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Eleventh Edition

1

Introduction to Information SystemsEssentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise

Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

C h a p t e r

James A. OBrien

5 DataResource

Management


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Eleventh EditionJames A. OBrien 2Introduction to Information Systems


Explain the importance of implementing dataresource management processes andtechnologies in an organization.

Outline the advantages of a databasemanagement approach to managing the dataresources of a business.

Explain how database management softwarehelps business professionals and supports theoperations and management of a business.

Chapter Objectives


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Provide examples to illustrate each of thefollowing concepts: Major types of databases

Data warehouses and data mining

Logical data elements

Fundamental database structures

Database access methods

Database development.

Chapter Objectives


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What is a database

A database is any organized collection of data.Some examples of databases you may encounterin your daily life are:

a telephone book

T.V. Guideairline reservation system

motor vehicle registration records

papers in your filing cabinetfiles on your computer hard drive.


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Data vs. information:What is the difference?

What is data? Data can be defined in many

ways. Information science

defines data as unprocessed

information.

What is information? Information is data that have

been organized and

communicated in a

meaningful manner. Data is converted into

information, and information

is converted into knowledge.

Knowledge; information

evaluated and organized sothat it can be used

purposefully.


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Why do we need a database?

Keep records of our:

Clients

Staff

Volunteers

To keep a record of activities ofthe organization.

Keep sales records;

Develop reports;

Perform research


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What is the ultimate purpose of a database

management system?

Data Information Knowledge Action

Is to transform


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More about database definition

What is a database?Quite simply, its an organized collection of data.

A database management system (DBMS) such asAccess, FileMaker, Lotus Notes, Oracle or SQL Server

which provides you with the software tools you need toorganize that data in a flexible manner.

It includes tools to add, modify or delete data from thedatabase, ask questions (or queries) about the data stored

in the database and produce reports summarizingselected contents.


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Logical Data Elements

EmployeeRecord 2

EmployeeRecord 1

EmployeeRecord 3

EmployeeRecord 4

Name Deptt. Salary Name Deptt. Salary Name Deptt. Salary Name Deptt. Salary

Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data

PersonnelDatabase

PayrollFile

BenefitsFile

El h Edi iJ A OB i S


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OperatingSystem

DatabaseManagement

System

Application

Programs

Databases

DataDictionary

DatabaseManagement

Database DevelopmentDatabase Interrogation

Database MaintenanceApplication Development

Database Management Systems

El h Edi iJ A OB i I d i I f i S


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NetworkServer

ExternalDatabases onthe Internet &

OnlineServices

Client

PC orNC

OperationalDatabases of

the Organization

DataMart

End UserDatabases

DataWarehouse

DistributedDatabases on

Intranets &Other Networks

Major Types of Databases

El th EditiJ A OB i I t d ti t I f ti S t


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Types of Databases

Non-relational databases

Non-relational databases place information in field categories that we create so that

information is available for sorting and disseminating the way we need it. The data in a non-relational database, however, is limited to that program and cannot be extracted and applied

to a number of other software programs, or other database files within a school oradministrative system. The data can only be "copied and pasted. Example: aspread sheet

Relational databases

In relational databases, fields can be used in a number of ways (and can be of

variable length), provided that they are linked in tables. It is developed based on a

database model that provides for logical connections among files (known as tables) byincluding identifying data from one table in another table

El th EditiJ A OB i I t d ti t I f ti S t


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Operational DB

An operational database is the database that is accessed and updated on a

continual basis and usually handles the daily transactions for a business.Operational databases use an OLTP approach and are designed to be write-

optimized.

On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP) is the process in which systems

facilitate and manage data entry and retrieval on a frequent basis. The

transaction is almost immediately processed and is the main strategy ofoperational databases. An example of an OLTP system would be an ATM

machine. The benefits of using OLTP is that it is fast and efficient and

simplifies the process of accessing data. (Business Intelligence)

On-Line Analytical Processing refers to systems that are used to answer

analytical queries that are multi-dimension in approach. OLAP makes heavyuse of data mining and relational reporting.

Eleventh EditionJames A OBrien 14I t d ti t I f ti S t


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Eleventh EditionJames A. O Brien 14Introduction to Information Systems


Warehouse management system

A warehouse management system, or WMS, is a key part of the supply chain and

primarily aims to control the movement and storage of materials within a warehouseand process the associated transactions, including shipping, receiving, putaway and

picking. The systems also direct and optimize stock putaway based on real-time

information about the status of bin utilization.

Warehouse management systems often utilize Auto ID data capture (AIDC)

technology, such as barcode scanner, mobile computers, wireless LAN and

potentially RFID to efficiently monitor the flow of products. Once data has been

collected, there is either a batch synchronization with, or a real-time wireless

transmission to a central database. The database can then provide useful reports about

the status of goods in the warehouse.

The objective of a warehouse management system is to provide a set of computerized

procedures to handle the receipt of stock and returns into a warehouse facility, modeland manage the logical representation of the physical storage facilities (e.g. racking

etc.), manage the stock within the facility and enable a seamless link to order processing

and logistics management in order to pick, pack and ship product out of the facility.

