MINOS

MINOS and NOvA:MINOS and NOvA:Himmel, Howcroft, Himmel, Howcroft, Mualem,Mualem, Newman, Newman,

Ochoa, Ochoa, Patterson,Patterson, Peck, Trevor Peck, Trevor Faculty H. Newman

C. Peck MINOS e Analysis; C. Howcroft, Neutral Current Bgd. P. OchoaAnti-Neutrino & -P. Ochoa, Howcroft,

Oscillation Analysis; A. Himmel Beam e Calibration MINOS Atmospheric Howcroft Analysis Veto Shield: Precise Ochoa Calibration and Ops. Proton Intensity Howcroft, Zheng NOA R&D: J. Trevor, L. Mualem

Himmel, H. ZhengMegaton Water-Scint. Trevor, Himmel +

Detector R&D Undergrads

MINOS

Neutrino physics at Caltech MINOS Neutrino physics at Caltech MINOS Physics GoalsPhysics Goals

Measure Measure ↔↔ flavor oscillations flavor oscillations

Precise (<10% Now; to ~5%) measurement of Precise (<10% Now; to ~5%) measurement of mm222323

Provide high statistics discrimination against alternatives Provide high statistics discrimination against alternatives such as decoherence, such as decoherence, decay, sterile neutrinos, etc. decay, sterile neutrinos, etc.

Search for subdominant Search for subdominant ↔↔ee oscillations oscillations

A shot at measuring A shot at measuring 1313

(or: improve CHOOZ limit by a good factor of two) (or: improve CHOOZ limit by a good factor of two) Directly compare atmospheric Directly compare atmospheric vs anti- vs anti-

oscillations:oscillations: MINOS is the first large underground detector MINOS is the first large underground detector with a with a

magnetic field for magnetic field for ++//-- tagging event-by-eventtagging event-by-event First measurement of charge ratio from cosmic neutrinos.First measurement of charge ratio from cosmic neutrinos.

As data accumulates, probe As data accumulates, probe antianti--flavor-contentflavor-content

MINOS

MINOSMINOSMMain ain IInjector njector NNeutrino eutrino OOscillation scillation SSearchearch

Investigate Investigate and anti- and anti- flavor flavor oscillations using intense, oscillations using intense, well-understood NuMI beamwell-understood NuMI beam

Two similar magnetized iron-Two similar magnetized iron-scintillator calorimetersscintillator calorimeters

Near DetectorNear Detector980 tons, 1 km from 980 tons, 1 km from

target, 90m deeptarget, 90m deepFar DetectorFar Detector5400 tons, 735 km 5400 tons, 735 km

away, 700 m deepaway, 700 m deep

735 km

Far Detector

Veto Shield

MINOS

μμ DisappearanceDisappearance

Basic idea is to compare oscillated and unoscillated spectra, using 2 “~identical” Fe-Scint. Tracking Calorimeters

Cross Section & Beam uncertainties cancel to high accuracy between the two Detectors

Intense Beam

Unoscillated

Oscillated

Monte Carlo

Monte Carlo

proton

proton

pure μμ beam

MINOS

μμ DisappearanceDisappearance

Comparing the oscillated and unoscillated spectra

)/267.1(sin2sin1)( 222 ELmP −=→ 1 2

1

2

Unoscillated

Oscillated

Monte Carlo Monte Carlo

New results from the second year of MINOS running

MINOS

MINOS: Caltech History and RolesMINOS: Caltech History and Roles

HISTORY: MINOS at CaltechHISTORY: MINOS at Caltech Original Detector Concept and Design: Original Detector Concept and Design: Doug MichaelDoug Michael Led Successful Optical Fiber R&D: ~10 p.e. Per M.I.P;Led Successful Optical Fiber R&D: ~10 p.e. Per M.I.P;

A Key to Data Quality A Key to Data Quality Half of the scintillator modules were built at Caltech, in Lauritsen LabHalf of the scintillator modules were built at Caltech, in Lauritsen Lab

ROLESROLES Howcroft on MINOS Exec. Committee, paper review committees, Howcroft on MINOS Exec. Committee, paper review committees,

