mis study guide
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
1/28
I. ComputerHardwarea. Historyandevolution
I. BeforecomputersI. Countingonfingers&toes
II. StonesorbeadabacusIII. 1642:firstmechanicaladdingmachineIV. Industrialization
I. LoomswithpunchcardsV. Babbage:analyticalenginecalculates,storesvaluesin
memory,performslogicalcomparisons
I. NotbuiltbecauseoflackofelectronicsVI. HollerithspunchcardsusedforCensusdatausingonof
patterns.
I. PrecursortoIBMVII. Electroniccomputers
VIII. 1946:First:ENIACI. Programmable
II. 5000calcs/secIII. Vacuumtubes!IV. Drawbacks:sizeandprocessingability
IX. 1950s:UNIVAC1,thenIBM704I. Calcs:100,000/sec
X. Late1950s:transistorsI. 200,000250,000calcs/sec
XI. Mid1960s:3rdgeneration:ICsandminiaturizationXII. 1971:4G
I. MoreminiaturizationII. Multiprogramming;virtualstorage
XIII.
1980s:5G
Millions
of
calcs/sec
XIV. MicrocomputersI. Altair
II. Commodore/RadioShackIII. AppleIV. IBMPC1982
XV. MicrocomputersystemsI. Personalcomputers
II. NetworkcomputersIII. TechnicalworkstationsIV. PDAsV. Informationappliances
XVI. MidrangesystemsI. Notaspowerfulasmainframes
II. Lessexpensivetobuy,operateandmaintainIII. Usedtomanagelargewebsites,corporatenets,
integratedenterpriseapplications
IV. Usedasfrontendserverstoassistmainframeswithtelecom&networking
II. Networkservers
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
2/28
III. MinicomputersIV. WebserversV. Multiusersystems
XVII. MainframesystemsI. Large,fast,powerfulcomputersystems
II. LargeprimarystorageIII. HightransactionprocessingIV. HandlescomplexcomputationsV. UsedtoservelargeC/SnetworksVI. Dataminingwarehousing&ecommerce
II. EnterprisesystemsIII. SuperserversIV. TransactionprocessorsV. Supercomputers
I. Extremelypowerfulsystemsdesignedforscientific,engineering,businessapplications
II. Billionstotrillionsofoperations/secb. Terminology
I. Concept(pasteindiagram)II. Inputdevices
Keyboard Mouse Scanner others
III. Outputdevices Monitor Printer
IV.
PCguts
CPU RAM(primarystorage) Harddisk=magneticstorage(secondarystorage) CDROM=Opticalstorage
c. HardwarecomponentsI. Onlinedevices:separatefrombutcontrolledbytheCPU
II. OfflinedevicesseparatefromandnotunderthecontrolofCPUd. Hardwaredevices
I. StoragetradeoffsdiagramII. Directvs.sequentialaccess
II. ComputerSoftwarea. Historyandevolutionofcomputersoftwareandprogrammingb. Terminologyc. Typesofsoftware
I. DiagramII. Generalpurpose
I. PerformscommoninfoprocessingtasksforendusersII. Wordprocessor,spreadsheet
III. Akaproductivitypackages
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
3/28
III. CustomsoftwareI. Developedwithinanorgforthatorgsuse
IV. COTSsoftware(commercialofftheshelf)I. Manycopiessold
II. MinimalchangesbeyondscheduledupgradesIII. Purchasershavenocontroloverspecs,schedule,orevolution,
andnoaccesstosourcecodeorinternaldocs
IV. ProductvendorretainsIPrightstoSWV. OpenSource
I. Developerscollaborateonthedevelopmentofanapplicationusingprogrammingstandards,whichallowanyoneto
contribute.