Warehouse management systems can be stand alone systems, or modules of an ERP

system or supply chain execution suite.

Eleventh EditionJames A OBrien 15Introduction to Information Systems


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Data management Sub stem

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with

compute r programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use ofa database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for

various applications by (DBAs) and other specialists.

A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects.

A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the

same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such asthe relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and support

applications. It typically supports query languages , which are in fact high-level

programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably

simplify writing database application programs.

Database languages also simplify the database organization as well asretrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for

controlling data access ,enforcing data integrity , managing and controlling

concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures and restoring it

from backup files, as well as maintaining database security.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security


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Data warehouse

In computing a data warehouse (DW or DWH) is a database used for

reporting and analysis. The data stored in the warehouse are uploaded fromthe operational systems (such as marketplace, sales etc., shown in the figure to

the right). The data may pass through an operations data for additional

operations before they are used in the DW for reporting.

A data mart is the access layer of the data warehouse environment that is used

to get data out to the users. The data mart is a subset of the data warehousewhich is usually oriented to a specific business line or team facts and

dimensions . then they will be related. In some deployments, each department

or business unit is considered the ownerof its data mart including all

the hardware, software and data.[1] This enables each department to use,

manipulate and develop their data any way they see fit; without alteringinformation inside other data marts or the data warehouse. In other

deployments where conformed dimensions are used, this business unit

ownership will not hold true for shared dimensions like customer, product, etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_marthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mart


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DWH

Benefits of a data warehouse

A data warehouse maintains a copy of information from the source transaction systems.This architectural complexity provides the opportunity to:

Maintain data history, even if the source transaction systems do not.

Integrate data from multiple source systems, enabling a central view across the

enterprise. This benefit is always valuable, but particularly so when the organization has

grown by merger. Improve data quality ,by providing consistent codes and descriptions, flagging or even

fixing bad data.

Present the organization's information consistently.

Provide a single common data model for all data of interest regardless of the data's

source.

Restructure the data so that it makes sense to the business users.

Restructure the data so that it delivers excellent query performance, even for complex

analytic queries, without impacting the operational system.



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The term metadata is an ambiguous term which is used for two fundamentally

different concepts. Although the expression "data about data" is often used, itdoes not apply to both in the same way. Structural metadata, the design and

specification of data structures, cannot be about data, because at design time

the application contains no data.



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Data Warehouse and Data Mining

ClientPC or

NCAnalyticalData StoreEnterpriseWarehouse

Data MartDataAcquisitionSubsystem

WarehouseDesignSubsystem

DataManagementSubsystem

Data Accessand DeliverySubsystem

WebInformation

System

OperationalDatabases

MetadataDirectory

MetadataRepository

Metadata

ManagementSubsystem



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Web-Based Systems

WebBrowser

Web ServerSoftware

NetworkServerThe Internet

IntranetsExtranets

Client PCsor NCs

HTML pagesGIF image filesVideo files

Web Objects



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Data Resource Management

DataAdministration

DataPlanning

DatabaseAdministration



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Database Structures

Employee2

A

Empno Ename Etitle Dept

1

2 B

3 C

Relational Structure

Network StructureHierarchical Structure

Employee3

Project BProject A

Dept Dname Dloc Dmgr

A

B

C

Employee2

Employee1

Project A

Employee1

Dept A Dept BDept

Project B



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23Introduction to Information Systems


Database Structures (cont)

East

WestDenver

Feb

Actual Budget

Margin

Sales TV

VCR

TV

VCR

MultidimensionalDatabase Structure

AttributesCustomerBalanceOperationsDepositWithdraw

Bank Account Object

AttributesCredit LineMthly StatementOperations

Calculate InterestPrint MthlyStatement

Checking AccountObject

AttributesCredit LineMthly StatementOperations

Calculate InterestPrint MthlyStatement

Savings AccountObject

Object-OrientedDatabase Structure



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Key Fields

SequentialAccess

SequentialOrganization

IndexedSequential

AccessMethod

KeyTransformation

Direct Access

URLs

Accessing Files and Databases



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Database Development

User NeedsDescription

1. Data Planning

Enterprise Model

2. RequirementsSpecifications

3. Conceptual Design

4. Logical Design

Physical Models

5. Physical Design

Data Models

Logical Models



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Data resource management is a criticalmanagement activity. Management rolesinclude database administration, data planning,and data administration.

Under the database management approach,data records are consolidated into databasesthat can be accessed by many differentapplication programs, serving multiple users.

Chapter Summary



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Introduction to Information Systems

Database management systems are softwarepackages that simplify the creation, use, andmaintenance of databases.

Several types of databases are used by

organizations including operational,distributed, external, data warehouses and datamarts.

Database development for large corporate

databases requires a top-down planning effortinvolving planning, requirements specificationand logical and physical design.

Chapter Summary (cont)

mis chapter 05

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