DAQ software, MC production and Software Review CommitteeDAQ software, MC production and Software Review Committee Central Roles in Atmospheric Neutrino Analysis;Central Roles in Atmospheric Neutrino Analysis; [CH][CH]

ee Analysis: Shower reco., selection, bgd. calculations Analysis: Shower reco., selection, bgd. calculations [PO,CH,AH,HZ][PO,CH,AH,HZ] CR Veto Shield: Rigorous Geometry, Time-Calibration, CR Veto Shield: Rigorous Geometry, Time-Calibration,

Alignment; Operations Alignment; Operations [Pedro Ochoa; [Pedro Ochoa; now now thethe MINOS expert MINOS expert]] Proton Intensity R&D Proton Intensity R&D [Michael]:[Michael]: Barrier RF Stacking; Barrier RF Stacking; [HZ][HZ]

Digital Damping System for the 8 GeV Booster Digital Damping System for the 8 GeV Booster [CH][CH]New ROLESNew ROLES

Lead role inLead role in ee Analysis (MCNN);Analysis (MCNN); ee backgrounds [PO, CH]backgrounds [PO, CH] Lead role in antineutrino analysis: Lead role in antineutrino analysis: mm22

2323, [PO, CH, AH], [PO, CH, AH] (CPT Test), beam systematics, other BSM (CPT Test), beam systematics, other BSM physics (e.g. physics (e.g. – – oscillations) oscillations)

MINOS

MINOS StatusMINOS Status

The last three years have been a very exciting timeThe last three years have been a very exciting time for MINOS for MINOS

NuMI construction project completed successfullyNuMI construction project completed successfully in January 2005 in January 2005

Analyzed Analyzed ~12kTon-years of Atmospheric, sign-~12kTon-years of Atmospheric, sign-separated dataseparated data; including before beam; tested ; including before beam; tested charge ratio in neutrino interactionscharge ratio in neutrino interactions

Have been taking physics beam data Have been taking physics beam data since March 2005since March 2005: : We already collected We already collected 3.6 x 103.6 x 102020 protons on target protons on target MINOS and NUMI have been running well:MINOS and NUMI have been running well: now getting a steady 5 x 10 now getting a steady 5 x 101818 POT per week POT per week

Expect to reach Expect to reach 10102121 p.o.t. within the next ~2.5 years p.o.t. within the next ~2.5 years

MINOS

Atmospheric “cosmic” Atmospheric “cosmic” neutrino+antineutrino resultsneutrino+antineutrino results

Caltech (Howcroft) had a central role in the first MINOS physics publication.

MINOS

MINOS 2MINOS 23 Oscillation Results 3 Oscillation Results Present & Projected SensitivityPresent & Projected Sensitivity

In 2006, MINOS published the most precise determination of mm222323

New results with twice the data (2.5 X 10New results with twice the data (2.5 X 1020 20 POT) just released.POT) just released.

Today

Input

MINOS

Physics of Anti-neutrinosPhysics of Anti-neutrinosUsing MINOS and NUMIUsing MINOS and NUMI

Caltech [CH, PO] formed a study group in 2006 to Caltech [CH, PO] formed a study group in 2006 to investigate the physics of anti-neutrino’s using MINOS. investigate the physics of anti-neutrino’s using MINOS.

Physics subjects investigated:Physics subjects investigated:Δm2

23 for anti-neutrinos: CPT violation tests

ν ν Transitions.Obtaining a measurement of the intrinsic beam νe

an important background for the θ13 analysis. A great deal of progress in the last year.

MINOS

The MINOS Veto Shield [Ochoa]The MINOS Veto Shield [Ochoa]

Veto Shield Timing:Veto Shield Timing:

Single hit resolution remains at 4.2ns. Single hit resolution remains at 4.2ns. Calculated 4 more calibration sets in 2006-7. Calculated 4 more calibration sets in 2006-7.

All data periods are now covered All data periods are now covered

Veto Shield Maintenance and Operation:Veto Shield Maintenance and Operation: Calculate efficiencies on plank by plank basis. Calculate efficiencies on plank by plank basis.