II. Aseachdevelopercompletesaproject,theapplicationcodebecomesavailableandfreetoanyonewhowantsit
VI. FunctionspecificapplicationsoftwareI. Thousandsofthesepackagessupportspecificapplicationsof
endusers
II. Supplychain/CRM,ecommerceVII. Suitesandpackages
I. Mostlywidelyusedproductivitysoftwareisbundledassuites.II. Advantages:
I. CostslessthanindividualappsII. SimilarGUIIII. Interoperability
III. Disadvantages:I. Notallfeaturesused
II. Bloatware,diskspaceusageIV. Packages(Works)limitedfunctionalityforlowercostV.
Other
software
described
I. GroupwareI. Softwarethathelpsworkgroupscollaborateon
groupassignments
II. Email,discussiongroups,databases,videoconferencing
III. LotusNotes,Groupwise,MicrosoftExchangeIV. Sharepoint,WebSphere
VI. AlternativesI. ASPs
VII. Lotsofotherinfointhepptisitneeded?I. Addsomeoftheslides
III. TelecommunicationsandNetworksa. Terminology
Internet2nextgenerationofInternet ISPcompanythatspecializesinprovidingeasyaccesstoInternet Sender>Channel/consistsofamedium/>Receiver Terminalsanyinput/outputdevicethatusesnetworkstotransmitor
receivedata
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
4/28
Telecommunicationsprocessorsdevicesthatsupportdatatransmissionorreception
Telecommunicationschannelsmediaoverwhichdataaretransmittedorreceived
Networksarecontrolledbysoftware Clientsenduserpersonalcomputersornetworkedcomputers Serversusedtomanagethenetworks Processing
Sharedbetweentheclientsandservers Sometimescalltwotierarchitecture
Thinclient Threetier:thinclients,applicationservers,databaseservers
Peertopeer Pure Centralized
Switchmakesconnectionbetweentelecommunicationscircuitsinanetwork.Smarterconnectingdevice.Itunderstandsaddressing.More
efficient.Data
Link
Layer
device
that
delivers
frames
within
aLAN.
Routerintelligentcommunicationsprocessorthatinterconnectsnetworksbasedondifferentprotocols.Worksatnetworklayerand
assemblesbitsintopacketsfordeliverytoanothernetwork.
Hubaportswitchingcommunicationsprocessor Gatewayconnectsnetworkswithdifferentcommunications
architectures
NICNetworkInterfaceCard Multiplexerallowsasinglecommunicationschanneltocarry
simultaneousdatatransmissionfrommanyterminals,increasingthenumberoftransmissionspossible
Hub
connecting
communications
processor,
used
for
example
in
astar
network.Notassmartasaswitch.Simple.
I.b. StrategicimportancetotheEnterprise
I. TelecommunicationsnetworksnowplayavitalandpervasiveroleinWebenabled
I. EbusinessprocessesII. Ecommerce
III. EnterprisecollaborationIV. Otherapplicationthatsupportoperations,management,and
strategicobjectives
II. HelpsovercomegeographicbarriersI. Improvescustomerservicebyreducingdelay;improvessupply
chainperformancebyincreasingflexibility;increasescashflow
byspeedingupthebillingofcustomers
III. OvercometimebarriersI. Creditinquiries
IV. OvercomecostbarriersI. Reduceexpensivebusinesstrips
II. Improvecollaboration
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
5/28
V. OvercomestructuralbarriersI. Fastconvenientserviceslockincustomersandsuppliers
BusinessvalueofInternet
VI. InternettechnologiesarebeingusedasatechnologyplatformI. Internet
II.
Intranet
III. ExtranetIV. Reinforcespreviousmovetowardclient/servernetworksbased
onopensystemsarchitecture
Commonstandardsforhardware,software,applications,andnetworks
Middlewaregeneraltermforanyprogrammingthatmediatesbetweentwoseparatesystemsitstheplumbingthatroutes
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
6/28
dataandinformationbetweenbackenddatasourcesandend
userapplications
VII. IntranetsI. ManycompanieshaswidespreadandsophisticatedIntranets
I. DetaileddataretrievalII. CollaborationIII. PersonalizedcustomerprofilesIV. LinkstotheInternet
II. IntranetsuseInternettechnologiesI. Protectedbypasswords,encryption,andfirewalls
III. Intranetssupport:I. CommunicationsandcollaborationBusinessoperations
andmanagement
II. WebpublishingIII. Intranetportalmanagement
VIII. ExtranetsI. NetworklinksthatuseInternettechnologiestoconnectthe
intranetofabusinesstotheIntranetofanother
II. VirtualPrivateNetworksIII. Extranets:
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
7/28
IX. BusinessvalueofExtranetsI. Webbrowsertechnologymakescustomerandsupplieraccess
easierandfaster
II. AnotherwaytobuildandstrengthenstrategicrelationshipsIII. Enablesandimprovescollaborationbetweenbusiness,
customers,andpartners
IV. Facilitatesonlineinteractiveproductdevelopmentandmarketing
X. MetcalfesLawo theusefulnessofanetworkequalsthesquareofthe
numberofusers
o themoreusersonanetwork,themoreusefulitbecomes
o untilcriticalmassisattained,achangeintechnologyonlyaffectsthetechnology
once
critical
mass
attained,
social,
political,
an
economicsystemschange
I.c. ComponentsofTelecommunicationsandNetworks
I. TelecomisbeingrevolutionizedbyswitchfromanalogtodigitalI. Analog:voiceoriented,continuouswavetransmission
I. Electricalcurrentproducedisp[proportionaltoquantityobserved
II. Digital:discretepulsetransmissionI. Quantityobservedisexpressedasanumber
II. Benefits:I. highertransmissionspeedsII. moveslargeramountsofinformation
III. greatereconomyandmuchlowererrorratesIV. multipletypesofcommunicationsonthesamecircuits
III. WirelesstechnologiesI. Fiberoptic
I. UsespulsesoflaserlightII. ReducedsizeandinstallationeffortIII. Vastlygreatercapacity
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
8/28
IV. FasterV. Freeofelectricalinterference
II. SatellitetransmissionI. Movemassivequantitiesofdata,audio,andvidea
II. EspeciallyusefulinisolatedareasTelecomnetworkmodel
Processors
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
9/28
d. NetworkSecuritye. TopologyandProtocols
I. Topology=thestructureofanetworkII. Star:tiesendusercomputerstoacentralcomputerIII. Ring:tieslocalcomputerprocessorstogetherinaringonarelatively
equalbasis.DevelopedbyIBM.ThearchitectureofatypicalTokenRing
networkbeginswithaphysicalring.However,initsIBM
implementation,astarwiredring,computersonthenetworkare
connectedtoacentralhub.Figure3.23showsalogicalringanda
physicalstartopology.Thelogicalringrepresentsthetoken'spath
betweencomputers.Theactualphysicalringofcableisinthehub.
