primare pe solurile nisipoase din românia în perspectiva anilor
2015-2025. Editura Sitech, Craiova.
6. Voinea M., Andronicescu D., Pernali Gh., 1997. Criterii de zonare a
legumiculturii. Editura CERES, București.
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Table 2 The dynamics of the production cultivars of melons (2012 year)
Cultivar July August Total t/ha First ten
days Second ten days Third ten days First ten days
t/ha
% from total
t/ha % from total
Cumulated t/ha
% fromV1
% from total
t/ha % from total
t/ha % from total
V1-Capri F1 5.4 12.1 16.3
36.6 21.8 100.0
48.8 21.8 43.0 1.0 2.2 44.5
V2-Malika F1 - - 6.5 20.9 6.5 29.8 20.9 23.8 76.5 0.8 2.6 31.1
V3 –1816 ANOF F1
0.9 2.8 6.2 19.7 7.1 32.5 22.5 20.9 66.3 3.5 11.2 31.5
V4- Hal Best Jumbo
- - 2.4 10.0 2.4 11.0 10.0 19.3 80.8 2.2 9.2 23.9
V5-Sweet Lady F1 - - - - - - - 36.4 83.3 7.3 16.7 43.7
V6-Eldorado F1 - - 4.8 12.2 4.8 22.0 12.2 27.5 70.2 6.9 17.6 39.2
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Table 3 The dynamics of the production cultivars of melons (2013 year)
Cultivar July, first ten days July, second ten days July, third ten days Four harvesting Total
t/ha % From V1
% Total
Partial Cumulated t/ha % From V1
% Total
t/ha % From V1
% Total
t/ha % From V1
t/ha % From V1
% Total
t/ha % From V1
% Total
V1-Capri F1 7.8 100 21.6 17.8 100 49.3 25.6 100 70.9 10.5 100 29.1 - - - 36.1 100.0
V2-Malika F1 1.5 19 4.4 9.6 54 28.3 11.1 43 32.7 22.8 217 67.3 - - - 33.9 93.9
V3 –1816 ANOF F1
1.9 24 5.0 6.4 36 17.0 8.3 32 22.0 29.4 280 78.0 - - - 37.7 104.4
V4- Hal Best Jumbo
- - - 4.3 24 15.9 4.3 17 15.9 22.7 216 84.1 - - - 27.0 74.4
V5-Sweet Lady F1 - - - 1.2 7 3.0 1.2 4 3.0 1.3 12 3.2 37.6 - 93.8 40.1 111.0
V6-Eldorado F1 0.6 1 1.8 4.9 8 14.9 5.5 21 16.7 27.3 260 83.3 - - - 32.8 90.8
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Table 4 The dynamics of the production cultivars of melons (2014 year)
Cultivar First harvesting
(21.07)
Second harvesting (25.07)
Third harvesting (28.07)
Four harvesting (04.08)
Total (t/ha )
(t/ha ) (% T) (t/ha ) (% T) (t/ha ) (% T) (t/ha ) (% T)
V1- Capri F1 17.2 58.5 5.4 18.4 3.4 11.6 3.4 11.5 29.4
V2-Waler F1 15.1 53.9 7.0 25.0 3.5 12.5 2.4 8.6 28.0
V3- 1816 ANOF F1 2.1 6.5 5.7 17.6 19.1 59.2 5.3 16.6 32.1
V4- NUN 23027 F 3.0 8.7 6.5 20.0 20.0 58.3 4.8 14.0 34.3
V5- Robust F1 4.8 12.6 5.3 13.9 15.3 40.0 1.8 33.5 38.2
V6- Grand Slam F1 9.8 30.4 8.7 27.0 5.9 18.3 7.8 24.3 32.2
V7- Tamara F1 - - 6.5 42.5 1.7 11.1 7.1 46.4 15.3
V8-Merlin F1 4.8 20.8 6.4 27.7 4.6 19.9 7.3 31.6 23.1
V9-Home Ron F1 16.9 54.0 5.9 18.8 2.4 7.7 6.1 19.5 31.3
V10-Zemos 8.0 36.2 3.7 16.7 4.4 19.9 6.0 27.0 22.1
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Table 5 The average individual fruit weight (Kg) cultivars of the melons studied
Cultivar Years of experimentation Average weight (Years 2012-2013) 2012 2013 2014
Capri F1 1.269 1.077 1.074 1.140
Malika F1 1.464 0.927 1.195
Ismail F1 2.159 1.526 1.826 1.842
Hal Best Jumbo 1.230 0.979 1.104
Sweet Lady F1 2.032 1.516 1.774
Eldorado F1 1.898 1.256 1.577
Waler F1 1.765
NUN 23027 F 1.569
Robust F1 1.735
Grand Slam F1 1.487
Tamara F1 1.556
Merlin F1 2.040
Home Ron F1 1.261
Zemos 1.195
Table 6
The main characteristics of melons (2014) Cultivar Fruit weight Fruit form Pulp colour Pulp firmness Gustative quality
(Note 1-10) g %
Capri F1 1074 100.0 Round white-greenish Juicy 10, flavoured
Waler F1 1765 164.3 Round white-greenish Juicy 10, flavoured
Ismail F1 1828 170.2 Elongated Yellow Juicy 9
NUN 23027 F 1569 146.0 Elongated Yellow-orange Juicy 10
Robust F1 1735 161.5 Elongated Yellow-orange Juicy 9
Grand Slam F1 1487 138.4 Oval Yellow-orange Juicy 10
Tamara F1 1556 144.8 Elongated Yellow-orange Juicy 9
Merlin F1 2040 109.9 Elongated Yellow-orange Juicy 8
Home Ron F1 1261 117.4 Oval Yellow-orange Juicy-firmness 9
Zemos 1195 111.2 Round white-greenish Juicy 9
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