Located 1 bad cable, one light leak, one dead channel in 2006. Located 1 bad cable, one light leak, one dead channel in 2006.

Bad cable ! (fixed in June 2006)

MINOS

ee Appearance: the Search for θ Appearance: the Search for θ1313

MINOS may make the first observation of finite θ13

Caltech [CH, PO] have established Caltech [CH, PO] have established lead roles in the MINOs search for lead roles in the MINOs search for e e

appearance.appearance. We have focused on:We have focused on:

Maximizing the signal selection Maximizing the signal selection using techniques that maximize using techniques that maximize information usage information usage ““MCNN”MCNN” selects “nearest selects “nearest

neighbor” strip patterns neighbor” strip patterns Understanding the major Understanding the major

background: esp. Neutral Currents, background: esp. Neutral Currents, which make up which make up 50% of the selected events50% of the selected events““MRCC”MRCC” technique removes technique removes

muon from CC events muon from CC events MINOS will reach or surpass the MINOS will reach or surpass the

CHOOZ sensitivity by end of 2007CHOOZ sensitivity by end of 2007

13

The NOA Detector~80 m

15.7 m ~16 kT total mass, off axis “Totally Active” granular

liquid scintillator design Outstanding e pattern

recognition & measurement

Working to fit 260M AY$ TPC cap

MINOS

Caltech in NOCaltech in NOAA Sensitive to Sin2 213 down to ~0.01 (~20X better than

the current limit); possibly resolve the mass hierarchy D. Michael had a founding role; + leading design & development Stage 1 approval by Fermilab April 2006; Stage 2 Underway Caltech involvement ramped up successfully in 2005-7;

now substantially strengthened by the arrival of Leon Mualem

LM on the Executive Committee, Technical Board, and Level 2 Manager for Electronics & DAQ

Caltech now has the central R&D role, covering the key measurements that set the design & construction: light output, fibers, extrusions, mineral oil [J. Trevor, L. Mualem]

Our experience with MINOS development and fabrication (Trevor, Mualem) is proving to be invaluable

Arrival of Tolman Prize Fellow Patterson this August will substantially strengthen our effort on NOA, as well as MINOS

NOA Tasks at Caltech

A wide range of key tasks are the responsibility of the Caltech group

Hardware DAQ/Electronics Management APD Testing Cell Tests: PVC, Fiber, Mineral Oil Vertical Slice Tests

Software Framework Development Subshower Package Photon Transport simulation Supernova Sensitivity

MINOS

ADR Grant: Prototyping Next-Generation ADR Grant: Prototyping Next-Generation Megaton Neutrino DetectorsMegaton Neutrino Detectors

$ 48k ADR grant: covers technician $ 48k ADR grant: covers technician salary and equipment salary and equipment

Focus is on further development of Focus is on further development of water/plastic scintillator readout systemswater/plastic scintillator readout systems

Aims: high light output; low cost per Aims: high light output; low cost per kiloton (projected savings: 80 to 90%) kiloton (projected savings: 80 to 90%)

Sol’n: 1 cubic meter tank detector Sol’n: 1 cubic meter tank detector Scintillator strands have replaced Scintillator strands have replaced

granules of earlier design granules of earlier designEasier to get high quality scintillator,Easier to get high quality scintillator,

no circulation system required no circulation system requiredMore realistic configuration for largerMore realistic configuration for larger

detectors, but more difficult to construct detectors, but more difficult to construct Construction is complete!Construction is complete!

Promising preliminary results Promising preliminary results More complete analysis soon More complete analysis soon

WLS Fibers

(A 1 m cube) Scintillator Strands

PMT

MINOS

MINOS Group: Evolution & ImpactMINOS Group: Evolution & Impact

2 Faculty (HN, Peck), 2 Faculty (HN, Peck), 1 Research Scientist (Leon Mualem)1 Research Scientist (Leon Mualem), , 1 1 Tolman Fellow (Ryan Patterson),Tolman Fellow (Ryan Patterson), 2 Grad. Students 2 Grad. Students (Ochoa,(Ochoa, HimmelHimmel), Technician (Trevor) ), Technician (Trevor)