Usersare
part
of
aring,
but
they
connect
to
it
through
ahub.
A Token Ring network includes the following features:
Star-wired ring topology Token-passing access method Shielded and unshielded twisted-pair (IBM Types 1, 2, and 3) cabling
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
10/28
Transfer rates of 4 and 16 Mbps Baseband transmission 802.5 specifications
HowTokenRingNetworkingWorks
When
the
first
Token
Ring
computer
comes
online,
the
network
generates
a
token.
The
token
is
apredeterminedformationofbits(astreamofdata)thatpermitsacomputertoputdataonthe
cables.Thetokentravelsaroundtheringpollingeachcomputeruntiloneofthecomputers
signalsthatitwantstotransmitdataandtakescontrolofthetoken.Acomputercannot
transmitunlessithaspossessionofthetoken;whilethetokenisinusebyacomputer,noother
computercantransmitdata.
Afterthecomputercapturesthetoken,itsendsadataframe(suchastheoneshowninFigure
3.25)outonthenetwork.Theframeproceedsaroundtheringuntilitreachesthecomputer
withtheaddressthatmatchesthedestinationaddressintheframe.Thedestinationcomputer
copiestheframeintoitsreceivebufferandmarkstheframeintheframestatusfieldtoindicate
thattheinformationwasreceived.
Theframecontinuesaroundtheringuntilitarrivesatthesendingcomputer,wherethe
transmissionis
acknowledged
as
successful.
The
sending
computer
then
removes
the
frame
fromtheringandtransmitsanewtokenbackonthering. Inapuretokenpassingnetwork,a
computerthatfailsstopsthetokenfromcontinuing.Thisinturnbringsdownthenetwork.
MSAUsweredesignedtodetectwhenaNICfails,andtodisconnectfromit.Thisprocedure
bypassesthefailedcomputersothatthetokencancontinueon.
InIBM'sMSAUs,badMSAUconnectionsorcomputersareautomaticallybypassedand
disconnectedfromthering.Therefore,afaultycomputerorconnectionwillnotaffecttherest
oftheTokenRingnetwork.