Doug Michael tragically passed away in 2005Doug Michael tragically passed away in 2005 $ 100k cut from MINOS Budget $ 100k cut from MINOS Budget

Peck and Barish are now Emeritus (Peck part time): Peck and Barish are now Emeritus (Peck part time): Postdoc Hai Zheng left; Caius Howcroft now part time Postdoc Hai Zheng left; Caius Howcroft now part time

Research Scientist Leon Mualem joined us this year Research Scientist Leon Mualem joined us this year Tolman Fellow Ryan Patterson will start in August Tolman Fellow Ryan Patterson will start in August

Although smaller, the group remains strong:Although smaller, the group remains strong:Caltech now has crucial, central roles in both MINOS Caltech now has crucial, central roles in both MINOS operations and physics, and NOoperations and physics, and NOA R&D and constructionA R&D and construction

We need to add a postdoc and a graduate student We need to add a postdoc and a graduate student Request $ 480k for FY2008 on the DOE Grant [$ 465k in FY06]Request $ 480k for FY2008 on the DOE Grant [$ 465k in FY06] Restore cut in 2007 that could compromise Restore cut in 2007 that could compromise

the MINOS and the MINOS and NONOA Programs. A Programs.

MINOS

CALTECH MINOS GROUPCALTECH MINOS GROUPBUDGET Request for FY 2007 BUDGET Request for FY 2007

SALARIES SALARIES Direct Cost Direct Cost $ 183 K $ 183 K Staff Benefits 24.5%; Student TR 63.5%Staff Benefits 24.5%; Student TR 63.5% $ 85 K$ 85 KTOTAL SALARIES + SB/TRTOTAL SALARIES + SB/TR $ 268 K$ 268 K

TRAVEL and Per DiemTRAVEL and Per Diem Direct CostDirect Cost $ 31 K$ 31 K

SUPPLIES and EXPENSESUPPLIES and EXPENSE Direct Cost At Caltech and FermilabDirect Cost At Caltech and Fermilab $ 15 K$ 15 K

OVERHEADOVERHEAD (54.7% On Campus) (54.7% On Campus) $ 166 K $ 166 K

Request for FY2008: $ 480 KRequest for FY2008: $ 480 K

[FY06 Budget $ 465 K][FY06 Budget $ 465 K]

MINOS

MINOS Group PayoffMINOS Group Payoff

MINOS and NOMINOS and NOA Leading ContributionsA Leading ContributionsMINOSMINOS

CC Analysis for Neutrino 2 CC Analysis for Neutrino 2 3 Oscillations 3 Oscillations Antineutrino Oscillation Analysis and Run PlanAntineutrino Oscillation Analysis and Run Plan

ee Optimized Analysis for 1 Optimized Analysis for 1 3 Oscillations 3 Oscillations Background studies and tools Background studies and tools Transition AnalysisTransition Analysis Proton Intensity WorkProton Intensity Work

NONOAA Key Detector Design and Development StudiesKey Detector Design and Development Studies Software: 1Software: 1stst Framework; MC & Reconstruction Framework; MC & Reconstruction

Analysis for More Sensitive Tests of Analysis for More Sensitive Tests of 1313

MINOS

Extra Slides Extra Slides

FollowFollow

MINOS

Jason TrevorJason Trevor NONOA detector R&D A detector R&D

[with Leon Mualem][with Leon Mualem] Testing of the various NOTesting of the various NOA -type extrusions in order A -type extrusions in order

to establish a relationship between light yield and the to establish a relationship between light yield and the reflectivity of the extrusion cell walls.reflectivity of the extrusion cell walls.

Measurement of of WLS fiber characteristics. In Measurement of of WLS fiber characteristics. In particular we are looking at the relationship between particular we are looking at the relationship between dye concentration and attenuation length.dye concentration and attenuation length.

Perform light yield measurements for a minimum Perform light yield measurements for a minimum ionizing muon passing through a baseline NOionizing muon passing through a baseline NOννA cell A cell near the U-bend in a full length (~33m) WLS fiber loop. near the U-bend in a full length (~33m) WLS fiber loop.