IV. Bus:localprocessorssharethesamecommunicationschannelV. Mesh:usesdirectcommunicationlinetoconnectsomeorallofthecomputersintheringtoeachother
VI. Protocol:astandardsetofrulesandproceduresforthecontrolofcommunicationsinanetwork
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
11/28
VII. OSI7layers:moreamodelthanaprotocolperse
VIII. TCP/IP5layers
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
12/28
LayersandaddressesinTCP/IPIX. ATM
A consistent format from LAN to WAN
Minimum overhead Take advantage of fiber bandwidth
Scalable Work with existing infrastructure (phone system standards, LAN standards) Efficiently extract a single data stream Support for isochronous traffic Accommodate bursty traffic Remain very simple and easy (read inexpensive) to implement
X. FrameRelay A private virtual network using analog and phone lines
Packet switched
Designed for error prone copper media Uses 3 protocol layers, including error detection and correction at each hop
Low data rate (up to sub-T-1 data rates) Short frames Based on ISDN Addresses in Frame Relay are called DLCIs. Frame Relay operates only at the physical and data link layers. Flow or error control must be provided by the upper-layer protocols. Only error control is FECNs and BECNs Uses either SVCs or PVCs Frames travel through network via switches
XI. Typesofcommunicationsnetworks WideArea(coversalargegeographicarea) LocalArea(connectsthecomputerswithinalimitedphysical
areaoffice,building,campus)
VirtualPrivate(usedtoestablishsecureintranetsandextranetsI. Createsaprivatenetworkwithoutthehighcostofa
separateproprietaryconnection
II. BuildsapipethroughtheInternet
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
13/28
Client/Server Peertopeer Wireless MACAddressesvs.IPaddresses:
I. BeabletoidentifyaMACaddressItlookslike020054554E01
II. IPaddressesuniquelyidentifyahost(computer)onthenetwork
III. Itmightlooklike:I. 192.168.23.253
IV. BusinessInformationSystemsa. ElectronicCommerce
I. Thebuying,sellingandmarketingofproducts,servicesandinformationovertheInternetandothernetworks
II. EDIelectronicdatainterchangeoneoftheoldestecommercetechnologies.Passafiletoyoursupplier.More
III. B2BIV. B2C
b. TypesofInformationSystems(Purposes:slide20)I. OperationsSupportSystems
I. EfficientlyprocessbusinesstransactionsII. Controlindustrialprocesses
III. SupportcommunicationandcollaborationIV. Updatecorporatedatabases
I. TransactionSupportSystemsI. Recordandprocessbusinesstransactions
II. Examples:salesprocessing,inventory,accountingsystems
III. BatchaccumulateandprocessIV. OnlineprocessimmediatelyII. Processcontrolsystems
I. MonitorandcontrolphysicalprocessesII. Examplechemicalplants,refineriesIII.
II. ManagementSupportSystemsI. Provideinformationasreportsanddisplays
II. GivedirectsupporttomgrsduringdecisionmakingI. ManagementInformationSystems
II. DecisionSupportSystems(diagram)I. Interactiveandadhocsupport
II. Companiesinvestindatadrivendecisionsupportapplicationframeworkstohelpthem
respondtochangingmarketconditionsand
customerneeds
III. ManagementInformationSystems,DecisionSupport,andotherInformationSystems
IV. Levelsofmanagerialdecisionmaking(diagram)
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
14/28
V. Decisionstructure Structured(operational) Unstructured(strategic) Semistructured(tactical)
VI. Informationquality Informationhasthreedimensions
Time(isitavailablewhenneeded?)
Content(isitrelevant,accurate?)
Form(doesitfacilitatethinking?
VII. Decisionsupporttrends EmergingclassofDSappsfocuseson:
personalizeddecisionsupport,
modeling,informationretrieval,data
warehousing,whatifscenarios,and
reporting
VIII. DSSusethefollowingtosupportthemakingofsemistructuredbusinessdecisions:
I. AnalyticalmodelsII. Specializeddatabases
III. Adecisionmakersowninsightsandjudgments
IV. Interactivecomputerbasedmodelingprocess
V. Adesigncenteredaroundadhoc,quickresponseusebythedecision
makerdirectly
interacting
with
the
tool
IX. SomeapplicationsofmodelingandstatsinDSSI. Supplychainsimulateandoptimize
flows,reduceinventory
II. PricingidentifyoptimalpricesIII. Productandservicequalitydetect
qualityproblemsearlyinorderto
minimizethem
IV. R&Dimprovequalityefficacy,andsafetyofproductsandservices
X. ContrastedwithMISI. OriginalMISapproachproduced
informationproducts
that
supported
managerialdecisionmaking
Daytodayproblems Structureddecisions Report anddisplaybased Kindastatic
III. ExecutiveInformationSystems
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
15/28
I. EIS CombinesmanyfeaturesofMISand
DSS
Providetopexecutiveswitimmediateandeasyaccesstoinformation
Identifycriticalsuccessfactors Sopopularthatithasbeenexpandedto
managers,analysts,andother
knowledgeworkers
II. Features CustomizableGUI Exceptionreports Trendanalysis Drilldowncapability
II. WebbaseddashboardsI. CriticalinfoingraphicformII. Assembledfromdatapulledrealtime
fromenterprise
systems
and
dbs
III. Managersseechangesalmostinstantaneously
IV. Increasinglyavailabletosmallercompanies
V. Potentialproblems:pressureonemployees;divisionsintheoffice;
tendencytohoardinformation;50,000
footviewisinadequate(dumbeddown),
poorinformationdesign
VI. Also:Enterpriseinformationportalssame
concept
for
whole
company.
Not
inexamoutline
III. OtherInformationsystemsI. ExpertSystemsprovideadvice
I. Example:creditappadvisorII. Knowledgemanagementsystems
I. Supportcreation,organization,anddisseminationofbusinessknowledgethroughoutcompany
I. Example:IdeaBuilderII. StrategicInformationSystems
I. Purpose:attainastrategicadvantageII. Shipmenttrackingecommercewebsystems
III. FunctionalBusinessSystemsI. Operationalandmanagerialapplicationsof
businessfunctions:
II. Accounting,finance,marketingc. EnterpriseResourcePlanning,CustomerRelationshipManagement,Supply
ChainManagementsystems(Chs.7&8)
I. EnterpriseInformationArchitecture
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
16/28
V. SystemsAnalysisandDesigna. Characteristicsofasystem
I. AsetofinterrelatedcomponentsII. WithaclearlydefinedboundaryIII. WorkingtogetherIV. ToachieveacommonsetofobjectivesV. Byacceptinginputsandproducingoutputs
VI. InanorganizedtransformationprocessI. Input
I. Capturingandassemblingelementsthatenterthesystemtobeprocessed
II. ProcessingI. Transformationprocessthatconvertsinputintooutput
III. OutputI. Transferringtransformedelementstotheirultimate
destination
VII. Anorganizedcombinationof:I. People
II. Hardware/softwareIII. CommunicationnetworksIV. DataresourcesV. P&P
Allsystemshaveinput,processing,andoutput Acyberneticsystem,aselfmonitoring,selfregulatingsystem,addsfeedbackandcontrol:
Feedbackisdataabouttheperformanceofasystem Controlinvolvesmonitoringandevaluatingfeedbacktodeterminewhethera
systemismovingtowardtheachievementofitsgoal
If
a
system
is
a
component
of
a
larger
system,
its
a
subsystem
Thelargersystemisanenvironment Severalsystemsmaysharethesameenvironment
Somemaybeconnectedviaasharedboundaryorinterface Typesofsystems
Open Adaptive
Systemsthinkingisseeingtheforestandthetreesinanysituation Seeinginterrelationshipsamongsystemsratherthatcauseandeffectchains Seeingprocessesofchangeamongsystemsratherthandiscretesnapshotsof
change
Seethesysteminanysituation Datavs.Information
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
17/28
b. SystemsarchitectureI. Client/server
c. SDLCI. Thesystemsapproachusesasystemsorientationtodefineproblems
andopportunities,anddevelopappropriateandfeasiblesolutions.
Analyzingandsolvingaprobleminvolvestheseinterrelatedactivities:
I. Recognizinganddefiningaproblemoropportunityusingsystemsthinking
II. DevelopandevaluatealternativesystemssolutionsIII. SelectthesolutionthatmeetsyourrequirementsIV. DesigntheselectedsystemsolutionV. Implementandevaluatethesuccessofthesystem
II. SA&Distheoverallprocessbywhichinformationsystemsaredesignedandimplemented
I. OOII. Lifecycle
I. AlsocalledwaterfallII. Distinctfromspiral
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
18/28
III. SDLCapproachphaseswithspecificactivitiesI. Understandthebusinessproblem/opportunityInvestigation
I. DeterminehowtoaddressopportunitiesandprioritiesII. ConductfeasibilitystudiesIII. DevelopaProjManagementplanandobtain
managementapproval
IV. Product:feasibility study&recommendationII. DevelopanISsolutionAnalysis
I. AnalyzetheinformationneedsofstakeholdersII. DevelopfunctionalrequirementsIII. DeveloplogicalmodelsofcurrentsystemIV. Product: systemspecifications
III. DesignI. Developspecificationsforthehardware,software,
peoplenetwork,dataresources,andtheinformation
productstosatisfyrequirements
II. DeveloplogicalmodelsofthenewsystemIV. Implementation
I. BuildorbuyhardwareandsoftwareII. Testthesystem;trainoperatorsandusersIII. CoverttothenewsystemIV. Managetheeffectsofsystemschangesonendusers