Prototyping Next-Generation Megaton Detectors Prototyping Next-Generation Megaton Detectors Design, construction and testing of a hybrid Design, construction and testing of a hybrid

water/plastic scintillator detector prototype.water/plastic scintillator detector prototype.

MINOS

Caius HowcroftCaius Howcroft MINOSMINOS Central involvement in the group looking for nCentral involvement in the group looking for nee

appearance in the appearance in the μμ beam. In particular the beam. In particular the modeling of Neutral Current backgrounds modeling of Neutral Current backgrounds

Atmospheric neutrinos - using the MINOS far Atmospheric neutrinos - using the MINOS far detector to test CPT invariance for neutrinos detector to test CPT invariance for neutrinos

Antineutrinos - Looking for appearance in the Antineutrinos - Looking for appearance in the beam and research into future anti-neutrino beam and research into future anti-neutrino runningrunning

Central role in the running of the experiment: Central role in the running of the experiment: MINOS Ex-com, Publications committee and MINOS Ex-com, Publications committee and speakers committeespeakers committee

NONOAA used results of in-house NOused results of in-house NOA A scintillator scintillator R&D to create a Monte Carlo simulation of light R&D to create a Monte Carlo simulation of light output in the completed NOoutput in the completed NOA detectorsA detectors

MINOS

Atmospheric Neutrino Studies: Atmospheric Neutrino Studies: Using the Veto Shield (Ochoa)Using the Veto Shield (Ochoa)

Caltech has been looking at ways to improve the Caltech has been looking at ways to improve the current atmospheric neutrino selectioncurrent atmospheric neutrino selection

Upward going events carry a lot of information about Upward going events carry a lot of information about oscillations; as is evident from the recent analysis oscillations; as is evident from the recent analysis

Current upward going selection is based on hit-timing along Current upward going selection is based on hit-timing along the trackthe track

Additional information may come from timing of veto shield Additional information may come from timing of veto shield hits, improving the 1/hits, improving the 1/ resol’n, and resolving some Up-Down resol’n, and resolving some Up-Down ambiguities for PC events ambiguities for PC events Ochoa’s precise Ochoa’s precise veto shield veto shield time-calibration time-calibration a key step a key step

t/s

distance along track

Hits along track

Veto shield hit

Gradient = 1/particle velocity

MINOS

Combining FHC with RHC can obtain a measurement of m2

23 that rivals our current measurements of m2

23: 90% C.L. 68.3% C.L.

6x1020 POT (FHC) +1x1020 POT (RHC)

223m

Only ~4 months of antineutrino running (plus ~1 more year of normal running) are needed !

This data would considerably reduce our best current limits on neutrino CPT

)2(sin 232

Effort led by Caltech

90% Tentative exclusion limit

90% 95% 99% 3σ

Prelim MC

Antineutrino and Antineutrino and Oscillation Analysis Oscillation Analysis Studies [PO, AH, CH]Studies [PO, AH, CH]

We are also interested in other BSM physics such as transitions

At Caltech we’ve shown that if these occur at the 10% level or more, we

should be able to observe them in MINOS

25

NOA Scintillator System Each cell an extruded TiO2 loaded PVC tube

with ID 60mm x 39mm x 15.7m long Cells filled with mineral oil scintillator;

read out at one end with U-loop WLS fiber, going to one pixel on a multi-pixel APD

Kuraray 0.7 mm WLS Fiber Light output minimum requirement set by

achievable noise on the APD amplifier; The current estimate of required Light Output is ~20-25 photoelectrons

One Cell

0.7mm WLS Fiber

R&D at Caltech Composition of PVC cell walls Liquid scintillator composition Fiber diameter and dye concentration Fiber position Integration testing

MINOS

The Antineutrino-PID Method [Ochoa] For each event, calculate the product of probabilities that

event comes from the nu or nubar distributions

∏=

=4

1

)(varx

xxPDFP νν ∏

=

=4

1

)(varx

xxPDFP νν

The nubar-PID parameter is given by: PPPID loglog/ −+−−=

Increase NuBar-PID cut

Efficiency

Pu

rity

Observe very clear separation: Very high purity with good efficiency

without fit signif. cutwith fit signif. cut

1.0),(Pr 2 >ndfobχFit significance cut:

all

NC

vv

Note: Efficiency measured w.r.t. all true CC antineutrinos

MINOSAntineutrino systematics [Himmel]

Systematic errors are a crucial question in combining FHC and RHC data.