V. SystemsmaintenanceI. Useapostimplementationreviewprocesstomonitor,
evaluate,andmodifythebusinesssystemasneeded
VI. ManagingDataResources(db)a.
Data
models
I. HierarchicalI. EarlyDBMSstructure
II. TreelikestructureIII. 1:MrelationshipsIV. Worksforstructured,routinetransactionsV. CanthandleM:Mrelationships
II. NetworkI. AfterhierarchicalII. M:Mrelationships
III. MoreflexiblethanhierarchicalIV. Unabletohandleadhocrequests
III. RelationalI. Mostwidelyused
II. RowelementsarestoredintablesIII. Row=record;Column=field(attribute)IV. CanrelatedatainonefilewithdatainanotherV. Easilyrespondstoadhocrequests
VI. Easiertoworkwithandmaintain
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
19/28
VII. Notasefficientuserofcomputingresourcesasearlierstructures
VIII. MultidimensionalI. Variationofrelational
II. DatacubesIII. OLAP
IV. ObjectorientedI. Objectconsistsof:
I. DatavaluesdescribingtheattributedofanentityII. Operationsthatcanbeperformedonthedata
V. EncapsulationI. Combinedataandoperationsonthedata
VI. InheritanceI. Newobjectscanbecreatedbyreplicatingsomeorall
characteristicsofparentobjects
VII. Whatdifferentiatesthemb. Databasemanagementsystems
I. RoleofDBAI. InchargeofEnterprisedbdevelopmentII. Manages/improvessecurityoforganizationaldbs
III. Usesdatadeflanguagetodevelopandspecifydatacontents,relationships,andstructure
IV. Storesthesespecificationsinadatadictionaryormetadatarepository
II. Development&DesignI. Dataplanning
II. RequirementsspecificationIII. Conceptualdesign(highlevelmodel)
I.
Conceptual
data
models
(ER)
IV. LogicaldesigntranslatesconceptualintodatamodelV. PhysicaldesignVI. Topdownprocess
I. EnterprisemodelII. DefineenduserneedsIII. Identifykeydataelements
VII. Representdatarelationshipsinadatamodelthatsupportsabusinessprocess
I. Thismodelistheschemaonwhichtobasethephysicaldesignandthedevelopmentofapplicationprogramsto
supportthebusinessprocess
VIII. LogicaldesignI. Howthedatalookstothedesignerandenduser
II. SchemaoveralllogicalviewofrelationshipsIII. SubschemalogicalviewforspecificendusersIV. DatamodelsforDBMS
IX. PhysicaldesignI. Howdatalookstothehardware
II. Howitstobestoredandaccessed
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
20/28
III. Commonterms Characterasinglesymbol Fieldordataitemrepresentsanattributeofsomeentity Record groupingofallthefieldsusedtodescribethe
attributesofanentity
Fileortableagroupofrelatedrecords Databaseintegratedcollectionoflogicallyrelateddata
elements
Datadictionarycontainsdataaboutdata;reliesonaspecializedsoftwarecomponenttomanageadbofdatadefs
Normalization Normalization is the process of efficientlyorganizing data in a database. There are two goals of the
normalization process: eliminating redundant data (for
example, storing the same data in more than one table) andensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing
related data in a table).
FirstNormalForm(1NF)I. Firstnormalform(1NF)setstheverybasicrulesforan
organizeddatabase:
Eliminateduplicativecolumnsfromthesametable.
Createseparatetablesforeachgroupofrelateddataandidentifyeachrowwithaunique
columnorsetofcolumns(theprimarykey).
SecondNormalForm(2NF)I. Secondnormalform(2NF)furtheraddressesthe
conceptofremovingduplicativedata:
Meetalltherequirementsofthefirstnormalform.
Removesubsetsofdatathatapplytomultiplerowsofatableandplacetheminseparate
tables.
Createrelationshipsbetweenthesenewtablesandtheirpredecessorsthroughtheuseof
foreignkeys.
ThirdNormalForm(3NF)I. Thirdnormalform(3NF)goesonelargestepfurther:
Meetalltherequirementsofthesecondnormalform.
Removecolumnsthatarenotdependentupontheprimarykey.
FourthNormalForm(4NF)I. Finally,fourthnormalform(4NF)hasoneadditional
requirement:
Meetalltherequirementsofthethirdnormalform.
Arelationisin4NFifithasnomultivalueddependencies.
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
21/28
Remember,thesenormalizationguidelinesarecumulative.Foradatabasetobein2NF,itmustfirstfulfillallthecriteriaofa
1NFdatabase.
II. Typesofdatabasesandsomeextrainfo: Operationalstoresdetaileddataneededtosupportbusiness
processesandoperations
I. Alsocalledtransactiondatabases,productiondatabases,orsubjectareadatabases
Distributeddatabasescopiesorpartsofdatabasesstoredonserversatmultiplelocations
I. Advantages:protectionofdata;smallerchunks;localcontrol;alllocscanaccessalldata
II. Disadvantages:maintainingaccuracyI. Replicationcomplexprocessoflookingat
eachdistributeddbandfindingchanges,
applyingthemtoeachdistributeddb
II. Duplicationonedbismaster;duplicatethemaster
in
all
locs
after
hours:
easier
Externaldatabasesavailableforafeefromcommercialonlineservices,orfreefromtheWeb
Hypermediadatabaseshyperlinkedpagesofmultimedia(diagramofWebbaseddb)
Datawarehousesstoredatathathasbeenextractedfromotherdbsinanorganization;afteraprocessofcleaning
catalogingandtransformation(diagram)
I. Usedfordatamining,analyticalprocessing,analysis,research,decisionsupport
II. Maybedividedintodatamartsfunctionspecificsubwarehouses
Traditionalfileprocessing(oldschool)(diagram) Databasemanagementapproach(diagram)
I. Thefoundationofmodernmethodsofmanagingorganizationaldata
II. Consolidatesdatarecordsformerlyinseparatefilesintodatabases
III. Datacanbeaccessedbymanydifferentapplicationprograms
IV. DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)istheinterfacebetweenusersanddatabases
V. Itsasoftwarepackageusedtocreate,maintain,anduse
the
databases
of
an
organization
to
provide
the
informationneededbyendusers
I. Examples:MSAccess,Oracle,MSSQLServerVI. SomecommonDBMScomponents:
Databasedefinitionlanguageandgraphicaltoolstodefineentities,relationships,integrity
constraints,authorizationrights
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
22/28
Nonproceduralaccesslanguageandgraphicaltoolstoaccessdatawithoutcomplicatedcoding
Applicationdevelopmentgraphicaltoolstodevelopmenus,dataentryforms,andreports
Procedurallanguageinterface combinesnonproceduralaccesswithfullcapabilitiesofa
programminglanguage
Transactionprocessingcontrolmechanismtopreventioninterferencefromsimultaneous
usersandrecoverslostdataafterafailure
Databasetuningtoolstomonitor&improvedbperformance
Databasedevelopment,applicationdevelopment,anddbmaintenance
c. Dataqueryandupdate
EndusersuseaDBMSqueryfeatureorreportgeneratornoprogramming
required
Querylanguageimmediateresponsetoadhocrequests SQLstructuredintlstandardquerylanguageubiquitousinDMS
applications
Examplequeryform:SELECTFROMWHERE MostDBMSpackagesofferapoint&clickquerytoolthattranslatesinto
SQL
d. SQLcommands:I. SELECTII. FROMIII. WHEREIV. AND/ORV. ORDERBYVI. INSERTVII. UPDATEVIII. DELETE
e. Dataresourcemanagementisamanagerialactivity Usesdatamanagement,datawarehousing,
andotherIStechnologies
Managesdataresourcestomeettheinformationneedsofbusinessstakeholders
TheresmoreinthechapternotintheoutlineVII. BusinessDecisionMaking
a. KnowledgeManagement Aknowledgecreatingcompanyorlearningorganization Consistentlycreatesnewbusinessknowledge Disseminatesitthroughoutthecompany Buildsitintoitsproductsandservices ExplicitKnowledge
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
23/28
Data,documents,andthingswrittendownorstoredincomputers
TacitKnowledge Thehowtoknowledgeinworkersminds Representssomeofthemostimportantinformationwithinan
organization
Aknowledgecreatingcompanymakessuchtacitknowledgeavailabletoothers
Successfulknowledgemanagement: Createstechniques,technologies,systems,
andrewardsforgettingemployeestoshare
whattheyknow
Makesbetteruseofaccumulatedworkplaceandenterpriseknowledge
Knowledgemanagementsystems
A
major
strategic
use
of
IT
Managesorganizationallearningandknowhow Helpsknowledgeworkerscreate,organize,andmakeavailable
importantknowledge
Makesthisknowledgeavailablewhereverandwheneveritisneeded
Knowledgeincludes Processes,procedures,patents,referenceworks,formulas,best
practices,forecasts,andfixes
b. Datawarehousingc. DataMining
I. Dataindatawarehousesareanalyzedtorevealhiddenpatternsandtrends
Marketbasketanalysistoidentifynewproductbundles(diapersandbeer)
Clustering FindrootcauseofQAormanufacturingproblems Preventcustomerattrition Acquirenewcustomers
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
24/28
Crossselltoexistingcustomers Profilecustomerswithmoreaccuracy Detectfraud
II. Providesdecisionsupportthroughknowledgediscovery Analyzesvaststoresofhistoricalbusinessdata Looksforpatterns,trendsandcorrelations Goalisperformanceimprovement