~30% of antineutrinos produced outside of the target region While neutrinos are also produced outside the target, they are

negligible compared to those focused from the target. A large fraction of the difference between the near and far detectors

comes from decay pipe antineutrinos.

MINOSAntineutrino systematics [Himmel]

Uncertainties in the decay pipe modeling could affect the far/near ratio creating a false signal.

Toy systematic model: 50% Scaling of the decay pipe componentThe other components of the flux unchanged

Preliminary results suggest that the effect is small compared to the expected statistical error.

MINOS

FluggNew Monte CarloOld Monte Carlo

Beam systematics [Himmel]

Working to update the beam Monte Carlo from Geant3 to Geant4.

Use Flugg to run the new geometry in Fluka, a more trusted physics simulation

Geant-Fluka Physics

Geant 4 Physics

FluggGeant 3

GeometryGeant 4

Geometry

Fluka Geometry

Fluka Physics

MINOS

Proton Intensity andProton Intensity andBarrier RF Stacking R&D [Zheng]Barrier RF Stacking R&D [Zheng]

Doug Michael originated and leads the conceptual development of the FNAL proton intensity program

Part of Caltech's involvement, in collaboration with Fermilab Beam Division, is Barrier RF Stacking (an alternative to slip stacking)Utilizes HV pulses as barriers to stack & squeeze the beamTwo schemes are being studied: on-momentum injection

and off-momentum injection Barrier RF Stacking on-momentum injection study has

made a lot of progress over the yearSuccessfully stacked two Booster batches and

reached 8.3e12 at 120 GeV (60% Increase) Barrier RF Stacking off-momentum injection study

demonstrates stacking is possible even with one barrierHardware system for 2nd barrier has been assembled

and will be installed One of several Proton Intensity projects involving Caltech

MINOS

NONOA Software R&D at Caltech A Software R&D at Caltech [CH, HZ][CH, HZ]

Our group also has built the first software Our group also has built the first software framework, and is participating in the development framework, and is participating in the development of NOof NOA detector simulation & event reconstruction A detector simulation & event reconstruction software software Photon production and propagation simulation software Photon production and propagation simulation software

based on detector R&D measurements done locally based on detector R&D measurements done locally Patterson will work with Howcroft to continue Patterson will work with Howcroft to continue

these efforts these efforts

Initial Simulations at Caltech(Howcroft, Zheng), building on MINOS

e reconstruction work, showed remarkable pattern recognition capability

MINOS

Shower Reconstruction Shower Reconstruction

and and ee Analysis [HZ, CH]Analysis [HZ, CH]

The Caltech 3D Shower and Subshower packages for e e event ID and reconstruction event ID and reconstruction have become have become the standard for MINOS, as anticipated in 2005. the standard for MINOS, as anticipated in 2005.

Based on PH distributions in 2D, SubShowers are formed and ID’ed, then combined into 3D showers

e discriminants developed at Caltech, with Cambridge, provide improved performance

New technique to optimize the e ID capability using

full event-by-event shower pattern matching against e event templates, have been developed and arenow being successfully applied [CH, PO]

MINOS

MINOS – NUMI RunningMINOS – NUMI RunningNow 3.6 X 10Now 3.6 X 102020 POT POT

Dataset used in the first and current analysis (1.27E20 POTs) Run I

Running in higher energy beam configurations

Accele

rato

r sh

utd

ow

n

Additional Data Set used in current analysis

(1.23E20 POTs) Run IIa

Many thanks to Accelerator Division Colleagues!!

MINOS

MINOS Sensitivity to Sterile NeutrinosMINOS Sensitivity to Sterile Neutrinos(very preliminary)(very preliminary)