III. Typesofanalysis Regression Decisiontree Neuralnetwork Clusterdetection Marketbasketanalysis
OneofthemostcommonusesfordataminingI. Determineswhatproductscustomerspurchase
together
II. Resultsaffecthowcompanies Marketproducts Placemerchandiseinthestore Layoutcatalogsandorderforms Determinewhatproductstooffer Customizesolicitationcalls
VIII. MISandtheOrganizationa. OrganizationofMIS
ChiefInformationOfficer(CIO) Overseesallusesofinformationtechnology
inmanycompanies,andbringsthemintoalignmentwithstrategic
businessgoals
ChiefTechnologyOfficer(CTO) Inchargeofallinformationtechnology
planninganddeployment
ManagestheITplatform Secondincommand
b. RelationshipofMISTotheEnterpriseI. Technologyisnolongeranafterthoughtinbusinessstrategy,butthe
causeanddriver
II. TechcanchangebusinessescompeteIII. StrategicinformationsystemsareanyinformationsystemthatusesIT
tohelpanorganization
I. GaincompetitiveadvantageII. Reducedisadvantage
III. Meetotherenterpriseobjectivesc. ValueoftheMISfunction
I. Slides13,1415II. EBusiness(slide17)
I. OnlineexchangeofvalueI. Businessprocesses
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
25/28
II. EcommerceIII. Collaborationwithinandwithout
III. DoesITmatter?I. NoITisinfrastructure,likethecarpet
II. YestheimportantpartisthesoftwareandinformationandhowITisused
III. FiveForcesModel
ISinthevaluechain
UseITstrategicallytogaincompetitivedifferentiationin:
Products Services Capabilities
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
26/28
Reengineering/BRP
ITplaysamajorroleinreengineeringmostbusinessprocesses Cansubstantiallyincreaseprocessefficiencies Improvescommunication Facilitatescollaboration
Agility
Theabilitytoprosper:
Inrapidlychanging,continuallyfragmentingglobalmarkets Bysellinghighqualityhighperformance,customerconfiguredproductsandservices
Anagilecompanyprofitsinspiteof:
Broadproductranges Shortmodellifetimes Individualizedproducts Arbitrarylotsizes
Seeslides(33)formoreonAgile
FailuresinITManagement
ITnotusedeffectively Computerizingtraditionalbusinessprocessesinsteadofdevelopinginnovativee
businessprocesses(doingthewrongthingfaster)
ITnotusedefficiently Poorresponsetimes Frequentdowntimes Poorlymanagedapplicationdevelopment
IX. MISIssuesa. Security
I. DualkeyencryptionII. SpoofIII.
Phish
IV. Socialengineeringb. Ethicsc. Privacy
I. USEUPrivacyProvision Keydataprivacyprovisions Noticeofpurposeanduseofdatacollected Abilitytooptoutofthirdpartydistribution
ofdata
Accessforconsumerstotheirinformation Adequatesecurity,dataintegrity,andenforcementprovisions
II.d. GlobalIssues
I. OutsourcingI. Advantages:
Cost Rentexpertisethatittakestimeandexpertiseto
developinhouse
Focusoncorecompetencies Flexiblestaffing
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
27/28
Gainaccesstoglobalresources Decreasetimetomarket
II. Disadvantages Domainknowledgeisstrongerininhouseresources
GlobalITManagementChallenges
Politicalchallenges Manycountriesregulateorprohibitthe
transferofdataacrosstheirnationalboundaries
Othersseverelyrestrict,tax,orprohibitimportsofhardwareandsoftware
Somehavelocalcontentlawsthatspecifytheportionofthevalueofaproductthatmustbeaddedinthatcountryifitistobesoldthere
Othersrequireabusinesstospendpartoftherevenuetheyearninacountryinthatnationseconomy
Geoeconomicchallenges Physicaldistancesarestillamajorproblem Itmaytaketoolongtoflyinspecialists Itisdifficulttocommunicateinrealtime
across24timezones
Manycountriesdonothavegoodtelephoneandtelecommunicationsservices
Itmaybehardtofindskilledlocalworkers
-
7/31/2019 MIS Study Guide
28/28
Therecanbegreatdifferencesinthecostoflivingandlaborcostsbetweencountries
Culturalchallenges Languages Culturalinterests Religions Customs Politicalphilosophies GlobalITmanagersneedculturaltraining
beforetheyaresentonassignment
DifferentworkstylesandbusinessrelationshipsGlobalITPlatforms
HardwareDifficulties Highprices Hightariffs Importrestrictions Longleadtimesforgovernmentapprovals Lackoflocalserviceorspareparts Lackofdocumentationtailoredtolocalconditions
SoftwareDifficulties PackagesdevelopedinEuropemaybeincompatiblewithAmericanorAsian
versions
Thesoftwarepublishermayrefusetosupplymarketsthatdisregardsoftwarelicensingandcopyrightagreements
Telecomexpense Timezones
Concernfor
jobs/economic
development